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Edgar Hoover and the FBI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-J._Edgar_Hoover_and_the_FBI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allen_Dulles_and_the_CIA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allen_Dulles_and_the_CIA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Allen Dulles and the CIA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allen_Dulles_and_the_CIA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Congress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 House Committee on Un-American Activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Senate committees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blacklists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blacklists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Blacklists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blacklists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_and_arrests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_and_arrests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Laws and arrests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_arrests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression_in_the_individual_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression_in_the_individual_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Repression in the individual states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression_in_the_individual_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Popular support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayals_of_communists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayals_of_communists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Portrayals of communists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayals_of_communists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victims_of_McCarthyism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victims_of_McCarthyism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Victims of McCarthyism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victims_of_McCarthyism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Critical reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Decline </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Decline subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notable events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warren_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warren_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Warren Court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warren_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repercussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repercussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Repercussions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repercussions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Repercussions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Repercussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Study_and_reactions_to_Constitutional_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_and_reactions_to_Constitutional_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Study and reactions to Constitutional implications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study_and_reactions_to_Constitutional_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_study_on_anti-communism_and_Soviet_espionage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_study_on_anti-communism_and_Soviet_espionage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Historical study on anti-communism and Soviet espionage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_study_on_anti-communism_and_Soviet_espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_political_usage_of_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_political_usage_of_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Later political usage of term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_political_usage_of_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">McCarthyism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" > 51 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مكارثية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكارثية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkartizm" title="Makkartizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Makkartizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthy_ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="McCarthy chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="McCarthy chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Макартызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Макартызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Маккартизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маккартизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makartizam" title="Makartizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Makartizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccarthisme" title="Maccarthisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maccarthisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mccarthismus" title="Mccarthismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mccarthismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mccarthyisme" title="Mccarthyisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mccarthyisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthy-%C3%84ra" title="McCarthy-Ära – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="McCarthy-Ära" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makartism" title="Makartism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Makartism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μακαρθισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μακαρθισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macartismo" title="Macartismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Macartismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makartiismo" title="Makartiismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makartiismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyismo" title="McCarthyismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="McCarthyismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="مک‌کارتیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مک‌کارتیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccarthysme" title="Maccarthysme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maccarthysme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macartismo" title="Macartismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Macartismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EC%B9%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%A6%98" title="매카시즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="매카시즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Մաքարթիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաքարթիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makartizam" title="Makartizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Makartizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyisme" title="McCarthyisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="McCarthyisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyismi" title="McCarthyismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="McCarthyismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccartismo" title="Maccartismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maccartismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מקארתיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקארתיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Маккартизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маккартизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccarthismus" title="Maccarthismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maccarthismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makartisms" title="Makartisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Makartisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mccarthyzmus" title="Mccarthyzmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mccarthyzmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="مک‌کارتیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مک‌کارتیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyisme" title="McCarthyisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="McCarthyisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mccarthyisme" title="Mccarthyisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mccarthyisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="म्याकार्थरिज्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="म्याकार्थरिज्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="マッカーシズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マッカーシズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyisme" title="McCarthyisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="McCarthyisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkartyzm" title="Makkartyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Makkartyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarthismo" title="Macarthismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Macarthismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthism" title="McCarthism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="McCarthism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Маккартизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маккартизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccartismu" title="Maccartismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Maccartismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="McCarthyism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phenomenon of US political rhetoric after WWII</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the events during the cold war. For general information about the phenomenon, see <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Second Red Scare</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><a href="/wiki/File:Anticommunist_Literature_1950s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Anticommunist_Literature_1950s.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="495" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="495" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">American <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> of the 1950s, specifically addressing the entertainment industry</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">1947–1959</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of China">Fall of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a></li><li>Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>Decline of membership in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li>Persecution of thousands of innocent people</li> <li>Senate censure of McCarthy</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inquiries</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army%E2%80%93McCarthy_hearings" title="Army–McCarthy hearings">Army–McCarthy hearings</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accused</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Alleged communists including:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood Ten">Hollywood Ten</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. 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border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> McCarthyism, also known as the Second Red Scare, was the <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> and persecution of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> individuals and a <a href="/wiki/Fear_mongering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear mongering">campaign spreading fear</a> of communist and Soviet influence on American institutions and of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a> during the late 1940s through the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> After the mid-1950s, U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, who had spearheaded the campaign, gradually lost his public popularity and credibility after several of his accusations were found to be false.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">U.S. Supreme Court under</a> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> made a series of rulings on civil and political rights that overturned several key laws and legislative directives, and helped bring an end to the Second Red Scare.<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-6">[6]</a> Historians have suggested since the 1980s that as McCarthy's involvement was less central than that of others, a different and more accurate term should be used instead that more accurately conveys the breadth of the phenomenon, and that the term McCarthyism is, in the modern day, outdated. Ellen Schrecker has suggested that Hooverism, after FBI Head <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, is more appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998203-7">[7]</a> What became known as the McCarthy era began before McCarthy's rise to national fame. Following the breakdown of the wartime East-West alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and with many remembering the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> signed an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> in 1947 to screen federal employees for possible association with organizations deemed "totalitarian, fascist, communist, or subversive", or advocating "to alter the form of Government of the United States by unconstitutional means." The following year, the <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> heightened concern in the West about Communist parties seizing power and the possibility of subversion. In 1949, a high-level <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> official was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a> in a case of espionage, and the Soviet Union tested a <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">nuclear bomb</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> started the next year, significantly raising tensions and fears of impending communist upheavals in the United States. In a speech in February 1950, McCarthy claimed to have a list of members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> working in the State Department, which attracted substantial press attention, and the term McCarthyism was published for the first time in late March of that year in <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>, along with a <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herblock" title="Herblock">Herblock</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. The term has since taken on a broader meaning, describing the excesses of similar efforts to crack down on alleged "subversive" elements. In the early 21st century, the term is used more generally to describe reckless and unsubstantiated accusations of treason and far-left extremism, along with <a href="/wiki/Demagogic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demagogic">demagogic</a> personal attacks on the character and patriotism of political adversaries. The primary targets for persecution were government employees, prominent figures in the entertainment industry, academics, left-wing politicians, and labor union activists. Suspicions were often given credence despite inconclusive and questionable evidence, and the level of threat posed by a person's real or supposed leftist associations and beliefs were often exaggerated. Many people suffered loss of employment and the destruction of their careers and livelihoods as a result of the crackdowns on suspected communists, and some were outright imprisoned. Most of these reprisals were initiated by trial verdicts that were later overturned,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> laws that were later struck down as unconstitutional,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> dismissals for reasons later declared illegal<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">actionable</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and extra-judiciary procedures, such as informal blacklists by employers and public institutions, that would come into general disrepute, though by then many lives had been ruined. The most notable examples of McCarthyism include the investigations of alleged communists that were conducted by Senator McCarthy, and the hearings conducted by the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> (HUAC). Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, unearthed documents revealed substantial Soviet spy activity in the United States, though many of the agents were never properly identified by Senator McCarthy.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/US_Strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" class="mw-redirect" title="US Strike wave of 1945–1946">US Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herblock1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Herblock1950.jpg/220px-Herblock1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/90/Herblock1950.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>One of the earliest uses of the term McCarthyism was in a cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Herblock" title="Herblock">Herbert Block</a> ("Herblock"), published in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, March 29, 1950.</figcaption></figure> President Harry S. Truman's <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9835" title="Executive Order 9835">Executive Order 9835</a> of March 21, 1947, required that all federal civil-service employees be screened for "loyalty". The order said that one basis for determining disloyalty would be a finding of "membership in, affiliation with or sympathetic association" with any organization determined by the attorney general to be "totalitarian, fascist, communist or subversive" or advocating or approving the forceful denial of constitutional rights to other persons or seeking "to alter the form of Government of the United States by unconstitutional means".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The historical period that came to be known as the McCarthy era began well before Joseph McCarthy's own involvement in it. Many factors contributed to McCarthyism, some of them with roots in the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a> (1917–20), inspired by communism's emergence as a recognized political force and widespread social disruption in the United States related to unionizing and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> activities. Owing in part to its success in organizing labor unions and its early opposition to <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, and offering an alternative to the ills of capitalism during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the United States">Communist Party of the United States</a> increased its membership through the 1930s, reaching a peak of about 75,000 members in 1940–41.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2007148–149-14">[14]</a> While the United States was engaged in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and allied with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the issue of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> was largely muted. With the end of World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> began almost immediately, as the Soviet Union installed communist <a href="/wiki/Puppet_r%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet régime">puppet régimes</a> in areas it had occupied across Central and Eastern Europe. In a March 1947 address to Congress, Truman enunciated a new foreign policy doctrine that committed the United States to opposing Soviet geopolitical expansion. This doctrine came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>, and it guided United States support for anti-communist forces in <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greece</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">China</a> and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bentley" title="Elizabeth Bentley">Elizabeth Bentley</a> affairs had raised the issue of Soviet espionage in 1945, events in 1949 and 1950 sharply increased the sense of threat in the United States related to communism. The Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">tested an atomic bomb</a> in 1949, earlier than many analysts had expected, raising the stakes in the Cold War. That same year, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s communist army gained control of mainland China despite heavy American financial support of the opposing <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>. In 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> began, pitting U.S., U.N., and South Korean forces against communists from North Korea and China. During the following year, evidence of increased sophistication in Soviet Cold War espionage activities was found in the West. In January 1950, <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a>, a high-level State Department official, was convicted of perjury. Hiss was in effect found guilty of espionage; the statute of limitations had run out for that crime, but he was convicted of having perjured himself when he denied that charge in earlier testimony before the HUAC. In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a> confessed to committing espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> at <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> during the War. <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a> were arrested in 1950 in the United States on charges of stealing atomic-bomb secrets for the Soviets, and were executed in 1953. Other forces encouraged the rise of McCarthyism. The more conservative politicians in the United States had historically referred to progressive reforms, such as <a href="/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor laws in the United States">child labor laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, as "communist" or "Red plots", trying to raise fears against such changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried199041-16">[16]</a> They used similar terms during the 1930s and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> when opposing the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. Many conservatives equated the New Deal with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> or Communism, and thought the policies were evidence of too much influence by allegedly communist policy makers in the Roosevelt administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1995141-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried19906,_15,_78–80-18">[18]</a> In general, the vaguely defined danger of "Communist influence" was a more common theme in the rhetoric of anti-communist politicians than was espionage or any other specific activity. An example of this was <a href="/wiki/Leland_Olds" title="Leland Olds">Leland Olds</a>, an economist who was <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Power_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Federal Power Commission">Chairman of the Federal Power Commission</a> but <a href="/wiki/Leland_Olds_hearing" title="Leland Olds hearing">failed renomination</a> due to earlier suspected Communist sympathies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Start_of_McCarthy's_involvement">Start of McCarthy's involvement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Start of McCarthy's involvement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_McCarthy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Joseph_McCarthy.jpg/220px-Joseph_McCarthy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Joseph_McCarthy.jpg/330px-Joseph_McCarthy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Joseph_McCarthy.jpg/440px-Joseph_McCarthy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> in 1954</figcaption></figure> McCarthy's involvement in these issues began publicly with a speech he made on <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Day">Lincoln Day</a>, February 9, 1950, to the Republican Women's Club of <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling, West Virginia</a>. He brandished a piece of paper, which he claimed contained a list of known communists working for the State Department. McCarthy is usually quoted as saying: "I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith197049-19">[19]</a> This speech resulted in a flood of press attention to McCarthy and helped establish his path to becoming one of the most recognized politicians in the United States. The first recorded use of the term "McCarthyism" was in the <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a> on March 28, 1950 ("Their little spree with McCarthyism is no aid to consultation").<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The paper became one of the earliest and most consistent critics of the Senator.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The next recorded use happened on the following day, in a <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoon</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> editorial cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Herblock" title="Herblock">Herbert Block (Herblock)</a>. The cartoon depicts four leading Republicans trying to push an elephant (the traditional symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>) to stand on a platform atop a teetering stack of ten tar buckets, the topmost of which is labeled "McCarthyism". Block later wrote: "Nothing [was] particularly ingenious about the term, which is simply used to represent a national affliction that can hardly be described in any other way. If anyone has a prior claim on it, he's welcome to the word and to the junior senator from Wisconsin along with it. I will also throw in a set of free dishes and a case of soap."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock1952152-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Institutions">edit</a>]</div> A number of anti-communist committees, panels, and "loyalty review boards" in federal, state, and local governments, as well as many private agencies, carried out investigations for small and large companies concerned about possible Communists in their work forces. In Congress, the primary bodies that investigated Communist activities were the HUAC, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Subcommittee_on_Internal_Security" title="United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security">Senate Internal Security Subcommittee</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations">Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations</a>. Between 1949 and 1954, a total of 109 investigations were carried out by these and other committees of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990150-23">[23]</a> On December 2, 1954, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> voted 67 to 22<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> to condemn McCarthy for "conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Executive branch">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loyalty-security_reviews">Loyalty-security reviews</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Loyalty-security reviews">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg/180px-Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg/270px-Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg/360px-Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>Executive Order 9835, signed by President Truman in 1947</figcaption></figure> In the federal government, President Truman's Executive Order 9835 initiated a program of loyalty reviews for federal employees in 1947. It called for dismissal if there were "reasonable grounds ... for belief that the person involved is disloyal to the Government of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Truman, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, was probably reacting in part to the Republican sweep in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 1946">1946 Congressional election</a> and felt a need to counter growing criticism from conservatives and anti-communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997-26">[26]</a> When President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> took office in 1953, he strengthened and extended Truman's loyalty review program, while decreasing the avenues of appeal available to dismissed employees. <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_III" title="Hiram Bingham III">Hiram Bingham</a>, chairman of the Civil Service Commission <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9835" title="Executive Order 9835">Loyalty Review Board</a>, referred to the new rules he was obliged to enforce as "just not the American way of doing things."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990133-27">[27]</a> The following year, <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, scientific director of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> that built the first atomic bomb, then working as a consultant to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>, was stripped of his security clearance after a <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">four-week hearing</a>. Oppenheimer had received a top-secret clearance in 1947, but was denied clearance in the harsher climate of 1954. Similar loyalty reviews were established in many state and local government offices and some private industries across the nation. In 1958, an estimated one of every five employees in the United States was required to pass some sort of loyalty review.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1958-28">[28]</a> Once a person lost a job due to an unfavorable loyalty review, finding other employment could be very difficult. "A man is ruined everywhere and forever," in the words of the chairman of President Truman's Loyalty Review Board. "No responsible employer would be likely to take a chance in giving him a job."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998271-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> started keeping a list of organizations that it deemed subversive beginning in 1942. This list was first made public in 1948, when it included 78 groups. At its longest, it comprised 154 organizations, 110 of them identified as Communist. In the context of a loyalty review, membership in a listed organization was meant to raise a question, but not to be considered proof of disloyalty. One of the most common causes of suspicion was membership in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Bookshop_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Bookshop Association">Washington Bookshop Association</a>, a left-leaning organization that offered lectures on literature, classical music concerts, and discounts on books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried199070-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="J._Edgar_Hoover_and_the_FBI">J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg/170px-Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg/255px-Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg/340px-Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> in 1961</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> designed President Truman's loyalty-security program, and its background investigations of employees were carried out by FBI agents. This was a major assignment that led to the number of agents in the bureau being increased from 3,559 in 1946 to 7,029 in 1952. Hoover's sense of the communist threat and the standards of evidence applied by his bureau resulted in thousands of government workers losing their jobs. Due to Hoover's insistence upon keeping the identity of his informers secret, most subjects of loyalty-security reviews were not allowed to cross-examine or know the identities of those who accused them. In many cases, they were not even told of what they were accused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998211,_266_et_seq-31">[31]</a> Hoover's influence extended beyond federal government employees and beyond the loyalty-security programs. The records of loyalty review hearings and investigations were supposed to be confidential, but Hoover routinely gave evidence from them to congressional committees such as HUAC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker200265-32">[32]</a> From 1951 to 1955, the FBI operated a secret "<a href="/wiki/Responsibilities_Program" title="Responsibilities Program">Responsibilities Program</a>" that distributed anonymous documents with evidence from FBI files of communist affiliations on the part of teachers, lawyers, and others. Many people accused in these "blind memoranda" were fired without any further process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998212-33">[33]</a> The FBI engaged in a number of illegal practices in its pursuit of information on communists, including burglaries, opening mail, and illegal wiretaps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxTheoharis1988312-34">[34]</a> The members of the left-wing <a href="/wiki/National_Lawyers_Guild" title="National Lawyers Guild">National Lawyers Guild</a> (NLG) were among the few attorneys who were willing to defend clients in communist-related cases, and this made the NLG a particular target of Hoover's; the office of the NLG was burgled by the FBI at least 14 times between 1947 and 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998225-35">[35]</a> Among other purposes, the FBI used its illegally obtained information to alert prosecuting attorneys about the planned legal strategies of NLG defense lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998224-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The FBI also used illegal undercover operations to disrupt communist and other dissident political groups. In 1956, Hoover was becoming increasingly frustrated by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> decisions that limited the Justice Department's ability to prosecute communists. At this time, he formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxTheoharis1988312-34">[34]</a> COINTELPRO actions included planting forged documents to create the suspicion that a key person was an FBI informer, spreading rumors through anonymous letters, leaking information to the press, calling for <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">IRS</a> audits, and the like. The COINTELPRO program remained in operation until 1971. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a> calls the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> "the single most important component of the anti-communist crusade" and writes: "Had observers known in the 1950s what they have learned since the 1970s, when the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> opened the Bureau's files, 'McCarthyism' would probably be called 'Hooverism'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998239,_203-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allen_Dulles_and_the_CIA">Allen Dulles and the CIA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Allen Dulles and the CIA">edit</a>]</div> In March 1950, McCarthy had initiated a series of investigations into potential infiltration of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) by communist agents and came up with a list of security risks that matched one previously compiled by the Agency itself. At the request of CIA director <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, President Eisenhower demanded that McCarthy discontinue issuing subpoenas against the CIA. Documents made public in 2004 revealed that the CIA, under Dulles' orders, had broken into McCarthy's Senate office and fed disinformation to him in order to discredit him and stop his investigation from proceeding any further.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007105–106-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress">Congress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Congress">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities">House Committee on Un-American Activities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: House Committee on Un-American Activities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a></div> The House Committee on Un-American Activities (commonly referred to as the HUAC) was the most prominent and active government committee involved in anti-communist investigations. Formed in 1938 and known as the Dies Committee, named for <a href="/wiki/Martin_Dies_Jr." title="Martin Dies Jr.">Rep. Martin Dies</a>, who chaired it until 1944, HUAC investigated a variety of "activities", including those of German-American Nazis during World War II. The committee soon focused on communism, beginning with an investigation into communists in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a> in 1938. A significant step for HUAC was its investigation of the charges of espionage brought against Alger Hiss in 1948. This investigation ultimately resulted in Hiss's trial and conviction for perjury, and convinced many of the usefulness of congressional committees for uncovering communist subversion. HUAC achieved its greatest fame and notoriety with its investigation into the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood film industry</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist#The_blacklist_begins_(1946–1947)" title="Hollywood blacklist">October 1947</a>, the committee began to subpoena screenwriters, directors, and other movie-industry professionals to testify about their known or suspected membership in the Communist Party, association with its members, or support of its beliefs. At these testimonies, this question was asked: "Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party of the United States?"<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Among the first film industry witnesses subpoenaed by the committee were ten who decided not to cooperate. These men, who became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood Ten">Hollywood Ten</a>", cited the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>'s guarantee of free speech and free assembly, which they believed legally protected them from being required to answer the committee's questions. This tactic failed, and the ten were sentenced to prison for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">contempt of Congress</a>. Two of them were sentenced to six months, the rest to a year. In the future, witnesses (in the entertainment industries and otherwise) who were determined not to cooperate with the committee would claim their <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> protection against self-incrimination. <a href="/wiki/William_Gropper" title="William Gropper">William Grooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Kent" title="Rockwell Kent">Rockwell Kent</a>, the only two visual artists to be questioned by McCarthy, both took this approach, and emerged relatively unscathed by the experience.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> However, while this usually protected witnesses from a contempt-of-Congress citation, it was considered grounds for dismissal by many government and private-industry employers. The legal requirements for Fifth Amendment protection were such that a person could not testify about his own association with the Communist Party and then refuse to "name names" of colleagues with communist affiliations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990154–155-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker200268-44">[44]</a> Thus, many faced a choice between "crawl[ing] through the mud to be an informer," as actor <a href="/wiki/Larry_Parks" title="Larry Parks">Larry Parks</a> put it, or becoming known as a "Fifth Amendment Communist"—an epithet often used by Senator McCarthy.<a href="#cite_note-SIN-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senate_committees">Senate committees</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Senate committees">edit</a>]</div> In the Senate, the primary committee for investigating communists was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Subcommittee_on_Internal_Security" title="United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security">Senate Internal Security Subcommittee</a> (SISS), formed in 1950 and charged with ensuring the enforcement of laws relating to "espionage, sabotage, and the protection of the internal security of the United States". The SISS was headed by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Pat_McCarran" title="Pat McCarran">Pat McCarran</a> and gained a reputation for careful and extensive investigations. This committee spent a year investigating <a href="/wiki/Owen_Lattimore" title="Owen Lattimore">Owen Lattimore</a> and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Pacific_Relations" title="Institute of Pacific Relations">Institute of Pacific Relations</a>. As had been done numerous times before, the collection of scholars and diplomats associated with Lattimore (the so-called <a href="/wiki/China_Hands" title="China Hands">China Hands</a>) were accused of "losing China", and while some evidence of pro-communist attitudes was found, nothing supported McCarran's accusation that Lattimore was "a conscious and articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy". Lattimore was charged with perjuring himself before the SISS in 1952. After many of the charges were rejected by a federal judge and one of the witnesses confessed to perjury, the case was dropped in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990145–150-46">[46]</a> McCarthy headed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations">Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations</a> in 1953 and 1954, and during that time, used it for a number of his communist-hunting investigations. McCarthy first examined allegations of communist influence in the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, and then turned to the overseas library program of the State Department. <a href="/wiki/Card_catalogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Card catalogs">Card catalogs</a> of these libraries were searched for works by authors McCarthy deemed inappropriate. McCarthy then recited the list of supposedly pro-communist authors before his subcommittee and the press. Yielding to the pressure, the State Department ordered its overseas librarians to remove from their shelves "material by any controversial persons, Communists, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow traveler">fellow travelers</a>, etc." Some libraries actually burned the newly forbidden books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith1970216-47">[47]</a> Though he did not block the State Department from carrying out this order, President Eisenhower publicly criticized the initiative as well, telling the graduating class of Dartmouth College President in 1953: "Don't join the book burners! … Don't be afraid to go to the library and read every book so long as that document does not offend our own ideas of decency—that should be the only censorship."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The president then settled for a compromise by retaining the ban on Communist books written by Communists, while also allowing the libraries to keep books on Communism written by anti-Communists.<a href="#cite_note-Abdul-JabbarObstfeld2016-49">[49]</a> McCarthy's committee then began an investigation into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. This began at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Signal_Corps" title="United States Army Signal Corps">Army Signal Corps</a> laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Monmouth" title="Fort Monmouth">Fort Monmouth</a>. McCarthy garnered some headlines with stories of a dangerous spy ring among the Army researchers, but ultimately nothing came of this investigation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2004384-50">[50]</a> McCarthy next turned his attention to the case of a U.S. Army dentist who had been promoted to the rank of major despite having refused to answer questions on an Army loyalty review form. McCarthy's handling of this investigation, including a series of insults directed at a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a>, led to the <a href="/wiki/Army%E2%80%93McCarthy_hearings" title="Army–McCarthy hearings">Army–McCarthy hearings</a>, with the Army and McCarthy trading charges and counter-charges for 36 days before a nationwide television audience. While the official outcome of the hearings was inconclusive, this exposure of McCarthy to the American public resulted in a sharp decline in his popularity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990138-51">[51]</a> In less than a year, McCarthy was censured by the Senate, and his position as a prominent force in anti-communism was essentially ended.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blacklists">Blacklists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Blacklists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood blacklist</a></div> On November 25, 1947, the day after the House of Representatives approved citations of contempt for the Hollywood Ten, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Johnston" title="Eric Johnston">Eric Johnston</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America">Motion Picture Association of America</a>, issued a press release on behalf of the heads of the major studios that came to be referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Statement" title="Waldorf Statement">Waldorf Statement</a>. This statement announced the firing of the Hollywood Ten and stated: "We will not knowingly employ a Communist or a member of any party or group which advocates the overthrow of the government of the United States..." This marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood blacklist</a>. In spite of the fact that hundreds were denied employment, the studios, producers, and other employers did not publicly admit that a blacklist existed. At this time, private loyalty review boards and anti-communist investigators began to appear to fill a growing demand among certain industries to certify that their employees were above reproach. Companies that were concerned about the sensitivity of their business, or which, like the entertainment industry, felt particularly vulnerable to public opinion, made use of these private services. For a fee, these teams investigated employees and questioned them about their politics and affiliations. At such hearings, the subject usually did not have a right to the presence of an attorney, and as with HUAC, the interviewee might be asked to defend himself against accusations without being allowed to cross-examine the accuser. These agencies kept cross-referenced lists of leftist organizations, publications, rallies, charities, and the like, as well as lists of individuals who were known or suspected communists. Books such as <a href="/wiki/Red_Channels" title="Red Channels">Red Channels</a> and newsletters such as Counterattack and Confidential Information were published to keep track of communist and leftist organizations and individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997116-53">[53]</a> Insofar as the various blacklists of McCarthyism were actual physical lists, they were created and maintained by these private organizations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws_and_arrests">Laws and arrests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Laws and arrests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders</a></div> Efforts to protect the United States from the perceived threat of communist subversion were particularly enabled by several federal laws. The <a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act of 1939</a> banned membership in subversive organizations, which was interpreted as being anti-labor legislation.<a href="#cite_note-auto-54">[54]</a> The Hatch Act would allow for the reduction of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Alliance_of_America" title="Workers Alliance of America">Workers' Alliance</a>, which was claimed to have been created by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> based on a model of their unemployed councils.<a href="#cite_note-auto-54">[54]</a> The Alien Registration Act or <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> of 1940 made the act of "knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise or teach the ... desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association" a criminal offense. Hundreds of communists and others were prosecuted under this law between 1941 and 1957. Eleven leaders of the Communist Party were convicted under the Smith Act in 1949 in the <a href="/wiki/Foley_Square_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Foley Square trial">Foley Square trial</a>. Ten defendants were given sentences of five years and the eleventh was sentenced to three years. The defense attorneys were cited for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> and given prison sentences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried199713,_15,_27,_110–112,_165–168-55">[55]</a> In 1951, 23 other leaders of the party were indicted, including <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Elizabeth Gurley Flynn</a>, a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. Many were convicted on the basis of testimony that was later admitted to be false.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997201–202-56">[56]</a>> By 1957, 140 leaders and members of the Communist Party had been charged under the law, of whom 93 were convicted.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/McCarran_Internal_Security_Act" title="McCarran Internal Security Act">McCarran Internal Security Act</a>, which became law in 1950, has been described by scholar Ellen Schrecker as "the McCarthy era's only important piece of legislation"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998141-58">[58]</a> (the Smith Act technically antedated McCarthyism). However, the McCarran Act had no real effect beyond legal harassment. It required the registration of Communist organizations with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. Attorney General</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Subversive Activities Control Board">Subversive Activities Control Board</a> to investigate possible communist-action and communist-front organizations so they could be required to register. Due to numerous hearings, delays, and appeals, the act was never enforced, even with regard to the Communist Party of the United States itself, and the major provisions of the act were found to be unconstitutional in 1965 and 1967.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990187-59">[59]</a> In 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality, or McCarran–Walter, Act</a> was passed. This law allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also to bar suspected subversives from entering the country. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Control_Act_of_1954" title="Communist Control Act of 1954">Communist Control Act of 1954</a> was passed with overwhelming support in both houses of Congress after very little debate. Jointly drafted by Republican <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Butler" title="John Marshall Butler">John Marshall Butler</a> and Democrat <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, the law was an extension of the Internal Security Act of 1950, and sought to outlaw the Communist Party by declaring that the party, as well as "Communist-Infiltrated Organizations" were "not entitled to any of the rights, privileges, and immunities attendant upon legal bodies." While the Communist Control Act had an odd mix of liberals and conservatives among its supporters, it never had any significant effect. The act was successfully applied only twice. In 1954 it was used to prevent Communist Party members from appearing on the New Jersey state ballot, and in 1960, it was cited to deny the CPUSA recognition as an employer under New York state's unemployment compensation system. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a> called the act "a monstrosity", "a wretched repudiation of democratic principles," while <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a> accused Democratic liberals of a "neurotic, election-year anxiety to escape the charge of being 'soft on Communism' even at the expense of sacrificing constitutional rights."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAuliff1978142-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repression_in_the_individual_states">Repression in the individual states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Repression in the individual states">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the federal laws and responding to the worries of the local opinion, several <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> enacted anti-communist statutes. By 1952, several states had enacted statutes against <a href="/wiki/Criminal_anarchy" title="Criminal anarchy">criminal anarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_syndicalism" title="Criminal syndicalism">criminal syndicalism</a>, and sedition; banned communists and "subversives" from public employment, or even from receiving public aid; demanded on loyalty oaths from public servants; and severely restricted or banned the Communist Party. In addition, six states had equivalents to the HUAC.<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Factfinding_Subcommittee_on_Un-American_Activities" title="California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities">California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a> were established by their respective legislatures. Some of these states had very severe, or even extreme, laws against communism. In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> enacted life imprisonment for subversive propaganda; the following year, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> for advocating the violent overthrow of the government.<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[61]</a> The death penalty for membership in the Communist Party was discussed in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> by Governor <a href="/wiki/Allan_Shivers" title="Allan Shivers">Allan Shivers</a>, who described it as "worse than murder."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Municipalities and counties also enacted anti-communist ordinances: <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> banned any communist or "Muscovite model of police-state dictatorship" from owning arms, while <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a> banned any communist from being within the city's limits.<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_support">Popular support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Popular support">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unholy_three.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Unholy_three.png/220px-Unholy_three.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Unholy_three.png/330px-Unholy_three.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Unholy_three.png/440px-Unholy_three.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Flier issued in May 1955 by the Keep America Committee urging readers to "fight communistic world government" by opposing public health programs</figcaption></figure> McCarthyism was supported by a variety of groups, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a> and various other anti-communist organizations. One core element of support was a variety of militantly anti-communist women's groups such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Relations_Forum" title="American Public Relations Forum">American Public Relations Forum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Minute_Women_of_the_U.S.A." title="Minute Women of the U.S.A.">Minute Women of the U.S.A.</a> These organized tens of thousands of housewives into study groups, letter-writing networks, and patriotic clubs that coordinated efforts to identify and eradicate what they saw as subversion.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Although right-wing radicals were the bedrock of support for McCarthyism, they were not alone. A broad "coalition of the aggrieved" found McCarthyism attractive, or at least politically useful. Common themes uniting the coalition were opposition to internationalism, particularly the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>; opposition to <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_provision" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare provision">social welfare provisions</a>, particularly the various programs established by the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>; and opposition to efforts to reduce inequalities in the <a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structure of the United States">social structure of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERovere195921–22-66">[66]</a> One focus of popular McCarthyism concerned the provision of <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> services, particularly <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> care services, and <a href="/wiki/Fluoridation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoridation">fluoridation</a>, all of which were denounced by some to be communist plots to poison or brainwash the American people. Such viewpoints led to collisions between McCarthyite radicals and supporters of public-health programs, most notably in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Mental_Health_Enabling_Act" title="Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act">Alaska Mental Health Bill</a> controversy of 1956.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a>, the founder of the influential conservative political magazine <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, wrote a defense of McCarthy, McCarthy and his Enemies, in which he asserted that "McCarthyism ... is a movement around which men of good will and stern morality can close ranks."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley1954335-68">[68]</a> In addition, as Richard Rovere points out, many ordinary Americans became convinced that there must be "no smoke without fire" and lent their support to McCarthyism. The <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> found that at his peak in January 1954, 50% of the American public supported McCarthy, while 29% had an unfavorable opinion. His support fell to 34% in June 1954.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Republicans tended to like what McCarthy was doing and Democrats did not, though McCarthy had significant support from traditional Democratic ethnic groups, especially Catholics, as well as many unskilled workers and small-business owners. (McCarthy himself was a Catholic.) He had very little support among union members and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals_of_communists">Portrayals of communists</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Portrayals of communists">edit</a>]</div> Those who sought to justify McCarthyism did so largely through their characterization of communism, and American communists in particular. Proponents of McCarthyism claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">CPUSA</a> was so completely under Moscow's control that any American communist was a puppet of the Soviet intelligence services. This view, if restricted to the Communist Party's leadership<a href="#cite_note-:7-71">[71]</a> is supported by recent documentation from the archives of the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> as well as post-war decodes of wartime Soviet radio traffic from the <a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> showing that Moscow provided financial support to the CPUSA and had significant influence on CPUSA policies. J. Edgar Hoover commented in a 1950 speech, "Communist members, body and soul, are the property of the Party." According to historian Richard G. Powers, McCarthy added "bogus specificity" to "sweeping accusation[s]", gaining support among "countersubversive anticommunists" on one hand, who sought to find and punish perceived communists. On the other hand, "liberal anticommunists" believed that the Communist Party was "despicable and annoying" but ultimately politically irrelevant.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> President Harry Truman, who pursued the anti-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>, called McCarthy "the greatest asset the Kremlin has" by "torpedo[ing] the bipartisan foreign policy of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Historian Landon R. Y. Storrs writes that the CPUSA's "secretiveness, its <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> internal structure, and the loyalty of its leaders to the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> were fundamental flaws that help explain why and how it was demonized. On the other hand, most American Communists were <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealists</a> attracted by the party's militance against various forms of social injustice." Furthermore, based on later declassified evidence, "The paradoxical lesson from several decades of scholarship is that the same organization that inspired democratic idealists in the pursuit of social justice also was secretive, authoritarian, and morally compromised by ties to the Stalin regime."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In the mid 20th century, this attitude was not confined to arch-conservatives. In 1940, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> ejected founding member Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, saying that her membership in the Communist Party was enough to disqualify her as a <a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">civil libertarian</a>. In the government's prosecutions of Communist Party members under the Smith Act (see above), the prosecution case was based not on specific actions or statements by the defendants, but on the premise that a commitment to violent overthrow of the government was inherent in the doctrines of Marxism–Leninism. Passages of the CPUSA constitution that specifically rejected <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">revolutionary violence</a> were dismissed as deliberate deception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998161,_193–194-77">[77]</a> In addition, it was often claimed that the party didn't allow members to resign; thus someone who had been a member for a short time decades previously could be thought a current member. Many of the hearings and trials of McCarthyism featured testimony by former Communist Party members such as <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bentley" title="Elizabeth Bentley">Elizabeth Bentley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_F._Budenz" title="Louis F. Budenz">Louis Budenz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>, speaking as expert witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-Witness-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998130–137-79">[79]</a> Various historians and pundits have discussed alleged Soviet-directed infiltration of the U.S. government and the possible collaboration of high <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman20005–6-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victims_of_McCarthyism">Victims of McCarthyism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Victims of McCarthyism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_by_the_Hollywood_Ten" title="List of films by the Hollywood Ten">List of films by the Hollywood Ten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood blacklist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></div> Estimating the number of victims of McCarthy is difficult. The number imprisoned is in the hundreds, and some ten or twelve thousand lost their jobs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998xiii-84">[84]</a> In many cases, simply being subpoenaed by HUAC or one of the other committees was sufficient cause to be fired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker200263–64-85">[85]</a> For the vast majority, both the potential for them to do harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliation were tenuous.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> After the extremely damaging "<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Spy_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Spy Ring">Cambridge Five</a>" spy scandal (<a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)">Donald Maclean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Cairncross" title="John Cairncross">John Cairncross</a>), suspected <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> was also a common cause for being targeted by McCarthyism. The hunt for "sexual perverts", who were presumed to be subversive by nature, resulted in over 5,000 federal workers being fired, and thousands were harassed and denied employment.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Emilio199841–49.-88">[88]</a> Many have termed this aspect of McCarthyism the "<a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">lavender scare</a>".<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Homosexuality was classified as a psychiatric disorder in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Patrizia_Gentile_2010._pg_65-91">[91]</a> However, in the context of the highly politicized Cold War environment, homosexuality became framed as a dangerous, contagious social disease that posed a potential threat to state security.<a href="#cite_note-Patrizia_Gentile_2010._pg_65-91">[91]</a> As the family was believed to be the cornerstone of American strength and integrity,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> the description of homosexuals as "sexual perverts" meant that they were both unable to function within a family unit and presented the potential to poison the social body.<a href="#cite_note-Patrizia_Gentile_2010._pg_8-93">[93]</a> This era also witnessed the establishment of widely spread FBI surveillance intended to identify homosexual government employees.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The McCarthy hearings and according "sexual pervert" investigations can be seen to have been driven by a desire to identify individuals whose ability to function as loyal citizens had been compromised.<a href="#cite_note-Patrizia_Gentile_2010._pg_8-93">[93]</a> McCarthy began his campaign by drawing upon the ways in which he embodied traditional American values to become the self-appointed vanguard of social morality.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalton_and_Cleo_Trumbo_(1947_HUAC_hearings).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dalton_and_Cleo_Trumbo_%281947_HUAC_hearings%29.png/220px-Dalton_and_Cleo_Trumbo_%281947_HUAC_hearings%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dalton_and_Cleo_Trumbo_%281947_HUAC_hearings%29.png/330px-Dalton_and_Cleo_Trumbo_%281947_HUAC_hearings%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dalton_and_Cleo_Trumbo_%281947_HUAC_hearings%29.png/440px-Dalton_and_Cleo_Trumbo_%281947_HUAC_hearings%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2367" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Trumbo" title="Dalton Trumbo">Dalton Trumbo</a> and his wife, Cleo, at the HUAC in 1947</figcaption></figure> In the film industry, more than 300 actors, authors, and directors were denied work in the U.S. through the unofficial <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood blacklist</a>. Blacklists were at work throughout the entertainment industry, in universities and schools at all levels, in the legal profession, and in many other fields. A port-security program initiated by the Coast Guard shortly after the start of the Korean War required a review of every maritime worker who loaded or worked aboard any American ship, regardless of cargo or destination. As with other loyalty-security reviews of McCarthyism, the identities of any accusers and even the nature of any accusations were typically kept secret from the accused. Nearly 3,000 seamen and longshoremen lost their jobs due to this program alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998267-96">[96]</a> Some of the notable people who were blacklisted or suffered some other persecution during McCarthyism include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Adler" title="Larry Adler">Larry Adler</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Algren" title="Nelson Algren">Nelson Algren</a>, writer<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a>, actress, model, and film studio executive.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Bellah" title="Robert N. Bellah">Robert N. Bellah</a>, sociologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bernstein" title="Walter Bernstein">Walter Bernstein</a>, screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Bessie" title="Alvah Bessie">Alvah Bessie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a>, writer, journalist, screenwriter, <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Bernstein" title="Elmer Bernstein">Elmer Bernstein</a>, composer and conductor<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, conductor, pianist, composer<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker2002244-100">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a>, physicist and philosopher<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, poet, playwright, screenwriter</li> <li>Archie Brown, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a>, veteran of World War II, union leader, imprisoned. Successfully challenged <a href="/wiki/Landrum%E2%80%93Griffin_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Landrum–Griffin Act">Landrum–Griffin Act</a> provision<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Brunauer" title="Esther Brunauer">Esther Brunauer</a>, forced from the U.S. State Department<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a>, film director, producer<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, actor and director<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>, composer<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartley_Crum" title="Bartley Crum">Bartley Crum</a>, attorney<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Da Silva">Howard Da Silva</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-Channels-108">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Jules Dassin</a>, director<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Davis" title="Chandler Davis">Chandler Davis</a>, mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Natalie Zemon Davis</a>, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Dolores del Río">Dolores del Río</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dmytryk" title="Edward Dmytryk">Edward Dmytryk</a>, director, <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">W.E.B. Du Bois</a>, civil rights activist and author<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrows_Dunham" title="Barrows Dunham">Barrows Dunham</a>, philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Eddy" title="George A. Eddy">George A. Eddy</a>, pre-Keynesian Harvard economist, US Treasury monetary policy specialist<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winning physicist, philosopher, mathematician, activist<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, composer<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Fast" title="Howard Fast">Howard Fast</a>, writer<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a>, novelist and playwright<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Foreman" title="Carl Foreman">Carl Foreman</a>, writer of <a href="/wiki/High_Noon" title="High Noon">High Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garfield" title="John Garfield">John Garfield</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.H._Garrigues" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H. Garrigues">C.H. Garrigues</a>, journalist<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gilford" title="Jack Gilford">Jack Gilford</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-Channels-108">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Gordon" title="Ruth Gordon">Ruth Gordon</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-Channels-108">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Grant" title="Lee Grant">Lee Grant</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a>, author<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hananiah_Harari" title="Hananiah Harari">Hananiah Harari</a>, American painter and illustrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawes" title="Elizabeth Hawes">Elizabeth Hawes</a>, clothing designer, author, equal rights activist<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hellman" title="Lillian Hellman">Lillian Hellman</a>, playwright<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ray_Healey" title="Dorothy Ray Healey">Dorothy Healey</a>, union organizer, CPUSA official<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a>, singer<a href="#cite_note-Channels-108">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>, writer, poet, playwright<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_C._Hunt" title="Lester C. Hunt">Lester C. Hunt</a>, U.S. Senator<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Hunt_(actress,_born_1917)" title="Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917)">Marsha Hunt</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Jaffe" title="Sam Jaffe">Sam Jaffe</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Kaghan" title="Theodore Kaghan">Theodore Kaghan</a>, diplomat<a href="#cite_note-obit-122">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garson_Kanin" title="Garson Kanin">Garson Kanin</a>, writer and director<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Ernst Kantorowicz</a>, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a>, comedian, singer<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Keen" title="Benjamin Keen">Benjamin Keen</a>, historian<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a>, conductor and composer<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Rose_Lee" title="Gypsy Rose Lee">Gypsy Rose Lee</a>, actress and <a href="/wiki/Stripper" title="Stripper">stripper</a><a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lewis" title="Harold Lewis">Harold Lewis</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Lanczos" title="Cornelius Lanczos">Cornelius Lanczos</a>, mathematician and physicist<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_Lardner_Jr." title="Ring Lardner Jr.">Ring Lardner Jr.</a>, screenwriter, <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laurents" title="Arthur Laurents">Arthur Laurents</a>, playwright<a href="#cite_note-Channels-108">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Loeb" title="Philip Loeb">Philip Loeb</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Loewenberg" title="Jacob Loewenberg">Jacob Loewenberg</a>, philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Joseph Losey</a>, director<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Maltz" title="Albert Maltz">Albert Maltz</a>, screenwriter, <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a>, novelist<a href="#cite_note-Stephan,_Alexander_1995-128">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a>, writer<a href="#cite_note-Stephan,_Alexander_1995-128">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winning novelist and essayist<a href="#cite_note-Stephan,_Alexander_1995-128">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McGrath_(poet)" title="Thomas McGrath (poet)">Thomas McGrath</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>, playwright and essayist<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Mitford" title="Jessica Mitford">Jessica Mitford</a>, author, <a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">muckraker</a>. Refused to testify to HUAC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos" title="Dimitri Mitropoulos">Dimitri Mitropoulos</a>, conductor, pianist, composer<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Mostel" title="Zero Mostel">Zero Mostel</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Muscatine" title="Charles Muscatine">Charles Muscatine</a>, literary scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a>, biochemist, sinologist, historian of science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, theoretical physicist, director of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Parker" title="Dorothy Parker">Dorothy Parker</a>, writer, humorist<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, chemist, Nobel prizes for Chemistry and Peace<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Reber" title="Samuel Reber">Samuel Reber</a>, diplomat<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_v._Boyle#Al_Richmond" title="Stack v. Boyle">Al Richmond</a>, union organizer, editor<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ritt" title="Martin Ritt">Martin Ritt</a>, actor and director<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, actor, athlete, singer, writer, political activist<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_Salt" title="Waldo Salt">Waldo Salt</a>, screenwriter<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Saxon" title="David S. Saxon">David S. Saxon</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Seberg" title="Jean Seberg">Jean Seberg</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>, folk singer, songwriter<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Serber" title="Robert Serber">Robert Serber</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a>, jazz musician, bandleader, author<a href="#cite_note-blacklist2-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Shaw" title="Irwin Shaw">Irwin Shaw</a>, writer<a href="#cite_note-Channels-108">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">William L. Shirer</a>, journalist, author<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Stander" title="Lionel Stander">Lionel Stander</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Jan_Struik" title="Dirk Jan Struik">Dirk Jan Struik</a>, mathematician, historian of maths<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Paul Sweezy</a>, economist and founder-editor of <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Thayer" title="Charles W. Thayer">Charles W. Thayer</a>, diplomat<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Tolman" title="Edward C. Tolman">Edward C. Tolman</a>, psychologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Trumbo" title="Dalton Trumbo">Dalton Trumbo</a>, screenwriter, <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Hsue-shen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsien Hsue-shen">Tsien Hsue-shen</a>, physicist<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Wanamaker" title="Sam Wanamaker">Sam Wanamaker</a>, actor, director, responsible for recreating <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe Theatre</a> in London, England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Weltfish" title="Gene Weltfish">Gene Weltfish</a>, anthropologist fired from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Wick" title="Gian Carlo Wick">Gian Carlo Wick</a>, physicist</li></ul> </div> In 1953, Robert K. Murray, a young professor of history at Pennsylvania State University who had served as an intelligence officer in World War II, was revising his dissertation on the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">Red Scare of 1919–20</a> for publication until <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a> decided that "under the circumstances ... it wasn't wise for them to bring this book out." He learned that investigators were questioning his colleagues and relatives. The University of Minnesota press published his volume, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920, in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reactions">Critical reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Critical reactions">edit</a>]</div> The nation was by no means united behind the policies and activities that have come to be associated with McCarthyism. The critics of various aspects of McCarthyism included many figures not generally noted for their liberalism. In his overridden <a href="/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States" title="Veto power in the United States">veto</a> of the <a href="/wiki/McCarran_Internal_Security_Act" title="McCarran Internal Security Act">McCarran Internal Security Act</a> of 1950, President Truman wrote, "In a free country, we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they have."<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Truman also unsuccessfully vetoed the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a>, which among other provisions denied <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> protection unless union leaders signed <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavits</a> swearing they were not and had never been Communists. In 1953, after he left office, Truman criticized the contemporary Eisenhower administration: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It is now evident that the present Administration has fully embraced, for political advantage, McCarthyism. I am not referring to the Senator from Wisconsin. He is only important in that his name has taken on the dictionary meaning of the word. It is the corruption of truth, the abandonment of the due process law. It is the use of the big lie and the unfounded accusation against any citizen in the name of Americanism or security. It is the rise to power of the demagogue who lives on untruth; it is the spreading of fear and the destruction of faith in every level of society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200514–15-146">[146]</a></blockquote> On June 1, 1950, Senator <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a>, a Maine Republican, delivered a speech to the Senate she called a "<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Conscience" title="Declaration of Conscience">Declaration of Conscience</a>". In a clear attack upon McCarthyism, she called for an end to "<a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">character assassinations</a>" and named "some of the basic principles of Americanism: The right to criticize; the right to hold unpopular beliefs; the right to protest; the right of independent thought". She said "<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> is not what it used to be in America", and decried "cancerous tentacles of 'know nothing, suspect everything' attitudes".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Six other Republican senators—<a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Ives" title="Irving Ives">Irving M. Ives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Tobey" title="Charles W. Tobey">Charles W. Tobey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Thye" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward John Thye">Edward John Thye</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">George Aiken</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Hendrickson" title="Robert C. Hendrickson">Robert C. Hendrickson</a>—joined Smith in condemning the tactics of McCarthyism. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg/220px-Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg/330px-Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg/440px-Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_N._Welch" title="Joseph N. Welch">Joseph N. Welch</a> (left) and Senator McCarthy, June 9, 1954</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Davis" title="Elmer Davis">Elmer Davis</a>, one of the most highly respected news reporters and commentators of the 1940s and 1950s, often spoke out against what he saw as the excesses of McCarthyism. On one occasion he warned that many local anti-communist movements constituted a "general attack not only on schools and colleges and libraries, on teachers and textbooks, but on all people who think and write ... in short, on the freedom of the mind".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried199029-148">[148]</a> In 1952, the Supreme Court upheld a lower-court decision in <a href="/wiki/Irving_Adler#Adler_v._Board_of_Education" title="Irving Adler">Adler v. Board of Education</a>, thus approving a law that allowed state loyalty review boards to fire teachers deemed "subversive". In his dissenting opinion, Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> wrote: "The present law proceeds on a principle repugnant to our society—guilt by association.... What happens under this law is typical of what happens in a police state. Teachers are under constant surveillance; their pasts are combed for signs of disloyalty; their utterances are watched for clues to dangerous thoughts."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997114-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_r_murrow_challenge_of_ideas_screenshot_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edward_r_murrow_challenge_of_ideas_screenshot_2.jpg/220px-Edward_r_murrow_challenge_of_ideas_screenshot_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edward_r_murrow_challenge_of_ideas_screenshot_2.jpg/330px-Edward_r_murrow_challenge_of_ideas_screenshot_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edward_r_murrow_challenge_of_ideas_screenshot_2.jpg/440px-Edward_r_murrow_challenge_of_ideas_screenshot_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Broadcast journalist <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a></figcaption></figure> One of the most influential opponents of McCarthyism was the famed CBS newscaster and analyst <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a>. On October 20, 1953, Murrow's show <a href="/wiki/See_It_Now" title="See It Now">See It Now</a> aired an episode about the dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Milo_Radulovich" title="Milo Radulovich">Milo Radulovich</a>, a former reserve Air Force lieutenant who was accused of associating with Communists. The show was strongly critical of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a>'s methods, which included presenting evidence in a sealed envelope that Radulovich and his attorney were not allowed to open. On March 9, 1954, See It Now aired another episode on the issue of McCarthyism, this one attacking Joseph McCarthy himself. Titled "A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy", it used footage of McCarthy speeches to portray him as dishonest, reckless, and abusive toward witnesses and prominent Americans. In his concluding comment, Murrow said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty. We must remember always that accusation is not proof and that conviction depends upon evidence and due process of law. We will not walk in fear, one of another. We will not be driven by fear into an age of unreason, if we dig deep in our history and our doctrine, and remember that we are not descended from fearful men.<a href="#cite_note-SIN-45">[45]</a></blockquote> This broadcast has been cited as a key episode in bringing about the end of McCarthyism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreitmatter1998154-150">[150]</a> In April 1954, McCarthy was also under attack in the <a href="/wiki/Army%E2%80%93McCarthy_hearings" title="Army–McCarthy hearings">Army–McCarthy hearings</a>. These hearings were televised live on the new <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a> network, allowing the public to view first-hand McCarthy's interrogation of individuals and his controversial tactics. In one exchange, McCarthy reminded the attorney for the Army, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_N._Welch" title="Joseph N. Welch">Joseph Welch</a>, that he had an employee in his law firm who had belonged to an organization that had been accused of Communist sympathies. In an exchange that reflected the increasingly negative public opinion of McCarthy, Welch rebuked the senator: "Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty2005207-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Decline">edit</a>]</div> In the mid and late 1950s, the attitudes and institutions of McCarthyism slowly weakened. Changing public sentiments heavily contributed to the decline of McCarthyism. Its decline may also be charted through a series of court decisions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_events">Notable events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable events">edit</a>]</div> A key figure in the end of the blacklisting of McCarthyism was <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Faulk" title="John Henry Faulk">John Henry Faulk</a>. Host of an afternoon comedy radio show, Faulk was a leftist active in his union, the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists" title="American Federation of Television and Radio Artists">American Federation of Television and Radio Artists</a>. He was scrutinized by AWARE, Inc., one of the private firms that examined individuals for signs of communist "disloyalty". Marked by AWARE as unfit, he was fired by <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a>. Almost uniquely among the many victims of blacklisting, Faulk decided to sue AWARE in 1957 and finally won the case in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> With this court decision, the private blacklisters and those who used them were put on notice that they were <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">legally liable</a> for the professional and financial damage they caused. Although some informal blacklisting continued, the private "loyalty checking" agencies were soon a thing of the past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997197-153">[153]</a> Even before the Faulk verdict, many in Hollywood had decided it was time to break the blacklist. In 1960, <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Trumbo" title="Dalton Trumbo">Dalton Trumbo</a>, one of the best known members of the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood Ten</a>, was publicly credited with writing the films <a href="/wiki/Exodus_(1960_film)" title="Exodus (1960 film)">Exodus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(film)" title="Spartacus (film)">Spartacus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warren_Court">Warren Court</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Warren Court">edit</a>]</div> Much of the undoing of McCarthyism came at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> under Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rovere" title="Richard Rovere">Richard Rovere</a> wrote in his biography of Joseph McCarthy, "[T]he United States Supreme Court took judicial notice of the rents McCarthy was making in the fabric of liberty and thereupon wrote a series of decisions that have made the fabric stronger than before."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERovere1959264-154">[154]</a> Two Eisenhower appointees to the court—<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (who was made Chief Justice) and <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Brennan, Jr.">William J. Brennan, Jr.</a>—proved to be more liberal than Eisenhower had anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin19995.-155">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a> made a series of rulings that helped bring an end to the McCarthyism.<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-6">[6]</a> In 1956, the Warren Court heard the case of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slochower_v._Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slochower v. Board of Education (page does not exist)">Slochower v. Board of Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Slochower" title="Harry Slochower">Harry Slochower</a> was a professor at Brooklyn College who had been fired by New York City for invoking the Fifth Amendment when McCarthy's committee questioned him about his past membership in the Communist Party. The court prohibited such actions, ruling "...we must condemn the practice of imputing a sinister meaning to the exercise of a person's constitutional right under the Fifth Amendment… The privilege against self-incrimination would be reduced to a hollow mockery if its exercise could be taken as equivalent either to a confession of guilt or a conclusive presumption of perjury."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997203-156">[156]</a> In addition, the 1956 Cole v. Young ruling also greatly weakened the ability to discriminate in the federal civilian workforce.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Another key decision was in the 1957 case <a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a>, in which the convictions of fourteen Communists were reversed. In Justice Black's opinion, he wrote of the original "Smith Act" trials: "The testimony of witnesses is comparatively insignificant. Guilt or innocence may turn on what Marx or Engels or someone else wrote or advocated as much as a hundred years or more ago… When the propriety of obnoxious or unfamiliar view about government is in reality made the crucial issue, …prejudice makes conviction inevitable except in the rarest circumstances."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997205-158">[158]</a> Also in 1957, the Supreme Court ruled on the case of <a href="/wiki/Watkins_v._United_States" title="Watkins v. United States">Watkins v. United States</a>, curtailing the power of HUAC to punish uncooperative witnesses by finding them in contempt of Congress. Justice Warren wrote in the decision: "The mere summoning of a witness and compelling him to testify, against his will, about his beliefs, expressions or associations is a measure of governmental interference. And when those forced revelations concern matters that are unorthodox, unpopular, or even hateful to the general public, the reaction in the life of the witness may be disastrous."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997207-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In its 1958 decision in <a href="/wiki/Kent_v._Dulles" title="Kent v. Dulles">Kent v. Dulles</a>, the Supreme Court halted the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> from using the authority of its own regulations to refuse or revoke passports based on an applicant's communist beliefs or associations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997211-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repercussions">Repercussions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Repercussions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study_and_reactions_to_Constitutional_implications">Study and reactions to Constitutional implications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Study and reactions to Constitutional implications">edit</a>]</div> The political divisions McCarthyism created in the United States continue to make themselves manifest, and the politics and history of anti-communism in the United States are still contentious. Portions of the massive security apparatus established during the McCarthy era still exist. <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_oath" title="Loyalty oath">Loyalty oaths</a> are still required by the <a href="/wiki/California_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="California Constitution">California Constitution</a> for all officials and employees of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_California" title="Government of California">government of California</a> (which is highly problematic for <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witness">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> whose beliefs preclude them from pledging absolute loyalty to the state).<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> At the federal level, a few portions of the <a href="/wiki/McCarran_Internal_Security_Act" title="McCarran Internal Security Act">McCarran Internal Security Act</a> remain in effect. However, the act's detention provision was repealed in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The McCarran Act's Communist registration requirement was declared unconstitutional in the 1965 Supreme Court ruling in <a href="/wiki/Albertson_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board</a> as well. The McCarran Act's <a href="/wiki/Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Subversive Activities Control Board">Subversive Activities Control Board</a>, which enforced the law's investigation requirement for persons alleged to be involved in "subversive activities", was officially abolished through Congressional legislation in 1972 as well.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_study_on_anti-communism_and_Soviet_espionage">Historical study on anti-communism and Soviet espionage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Historical study on anti-communism and Soviet espionage">edit</a>]</div> McCarthyism also attracts controversy purely as a historical issue. Through declassified documents from Soviet archives and <a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a> decryptions of coded Soviet messages, the Soviet Union was found to have engaged in substantial espionage activities in the United States during the 1940s. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> also was substantially funded and its policies controlled by the Soviet Union, and accusations existed that CPUSA members were often recruited as spies.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_liberal" title="Cold War liberal">Liberal anti-communists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shils" title="Edward Shils">Edward Shils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Moynihan</a> had a contempt for McCarthyism. Sociologist Edward Shils criticized an excessive policy of secrecy during the Cold War, that led to the misdirection of McCarthyism, which was addressed during the 1994–1997 <a href="/wiki/Moynihan_Commission_on_Government_Secrecy" title="Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy">Moynihan Commission</a>. As Moynihan put it, "reaction to McCarthy took the form of a modish <a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">anti-anti-Communism</a> that considered impolite any discussion of the very real threat Communism posed to Western values and security." After revelations of Soviet spy networks from the declassified Venona project, Moynihan wondered: "Might less secrecy have prevented the liberal overreaction to McCarthyism as well as McCarthyism itself?" He described the situation during the McCarthy era as "ignorant armies clashed by night". With McCarthy advocating an extremist view, the discussion of communist subversion was made into a civil rights issue instead of a counterintelligence one.<a href="#cite_note-:7-71">[71]</a> In the view of some contemporary commentators, the revelations from Venona and other archives on espionage stand as at least a partial vindication of McCarthyism.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Some, such as Goldberg, feel that a genuinely dangerous subversive element was in the United States, and that this danger justified extreme measures.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-168">[168]</a> The opposing view holds that, recent revelations notwithstanding, by the time McCarthyism began in the late 1940s, the CPUSA was an ineffectual fringe group, and the damage done to U.S. interests by Soviet spies after World War II was minimal.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Historian Ellen Schrecker states, "in this country, McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did."<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a>, while acknowledging that inexcusable excesses occurred during McCarthyism, argues that some contemporary historians of McCarthyism underplay the un-democratic nature of the CPUSA.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> At the same time, Haynes, who studied the Venona decryptions extensively, argued that McCarthy's attempts to "make anti-communism a partisan weapon" actually "threatened [the post-War] anti-Communist consensus", thereby ultimately harming anti-Communist efforts more than helping them.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Of the 159 people who were identified on lists used or referenced by McCarthy, evidence only substantially proved that nine of them had aided Soviet espionage efforts—while several hundred Soviet spies were actually known based on Venona and other evidence, most were never named by McCarthy.<a href="#cite_note-johnearlhaynes62-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynesKlehr2000-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_political_usage_of_term">Later political usage of term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Later political usage of term">edit</a>]</div> A number of observers have compared the oppression of liberals and leftists during the McCarthy period to 2000s-era actions against suspected terrorists, most of them Muslims. In The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism, author Haynes Johnson compares the "abuses suffered by aliens thrown into high-security U.S. prisons in the wake of 9/11" to the excesses of the McCarthy era.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/David_D._Cole" title="David D. Cole">David D. Cole</a> has written that the <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">Patriot Act</a> "in effect resurrects the philosophy of McCarthyism, simply substituting 'terrorist' for 'communist'."<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> From the opposite pole, conservative writer <a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Ann Coulter</a> devotes much of her book <a href="/wiki/Treason:_Liberal_Treachery_from_the_Cold_War_to_the_War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism">Treason</a> to drawing parallels between past opposition to McCarthy and McCarthyism and the policies and beliefs of modern-day liberals, arguing that the former hindered the anti-communist cause and the latter hindered the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Other authors who have drawn on a comparison between current <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation#United_States" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">anti-terrorism policies</a> and McCarthyism include <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_R._Stone" title="Geoffrey R. Stone">Geoffrey R. Stone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Morgan_(writer)" title="Ted Morgan (writer)">Ted Morgan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Jonah Goldberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-168">[168]</a> Since the time of McCarthy, the word McCarthyism has entered American speech as a general term for a variety of practices: aggressively questioning a person's patriotism, making poorly supported accusations, using accusations of disloyalty to pressure a person to adhere to conformist politics or to discredit an opponent, subverting <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a> in the name of national security, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Demagoguery" class="mw-redirect" title="Demagoguery">demagoguery</a> are all often referred to as McCarthyism.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The 1951 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Troubled_Air" title="The Troubled Air">The Troubled Air</a> by <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Shaw" title="Irwin Shaw">Irwin Shaw</a> tells the story of the director of a (fictional) radio show, broadcast live at the time, who is given a deadline to investigate his cast for alleged links to communism. The novel recounts the devastating effects on all concerned.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li>The 1952 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> play <a href="/wiki/The_Crucible" title="The Crucible">The Crucible</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a> as a metaphor for McCarthyism, suggesting that the process of McCarthyism-style persecution can occur at any time or place. The play focused on the fact that once accused, a person had little chance of exoneration, given the irrational and <a href="/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">circular reasoning</a> of both the courts and the public. Miller later wrote: "The more I read into the Salem panic, the more it touched off corresponding images of common experiences in the fifties."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li>The 1976 film <a href="/wiki/The_Front" title="The Front">The Front</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> dealt with the McCarthy-era Hollywood blacklist. The film was made by those blacklisted: producer and director <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ritt" title="Martin Ritt">Martin Ritt</a>; writer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bernstein" title="Walter Bernstein">Walter Bernstein</a>; and actors <a href="/wiki/Zero_Mostel" title="Zero Mostel">Zero Mostel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Bernardi" title="Herschel Bernardi">Herschel Bernardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Murphy_(actor)" title="Michael Murphy (actor)">Michael Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_(actor)" title="John Randolph (actor)">John Randolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gough" title="Lloyd Gough">Lloyd Gough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Shelley" title="Joshua Shelley">Joshua Shelley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li>The 1985 film <a href="/wiki/Clue_(film)" title="Clue (film)">Clue</a> is set during the <a href="/wiki/Army%E2%80%93McCarthy_hearings" title="Army–McCarthy hearings">Army–McCarthy hearings</a>, with footage of the hearings seen on a television set. The characters reveal they are being blackmailed by Mr. Boddy, who threatens to expose their secrets to the HUAC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilty_by_Suspicion" title="Guilty by Suspicion">Guilty by Suspicion</a> is a 1991 American drama film about the Hollywood blacklist, McCarthyism, and the activities of the HUAC. Written and directed by Irwin Winkler, it starred <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annette_Bening" title="Annette Bening">Annette Bening</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Wendt" title="George Wendt">George Wendt</a>.</li> <li>The 2005 film <a href="/wiki/Good_Night,_and_Good_Luck" title="Good Night, and Good Luck">Good Night, and Good Luck</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> starred <a href="/wiki/David_Strathairn" title="David Strathairn">David Strathairn</a> as broadcast journalist <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> and contained archival footage of McCarthy.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li>The 2016 opera <a href="/wiki/Fellow_Travelers_(opera)" title="Fellow Travelers (opera)">Fellow Travelers</a>, based on the 2007 novel by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mallon" title="Thomas Mallon">Thomas Mallon</a>, is set in McCarthy-era Washington D.C. and focuses on the "<a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">lavender scare</a>", a witch hunt and mass firings of gay people from the United States government.</li> <li>The 2023 mini-series <a href="/wiki/Fellow_Travelers_(miniseries)" title="Fellow Travelers (miniseries)">Fellow Travelers</a>, also based on the 2007 novel by Thomas Mallon, centers on the decades-long romance between two men who first meet during the height of McCarthyism.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li 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href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litmus_test_(politics)" title="Litmus test (politics)">Litmus test (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundt%E2%80%93Ferguson_Communist_Registration_Bill" title="Mundt–Ferguson Communist Registration Bill">Mundt–Ferguson Communist Registration Bill</a> of 1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Raids" title="Palmer Raids">Palmer Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-baiting" title="Red-baiting">Red-baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-tagging_in_the_Philippines" title="Red-tagging in the Philippines">Red-tagging in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Purge" title="Red Purge">Red Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">Witch-hunt</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStorrs2015" class="citation journal cs1">Storrs, Landon R. Y. (July 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-6">"McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare"</a>. American History. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.6">10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199329175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199329175"><bdi>978-0199329175</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703191049/http://americanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-6">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+History&rft.atitle=McCarthyism+and+the+Second+Red+Scare&rft.date=2015-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.6&rft.isbn=978-0199329175&rft.aulast=Storrs&rft.aufirst=Landon+R.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Famericanhistory%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199329175-e-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtman" class="citation web cs1">Lichtman, Robert M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/43mam8fk9780252037009.html">"UI Press | Robert M. Lichtman | The Supreme Court and McCarthy-Era Repression: One Hundred Decisions"</a>. www.press.uillinois.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512060527/https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/43mam8fk9780252037009.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.press.uillinois.edu&rft.atitle=UI+Press+%7C+Robert+M.+Lichtman+%7C+The+Supreme+Court+and+McCarthy-Era+Repression%3A+One+Hundred+Decisions&rft.aulast=Lichtman&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uillinois.edu%2Fbooks%2Fcatalog%2F43mam8fk9780252037009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4975529">"Revisiting McCarthyism in the Patriot Act Era"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020072933/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4975529">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Revisiting+McCarthyism+in+the+Patriot+Act+Era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4975529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz1999" class="citation book cs1">Horwitz, Morton J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMc0yiJLydYC&q=McCarthyism+Warren+Court&pg=PA53">The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809016259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809016259"><bdi>978-0809016259</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113040739/https://books.google.com/books?id=TMc0yiJLydYC&q=McCarthyism+Warren+Court&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warren+Court+and+the+Pursuit+of+Justice&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0809016259&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Morton+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMc0yiJLydYC%26q%3DMcCarthyism%2BWarren%2BCourt%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1956/6">"Yates v. United States"</a>. Oyez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824110722/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1956/6">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez&rft.atitle=Yates+v.+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F1956%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1956/261">"Watkins v. United States"</a>. Oyez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020072928/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1956/261">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez&rft.atitle=Watkins+v.+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F1956%2F261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998203-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998203_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker 1998</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a> (1957) and <a href="/wiki/Watkins_v._United_States" title="Watkins v. United States">Watkins v. United States</a> (1957): <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, pp. 205, 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> For example, California's "Levering Oath" law, declared unconstitutional in 1967: <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> For example, Slochower v. Board of Education (1956): <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, p. 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> For example, Faulk vs. AWARE Inc., et al. (1962): <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/haynes-venona.html?_r=1&scp=12&sq=klehr&st=cse">"Venona"</a>. archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved December 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Venona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fh%2Fhaynes-venona.html%3F_r%3D1%26scp%3D12%26sq%3Dklehr%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_J2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Robert J, Goldstein (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/fall/agloso.html">"Prelude to McCarthyism: The Making of a Blacklist"</a>. Prologue Magazine. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118033528/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/fall/agloso.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prologue+Magazine&rft.atitle=Prelude+to+McCarthyism%3A+The+Making+of+a+Blacklist&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Robert+J&rft.aufirst=Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2006%2Ffall%2Fagloso.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2007148–149-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2007148–149_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2007">Weir 2007</a>, pp. 148–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill2006" class="citation journal cs1">Merrill, Dennis (2006). "The Truman Doctrine: Containing Communism and Modernity". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36 (1): 27–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2006.00284.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00284.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Truman+Doctrine%3A+Containing+Communism+and+Modernity&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-37&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2006.00284.x&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried199041-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried199041_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1990">Fried 1990</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1995141-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1995141_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkley1995">Brinkley 1995</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried19906,_15,_78–80-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried19906,_15,_78–80_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1990">Fried 1990</a>, pp. 6, 15, 78–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith197049-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith197049_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffith1970">Griffith 1970</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-McCarthyism,_n." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=McCarthyism%2C+n.">"McCarthyism, n."</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=McCarthyism%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DMcCarthyism%252C%2Bn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.); citing Christian Science Monitor, March 28, 1950, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jelmqLDGbFUC">Covering McCarthyism: how the 'Christian Science Monitor' handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950–1954</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. "Introduction". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock1952152-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlock1952152_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlock1952">Block 1952</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990150-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1990150_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1990">Fried 1990</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/1954McCarthyCensure.pdf">"S. Res. 301 Congressional Record, Dec 2, 1954"</a> (PDF). www.senate.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=S.+Res.+301+Congressional+Record%2C+Dec+2%2C+1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2F1954McCarthyCensure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy1991" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Donald R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionamer0000faus/page/116">"The Constitution of the Truman Presidency and the Post–World War II Era"</a>. In Fausold, Martin; Shank, Alan (eds.). The Constitution and the American Presidency. SUNY Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionamer0000faus/page/116">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791404683" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791404683"><bdi>978-0791404683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Truman+Presidency+and+the+Post%E2%80%93World+War+II+Era&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+and+the+American+Presidency&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0791404683&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionamer0000faus%2Fpage%2F116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1997_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990133-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1990133_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1990">Fried 1990</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1958-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1958_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1958">Brown 1958</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998271-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998271_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker 1998</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried199070-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried199070_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1990">Fried 1990</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998211,_266_et_seq-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998211,_266_et_seq_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker 1998</a>, pp. 211, 266 et seq. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker200265-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker200265_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker2002">Schrecker 2002</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998212-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998212_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker 1998</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxTheoharis1988312-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxTheoharis1988312_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxTheoharis1988312_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoxTheoharis1988">Cox & Theoharis 1988</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998225-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998225_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker 1998</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998224-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998224_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker 1998</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoder2014" class="citation web cs1">Yoder, Traci (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925213950/https://www.nlg-npap.org/sites/default/files/Breach%20of%20Privilege%20NLG%20April%202014.pdf">"Breach of Privilege: Spying on Lawyers in the United States"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlg-npap.org/sites/default/files/Breach%20of%20Privilege%20NLG%20April%202014.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 25, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breach+of+Privilege%3A+Spying+on+Lawyers+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2014-04&rft.aulast=Yoder&rft.aufirst=Traci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlg-npap.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FBreach%2520of%2520Privilege%2520NLG%2520April%25202014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998239,_203-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998239,_203_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker 1998</a>, pp. 239, 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007105–106-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner2007105–106_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2007">Weiner 2007</a>, pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaseReinelt1991" class="citation book cs1">Case, Sue-Ellen; Reinelt, Janelle G., eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RxLbr0QPdgC&q=mccarthyism+64+dollar+question&pg=PA153">The Performance of Power: Theatrical Discourse and Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa_Press" title="University of Iowa Press">University of Iowa Press</a>. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587290343" title="Special:BookSources/978-1587290343"><bdi>978-1587290343</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107142946/https://books.google.com/books?id=8RxLbr0QPdgC&q=mccarthyism+64+dollar+question&pg=PA153">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Performance+of+Power%3A+Theatrical+Discourse+and+Politics&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1587290343&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8RxLbr0QPdgC%26q%3Dmccarthyism%2B64%2Bdollar%2Bquestion%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmytryk1996" class="citation book cs1">Dmytryk, Edward (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oddmanoutmemoiro0000dmyt_j8j0/page/59/mode/1up">Odd Man Out: A Memoir of the Hollywood Ten</a>. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809319992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809319992"><bdi>978-0809319992</bdi></a>. <q>In the early days of the Martin Dies Committee [...] the question had simply been, Are you a member of the Communist Party of the United States? As a countermeasure, the Party adopted a rule that automatically cancelled a Communist's membership the moment the question was asked. He could then answer 'No' without perjuring himself. The final wording [...] was adopted to circumvent the Party's tactic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odd+Man+Out%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Hollywood+Ten&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0809319992&rft.aulast=Dmytryk&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foddmanoutmemoiro0000dmyt_j8j0%2Fpage%2F59%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnublockmuseum2013" class="citation web cs1">nublockmuseum (May 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nublockmuseum.blog/2013/05/31/behind-blacklisted/">"Behind Blacklisted"</a>. Stories From The Block. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727105706/https://nublockmuseum.blog/2013/05/31/behind-blacklisted/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stories+From+The+Block&rft.atitle=Behind+Blacklisted&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft.au=nublockmuseum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnublockmuseum.blog%2F2013%2F05%2F31%2Fbehind-blacklisted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990154–155-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1990154–155_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1990">Fried 1990</a>, pp. 154–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker200268-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker200268_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker2002">Schrecker 2002</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-SIN-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIN_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIN_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/murrowmccarthy.html">"See it Now: A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy (transcript)"</a>. CBS-TV. March 9, 1954. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151110194223/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/murrowmccarthy.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=See+it+Now%3A+A+Report+on+Senator+Joseph+R.+McCarthy+%28transcript%29&rft.pub=CBS-TV&rft.date=1954-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.berkeley.edu%2FMRC%2Fmurrowmccarthy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990145–150-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1990145–150_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1990">Fried 1990</a>, pp. 145–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith1970216-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith1970216_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffith1970">Griffith 1970</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/119516/report-book-burning-under-huac-and-eisenhower">"The Horrible, Oppressive History of Book Burning in America"</a>. The New Republic. June 26, 1953. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212203141/https://newrepublic.com/article/119516/report-book-burning-under-huac-and-eisenhower">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Horrible%2C+Oppressive+History+of+Book+Burning+in+America&rft.date=1953-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F119516%2Freport-book-burning-under-huac-and-eisenhower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdul-JabbarObstfeld2016-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Abdul-JabbarObstfeld2016_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKareem_Abdul-JabbarRaymond_Obstfeld2016" class="citation book cs1">Kareem Abdul-Jabbar; Raymond Obstfeld (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oafiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT53">Writings on the Wall: Searching for a New Equality Beyond Black and White</a>. Time Inc. Books. pp. 53–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1618935434" title="Special:BookSources/978-1618935434"><bdi>978-1618935434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writings+on+the+Wall%3A+Searching+for+a+New+Equality+Beyond+Black+and+White&rft.pages=53-&rft.pub=Time+Inc.+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1618935434&rft.au=Kareem+Abdul-Jabbar&rft.au=Raymond+Obstfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoafiDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2004384-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2004384_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2004">Stone 2004</a>, p. 384. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990138-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1990138_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1990">Fried 1990</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF83rd_U.S._Congress1954" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/83rd_United_States_Congress" title="83rd United States Congress">83rd U.S. Congress</a> (July 30, 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.archives.gov/description/1157557">"Senate Resolution 301: Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy"</a>. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101220854/http://research.archives.gov/description/1157557">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Resolution+301%3A+Censure+of+Senator+Joseph+McCarthy&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.date=1954-07-30&rft.au=83rd+U.S.+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.archives.gov%2Fdescription%2F1157557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997116-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1997116_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2014" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Robert Justin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879022662">Little 'Red Scares' : Anti-Communism and Political Repression in the United States, 1921–1946</a>. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472413772" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472413772"><bdi>978-1472413772</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879022662">879022662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+%27Red+Scares%27+%3A+Anti-Communism+and+Political+Repression+in+the+United+States%2C+1921%E2%80%931946&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879022662&rft.isbn=978-1472413772&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Robert+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F879022662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried199713,_15,_27,_110–112,_165–168-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried199713,_15,_27,_110–112,_165–168_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, pp. 13, 15, 27, 110–112, 165–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997201–202-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1997201–202_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, pp. 201–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Levin, Daniel, "Smith Act", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Finkelman2006" class="citation book cs1">Paul Finkelman, ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties. CRC Press. p. 1488. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415943426" title="Special:BookSources/0415943426"><bdi>0415943426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Civil+Liberties&rft.pages=1488&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0415943426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998141-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998141_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker1998</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1990187-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1990187_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1990">Fried 1990</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAuliff1978142-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcAuliff1978142_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcAuliff1978">McAuliff 1978</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinfield1990" class="citation book cs1">Linfield, Michael (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomunderfire00linf/page/107">Freedom Under Fire: U.S. Civil Liberties in Times of War</a>. South End Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomunderfire00linf/page/107">107–111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896083745" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896083745"><bdi>978-0896083745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+Under+Fire%3A+U.S.+Civil+Liberties+in+Times+of+War&rft.pages=107-111&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0896083745&rft.aulast=Linfield&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomunderfire00linf%2Fpage%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://todayinclh.com/?event=california-creates-un-american-activities-committee">"California Creates Un-American Activities Committee"</a>. Today in Civil Liberties History. May 28, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924225528/http://todayinclh.com/?event=california-creates-un-american-activities-committee">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today+in+Civil+Liberties+History&rft.atitle=California+Creates+Un-American+Activities+Committee&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftodayinclh.com%2F%3Fevent%3Dcalifornia-creates-un-american-activities-committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2009" class="citation news cs1">Richards, Dave (August 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasobserver.org/so-long-to-the-communist-threat/">"So Long to the Communist Threat"</a>. The Texas Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926143806/https://www.texasobserver.org/so-long-to-the-communist-threat/">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Texas+Observer&rft.atitle=So+Long+to+the+Communist+Threat&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasobserver.org%2Fso-long-to-the-communist-threat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEnteer2004" class="citation book cs1">McEnteer, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nc4mlgcCRa4C&pg=PA87">Deep in the Heart: The Texas Tendency in American Politics</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275983062" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275983062"><bdi>978-0275983062</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806043947/https://books.google.com/books?id=nc4mlgcCRa4C&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+in+the+Heart%3A+The+Texas+Tendency+in+American+Politics&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0275983062&rft.aulast=McEnteer&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnc4mlgcCRa4C%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Nickerson, Michelle M., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/conservatism/nickerson.html">Women, Domesticity, and Postwar Conservatism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030310181508/http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/conservatism/nickerson.html">Archived</a> March 10, 2003, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", OAH Magazine of History 17 (January 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0882-228X">0882-228X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERovere195921–22-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERovere195921–22_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRovere1959">Rovere 1959</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Marmor, Judd, Viola W. Bernard, and Perry Ottenberg, "Psychodynamics of Group Opposition to Mental Health Programs", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd_Marmor1994" class="citation book cs1">Judd Marmor (1994). Psychiatry in Transition (2nd ed.). Transaction. pp. 355–373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560007362" title="Special:BookSources/1560007362"><bdi>1560007362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychiatry+in+Transition&rft.pages=355-373&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1560007362&rft.au=Judd+Marmor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley1954335-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley1954335_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley1954">Buckley 1954</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Griffith1987" class="citation book cs1">Robert Griffith (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsoffearjo00grif">The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate</a>. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsoffearjo00grif/page/263">263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870235559" title="Special:BookSources/0870235559"><bdi>0870235559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Fear%3A+Joseph+R.+McCarthy+and+the+Senate&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Univ+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0870235559&rft.au=Robert+Griffith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsoffearjo00grif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Herman2000" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Herman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephmccarthyre00herm/page/160">Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephmccarthyre00herm/page/160">160–161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684836256" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684836256"><bdi>978-0684836256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+McCarthy%3A+Reexamining+the+Life+and+Legacy+of+America%27s+Most+Hated+Senator&rft.pages=160-161&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0684836256&rft.au=Arthur+Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephmccarthyre00herm%2Fpage%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoynihan1998" class="citation book cs1">Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn">Secrecy: The American Experience</a>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn/page/15">15–16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300080797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300080797"><bdi>978-0300080797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrecy%3A+The+American+Experience&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0300080797&rft.aulast=Moynihan&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecrecyamericane00moyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewVasili_Mitrokhin1999" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher; Vasili Mitrokhin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro00andr/page/108">The Sword and the Shield</a>. New York: Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro00andr/page/108">108, 110, 122, 148, 164, 226, 236–237, 279–280, 294–306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465003109" title="Special:BookSources/0465003109"><bdi>0465003109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Shield&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=108%2C+110%2C+122%2C+148%2C+164%2C+226%2C+236-237%2C+279-280%2C+294-306&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0465003109&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Vasili+Mitrokhin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswordshieldmitro00andr%2Fpage%2F108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynesHarvey_Klehr1999" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, John; Harvey Klehr (1999). Venona – Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Connecticut: Yale University. pp. 221–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300077718" title="Special:BookSources/0300077718"><bdi>0300077718</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venona+%E2%80%93+Decoding+Soviet+Espionage+in+America&rft.place=Connecticut&rft.pages=221-226&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0300077718&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Harvey+Klehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers1995" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Richard Gid (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMztAAAAMAAJ">Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism</a>. Free Press. pp. 129, 214, 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684824277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684824277"><bdi>978-0684824277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+Without+Honor%3A+The+History+of+American+Anticommunism&rft.pages=129%2C+214%2C+240&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0684824277&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Gid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcMztAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/8078">"President Harry S. Truman Responds to Senator Joseph R. McCarthy's Accusations of Disloyalty"</a>. historymatters.gmu.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historymatters.gmu.edu&rft.atitle=President+Harry+S.+Truman+Responds+to+Senator+Joseph+R.+McCarthy%27s+Accusations+of+Disloyalty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorymatters.gmu.edu%2Fd%2F8078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorrs2015" class="citation web cs1">Storrs, Landon R. Y. (July 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-6">"McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.6">10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199329175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199329175"><bdi>978-0199329175</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+American+History&rft.atitle=McCarthyism+and+the+Second+Red+Scare&rft.date=2015-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.6&rft.isbn=978-0199329175&rft.aulast=Storrs&rft.aufirst=Landon+R.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Famericanhistory%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199329175-e-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998161,_193–194-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998161,_193–194_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker 1998</a>, pp. 161, 193–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-Witness-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Witness_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers, Whittaker</a> (1952). Witness. New York: Random House. p. 799. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0848809584" title="Special:BookSources/978-0848809584"><bdi>978-0848809584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=799&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0848809584&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Whittaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998130–137-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998130–137_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker 1998</a>, pp. 130–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman20005–6-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman20005–6_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2000">Herman 2000</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – The Stalin Era (New York: Modern Library, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375755361" title="Special:BookSources/978-0375755361">978-0375755361</a>, pp. 48, 158, 162, 169, 229 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> M. Stanton Evans. <a href="/wiki/Blacklisted_by_History" title="Blacklisted by History">Blacklisted by History</a>: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight against America's Enemies. Crown Forum, 2007 pp. 19–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Yale University Press, 1999, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998xiii-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998xiii_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker 1998</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker200263–64-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker200263–64_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker2002">Schrecker 2002</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Schrecker (1998), p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearsHunterMallory2009" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Brad; Hunter, Nan D.; Mallory, Christy (2009). "5: The Legacy of Discriminatory State Laws, Policies, and Practices, 1945–Present". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206215755/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/5_History.pdf#page=3">Documenting Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in State Employment</a> (PDF). Los Angeles: The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy at UCLA School of Law. p. 5-3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/5_History.pdf#page=3">the original</a> (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017. <q>From 1947 to 1961, more than 5,000 allegedly homosexual federal civil servants lost their jobs in the purges for no reason other than sexual orientation, and thousands of applicants were also rejected for federal employment for the same reason. During this period, more than 1,000 men and women were fired for suspected homosexuality from the State Department alone—a far greater number than were dismissed for their membership in the Communist party. The Cold War and anticommunist efforts provided the setting in which a sustained attack upon gay men and lesbians took place. The history of this 'lavender scare' by the federal government has been extensively documented by historian David Johnson, who has demonstrated that during this era, government officials intentionally engaged in campaigns to associate homosexuality with Communism: 'homosexual' and 'pervert' became synonyms for 'Communist' and 'traitor.' LGBT people were treated as a national-security threat, demanding the attention of Congress, the courts, statehouses, and the media.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+The+Legacy+of+Discriminatory+State+Laws%2C+Policies%2C+and+Practices%2C+1945%E2%80%93Present&rft.btitle=Documenting+Discrimination+on+the+Basis+of+Sexual+Orientation+and+Gender+Identity+in+State+Employment&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=5-3&rft.pub=The+Williams+Institute+on+Sexual+Orientation+and+Gender+Identity+Law+and+Public+Policy+at+UCLA+School+of+Law&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Nan+D.&rft.au=Mallory%2C+Christy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwilliamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F5_History.pdf%23page%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Emilio199841–49.-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Emilio199841–49._88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Emilio1998">D'Emilio 1998</a>, pp. 41–49.. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.), p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/404811in.html">"An interview with David K. Johnson author of The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government"</a>. press.uchicago.edu. The University of Chicago. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428220312/https://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/404811in.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2017. <q>The Lavender Scare helped fan the flames of the Red Scare. In popular discourse, communists and homosexuals were often conflated. Both groups were perceived as hidden subcultures with their own meeting places, literature, cultural codes, and bonds of loyalty. Both groups were thought to recruit to their ranks the psychologically weak or disturbed. And both groups were considered immoral and godless. Many people believed that the two groups were working together to undermine the government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=press.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+David+K.+Johnson+author+of+The+Lavender+Scare%3A+The+Cold+War+Persecution+of+Gays+and+Lesbians+in+the+Federal+Government&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2FMisc%2FChicago%2F404811in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrizia_Gentile_2010._pg_65-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patrizia_Gentile_2010._pg_65_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrizia_Gentile_2010._pg_65_91-1">b</a> Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile. The Canadian War on Queers: National Security as Sexual Regulation. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2010, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline Davis. Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold. New York: Routledge, 1993, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrizia_Gentile_2010._pg_8-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patrizia_Gentile_2010._pg_8_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrizia_Gentile_2010._pg_8_93-1">b</a> Kinsman and Gentile, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman. Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> David K. Johnson, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998267-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker1998267_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker1998">Schrecker 1998</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Publication canceled after FBI contact: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorvath,_Brooke2005" class="citation book cs1">Horvath, Brooke (2005). Understanding Nelson Algren. University of South Carolina Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1570035741" title="Special:BookSources/1570035741"><bdi>1570035741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Nelson+Algren&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1570035741&rft.au=Horvath%2C+Brooke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Investigated by the FBI and brought before HUAC for having registered as a Communist supporter in 1936: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/lucille-ball/lucille-ball-part-01-of-01/view">"Lucille Ball"</a>. FBI Records: The Vault. Federal Bureau of Investigation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905180532/https://vault.fbi.gov/lucille-ball/lucille-ball-part-01-of-01/view">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FBI+Records%3A+The+Vault&rft.atitle=Lucille+Ball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2Flucille-ball%2Flucille-ball-part-01-of-01%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> On Hollywood "graylist": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/popculture/composer-elmer-bernstein-dead-82-wbna5753311">"Composer Elmer Bernstein Dead at 82"</a>. Today.com. Associated Press. August 19, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420124904/http://www.today.com/popculture/composer-elmer-bernstein-dead-82-wbna5753311">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Composer+Elmer+Bernstein+Dead+at+82&rft.date=2004-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fpopculture%2Fcomposer-elmer-bernstein-dead-82-wbna5753311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrecker2002244-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrecker2002244_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker2002">Schrecker 2002</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Lost his job, exiled: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Wang1999" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Wang (1999). American Science in an Age of Anxiety: scientists, anticommunism, & the cold war. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 277–278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807824474" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807824474"><bdi>978-0807824474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Science+in+an+Age+of+Anxiety%3A+scientists%2C+anticommunism%2C+%26+the+cold+war&rft.pages=277-278&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0807824474&rft.au=Jessica+Wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/25/obituaries/archie-brown-79-union-leader-in-landmark-case-on-communists.html">"Obituary"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331000632/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/25/obituaries/archie-brown-79-union-leader-in-landmark-case-on-communists.html">Archived</a> March 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times, November 25, 1990. Retrieved June 10, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/21/84368794.pdf">"McCarthy Target Ousted"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. November 21, 1952. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301091502/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/21/84368794.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=McCarthy+Target+Ousted&rft.date=1952-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1952%2F11%2F21%2F84368794.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhle,_PaulDavid_Wagner2003b" class="citation book cs1">Buhle, Paul & David Wagner (2003b). Blacklisted: The Film Lover's Guide to the Hollywood Blacklist. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/140396145X" title="Special:BookSources/140396145X"><bdi>140396145X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blacklisted%3A+The+Film+Lover%27s+Guide+to+the+Hollywood+Blacklist&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=140396145X&rft.au=Buhle%2C+Paul&rft.au=David+Wagner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Harassed by anti-Communist groups, denied reentry to United States while traveling abroad: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev,_Peter1999" class="citation book cs1">Lev, Peter (1999). Transforming the Screen, 1950–1959. University of California Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520249666" title="Special:BookSources/0520249666"><bdi>0520249666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+the+Screen%2C+1950%E2%80%931959&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0520249666&rft.au=Lev%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blacklist2-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blacklist2_106-15">p</a> On the Red Channels blacklist of artists and entertainers: <a href="#CITEREFSchrecker2002">Schrecker 2002</a>, p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Blacklisted in his profession, committed suicide in 1959: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth,_Patricia1998" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Patricia (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anythingyourlitt00bosw">Anything Your Little Heart Desires: An American Family Story</a>. Touchstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684838486" title="Special:BookSources/0684838486"><bdi>0684838486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anything+Your+Little+Heart+Desires%3A+An+American+Family+Story&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0684838486&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanythingyourlitt00bosw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Channels-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Channels_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Channels_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Channels_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Channels_108-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Channels_108-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Channels_108-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authentichistory.com/1946-1960/redchannels/redchannels.html">"The Authentic History Center: Red Channels, The Blacklist"</a>. Retrieved July 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Authentic+History+Center%3A+Red+Channels%2C+The+Blacklist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authentichistory.com%2F1946-1960%2Fredchannels%2Fredchannels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> On Hollywood blacklist: <a href="#CITEREFBuhleWagner2003">Buhle & Wagner 2003</a>, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Harassed by anti-Communist groups, denied reentry to United States, thus prevented from acting in the movie <a href="/wiki/Broken_Lance" title="Broken Lance">Broken Lance</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamón,_David1997" class="citation book cs1">Ramón, David (1997). Dolores del Río. Clío. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9686932356" title="Special:BookSources/9686932356"><bdi>9686932356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dolores+del+R%C3%ADo&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Cl%C3%ADo&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9686932356&rft.au=Ram%C3%B3n%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Indicted under the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agents_Registration_Act" title="Foreign Agents Registration Act">Foreign Agents Registration Act</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois,_W.E.B.1968" class="citation book cs1">Du Bois, W.E.B. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofw0000dubo">The Autobiography of W.E.B. Du Bois</a>. International Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0717802345" title="Special:BookSources/0717802345"><bdi>0717802345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+W.E.B.+Du+Bois&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0717802345&rft.au=Du+Bois%2C+W.E.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographyofw0000dubo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig,_R._Bruce2004" class="citation book cs1">Craig, R. Bruce (2004). Treasonable Doubt. University Press of Kansas. p. 496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700613113" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700613113"><bdi>978-0700613113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasonable+Doubt&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0700613113&rft.au=Craig%2C+R.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome,_Fred2002" class="citation book cs1">Jerome, Fred (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinfile00fred">The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover's Secret War Against the World's Most Famous Scientist</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312288565" title="Special:BookSources/0312288565"><bdi>0312288565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Einstein+File%3A+J.+Edgar+Hoover%27s+Secret+War+Against+the+World%27s+Most+Famous+Scientist&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0312288565&rft.au=Jerome%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinsteinfile00fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman,_Jan1995" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Jan (1995). A Talent for Trouble: The Life of Hollywood's Most Acclaimed Director, William Wyler. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/030680798X" title="Special:BookSources/030680798X"><bdi>030680798X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Talent+for+Trouble%3A+The+Life+of+Hollywood%27s+Most+Acclaimed+Director%2C+William+Wyler&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+Mass.%3A+Da+Capo&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=030680798X&rft.au=Herman%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Blacklisted, imprisoned for three months for contempt of Congress: Sabin (1999), p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander,_Stephan2007" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Stephan (2007). Überwacht. Ausgebürgert. Exiliert: Schriftsteller und der Staat. Bielefeld: Aisthesis Verlag. pp. 36–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3895286346" title="Special:BookSources/978-3895286346"><bdi>978-3895286346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cberwacht.+Ausgeb%C3%BCrgert.+Exiliert%3A+Schriftsteller+und+der+Staat&rft.pages=36-52&rft.pub=Bielefeld%3A+Aisthesis+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3895286346&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/investigationofc05unit">Investigation of Communist Activities in the Los Angeles Area – Part 5, United States Congress, House Committee on Un-American Activities</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> On Hollywood blacklist: <a href="#CITEREFBuhleWagner2003">Buhle & Wagner 2003</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerch,_Bettina1988" class="citation book cs1">Berch, Bettina (1988). Radical By Design: The Life and Style of Elizabeth Hawes. Dutton Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0525247157" title="Special:BookSources/0525247157"><bdi>0525247157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+By+Design%3A+The+Life+and+Style+of+Elizabeth+Hawes&rft.pub=Dutton+Adult&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0525247157&rft.au=Berch%2C+Bettina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-08-me-healey8-story.html">"Dorothy Healey Lifelong Communist Fought for Workers"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, Dennis McLellan, August 8, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boisestate.edu/bluereview/shocking-death-senator-lester-hunt">"The Shocking Death of Senator Lester Hunt"</a>. June 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shocking+Death+of+Senator+Lester+Hunt&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boisestate.edu%2Fbluereview%2Fshocking-death-senator-lester-hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-122"><a href="#cite_ref-obit_122-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEED91231F932A2575BC0A96F948260&">"Theodore Kaghan, 77; Was in Foreign Service</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113040740/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/11/obituaries/theodore-kaghan-77-was-in-foreign-service.html">Archived</a> 2020-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The New York Times, August 11, 1989. Accessed March 7, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Danny%20Kaye%20">"Subject: Danny Kaye"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512164343/http://vault.fbi.gov/Danny%20Kaye%20">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subject%3A+Danny+Kaye&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2FDanny%2520Kaye%2520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Keith Haynes "Benjamin Keen 1913–2002" Hispanic American Historical Review 83.2 (2003) 357–359 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyworth,_Peter1996" class="citation book cs1">Heyworth, Peter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottoklempererhis00heyw">Otto Klemperer: Vol. 2, 1933–1973: His Life and Times</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521244886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521244886"><bdi>978-0521244886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otto+Klemperer%3A+Vol.+2%2C+1933%E2%80%931973%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0521244886&rft.au=Heyworth%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fottoklempererhis00heyw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Komzsik2003" class="citation book cs1">Louis Komzsik (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lanczosmethodevo00komz">The Lanczos Method:Evolution and Application</a>. SIAM. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lanczosmethodevo00komz/page/n91">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0898715378" title="Special:BookSources/978-0898715378"><bdi>978-0898715378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lanczos+Method%3AEvolution+and+Application&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=SIAM&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0898715378&rft.au=Louis+Komzsik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanczosmethodevo00komz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Blacklisted and unemployed, committed suicide in 1955: <a href="#CITEREFFried1990">Fried 1990</a>, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephan,_Alexander_1995-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephan,_Alexander_1995_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephan,_Alexander_1995_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephan,_Alexander_1995_128-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan,_Alexander1995" class="citation book cs1">Stephan, Alexander (1995). Im Visier des FBI: deutsche Exilschriftsteller in den Akten amerikanischer Geheimdienste. Metzler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3476013812" title="Special:BookSources/3476013812"><bdi>3476013812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Im+Visier+des+FBI%3A+deutsche+Exilschriftsteller+in+den+Akten+amerikanischer+Geheimdienste&rft.pub=Metzler&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=3476013812&rft.au=Stephan%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotter,_William_R.1995" class="citation book cs1">Trotter, William R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/priestofmusiclif00trot">Priest of Music. The Life of Dimitri Mitropoulos</a>. Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0931340810" title="Special:BookSources/0931340810"><bdi>0931340810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Priest+of+Music.+The+Life+of+Dimitri+Mitropoulos&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0931340810&rft.au=Trotter%2C+William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpriestofmusiclif00trot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Repeatedly denied passport: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_GailR._Andrew_Viruleg" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Gail & R. Andrew Viruleg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224231408/http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Pauling.html">"Linus Pauling"</a>. Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Pauling.html">the original</a> on December 24, 2007. Retrieved December 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linus+Pauling&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+National+Fellowship+Foundation&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Gail&rft.au=R.+Andrew+Viruleg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodrow.org%2Fteachers%2Fci%2F1992%2FPauling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Robert D. Dean, The Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 2001), 65, 127, 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/09/obituaries/al-richmond-leftist-ex-editor.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw">"Obituary"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510081006/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/09/obituaries/al-richmond-leftist-ex-editor.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw">Archived</a> May 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times, November 9, 1987. Retrieved June 10, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> On Hollywood blacklist: <a href="#CITEREFBuhleWagner2003">Buhle & Wagner 2003</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Blacklisted, passport revoked: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManningMcMillianFrazier_)2003" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Marable; McMillian, John; Frazier ), Nishani, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomonmymindc00bada/page/559">Freedom on My Mind: The Columbia Documentary History of the African American Experience</a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomonmymindc00bada/page/559">559</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231108907" title="Special:BookSources/0231108907"><bdi>0231108907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+on+My+Mind%3A+The+Columbia+Documentary+History+of+the+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=559&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0231108907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomonmymindc00bada%2Fpage%2F559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> On Hollywood blacklist: <a href="#CITEREFBuhleWagner2003">Buhle & Wagner 2003</a>, p. 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodeur1997" class="citation book cs1">Brodeur, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretswriterinc00brod/page/159">A Writer in the Cold War</a>. Faber and Faber. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretswriterinc00brod/page/159">159–165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571199075" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571199075"><bdi>978-0571199075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Writer+in+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=159-165&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0571199075&rft.aulast=Brodeur&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretswriterinc00brod%2Fpage%2F159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Herbert Mitgang. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/29/obituaries/william-l-shirer-author-is-dead-at-89.html">William L. Shirer, Author, Is Dead at 89</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501103823/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/29/obituaries/william-l-shirer-author-is-dead-at-89.html">Archived</a> 2017-05-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The New York Times, December 29, 1993. Accessed March 5, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Lawrence Van Gelder. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/02/obituaries/lionel-stander-dies-at-86-actor-who-defied-blacklist.html">Lionel Stander Dies at 86; Actor Who Defied Blacklist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219192932/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/02/obituaries/lionel-stander-dies-at-86-actor-who-defied-blacklist.html">Archived</a> 2017-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The New York Times, December 2, 1994. Accessed March 5, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/levensberichten/PE00003184.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140316224444/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/levensberichten/PE00003184.pdf">Archived</a> March 16, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Subpoenaed by New Hampshire Attorney General, indicted for contempt of court: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeale,_M._J.1998" class="citation book cs1">Heale, M. J. (1998). McCarthy's Americans: Red Scare Politics in State and Nation, 1935–1965. University of Georgia Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820320269" title="Special:BookSources/0820320269"><bdi>0820320269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McCarthy%27s+Americans%3A+Red+Scare+Politics+in+State+and+Nation%2C+1935%E2%80%931965&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0820320269&rft.au=Heale%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Robert D. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (Amherst, MA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 2001), 141–144 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Passport revoked, incarcerated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang,_Iris1996" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Iris (1996). Thread of the Silkworm. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465006787" title="Special:BookSources/0465006787"><bdi>0465006787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thread+of+the+Silkworm&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0465006787&rft.au=Chang%2C+Iris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> David H. Price. 2004. Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists. Duke University Press, March 30, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Organization of American Historians: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2003nov/murray.html">Lee W. Formwalt, "Robert Murray's Two Red Scares," in OAH Newsletter, November 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904174256/http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2003nov/murray.html">Archived</a> September 4, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed January 28, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman,_Harry_S.1950" class="citation web cs1">Truman, Harry S. (September 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070301113033/http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/viewpapers.php?pid=883">"Veto of the Internal Security Bill"</a>. Truman Presidential Museum and Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/viewpapers.php?pid=883">the original</a> on March 1, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veto+of+the+Internal+Security+Bill&rft.pub=Truman+Presidential+Museum+and+Library&rft.date=1950-09&rft.au=Truman%2C+Harry+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrumanlibrary.org%2Fpublicpapers%2Fviewpapers.php%3Fpid%3D883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200514–15-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoherty200514–15_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoherty2005">Doherty 2005</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Margaret_Chase1950" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Margaret Chase (June 1, 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008025315/http://www.mcslibrary.org/program/library/declaration.htm">"Declaration of Conscience"</a>. Margaret Chase Smith Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcslibrary.org/program/library/declaration.htm">the original</a> on October 8, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+of+Conscience&rft.pub=Margaret+Chase+Smith+Library&rft.date=1950-06-01&rft.au=Smith%2C+Margaret+Chase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcslibrary.org%2Fprogram%2Flibrary%2Fdeclaration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried199029-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried199029_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1990">Fried 1990</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997114-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1997114_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreitmatter1998154-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStreitmatter1998154_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStreitmatter1998">Streitmatter 1998</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty2005207-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoherty2005207_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoherty2005">Doherty 2005</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulk1963" class="citation book cs1">Faulk, John Henry (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fearontrial0000faul">Fear on Trial</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/029272442X" title="Special:BookSources/029272442X"><bdi>029272442X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+on+Trial&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=029272442X&rft.aulast=Faulk&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffearontrial0000faul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997197-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1997197_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERovere1959264-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERovere1959264_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRovere1959">Rovere 1959</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin19995.-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabin19995._155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabin1999">Sabin 1999</a>, p. 5.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997203-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1997203_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/351/536/">"Cole v. Young 351 U.S. 536 (1956)"</a>. Justia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327162048/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/351/536/">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia&rft.atitle=Cole+v.+Young+351+U.S.+536+%281956%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F351%2F536%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997205-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1997205_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997207-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1997207_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/354/178.html">full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614022238/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/354/178.html">Archived</a> June 14, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Caselaw, Findlaw. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried1997211-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried1997211_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFried1997">Fried 1997</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Paddock, Richard C. (May 11, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Loyalty-oath-poses-ethical-dilemmas-3215393.php">"Loyalty oath poses ethical dilemmas"</a> , San Francisco Chronicle </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzumi2005" class="citation journal cs1">Izumi, Masumi (May 2005). "Prohibiting 'American Concentration Camps'". Pacific Historical Review. 74 (2): 166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2005.74.2.165">10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165">10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Prohibiting+%27American+Concentration+Camps%27&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=166&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fphr.2005.74.2.165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fphr.2005.74.2.165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Izumi&rft.aufirst=Masumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesaris" class="citation web cs1">Kesaris, Paul L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022713/http://cisupa.proquest.com/ksc_assets/catalog/10837.pdf">"Records of the Subversive Activities Control Board"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_Publications_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="University Publications of America">University Publications of America</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cisupa.proquest.com/ksc_assets/catalog/10837.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Subversive+Activities+Control+Board&rft.pub=University+Publications+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcisupa.proquest.com%2Fksc_assets%2Fcatalog%2F10837.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Marshall, Joshua, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=exhuming_mccarthy">"Exhuming McCarthy"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], American Prospect 10, no. 43 (1999). </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-166"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorrs2015" class="citation journal cs1">Storrs, Landon R. Y. (July 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-6">"McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.6">10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199329175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199329175"><bdi>978-0199329175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+American+History&rft.atitle=McCarthyism+and+the+Second+Red+Scare&rft.date=2015-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.6&rft.isbn=978-0199329175&rft.aulast=Storrs&rft.aufirst=Landon+R.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Famericanhistory%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199329175-e-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Aaronovitch" title="David Aaronovitch">David Aaronovitch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00t7hhf">McCarthy: There Were Reds Under the Bed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330094927/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00t7hhf">Archived</a> March 30, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> airdate August 9, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg,_Jonah2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Goldberg, Jonah (February 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061210062004/http://www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldberg022603.asp">"Two Cheers for 'McCarthyism'?"</a>. National Review Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldberg022603.asp">the original</a> on December 10, 2006. Retrieved January 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review+Online&rft.atitle=Two+Cheers+for+%27McCarthyism%27%3F&rft.date=2003-02-26&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Jonah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fgoldberg%2Fgoldberg022603.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheoharis,_Athan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Theoharis, Athan</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chasingspieshowf00theo">Chasing Spies: How the FBI Failed in Counter-Intelligence But Promoted the Politics of McCarthyism in the Cold War Years</a>. Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566634202" title="Special:BookSources/1566634202"><bdi>1566634202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chasing+Spies%3A+How+the+FBI+Failed+in+Counter-Intelligence+But+Promoted+the+Politics+of+McCarthyism+in+the+Cold+War+Years&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1566634202&rft.au=Theoharis%2C+Athan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchasingspieshowf00theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrecker,_Ellen2000" class="citation web cs1">Schrecker, Ellen (Winter 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/comment15.htm">"Comments on John Earl Haynes' The Cold War Debate Continues"</a>. Journal of Cold War Studies. Harvard University – Faculty of Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515134722/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/comment15.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Comments+on+John+Earl+Haynes%27+The+Cold+War+Debate+Continues&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Schrecker%2C+Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~hpcws%2Fcomment15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> Emphasis in original. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">Haynes, John Earl</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page47.html">"Reflections on Ellen Schrecker and Maurice Isserman's essay, 'The Right's Cold War Revision'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315132843/http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page47.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Ellen+Schrecker+and+Maurice+Isserman%27s+essay%2C+%27The+Right%27s+Cold+War+Revision%27&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnearlhaynes.org%2Fpage47.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2000" class="citation web cs1">Haynes, John Earl (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page58.html">"Exchange with Arthur Herman and Venona book talk"</a>. Retrieved July 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exchange+with+Arthur+Herman+and+Venona+book+talk&rft.date=2000-02&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnearlhaynes.org%2Fpage58.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnearlhaynes62-173"><a href="#cite_ref-johnearlhaynes62_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2006" class="citation web cs1">Haynes, John Earl (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page62.html">"Senator Joseph McCarthy's Lists and Venona"</a>. Retrieved August 31, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senator+Joseph+McCarthy%27s+Lists+and+Venona&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnearlhaynes.org%2Fpage62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynesKlehr2000-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynesKlehr2000_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaynesKlehr2000">Haynes & Klehr 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Haynes2005" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Haynes (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofanxietymcca00john_0">The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism</a>. Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofanxietymcca00john_0/page/471">471</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0151010625" title="Special:BookSources/0151010625"><bdi>0151010625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Anxiety%3A+McCarthyism+to+Terrorism&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0151010625&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Haynes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofanxietymcca00john_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Cole, David, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20011217/cole">National Security State</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211044858/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20011217/cole">Archived</a> 2007-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", The Nation (December 17, 2001). See also Cole, David, "The New McCarthyism: Repeating History in the War on Terrorism", Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review 38, no. 1 (Winter 2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulter,_Ann2003" class="citation book cs1">Coulter, Ann (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treason00annc">Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism</a>. Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400050324" title="Special:BookSources/1400050324"><bdi>1400050324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treason%3A+Liberal+Treachery+from+the+Cold+War+to+the+War+on+Terrorism&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1400050324&rft.au=Coulter%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreason00annc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_R._Stone2004" class="citation news cs1">Geoffrey R. Stone (October 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/10/17/americas-new-mccarthyism/">"America's new McCarthyism"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192406/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-10-17/news/0410170323_1_democratic-dominance-mccarthyism-partisan">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=America%27s+new+McCarthyism&rft.date=2004-10-17&rft.au=Geoffrey+R.+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2004%2F10%2F17%2Famericas-new-mccarthyism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan,_Ted2004" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Ted (2004). Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America. Random House. pp. 597 et seq. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081297302X" title="Special:BookSources/081297302X"><bdi>081297302X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reds%3A+McCarthyism+in+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.pages=597+et+seq&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=081297302X&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1984" class="citation news cs1">Rosenthal, Jack (October 7, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/07/books/president-vs-demagogue.html">"President vs. Demagogue"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904111135/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/07/books/president-vs-demagogue.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=President+vs.+Demagogue&rft.date=1984-10-07&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F10%2F07%2Fbooks%2Fpresident-vs-demagogue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoot2000" class="citation journal cs1">Boot, Max (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100721122049/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/joseph-mccarthy-by-arthur-herman-9160">"Joseph McCarthy by Arthur Herman"</a>. Commentary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/joseph-mccarthy-by-arthur-herman-9160">the original</a> on July 21, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary&rft.atitle=Joseph+McCarthy+by+Arthur+Herman&rft.date=2000-04&rft.aulast=Boot&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Fviewarticle.cfm%2Fjoseph-mccarthy-by-arthur-herman-9160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhat_Qualifies_as_Demagoguery?2004" class="citation web cs1">What Qualifies as Demagoguery? (October 19, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/7603.html">"What Qualifies as Demagoguery?"</a>. History News Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725015101/http://hnn.us/articles/7603.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Qualifies+as+Demagoguery%3F&rft.pub=History+News+Network&rft.date=2004-10-19&rft.au=What+Qualifies+as+Demagoguery%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F7603.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openroadmedia.com/ebook/the-troubled-air/">"The Troubled Air"</a>. Open Road Media. April 16, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911193938/http://www.openroadmedia.com/ebook/the-troubled-air/">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Troubled+Air&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openroadmedia.com%2Febook%2Fthe-troubled-air%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Miller, Arthur (October 21, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1996/10/21/1996_10_21_158_TNY_CARDS_000373902">"Why I Wrote The Crucible"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033947/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1996/10/21/1996_10_21_158_TNY_CARDS_000373902">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Why+I+Wrote+The+Crucible&rft.date=1996-10-21&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F1996%2F10%2F21%2F1996_10_21_158_TNY_CARDS_000373902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgakas" class="citation web cs1">Georgakas, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/mccarthy/blacklist.html">"The Hollywood Blacklist"</a>. www.english.illinois.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826102811/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/mccarthy/blacklist.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.english.illinois.edu&rft.atitle=The+Hollywood+Blacklist&rft.aulast=Georgakas&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.illinois.edu%2Fmaps%2Fmccarthy%2Fblacklist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4949041">"'Good Night and Good Luck': Murrow vs. McCarthy"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111018/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4949041">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=%27Good+Night+and+Good+Luck%27%3A+Murrow+vs.+McCarthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4949041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock1952" class="citation book cs1">Block, Herbert (1952). The Herblock Book. Beacon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/149925346X" title="Special:BookSources/149925346X"><bdi>149925346X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Herblock+Book&rft.pub=Beacon&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=149925346X&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley1995" class="citation book cs1">Brinkley, Alan (1995). The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679753141" title="Special:BookSources/0679753141"><bdi>0679753141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Reform%3A+New+Deal+Liberalism+in+Recession+and+War&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0679753141&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1958" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Ralph S. (1958). Loyalty and Security: Employment Tests in the United States. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306702185" title="Special:BookSources/0306702185"><bdi>0306702185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loyalty+and+Security%3A+Employment+Tests+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0306702185&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Ralph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1954" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, William F. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mccarthyhisenemi00buck">McCarthy and His Enemies: The Record and Its Meaning</a>. Regnery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0895264722" title="Special:BookSources/0895264722"><bdi>0895264722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McCarthy+and+His+Enemies%3A+The+Record+and+Its+Meaning&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0895264722&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmccarthyhisenemi00buck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhleWagner2003" class="citation book cs1">Buhle, Paul; Wagner, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hideinplainsight00buhl">Hide in Plain Sight: The Hollywood Blacklistees in Film and Television, 1950–2002</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403961441" title="Special:BookSources/1403961441"><bdi>1403961441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hide+in+Plain+Sight%3A+The+Hollywood+Blacklistees+in+Film+and+Television%2C+1950%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1403961441&rft.aulast=Buhle&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Wagner%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhideinplainsight00buhl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxTheoharis1988" class="citation book cs1">Cox, John Stuart; Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bossjedgarhoover00theo">The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition</a>. Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/087722532X" title="Special:BookSources/087722532X"><bdi>087722532X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boss%3A+J.+Edgar+Hoover+and+the+Great+American+Inquisition&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=087722532X&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft.au=Theoharis%2C+Athan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbossjedgarhoover00theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Emilio1998" class="citation book cs1">D'Emilio, John (1998). Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities (2d ed.). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226142671" title="Special:BookSources/0226142671"><bdi>0226142671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Politics%2C+Sexual+Communities&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0226142671&rft.aulast=D%27Emilio&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2005" class="citation book cs1">Doherty, Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarcoolmediu00dohe">Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/023112953X" title="Special:BookSources/023112953X"><bdi>023112953X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War%2C+Cool+Medium%3A+Television%2C+McCarthyism%2C+and+American+Culture&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=023112953X&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoldwarcoolmediu00dohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried1997" class="citation book cs1">Fried, Albert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mccarthyismgreat00frie">McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195097017" title="Special:BookSources/0195097017"><bdi>0195097017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McCarthyism%2C+The+Great+American+Red+Scare%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0195097017&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmccarthyismgreat00frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried1990" class="citation book cs1">Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195043618" title="Special:BookSources/0195043618"><bdi>0195043618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nightmare+in+Red%3A+The+McCarthy+Era+in+Perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0195043618&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1970" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Robert (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsoffearjo00grif">The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870235559" title="Special:BookSources/0870235559"><bdi>0870235559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Fear%3A+Joseph+R.+McCarthy+and+the+Senate&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0870235559&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsoffearjo00grif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynesKlehr2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">Haynes, John Earl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Klehr, Harvey</a> (2000). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300-084625" title="Special:BookSources/0300-084625"><bdi>0300-084625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venona%3A+Decoding+Soviet+Espionage+in+America&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0300-084625&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rft.au=Klehr%2C+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2000" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Arthur (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephmccarthyre00herm">Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator</a>. The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684836254" title="Special:BookSources/0684836254"><bdi>0684836254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+McCarthy%3A+Reexamining+the+Life+and+Legacy+of+America%27s+Most+Hated+Senator&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0684836254&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephmccarthyre00herm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliff1978" class="citation book cs1">McAuliff, Mary Sperling (1978). Crisis on the Left: Cold War Politics and American Liberals, 1947–1954. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/087023241X" title="Special:BookSources/087023241X"><bdi>087023241X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+on+the+Left%3A+Cold+War+Politics+and+American+Liberals%2C+1947%E2%80%931954&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=087023241X&rft.aulast=McAuliff&rft.aufirst=Mary+Sperling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovere1959" class="citation book cs1">Rovere, Richard H. (1959). Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520204727" title="Special:BookSources/0520204727"><bdi>0520204727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senator+Joe+McCarthy&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0520204727&rft.aulast=Rovere&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabin1999" class="citation book cs1">Sabin, Arthur J. (1999). In Calmer Times: The Supreme Court and Red Monday. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081223507X" title="Special:BookSources/081223507X"><bdi>081223507X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Calmer+Times%3A+The+Supreme+Court+and+Red+Monday&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=081223507X&rft.aulast=Sabin&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrecker1998" class="citation book cs1">Schrecker, Ellen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manyarecrimesmcc00schr">Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America</a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316774707" title="Special:BookSources/0316774707"><bdi>0316774707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Are+the+Crimes%3A+McCarthyism+in+America&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0316774707&rft.aulast=Schrecker&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanyarecrimesmcc00schr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrecker2002" class="citation book cs1">Schrecker, Ellen (2002). The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents (2d ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312294255" title="Special:BookSources/0312294255"><bdi>0312294255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+McCarthyism%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0312294255&rft.aulast=Schrecker&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2004" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/periloustimesfre00ston">Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism</a>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393-058808" title="Special:BookSources/0393-058808"><bdi>0393-058808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perilous+Times%3A+Free+Speech+in+Wartime+from+the+Sedition+Act+of+1798+to+the+War+on+Terrorism&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0393-058808&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperiloustimesfre00ston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreitmatter1998" class="citation book cs1">Streitmatter, Rodger (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mightierthanswor00rodg">Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813332117" title="Special:BookSources/0813332117"><bdi>0813332117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mightier+Than+the+Sword%3A+How+the+News+Media+Have+Shaped+American+History&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0813332117&rft.aulast=Streitmatter&rft.aufirst=Rodger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmightierthanswor00rodg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Weiner" title="Tim Weiner">Weiner, Tim</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legacyofasheshis00wein">Legacy of Ashes: The History of the Central Intelligence Agency</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51445-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51445-3"><bdi>978-0-385-51445-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Ashes%3A+The+History+of+the+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51445-3&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flegacyofasheshis00wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2007" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Robert E. (2007). Class in America: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313337208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313337208"><bdi>978-0313337208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0313337208&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Haynes, John Earl. "The Cold War debate continues: A traditionalist view of historical writing on domestic Communism and anti-Communism." Journal of Cold War Studies 2.1 (2000): 76–115.</li> <li>Hixson Jr, William B. Search for the American right wing: An analysis of the social science record, 1955–1987 (Princeton University Press, 2015).</li> <li>Reeves, Thomas C. "McCarthyism: Interpretations since Hofstadter." Wisconsin Magazine of History (1976): 42–54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4635090">online</a></li> <li>Selverstone, Marc J. "A Literature So Immense: The Historiography of Anticommunism." Organization of American Historians Magazine of History 24.4 (2010): 7–11.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew,_ChristopherMitrokhin,_Vasili2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Mitrokhin, Vasili</a> (2000). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465-003125" title="Special:BookSources/0465-003125"><bdi>0465-003125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Shield%3A+The+Mitrokhin+Archive+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+KGB&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0465-003125&rft.au=Andrew%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Mitrokhin%2C+Vasili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1977" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, William F. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hymnalcontrovers00buck">A Hymnal: The Controversial Arts</a>. G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0399122273" title="Special:BookSources/0399122273"><bdi>0399122273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hymnal%3A+The+Controversial+Arts&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0399122273&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhymnalcontrovers00buck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByman,_Jeremy2004" class="citation book cs1">Byman, Jeremy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIp2PfC1Mm4C">Showdown at High Noon: Witch-hunts, Critics, and the End of the Western</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810849984" title="Special:BookSources/0810849984"><bdi>0810849984</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510183352/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIp2PfC1Mm4C">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Showdown+at+High+Noon%3A+Witch-hunts%2C+Critics%2C+and+the+End+of+the+Western&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0810849984&rft.au=Byman%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIp2PfC1Mm4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Caballero, Raymond. McCarthyism vs. Clinton Jencks. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaute1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Caute" title="David Caute">Caute, David</a> (1978). The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671226827" title="Special:BookSources/0671226827"><bdi>0671226827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Fear%3A+The+Anti-Communist+Purge+Under+Truman+and+Eisenhower&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0671226827&rft.aulast=Caute&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulter2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter, Ann</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treason00annc">Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism</a>. Crown Forum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400050308" title="Special:BookSources/1400050308"><bdi>1400050308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treason%3A+Liberal+Treachery+from+the+Cold+War+to+the+War+on+Terrorism&rft.pub=Crown+Forum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1400050308&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreason00annc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Stanton_Evans" title="M. Stanton Evans">Evans, M. Stanton</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781400081059">Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies</a>. Crown Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400081059" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400081059"><bdi>978-1400081059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blacklisted+by+History%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Senator+Joe+McCarthy+and+His+Fight+Against+America%27s+Enemies&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1400081059&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=M.+Stanton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781400081059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2000" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, John Earl (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redscareorredmen00hayn">Red Scare or Red Menace?: American Communism and Anti Communism in the Cold War Era</a>. Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/156663-0916" title="Special:BookSources/156663-0916"><bdi>156663-0916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Scare+or+Red+Menace%3F%3A+American+Communism+and+Anti+Communism+in+the+Cold+War+Era&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=156663-0916&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredscareorredmen00hayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes,_John_EarlHarvey_Klehr2003" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, John Earl & Harvey Klehr (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indenial00john">In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage</a>. Encounter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1893554724" title="Special:BookSources/1893554724"><bdi>1893554724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Denial%3A+Historians%2C+Communism%2C+and+Espionage&rft.pub=Encounter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1893554724&rft.au=Haynes%2C+John+Earl&rft.au=Harvey+Klehr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findenial00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Latham, Earl (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheMeaningOfMccarthyism">The Meaning of McCarthyism</a> (1965). excerpts from primary and secondary sources</li> <li>Lichtman, Robert M. The Supreme Court and McCarthy-Era Repression: One Hundred Decisions. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2012.</li> <li>McDaniel, Rodger. Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt. WordsWorth, 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Morgan_(writer)" title="Ted Morgan (writer)">Morgan, Ted</a> (2004). Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081297302X" title="Special:BookSources/081297302X"><bdi>081297302X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reds%3A+McCarthyism+in+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=081297302X&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavasky1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Navasky" title="Victor Navasky">Navasky, Victor S.</a> (1980). Naming Names. Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/08090-01837" title="Special:BookSources/08090-01837"><bdi>08090-01837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naming+Names&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=08090-01837&rft.aulast=Navasky&rft.aufirst=Victor+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers1997" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Richard Gid (1997). Not Without Honor: A History of American Anticommunism. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300-07470-0" title="Special:BookSources/0300-07470-0"><bdi>0300-07470-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+Without+Honor%3A+A+History+of+American+Anticommunism&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0300-07470-0&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Gid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrecker1994" class="citation book cs1">Schrecker, Ellen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofmccarthyism0000schr">The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</a>. Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312-083491" title="Special:BookSources/0312-083491"><bdi>0312-083491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+McCarthyism%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.pub=Bedford+Books+of+St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0312-083491&rft.aulast=Schrecker&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofmccarthyism0000schr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Storrs, Landon R.Y., The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinsteinVassiliev2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Weinstein" title="Allen Weinstein">Weinstein, Allen</a>; Vassiliev, Alexander (2000). The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – The Stalin Era. Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375755365" title="Special:BookSources/0375755365"><bdi>0375755365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haunted+Wood%3A+Soviet+Espionage+in+America+%E2%80%93+The+Stalin+Era&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0375755365&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Vassiliev%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthyism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/McCarthyism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadash,_Lawrence2007" class="citation web cs1">Badash, Lawrence (October 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/events/2007paulingconference/video-s3-3-badash.html">"Science in the McCarthy Period: Training Ground for Scientists as Public Citizens"</a>. Oregon State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205100902/http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/events/2007paulingconference/video-s3-3-badash.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+McCarthy+Period%3A+Training+Ground+for+Scientists+as+Public+Citizens&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft.au=Badash%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosulibrary.oregonstate.edu%2Fspecialcollections%2Fevents%2F2007paulingconference%2Fvideo-s3-3-badash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer,_MaryMichael_Beyer2006" class="citation web cs1">Beyer, Mary & Michael Beyer (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001134711/http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol3_1/beyer.htm">"McCarthyism Today"</a>. International Journal of Baudrillard Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol3_1/beyer.htm">the original</a> on October 1, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McCarthyism+Today&rft.pub=International+Journal+of+Baudrillard+Studies&rft.date=2006-01&rft.au=Beyer%2C+Mary&rft.au=Michael+Beyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubishops.ca%2Fbaudrillardstudies%2Fvol3_1%2Fbeyer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/mccarthyism.html">"McCarthyism / The "Red Scare""</a>. Dwight D. Eisenhower Online Documents. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101220627/http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/mccarthyism.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dwight+D.+Eisenhower+Online+Documents&rft.atitle=McCarthyism+%2F+The+%22Red+Scare%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eisenhower.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fonline_documents%2Fmccarthyism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavasky,_Victor_S.2001" class="citation web cs1">Navasky, Victor S. (June 28, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20010716/navasky">"Cold War Ghosts"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414194950/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20010716/navasky">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Cold+War+Ghosts&rft.date=2001-06-28&rft.au=Navasky%2C+Victor+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Fdoc%2F20010716%2Fnavasky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusher,_William_A.2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher, William A.</a> (Fall 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127043835/http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1375/article_detail.asp">"A Closer Look Under The Bed"</a>. Claremont Review of Books. Claremont Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1375/article_detail.asp">the original</a> on January 27, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Claremont+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=A+Closer+Look+Under+The+Bed&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Rusher%2C+William+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claremont.org%2Fpublications%2Fcrb%2Fid.1375%2Farticle_detail.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCarthyism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_socialism_navbox" title="Template:American socialism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_socialism_navbox" title="Template talk:American socialism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_socialism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American socialism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Hill,_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Repression and persecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in the United States">Communists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_labor_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the labor movement in the United States">labor movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communists_in_the_United_States_Labor_Movement_(1919%E2%80%9337)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1919–37)">1919–1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communists_in_the_United_States_Labor_Movement_(1937%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–50)">1937–1957</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Wisconsin_protests" title="2011 Wisconsin protests">2011 Wisconsin protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_education_workers%27_strikes_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–19 education workers' strikes in the United States">2018–19 education workers' strikes in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Socialists" title="Colorado Springs Socialists">Colorado Springs Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_Correspondence_for_Democracy_and_Socialism" title="Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism">Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">New Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Rifle_Association" title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Federation" title="Democratic Socialist Federation">Democratic Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Socialist_Party" title="Puerto Rican Socialist Party">Puerto Rican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_America" title="Social Democracy of America">Social Democracy of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Martin Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Paul Avrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Kuwasi Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barnes_(politician)" title="Jack Barnes (politician)">Jack Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor L. Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine de Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Michael Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Harry Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Bill Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Chris Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Angela Heywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Ezra Heywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Joe Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Morris Hillquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Daniel Hoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Jo Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Dyer Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">David McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Johann Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Phil Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Albert Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Lucy Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">John Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Charles Ruthenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicola Sacco">Nicola Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Kshama Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Max Shachtman</a></li> <li><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_(newspaper)" title="Appeal to Reason (newspaper)">Appeal to Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Review_(1900)" title="International Socialist Review (1900)">International Socialist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_Capital" title="Monopoly Capital">Monopoly Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-11T08:12:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T14:35:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f4\/Anticommunist_Literature_1950s.png","headline":"phenomenon in the United States of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence, named after Senator Joseph McCarthy"}</script> </body> </html>