CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Selective breeding - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"957d34b3-363a-435a-a8ad-ccea97c9f1fa","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Selective_breeding","wgTitle":"Selective breeding","wgCurRevisionId":1259101673,"wgRevisionId":1259101673,"wgArticleId":200646,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2014","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010","Webarchive template wayback links","Biotechnology","Breeding","Population genetics","Selection"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Selective_breeding","wgRelevantArticleId":200646, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q995745","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg/1200px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1765"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg/800px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1177"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg/640px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="942"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Selective breeding - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Selective_breeding rootpage-Selective_breeding skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Selective+breeding" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Selective+breeding" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Selective+breeding" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Selective+breeding" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Animal breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Plant breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selective_breeding_in_aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_breeding_in_aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Selective breeding in aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selective_breeding_in_aquaculture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selective breeding in aquaculture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selective_breeding_in_aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quality_traits_in_aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_traits_in_aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Quality traits in aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_traits_in_aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finfish_response_to_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finfish_response_to_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Finfish response to selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finfish_response_to_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salmonids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salmonids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Salmonids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salmonids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Channel_Catfish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channel_Catfish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Channel Catfish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channel_Catfish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shellfish_response_to_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shellfish_response_to_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Shellfish response to selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shellfish_response_to_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oysters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oysters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Oysters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oysters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penaeid_shrimps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penaeid_shrimps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Penaeid shrimps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penaeid_shrimps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquatic_species_versus_terrestrial_livestock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic_species_versus_terrestrial_livestock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Aquatic species versus terrestrial livestock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic_species_versus_terrestrial_livestock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_and_disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advantages and disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Selective breeding</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="اصطفاء اصطناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اصطفاء اصطناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selecci%C3%B3n_artificial" title="Selección artificial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Selección artificial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleici%C3%B3n_artificial" title="Seleición artificial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Seleición artificial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCni_se%C3%A7m%C9%99" title="Süni seçmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süni seçmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="কৃত্রিম নির্বাচন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃত্রিম নির্বাচন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io%CC%8Dk-ch%C3%A9ng" title="Io̍k-chéng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Io̍k-chéng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Изкуствен отбор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изкуствен отбор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selecci%C3%B3_artificial" title="Selecció artificial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Selecció artificial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0lecht%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Šlechtění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šlechtění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstig_selektion" title="Kunstig selektion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kunstig selektion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucht" title="Zucht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zucht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretus" title="Aretus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aretus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AE" title="Τεχνητή επιλογή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τεχνητή επιλογή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selecci%C3%B3n_artificial" title="Selección artificial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Selección artificial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selekta_bredado" title="Selekta bredado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Selekta bredado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautespen_artifizial" title="Hautespen artifizial – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hautespen artifizial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="زادگیری گزینشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زادگیری گزینشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9lection_artificielle" title="Sélection artificielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sélection artificielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selecci%C3%B3n_artificial" title="Selección artificial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Selección artificial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%92%88%EC%A2%85%EA%B0%9C%EB%9F%89" title="품종개량 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="품종개량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սելեկցիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սելեկցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="वरणात्मक प्रजनन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वरणात्मक प्रजनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetna_selekcija" title="Umjetna selekcija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Umjetna selekcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleksi_buatan" title="Seleksi buatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seleksi buatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynb%C3%A6tur" title="Kynbætur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kynbætur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selezione_artificiale" title="Selezione artificiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Selezione artificiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ברירה מלאכותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברירה מלאכותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8l%C3%A8ksi_gaw%C3%A9an" title="Sèlèksi gawéan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sèlèksi gawéan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ხელოვნური გადარჩევა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხელოვნური გადარჩევა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83" title="Таңдап өсіру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Таңдап өсіру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleksyon_atifisy%C3%A8l" title="Seleksyon atifisyèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Seleksyon atifisyèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Жасалма тандоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жасалма тандоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selekcija" title="Selekcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Selekcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiakbakaan_terpilih" title="Pembiakbakaan terpilih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembiakbakaan terpilih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86" title="Зориуд селекц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зориуд селекц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstmatige_selectie" title="Kunstmatige selectie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kunstmatige selectie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="छनौट प्रजनन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="छनौट प्रजनन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%82%BA%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E" title="人為選択 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人為選択" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avl" title="Avl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatishtirish" title="Chatishtirish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chatishtirish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਚੋਣਵੀਂ ਨਸਲਕਸ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੋਣਵੀਂ ਨਸਲਕਸ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C3%B3r_hodowlany" title="Dobór hodowlany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dobór hodowlany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_artificial" title="Seleção artificial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seleção artificial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akllaspa_mirachiy" title="Akllaspa mirachiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Akllaspa mirachiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Искусственный отбор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Искусственный отбор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbar%C3%ABshtimi_selektiv" title="Mbarështimi selektiv – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbarështimi selektiv" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_selection" title="Artificial selection – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Artificial selection" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="مصنوعي انتخاب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مصنوعي انتخاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8E_%D9%BE%DB%8E_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="زاوزێ پێ کردنی دەستکرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زاوزێ پێ کردنی دەستکرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C5%A1ta%C4%8Dka_selekcija" title="Veštačka selekcija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Veštačka selekcija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalostus_(biologia)" title="Jalostus (biologia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jalostus (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avel" title="Avel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artipisyal_na_pagpili" title="Artipisyal na pagpili – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Artipisyal na pagpili" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தேர்ந்தெடுத்த இனப்பெருக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேர்ந்தெடுத்த இனப்பெருக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C" title="การคัดเลือกพันธุ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การคัดเลือกพันธุ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapay_se%C3%A7ilim" title="Yapay seçilim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yapay seçilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80" title="Штучний добір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Штучний добір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_gi%E1%BB%91ng_ch%E1%BB%8Dn_l%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhân giống chọn lọc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân giống chọn lọc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9" title="人工选择 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人工选择" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人工選擇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人工選擇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q995745#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Selective_breeding" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Selective_breeding" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Selective_breeding" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&oldid=1259101673" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Selective_breeding&id=1259101673&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSelective_breeding"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSelective_breeding"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Selective_breeding&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Breeding" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q995745" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Breeding for desired characteristics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:2px solid #90ee90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90ee90;padding:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/180px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/270px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/360px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of evolutionary biology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Processes and outcomes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Contingency (evolutionary biology)">Contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">History of evolutionary theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Before Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Before synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evo-devo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_research_in_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current research in evolutionary biology">Current research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_speciation" title="History of speciation">History of speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology" title="Timeline of paleontology">timeline</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Fields and applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_evolution" title="Applications of evolution">Applications of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">Evolutionary physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_evolution" title="Experimental evolution">Experimental evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" title="Laboratory experiments of speciation">Speciation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_biogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Island biogeography">Island biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Social implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" title="Evolution as fact and theory">Evolution as fact and theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory" title="Social effects of evolutionary theory">Social effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objections_to_evolution" title="Objections to evolution">Objections to evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution" title="Level of support for evolution">Level of support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature-nurture controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/16px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/24px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutation_and_selection_diagram_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg/220px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg/330px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg/440px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selection_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection (biology)">selection</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sectio_caesarea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sectio_caesarea.jpg/220px-Sectio_caesarea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sectio_caesarea.jpg/330px-Sectio_caesarea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sectio_caesarea.jpg/440px-Sectio_caesarea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Blue" title="Belgian Blue">Belgian Blue</a> cow. The defect in the breed's <a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">myostatin</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> is maintained through linebreeding and is responsible for its accelerated lean muscle growth.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_and_little_dog_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Big_and_little_dog_1.jpg/220px-Big_and_little_dog_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Big_and_little_dog_1.jpg/330px-Big_and_little_dog_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Big_and_little_dog_1.jpg/440px-Big_and_little_dog_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chihuahua (dog)">Chihuahua</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-breed_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-breed dog">mix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Dane" title="Great Dane">Great Dane</a> shows the wide range of dog breed sizes created using selective breeding.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornselection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cornselection.jpg/220px-Cornselection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cornselection.jpg/330px-Cornselection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cornselection.jpg/440px-Cornselection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Selective breeding transformed <a href="/wiki/Teosinte" class="mw-redirect" title="Teosinte">teosinte</a>'s few fruitcases (left) into modern <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>'s rows of exposed kernels (right).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Selective breeding</b> (also called <b>artificial selection</b>) is the process by which humans use <a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">animal breeding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a> to <a href="/wiki/Selection_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection (biology)">selectively</a> develop particular <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">phenotypic traits</a> (characteristics) by choosing which typically <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> males and females will <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexually reproduce</a> and have <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a> together. <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domesticated</a> animals are known as <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breeds</a>, normally bred by a professional <a href="/wiki/Breeder" title="Breeder">breeder</a>, while domesticated plants are known as <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>, or breeds.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two purebred animals of different breeds produce a <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbreed</a>, and crossbred plants are called <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>. Flowers, vegetables and fruit-trees may be bred by amateurs and commercial or non-commercial professionals: major crops are usually the provenance of the professionals. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">animal breeding</a> artificial selection is often combined with techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linebreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Linebreeding">linebreeding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcrossing</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a>, similar methods are used. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> discussed how selective breeding had been successful in producing change over time in his 1859 book, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>. Its first chapter discusses selective breeding and <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of such animals as <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>. Darwin used artificial selection as an <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a> to propose and explain the theory of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> but distinguished the latter from the former as a separate process that is non-directed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deliberate exploitation of selective breeding to produce desired results has become very common in agriculture and experimental biology. </p><p>Selective breeding can be unintentional, for example, resulting from the process of human cultivation; and it may also produce unintended – desirable or undesirable – results. For example, in some grains, an increase in seed size may have resulted from certain ploughing practices rather than from the intentional selection of larger seeds. Most likely, there has been an interdependence between natural and artificial factors that have resulted in plant domestication.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selective breeding of both plants and animals has been practiced since early <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>; key species such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> have been significantly different from their wild ancestors for millennia, and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, which required especially large changes from <a href="/wiki/Teosinte" class="mw-redirect" title="Teosinte">teosinte</a>, its wild form, was selectively bred in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. Selective breeding was practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatises as much as 2,000 years old give advice on selecting animals for different purposes, and these ancient works cite still older authorities, such as <a href="/wiki/Mago_(agricultural_writer)" title="Mago (agricultural writer)">Mago the Carthaginian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion of selective breeding was later expressed by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rayhan_Biruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Rayhan Biruni">Abu Rayhan Biruni</a> in the 11th century. He noted the idea in his book titled <i>India</i>, which included various examples.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The agriculturist selects his corn, letting grow as much as he requires, and tearing out the remainder. The forester leaves those branches which he perceives to be excellent, whilst he cuts away all others. The bees kill those of their kind who only eat, but do not work in their beehive.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Abu_Rayhan_Biruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Rayhan Biruni">Abu Rayhan Biruni</a>, <i>India</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Selective breeding was established as a scientific practice by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bakewell_(agriculturalist)" title="Robert Bakewell (agriculturalist)">Robert Bakewell</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a> in the 18th century. Arguably, his most important breeding program was with sheep. Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(sheep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln (sheep)">Lincoln Longwool</a> was improved by Bakewell, and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It was <a href="/wiki/Polled_livestock" title="Polled livestock">hornless</a> and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These sheep were exported widely, including to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and have contributed to numerous modern breeds, despite the fact that they fell quickly out of favor as market preferences in meat and textiles changed. Bloodlines of these original New Leicesters survive today as the <a href="/wiki/English_Leicester" class="mw-redirect" title="English Leicester">English Leicester</a> (or Leicester Longwool), which is primarily kept for wool production. </p><p>Bakewell was also the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef. Previously, cattle were first and foremost kept for pulling <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">ploughs</a> as <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, but he crossed long-horned heifers and a Westmoreland bull to eventually create the <a href="/wiki/English_Longhorn" title="English Longhorn">Dishley Longhorn</a>. As more and more farmers followed his lead, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality. In 1700, the average weight of a <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a> sold for slaughter was 370 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a> (168 kg). By 1786, that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds (381 kg). However, after his death, the Dishley Longhorn was replaced with short-horn versions. </p><p>He also bred the Improved Black Cart horse, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Shire_horse" title="Shire horse">Shire horse</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> coined the term 'selective breeding'; he was interested in the process as an illustration of his proposed wider process of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. Darwin noted that many domesticated animals and plants had special properties that were developed by intentional <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal and</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a> from individuals that showed desirable characteristics, and discouraging the breeding of individuals with less desirable characteristics. </p><p>Darwin used the term "artificial selection" twice in the 1859 first edition of his work <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>, in Chapter IV: Natural Selection, and in Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Slow though the process of selection may be, if feeble man can do much by his powers of artificial selection, I can see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the co-adaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <i>On the Origin of Species</i></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations; and we are immediately made conscious of this by reflecting on the differences in the breeds of our domesticated animals in different countries,—more especially in the less civilized countries where there has been but little artificial selection.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <i>On the Origin of Species</i></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_breeding">Animal breeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Animal breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">Animal breeding</a></div> <p>Animals with homogeneous appearance, behavior, and other characteristics are known as particular breeds or pure breeds, and they are bred through <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culling</a> animals with particular traits and selecting for further breeding those with other traits. <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">Purebred</a> animals have a single, recognizable breed, and purebreds with recorded lineage are called <a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">pedigreed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">Crossbreeds</a> are a mix of two purebreds, whereas <a href="/wiki/Mixed_breed" title="Mixed breed">mixed breeds</a> are a mix of several breeds, often unknown. Animal breeding begins with breeding stock, a group of animals used for the purpose of planned breeding. When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain valuable traits in purebred stock for a certain purpose, or may intend to use some type of <a href="/wiki/Crossbreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbreeding">crossbreeding</a> to produce a new type of stock with different, and, it is presumed, superior abilities in a given area of endeavor. For example, to breed chickens, a breeder typically intends to receive eggs, meat, and new, young birds for further reproduction. Thus, the breeder has to study different breeds and types of chickens and analyze what can be expected from a certain set of characteristics before he or she starts breeding them. Therefore, when purchasing initial breeding stock, the breeder seeks a group of birds that will most closely fit the purpose intended. </p><p>Purebred breeding aims to establish and maintain stable traits, that animals will pass to the next generation. By "breeding the best to the best," employing a certain degree of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>, considerable culling, and selection for "superior" qualities, one could develop a bloodline superior in certain respects to the original base stock. Such animals can be recorded with a <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">breed registry</a>, the organization that maintains <a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">pedigrees</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Stud_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Stud book">stud books</a>. However, single-trait breeding, breeding for only one trait over all others, can be problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-grandin69_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grandin69-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one case mentioned by animal behaviorist <a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">roosters</a> bred for fast growth or heavy muscles did not know how to perform typical rooster courtship dances, which alienated the roosters from hens and led the roosters to kill the hens after mating with them.<sup id="cite_ref-grandin69_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grandin69-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Soviet attempt to breed lab rats with higher intelligence led to cases of neurosis severe enough to make the animals incapable of any problem solving unless drugs like <a href="/wiki/Phenazepam" title="Phenazepam">phenazepam</a> were used.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The observable phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vigor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid vigor">hybrid vigor</a> stands in contrast to the notion of breed purity. However, on the other hand, indiscriminate breeding of crossbred or <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> animals may also result in degradation of quality. Studies in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">evolutionary physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral genetics">behavioral genetics</a>, and other areas of organismal biology have also made use of deliberate selective breeding, though longer <a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">generation times</a> and greater difficulty in breeding can make these projects challenging in such <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> as <a href="/wiki/House_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="House mice">house mice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swallow_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swallow-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garland_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garland_and_Rose_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland_and_Rose-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plant_breeding">Plant breeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plant breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrots_of_many_colors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Carrots_of_many_colors.jpg/220px-Carrots_of_many_colors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Carrots_of_many_colors.jpg/330px-Carrots_of_many_colors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Carrots_of_many_colors.jpg/440px-Carrots_of_many_colors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> have selectively bred carrots with a variety of colors.</figcaption></figure> <p>The process of plant breeding has been used for thousands of years, and began with the domestication of <a href="/wiki/Wild_type" title="Wild type">wild</a> plants into uniform and predictable agricultural <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigens</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">high-yielding</a> varieties have been particularly important in agriculture. As crops improved, humans were able to move from <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> style living to a mix of hunter-gatherer and agriculture practices.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these higher yielding plants were derived from an extremely primitive version of plant breeding, this form of agriculture was an investment that the people who grew them were planting then could have a more varied diet. This meant that they did not completely stop their hunting and gathering immediately but instead over time transition and ultimately favored agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally this was due to humans not wanting to risk using all their time and resources for their crops just to fail. Which was promptly called play farming due to the idea of "farmers" experimenting with agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the ability for humans to stay within one place for food and create permanent settlements made the process move along faster.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this transitional period, crops began to acclimate and evolve with humans encouraging humans to invest further into crops. Over time this reliance on plant breeding has created problems, as highlighted by the book <a href="/wiki/The_Botany_of_Desire" title="The Botany of Desire">Botany of Desire</a> where <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pollan" title="Michael Pollan">Michael Pollan</a> shows the connection between basic human desires through four different plants: <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a> for sweetness, <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulips</a> for beauty, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> for intoxication, and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> for control. In a form of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reciprocal_evolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reciprocal evolution (page does not exist)">reciprocal evolution</a> humans have influenced these plants as much as the plants have influenced the people that consume them, is known as <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selective plant breeding is also used in research to produce <a href="/wiki/Transgenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic">transgenic</a> animals that breed "true" (i.e., are <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a>) for artificially inserted or <a href="/wiki/Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">deleted</a> genes.<sup id="cite_ref-J&K_2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J&K_2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selective_breeding_in_aquaculture">Selective breeding in aquaculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selective breeding in aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selective breeding in aquaculture holds high potential for the genetic improvement of fish and shellfish for the process of production. Unlike terrestrial livestock, the potential benefits of selective breeding in aquaculture were not realized until recently. This is because high mortality led to the selection of only a few <a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">broodstock</a>, causing inbreeding depression, which then forced the use of wild broodstock. This was evident in selective breeding programs for growth rate, which resulted in slow growth and high mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-gb_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gb-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Control of the reproduction cycle was one of the main reasons as it is a requisite for selective breeding programs. Artificial reproduction was not achieved because of the difficulties in hatching or feeding some farmed species such as eel and yellowtail farming.<sup id="cite_ref-g85_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g85-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A suspected reason associated with the late realization of success in selective breeding programs in aquaculture was the education of the concerned people – researchers, advisory personnel and fish farmers. The education of fish biologists paid less attention to quantitative genetics and breeding plans.<sup id="cite_ref-g83_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g83-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another was the failure of documentation of the genetic gains in successive generations. This in turn led to failure in quantifying economic benefits that successful selective breeding programs produce. Documentation of the genetic changes was considered important as they help in fine tuning further selection schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-gb_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gb-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality_traits_in_aquaculture">Quality traits in aquaculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Quality traits in aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquaculture species are reared for particular traits such as growth rate, survival rate, meat quality, resistance to diseases, age at sexual maturation, fecundity, shell traits like shell size, shell color, etc. </p> <ul><li><b>Growth rate</b> – growth rate is normally measured as either body weight or body length. This trait is of great economic importance for all aquaculture species as faster growth rate speeds up the turnover of production.<sup id="cite_ref-g83_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g83-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improved growth rates show that farmed animals utilize their feed more efficiently through a positive correlated response.<sup id="cite_ref-g85_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g85-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Survival rate</b> – survival rate may take into account the degrees of resistance to diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-g85_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g85-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may also see the stress response as fish under stress are highly vulnerable to diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-g83_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g83-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stress fish experience could be of biological, chemical or environmental influence.</li> <li><b>Meat quality</b> – the quality of fish is of great economic importance in the market. Fish quality usually takes into account size, meatiness, and percentage of fat, color of flesh, taste, shape of the body, ideal oil and omega-3 content.<sup id="cite_ref-g85_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g85-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Age at sexual maturation</b> – The age of maturity in aquaculture species is another very important attribute for farmers as during early maturation the species divert all their energy to gonad production affecting growth and meat production and are more susceptible to health problems (Gjerde 1986).</li> <li><b>Fecundity</b> – As the fecundity in fish and shellfish is usually high it is not considered as a major trait for improvement. However, selective breeding practices may consider the size of the egg and correlate it with survival and early growth rate.<sup id="cite_ref-g85_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g85-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finfish_response_to_selection">Finfish response to selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Finfish response to selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salmonids">Salmonids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Salmonids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gjedrem (1979) showed that selection of Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) led to an increase in body weight by 30% per generation. A comparative study on the performance of select Atlantic salmon with wild fish was conducted by AKVAFORSK Genetics Centre in Norway. The traits, for which the selection was done included growth rate, feed consumption, protein retention, energy retention, and feed conversion efficiency. Selected fish had a twice better growth rate, a 40% higher feed intake, and an increased protein and energy retention. This led to an overall 20% better Fed Conversion Efficiency as compared to the wild stock.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atlantic salmon have also been selected for resistance to bacterial and viral diseases. Selection was done to check resistance to Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV). The results showed 66.6% mortality for low-resistant species whereas the high-resistant species showed 29.3% mortality compared to wild species.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rainbow trout (<i>S. gairdneri</i>) was reported to show large improvements in growth rate after 7–10 generations of selection.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kincaid et al. (1977) showed that growth gains by 30% could be achieved by selectively breeding rainbow trout for three generations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 7% increase in growth was recorded per generation for rainbow trout by Kause et al. (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, high resistance to IPNV in rainbow trout has been achieved by selectively breeding the stock. Resistant strains were found to have an average mortality of 4.3% whereas 96.1% mortality was observed in a highly sensitive strain.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coho salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>) increase in weight was found to be more than 60% after four generations of selective breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chile, Neira et al. (2006) conducted experiments on early spawning dates in coho salmon. After selectively breeding the fish for four generations, spawning dates were 13–15 days earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Cyprinids</b> </p><p>Selective breeding programs for the Common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) include improvement in growth, shape and resistance to disease. Experiments carried out in the USSR used crossings of broodstocks to increase genetic diversity and then selected the species for traits like growth rate, exterior traits and viability, and/or adaptation to environmental conditions like variations in temperature. Kirpichnikov <i>et al.</i> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Babouchkine (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-Babouchkine_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babouchkine-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> selected carp for fast growth and tolerance to cold, the Ropsha carp. The results showed a 30–40% to 77.4% improvement of cold tolerance but did not provide any data for growth rate. An increase in growth rate was observed in the second generation in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moav and Wohlfarth (1976) showed positive results when selecting for slower growth for three generations compared to selecting for faster growth. Schaperclaus (1962) showed resistance to the dropsy disease wherein selected lines suffered low mortality (11.5%) compared to unselected (57%).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Channel_Catfish">Channel Catfish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Channel Catfish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Growth was seen to increase by 12–20% in selectively bred <i>Iictalurus punctatus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, the response of the Channel Catfish to selection for improved growth rate was found to be approximately 80%, that is, an average of 13% per generation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shellfish_response_to_selection">Shellfish response to selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shellfish response to selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oysters">Oysters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oysters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selection for live weight of Pacific oysters showed improvements ranging from 0.4% to 25.6% compared to the wild stock.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sydney-rock oysters (<i>Saccostrea commercialis</i>) showed a 4% increase after one generation and a 15% increase after two generations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chilean oysters (<i>Ostrea chilensis</i>), selected for improvement in live weight and shell length showed a 10–13% gain in one generation. Bonamia ostrea is a protistan parasite that causes catastrophic losses (nearly 98%) in European flat oyster <i>Ostrea edulis</i> L. This protistan parasite is endemic to three oyster-regions in Europe. Selective breeding programs show that <i>O. edulis</i> susceptibility to the infection differs across oyster strains in Europe. A study carried out by Culloty et al. showed that 'Rossmore' oysters in Cork harbour, Ireland had better resistance compared to other Irish strains. A selective breeding program at Cork harbour uses broodstock from 3– to 4-year-old survivors and is further controlled until a viable percentage reaches market size.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years 'Rossmore' oysters have shown to develop lower prevalence of <i>B. ostreae</i> infection and percentage mortality. Ragone Calvo et al. (2003) selectively bred the eastern oyster, <i>Crassostrea virginica</i>, for resistance against co-occurring parasites <i>Haplosporidium nelson</i> (MSX) and <i>Perkinsus marinus</i> (Dermo). They achieved dual resistance to the disease in four generations of selective breeding. The oysters showed higher growth and survival rates and low susceptibility to the infections. At the end of the experiment, artificially selected <i>C. virginica</i> showed a 34–48% higher survival rate.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penaeid_shrimps">Penaeid shrimps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Penaeid shrimps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selection for growth in Penaeid shrimps yielded successful results. A selective breeding program for <i>Litopenaeus stylirostris</i> saw an 18% increase in growth after the fourth generation and 21% growth after the fifth generation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Marsupenaeus japonicas</i> showed a 10.7% increase in growth after the first generation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argue et al. (2002) conducted a selective breeding program on the Pacific White Shrimp,<i> Litopenaeus vannamei</i> at The Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo, USA from 1995 to 1998. They reported significant responses to selection compared to the unselected control shrimps. After one generation, a 21% increase was observed in growth and 18.4% increase in survival to TSV.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) causes mortalities of 70% or more in shrimps. C.I. Oceanos S.A. in Colombia selected the survivors of the disease from infected ponds and used them as parents for the next generation. They achieved satisfying results in two or three generations wherein survival rates approached levels before the outbreak of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting heavy losses (up to 90%) caused by Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) caused a number of shrimp farming industries started to selectively breed shrimps resistant to this disease. Successful outcomes led to development of Super Shrimp, a selected line of <i>L. stylirostris</i> that is resistant to IHHNV infection. Tang et al. (2000) confirmed this by showing no mortalities in IHHNV- challenged Super Shrimp post larvae and juveniles.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_species_versus_terrestrial_livestock">Aquatic species versus terrestrial livestock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aquatic species versus terrestrial livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selective breeding programs for aquatic species provide better outcomes compared to terrestrial livestock. This higher response to selection of aquatic farmed species can be attributed to the following: </p> <ul><li>High fecundity in both sexes fish and shellfish enabling higher selection intensity.</li> <li>Large phenotypic and genetic variation in the selected traits.</li></ul> <p>Selective breeding in aquaculture provide remarkable economic benefits to the industry, the primary one being that it reduces production costs due to faster turnover rates. When selective breeding is carried out, some characteristics are lost for others that may suit a specific environment or situation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because of faster growth rates, decreased maintenance rates, increased energy and protein retention, and better feed efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-gb_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gb-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applying genetic improvement programs to aquaculture species will increase their productivity. Thus allowing them to meet the increasing demands of growing populations. Conversely, selective breeding within aquaculture can create problems within the biodiversity of both stock and wild fish, which can hurt the industry down the road. Although there is great potential to improve aquaculture due to the current lack of domestication, it is essential that the genetic diversity of the fish are preserved through proper genetic management, as we domesticate these species.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not uncommon for fish to escape the nets or pens that they are kept in, especially in mass. If these fish are farmed in areas they are not native to they may be able to establish themselves and outcompete native populations of fish, and cause ecological harm as an invasive species.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, if they are in areas where the fish being farmed are native too their genetics are selectively bred rather than being wild. These farmed fish could breed with the natives which could be problematic In the sense that they would have been bred for consumption rather than by chance. Resulting in an overall decrease in genetic diversity and rendering local fish populations less fit for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If proper management is not taking place then the economic benefits and the diversity of the fish species will falter.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selective breeding is a direct way to determine if a specific trait can evolve in response to selection. A single-generation method of breeding is not as accurate or direct. The process is also more practical and easier to understand than sibling analysis. Selective breeding is better for traits such as <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> and behavior that are hard to measure because it requires fewer individuals to test than single-generation testing. </p><p>However, there are disadvantages to this process. This is because a single experiment done in selective breeding cannot be used to assess an entire group of genetic variances, individual experiments must be done for every individual trait. Also, due to the necessity of selective breeding experiments to require maintaining the organisms tested in a lab or <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a>, it is impractical to use this breeding method on many organisms. Controlled mating instances are difficult to carry out in this case and this is a necessary component of selective breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Artificial_Selection_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Artificial_Selection-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, selective breeding can lead to a variety of issues including reduction of genetic diversity or physical problems. The process of selective breeding can create physical issues for plants or animals such as dogs selectively bred for extremely small sizes dislocating their kneecaps at a much more frequent rate then other dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example in the plant world is the <a href="/wiki/Lenape_potato" title="Lenape potato">Lenape</a> potatoes were selectively bred for their disease or pest resistance which was attributed to their high levels of toxic <a href="/wiki/Solanine" title="Solanine">glycoalkaloid solanine</a> which are usually present only in small amounts in potatoes fit for human consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When genetic diversity is lost it can also allow for populations to lack genetic alternatives to adapt to events. This becomes an issue of biodiversity, because attributes are so wide-spread they can result in mass epidemics. As seen in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_corn_leaf_blight" title="Southern corn leaf blight">Southern Corn leaf-blight</a> epidemic of 1970 that wiped out 15% of the United States corn crop due to the wide use of a type of Texan corn strain that was artificially selected due to having sterile pollen to make farming easier. At the same time it was more vulnerable to Southern Corn leaf-blight.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">Animal breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">Breed registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_back" title="Breeding back">Breeding back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">Culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_evolution" title="Experimental evolution">Experimental evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">Gene pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics_of_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Genomics of domestication">Genomics of domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding">Mutation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Giants" title="Potsdam Giants">Potsdam Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_passage" title="Serial passage">Serial passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_limits" title="Selection limits">Selection limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_methods_in_plant_breeding_based_on_mode_of_reproduction" title="Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction">Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Pervert#Selective_Breeding_and_the_Birth_of_Philosophy" title="Bronze Age Pervert"> Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart breeding">Smart breeding</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/breed">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/breed</a> (Noun definition 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDarwin2008" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (2008) [1859]. <i>On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</i> (Reissue ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. pp. 9–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0553214635" title="Special:BookSources/978-0553214635"><bdi>978-0553214635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Species+By+Means+of+Natural+Selection+or+The+Preservation+of+Favoured+Races+in+the+Struggle+for+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9-132&rft.edition=Reissue&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0553214635&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (1996) [1986]. <a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker"><i>The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. 7–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393351491" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393351491"><bdi>978-0393351491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blind+Watchmaker%3A+Why+the+Evidence+of+Evolution+Reveals+a+Universe+Without+Design&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7-11&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0393351491&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehm2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boehm" title="Christopher Boehm">Boehm, Christopher</a> (2012). <i>Moral Origins: The Evolution of Virtue, Altruism, and Shame</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465020485" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465020485"><bdi>978-0465020485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Origins%3A+The+Evolution+of+Virtue%2C+Altruism%2C+and+Shame&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0465020485&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuruggananFuller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Purugganan, M. D.; Fuller, D. Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication". <i>Nature</i>. <b>457</b> (7231): 843–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.457..843P">2009Natur.457..843P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07895">10.1038/nature07895</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19212403">19212403</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205216444">205216444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+selection+during+plant+domestication&rft.volume=457&rft.issue=7231&rft.pages=843-8&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205216444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19212403&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.457..843P&rft.aulast=Purugganan&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+D.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffum,_Burt_C.2008" class="citation book cs1">Buffum, Burt C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmbur_Am8vgC&pg=PA232"><i>Arid Agriculture; A Hand-Book for the Western Farmer and Stockman</i></a>. Read Books. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-6710-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-6710-1"><bdi>978-1-4086-6710-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arid+Agriculture%3B+A+Hand-Book+for+the+Western+Farmer+and+Stockman&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4086-6710-1&rft.au=Buffum%2C+Burt+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmbur_Am8vgC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLush,_Jay_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Lush, Jay L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KA-4oOQLgP8C&pg=PA21"><i>Animal Breeding Plans</i></a>. Orchard Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-8451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-8451-1"><bdi>978-1-4437-8451-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Breeding+Plans&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Orchard+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4437-8451-1&rft.au=Lush%2C+Jay+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKA-4oOQLgP8C%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczynski1959" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczynski, J. Z. (1959). "On the Presumed Darwinism of Alberuni Eight Hundred Years before Darwin". <i>Isis</i>. <b>50</b> (4): 459–466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F348801">10.1086/348801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143086988">143086988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=On+the+Presumed+Darwinism+of+Alberuni+Eight+Hundred+Years+before+Darwin&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=459-466&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F348801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143086988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilczynski&rft.aufirst=J.+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bakewell_robert.shtml">"Robert Bakewell (1725–1795)"</a>. BBC History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Bakewell+%281725%E2%80%931795%29&rft.pub=BBC+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fbakewell_robert.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBean2016" class="citation book cs1">Bean, John (2016). <i>Trail of the Viking Finger</i>. Troubador Publishing. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785893056" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785893056"><bdi>978-1785893056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trail+of+the+Viking+Finger&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1785893056&rft.aulast=Bean&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darwin, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F373&pageseq=124">109</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darwin, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F373&pageseq=215">197–198</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grandin69-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grandin69_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grandin69_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandinJohnson,_Catherine2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Grandin, Temple</a>; Johnson, Catherine (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animalsintransla00gran/page/69"><i>Animals in Translation</i></a></span>. New York, New York: Scribner. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animalsintransla00gran/page/69">69–71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4769-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-4769-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+in+Translation&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=69-71&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4769-6&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Temple&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimalsintransla00gran%2Fpage%2F69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znanie-sila.ru/golden/issue2print_9.html">"Жили-были крысы"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140809185752/http://www.znanie-sila.ru/golden/issue2print_9.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.znanie-sila.ru%2Fgolden%2Fissue2print_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swallow-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swallow_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwallowGarland2005" class="citation journal cs1">Swallow, JG; <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Garland_Jr." title="Theodore Garland Jr.">Garland, T. Jr.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/SwalGa05.pdf">"Selection experiments as a tool in evolutionary and comparative physiology: insights into complex traits—an introduction to the symposium"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Integr Comp Biol</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 387–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F45.3.387">10.1093/icb/45.3.387</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21676784">21676784</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2305227">2305227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integr+Comp+Biol&rft.atitle=Selection+experiments+as+a+tool+in+evolutionary+and+comparative+physiology%3A+insights+into+complex+traits%E2%80%94an+introduction+to+the+symposium&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=387-390&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2305227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21676784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F45.3.387&rft.aulast=Swallow&rft.aufirst=JG&rft.au=Garland%2C+T.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.ucr.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2FGarland%2FSwalGa05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garland-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garland_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Garland_Jr." title="Theodore Garland Jr.">Garland</a>, T. Jr. (2003). Selection experiments: an under-utilized tool in biomechanics and organismal biology. Ch. 3, <i>Vertebrate Biomechanics and Evolution</i> ed. Bels VL, Gasc JP, Casinos A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/Garland_2003.pdf">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garland_and_Rose-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garland_and_Rose_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Garland_Jr." title="Theodore Garland Jr.">Garland</a>, T. Jr., Rose MR, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10604.php"><i>Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments</i>.</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, Berkeley, California.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/development-agriculture">"The Development of Agriculture"</a>. <i>education.nationalgeographic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.nationalgeographic.org&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fdevelopment-agriculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeresiewicz2021" class="citation web cs1">Deresiewicz, William (18 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/11/graeber-wengrow-dawn-of-everything-history-humanity/620177/">"Human History Gets a Rewrite"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Human+History+Gets+a+Rewrite&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft.aulast=Deresiewicz&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2021%2F11%2Fgraeber-wengrow-dawn-of-everything-history-humanity%2F620177%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/hunter-gatherer-culture">"Hunter-Gatherer Culture"</a>. <i>education.nationalgeographic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.nationalgeographic.org&rft.atitle=Hunter-Gatherer+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fhunter-gatherer-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollan2002" class="citation book cs1">Pollan, Michael (2002). <i>The botany of desire: a plant's-eye view of the world</i>. Random House trade paperbacks (Paperback ed.). New York, NY: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76039-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76039-6"><bdi>978-0-375-76039-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+botany+of+desire%3A+a+plant%27s-eye+view+of+the+world&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Random+House+trade+paperbacks&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-375-76039-6&rft.aulast=Pollan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J&K_2004-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J&K_2004_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainKharkwal2004" class="citation book cs1">Jain, H. K.; Kharkwal, M. C. (2004). <i>Plant breeding – Mendelian to molecular approaches</i>. Boston, London, Dordecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1981-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1981-4"><bdi>978-1-4020-1981-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+breeding+%E2%80%93+Mendelian+to+molecular+approaches.&rft.place=Boston%2C+London%2C+Dordecht&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1981-4&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=H.+K.&rft.au=Kharkwal%2C+M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gb-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gb_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gb_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gb_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gjedrem, T & Baranski, M. (2009). <i>Selective breeding in Aquaculture: An Introduction</i>. 1st Edition. Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2772-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2772-6">978-90-481-2772-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g85-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g85_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g85_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g85_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g85_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g85_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjedrem1985" class="citation journal cs1">Gjedrem, T. (1985). "Improvement of productivity through breeding schemes". <i>GeoJournal</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 233–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00462124">10.1007/BF00462124</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154519652">154519652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=Improvement+of+productivity+through+breeding+schemes&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=233-241&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00462124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154519652%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gjedrem&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g83-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g83_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g83_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g83_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjedrem1983" class="citation journal cs1">Gjedrem, T. (1983). "Genetic variation in quantitative traits and selective breeding in fish and shellfish". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>33</b> (1–4): 51–72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Aquac..33...51G">1983Aquac..33...51G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0044-8486%2883%2990386-1">10.1016/0044-8486(83)90386-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Genetic+variation+in+quantitative+traits+and+selective+breeding+in+fish+and+shellfish&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=51-72&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0044-8486%2883%2990386-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Aquac..33...51G&rft.aulast=Gjedrem&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshiWoolliamsMeuwissen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi, Rajesh; Woolliams, John; Meuwissen, Theo MJ (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5889400">"Maternal, dominance and additive genetic effects in Nile tilapia; influence on growth, fillet yield and body size traits"</a>. <i>Heredity</i>. <b>120</b> (5): 452–462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41437-017-0046-x">10.1038/s41437-017-0046-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5889400">5889400</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29335620">29335620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heredity&rft.atitle=Maternal%2C+dominance+and+additive+genetic+effects+in+Nile+tilapia%3B+influence+on+growth%2C+fillet+yield+and+body+size+traits&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=452-462&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5889400%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29335620&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41437-017-0046-x&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft.au=Woolliams%2C+John&rft.au=Meuwissen%2C+Theo+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5889400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThodesenGrisdale-HellandHellandGjerde1999" class="citation journal cs1">Thodesen, J. R.; Grisdale-Helland, B.; Helland, S. L. J.; Gjerde, B. (1999). "Feed intake, growth and feed utilization of offspring from wild and selected Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>)". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>180</b> (3–4): 237–246. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Aquac.180..237T">1999Aquac.180..237T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2899%2900204-5">10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00204-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Feed+intake%2C+growth+and+feed+utilization+of+offspring+from+wild+and+selected+Atlantic+salmon+%28Salmo+salar%29&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=237-246&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2899%2900204-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Aquac.180..237T&rft.aulast=Thodesen&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Grisdale-Helland%2C+B.&rft.au=Helland%2C+S.+L.+J.&rft.au=Gjerde%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorsetStrandWettenKjøglum2007" class="citation journal cs1">Storset, A.; Strand, C.; Wetten, M.; Kjøglum, S.; Ramstad, A. (2007). "Response to selection for resistance against infectious pancreatic necrosis in Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i> L.)". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>272</b>: S62–S68. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Aquac.272..S62S">2007Aquac.272..S62S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2007.08.011">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.08.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Response+to+selection+for+resistance+against+infectious+pancreatic+necrosis+in+Atlantic+salmon+%28Salmo+salar+L.%29&rft.volume=272&rft.pages=S62-S68&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2007.08.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Aquac.272..S62S&rft.aulast=Storset&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Strand%2C+C.&rft.au=Wetten%2C+M.&rft.au=Kj%C3%B8glum%2C+S.&rft.au=Ramstad%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldsonOlson1957" class="citation journal cs1">Donaldson, L. R.; Olson, P. R. (1957). "Development of Rainbow Trout Brood Stock by Selective Breeding". <i>Transactions of the American Fisheries Society</i>. <b>85</b>: 93–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1577%2F1548-8659%281955%2985%5B93%3Adortbs%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1577/1548-8659(1955)85[93:dortbs]2.0.co;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Fisheries+Society&rft.atitle=Development+of+Rainbow+Trout+Brood+Stock+by+Selective+Breeding&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=93-101&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1577%2F1548-8659%281955%2985%5B93%3Adortbs%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rft.au=Olson%2C+P.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincaidBridgesvon_Limbach1977" class="citation journal cs1">Kincaid, H. L.; Bridges, W. R.; von Limbach, B. (1977). "Three Generations of Selection for Growth Rate in Fall-Spawning Rainbow Trout". <i>Transactions of the American Fisheries Society</i>. <b>106</b> (6): 621–628. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977TrAFS.106..621K">1977TrAFS.106..621K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1577%2F1548-8659%281977%29106%3C621%3Atgosfg%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1577/1548-8659(1977)106<621:tgosfg>2.0.co;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Fisheries+Society&rft.atitle=Three+Generations+of+Selection+for+Growth+Rate+in+Fall-Spawning+Rainbow+Trout&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=621-628&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1577%2F1548-8659%281977%29106%3C621%3Atgosfg%3E2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977TrAFS.106..621K&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rft.au=Bridges%2C+W.+R.&rft.au=von+Limbach%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauseRitolaPaananenWahlroos2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kause, A.; Ritola, O.; Paananen, T.; Wahlroos, H.; Mäntysaari, E. A. (2005). "Genetic trends in growth, sexual maturity and skeletal deformations, and rate of inbreeding in a breeding programme for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>247</b> (1–4): 177–187. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Aquac.247..177K">2005Aquac.247..177K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2005.02.023">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Genetic+trends+in+growth%2C+sexual+maturity+and+skeletal+deformations%2C+and+rate+of+inbreeding+in+a+breeding+programme+for+rainbow+trout+%28Oncorhynchus+mykiss%29&rft.volume=247&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=177-187&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2005.02.023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Aquac.247..177K&rft.aulast=Kause&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Ritola%2C+O.&rft.au=Paananen%2C+T.&rft.au=Wahlroos%2C+H.&rft.au=M%C3%A4ntysaari%2C+E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkamotoTayamaKawanobeFujiki1993" class="citation journal cs1">Okamoto, N.; Tayama, T.; Kawanobe, M.; Fujiki, N.; Yasuda, Y.; Sano, T. (1993). "Resistance of a rainbow trout strain to infectious pancreatic necrosis". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>117</b> (1–2): 71–76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Aquac.117...71O">1993Aquac.117...71O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0044-8486%2893%2990124-h">10.1016/0044-8486(93)90124-h</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Resistance+of+a+rainbow+trout+strain+to+infectious+pancreatic+necrosis&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=71-76&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0044-8486%2893%2990124-h&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Aquac.117...71O&rft.aulast=Okamoto&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Tayama%2C+T.&rft.au=Kawanobe%2C+M.&rft.au=Fujiki%2C+N.&rft.au=Yasuda%2C+Y.&rft.au=Sano%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershbergerMyersIwamotoMcAuley1990" class="citation journal cs1">Hershberger, W. K.; Myers, J. M.; Iwamoto, R. N.; McAuley, W. C.; Saxton, A. M. (1990). "Genetic changes in the growth of coho salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>) in marine net-pens, produced by ten years of selection". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>85</b> (1–4): 187–197. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Aquac..85..187H">1990Aquac..85..187H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0044-8486%2890%2990018-i">10.1016/0044-8486(90)90018-i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Genetic+changes+in+the+growth+of+coho+salmon+%28Oncorhynchus+kisutch%29+in+marine+net-pens%2C+produced+by+ten+years+of+selection&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=187-197&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0044-8486%2890%2990018-i&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Aquac..85..187H&rft.aulast=Hershberger&rft.aufirst=W.+K.&rft.au=Myers%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Iwamoto%2C+R.+N.&rft.au=McAuley%2C+W.+C.&rft.au=Saxton%2C+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiraDíazGallGallardo2006" class="citation journal cs1">Neira, R.; Díaz, N. F.; Gall, G. A. E.; Gallardo, J. A.; Lhorente, J. P.; Alert, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205110444/http://repositorio.uchile.cl/?sequence=1">"Genetic improvement in coho salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>). II: Selection response for early spawning date"</a>. <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>257</b> (1–4): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Aquac.257....1N">2006Aquac.257....1N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2006.03.001">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.001</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.captura.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/6068/Neira_Roberto_GeneticII.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Genetic+improvement+in+coho+salmon+%28Oncorhynchus+kisutch%29.+II%3A+Selection+response+for+early+spawning+date&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2006.03.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Aquac.257....1N&rft.aulast=Neira&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=D%C3%ADaz%2C+N.+F.&rft.au=Gall%2C+G.+A.+E.&rft.au=Gallardo%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Lhorente%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Alert%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.captura.uchile.cl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2250%2F6068%2FNeira_Roberto_GeneticII.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirpichnikovIlyasovShartVikhman1993" class="citation book cs1">Kirpichnikov, V. S.; Ilyasov, I.; Shart, L. A.; Vikhman, A. A.; Ganchenko, M. V.; Ostashevsky, A. L.; Simonov, V. M.; Tikhonov, G. F.; Tjurin, V. V. (1993). "Selection of Krasnodar common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i> L.) for resistance to dropsy: Principal results and prospects". <i>Genetics in Aquaculture</i>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-444-81527-9.50006-3">10.1016/b978-0-444-81527-9.50006-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444815279" title="Special:BookSources/9780444815279"><bdi>9780444815279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Selection+of+Krasnodar+common+carp+%28Cyprinus+carpio+L.%29+for+resistance+to+dropsy%3A+Principal+results+and+prospects&rft.btitle=Genetics+in+Aquaculture&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-444-81527-9.50006-3&rft.isbn=9780444815279&rft.aulast=Kirpichnikov&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft.au=Ilyasov%2C+I.&rft.au=Shart%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Vikhman%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Ganchenko%2C+M.+V.&rft.au=Ostashevsky%2C+A.+L.&rft.au=Simonov%2C+V.+M.&rft.au=Tikhonov%2C+G.+F.&rft.au=Tjurin%2C+V.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babouchkine-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Babouchkine_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babouchkine, Y.P., 1987. La sélection d'une carpe résistant à l'hiver. In: Tiews, K. (Ed.), Proceedings ofWorld Symposium on Selection, Hybridization, and Genetic Engineering in Aquaculture, Bordeaux 27–30 May 1986, vol. 1. HeenemannVerlagsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin, pp. 447–454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMai_Thien_TranCong_Thang_Nguyen1993" class="citation journal cs1">Mai Thien Tran; Cong Thang Nguyen (1993). "Selection of common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i> L.) in Vietnam". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>111</b> (1–4): 301–302. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Aquac.111..301M">1993Aquac.111..301M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0044-8486%2893%2990064-6">10.1016/0044-8486(93)90064-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Selection+of+common+carp+%28Cyprinus+carpio+L.%29+in+Vietnam&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=301-302&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0044-8486%2893%2990064-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Aquac.111..301M&rft.au=Mai+Thien+Tran&rft.au=Cong+Thang+Nguyen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoavWohlfarth1976" class="citation journal cs1">Moav, R; Wohlfarth, G (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213447">"Two-way selection for growth rate in the common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i> L.)"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>82</b> (1): 83–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F82.1.83">10.1093/genetics/82.1.83</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213447">1213447</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1248737">1248737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Two-way+selection+for+growth+rate+in+the+common+carp+%28Cyprinus+carpio+L.%29&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-101&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213447%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1248737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F82.1.83&rft.aulast=Moav&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Wohlfarth%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondari1983" class="citation journal cs1">Bondari, K. (1983). "Response to bidirectional selection for body weight in channel catfish". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>33</b> (1–4): 73–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Aquac..33...73B">1983Aquac..33...73B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0044-8486%2883%2990387-3">10.1016/0044-8486(83)90387-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Response+to+bidirectional+selection+for+body+weight+in+channel+catfish&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=73-81&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0044-8486%2883%2990387-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Aquac..33...73B&rft.aulast=Bondari&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangdonEvansJacobsonBlouin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Langdon, C.; Evans, F.; Jacobson, D.; Blouin, M. (2003). "Yields of cultured Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas Thunberg improved after one generation of selection". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>220</b> (1–4): 227–244. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Aquac.220..227L">2003Aquac.220..227L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2802%2900621-x">10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00621-x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Yields+of+cultured+Pacific+oysters+Crassostrea+gigas+Thunberg+improved+after+one+generation+of+selection&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=227-244&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2802%2900621-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Aquac.220..227L&rft.aulast=Langdon&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Evans%2C+F.&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+D.&rft.au=Blouin%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNellSheridanSmith1996" class="citation journal cs1">Nell, J. A.; Sheridan, A. K.; Smith, I. R. (1996). "Progress in a Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley), breeding program". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>144</b> (4): 295–302. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Aquac.144..295N">1996Aquac.144..295N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0044-8486%2896%2901328-2">10.1016/0044-8486(96)01328-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Progress+in+a+Sydney+rock+oyster%2C+Saccostrea+commercialis+%28Iredale+and+Roughley%29%2C+breeding+program&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=295-302&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0044-8486%2896%2901328-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Aquac.144..295N&rft.aulast=Nell&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Smith%2C+I.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNellSmithSheridan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Nell, J. A.; Smith, I. R.; Sheridan, A. K. (1999). "Third generation evaluation of Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley) breeding lines". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>170</b> (3–4): 195–203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Aquac.170..195N">1999Aquac.170..195N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2898%2900408-6">10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00408-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Third+generation+evaluation+of+Sydney+rock+oyster+Saccostrea+commercialis+%28Iredale+and+Roughley%29+breeding+lines&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=195-203&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2898%2900408-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Aquac.170..195N&rft.aulast=Nell&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Smith%2C+I.+R.&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullotyCroninMulcahy2001" class="citation journal cs1">Culloty, S. C.; Cronin, M. A.; Mulcahy, M. I. F. (2001). "An investigation into the relative resistance of Irish flat oysters <i>Ostrea edulis</i> L. to the parasite <i>Bonamia ostreae</i>". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>199</b> (3–4): 229–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2801%2900569-5">10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00569-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=An+investigation+into+the+relative+resistance+of+Irish+flat+oysters+Ostrea+edulis+L.+to+the+parasite+Bonamia+ostreae&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=229-244&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2801%2900569-5&rft.aulast=Culloty&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft.au=Cronin%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Mulcahy%2C+M.+I.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullotyCroninMulcahy2004" class="citation journal cs1">Culloty, S. C.; Cronin, M. A.; Mulcahy, M. F. (2004). "Potential resistance of a number of populations of the oyster <i>Ostrea edulis</i> to the parasite <i>Bonamia ostreae</i>". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>237</b> (1–4): 41–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Aquac.237...41C">2004Aquac.237...41C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2004.04.007">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.04.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Potential+resistance+of+a+number+of+populations+of+the+oyster+Ostrea+edulis+to+the+parasite+Bonamia+ostreae&rft.volume=237&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=41-58&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2004.04.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Aquac.237...41C&rft.aulast=Culloty&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft.au=Cronin%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Mulcahy%2C+M.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagone_CalvoCalvoBurreson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ragone Calvo, L. M.; Calvo, G. W.; Burreson, E. M. (2003). "Dual disease resistance in a selectively bred eastern oyster, <i>Crassostrea virginica</i>, strain tested in Chesapeake Bay". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>220</b> (1–4): 69–87. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Aquac.220...69R">2003Aquac.220...69R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2802%2900399-x">10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00399-x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Dual+disease+resistance+in+a+selectively+bred+eastern+oyster%2C+Crassostrea+virginica%2C+strain+tested+in+Chesapeake+Bay&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=69-87&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2802%2900399-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Aquac.220...69R&rft.aulast=Ragone+Calvo&rft.aufirst=L.+M.&rft.au=Calvo%2C+G.+W.&rft.au=Burreson%2C+E.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyardPatroisReignonVanaa1999" class="citation journal cs1">Goyard, E.; Patrois, J.; Reignon, J.-M.; Vanaa, V.; Dufour, R; Be (1999). "IFREMER's shrimp genetics program". <i>Global Aquaculture Advocate</i>. <b>2</b> (6): 26–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Aquaculture+Advocate&rft.atitle=IFREMER%27s+shrimp+genetics+program&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=26-28&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Goyard&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Patrois%2C+J.&rft.au=Reignon%2C+J.-M.&rft.au=Vanaa%2C+V.&rft.au=Dufour%2C+R&rft.au=Be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetzelCrocosDavisMoore2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hetzel, D. J. S.; Crocos, P. J.; Davis, G. P.; Moore, S. S.; Preston, N. C. (2000). "Response to selection and heritability for growth in the Kuruma prawn, <i>Penaeus japonicus</i>". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>181</b> (3–4): 215–223. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Aquac.181..215H">2000Aquac.181..215H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0044-8486%2899%2900237-9">10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00237-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Response+to+selection+and+heritability+for+growth+in+the+Kuruma+prawn%2C+Penaeus+japonicus&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=215-223&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0044-8486%2899%2900237-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Aquac.181..215H&rft.aulast=Hetzel&rft.aufirst=D.+J.+S.&rft.au=Crocos%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Davis%2C+G.+P.&rft.au=Moore%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=Preston%2C+N.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgueArceLotzMoss2002" class="citation journal cs1">Argue, B. J.; Arce, S. M.; Lotz, J. M.; Moss, S. M. (2002). "Selective breeding of Pacific white shrimp (<i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>) for growth and resistance to Taura Syndrome Virus". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>204</b> (3–4): 447–460. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Aquac.204..447A">2002Aquac.204..447A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2801%2900830-4">10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00830-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Selective+breeding+of+Pacific+white+shrimp+%28Litopenaeus+vannamei%29+for+growth+and+resistance+to+Taura+Syndrome+Virus&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=447-460&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2801%2900830-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Aquac.204..447A&rft.aulast=Argue&rft.aufirst=B.+J.&rft.au=Arce%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Lotz%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Moss%2C+S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockGitterleSalazarRye2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cock, J.; Gitterle, T.; Salazar, M.; Rye, M. (2009). "Breeding for disease resistance of Penaeid shrimps". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>286</b> (1–2): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Aquac.286....1C">2009Aquac.286....1C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2008.09.011">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.09.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Breeding+for+disease+resistance+of+Penaeid+shrimps&rft.volume=286&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2008.09.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Aquac.286....1C&rft.aulast=Cock&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Gitterle%2C+T.&rft.au=Salazar%2C+M.&rft.au=Rye%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangDurandWhiteRedman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tang, K. F. J.; Durand, S. V.; White, B. L.; Redman, R. M.; Pantoja, C. R.; Lightner, D. V. (2000). "Postlarvae and juveniles of a selected line of <i>Penaeus stylirostris</i> are resistant to infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus infection". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>190</b> (3–4): 203–210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Aquac.190..203T">2000Aquac.190..203T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2800%2900407-5">10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00407-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Postlarvae+and+juveniles+of+a+selected+line+of+Penaeus+stylirostris+are+resistant+to+infectious+hypodermal+and+hematopoietic+necrosis+virus+infection&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=203-210&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2800%2900407-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Aquac.190..203T&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=K.+F.+J.&rft.au=Durand%2C+S.+V.&rft.au=White%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=Redman%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Pantoja%2C+C.+R.&rft.au=Lightner%2C+D.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencing.com/main-idea-overproduction-natural-selection-18000.html">"What Is the Main Idea of Overproduction in Natural Selection?"</a>. <i>Sciencing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sciencing&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Main+Idea+of+Overproduction+in+Natural+Selection%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencing.com%2Fmain-idea-overproduction-natural-selection-18000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindPonzoniNguyenKhaw2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lind, Ce; Ponzoni, Rw; Nguyen, Nh; Khaw, Hl (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02084.x">"Selective Breeding in Fish and Conservation of Genetic Resources for Aquaculture"</a>. <i>Reproduction in Domestic Animals</i>. <b>47</b> (s4): 255–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0531.2012.02084.x">10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02084.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0936-6768">0936-6768</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22827379">22827379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproduction+in+Domestic+Animals&rft.atitle=Selective+Breeding+in+Fish+and+Conservation+of+Genetic+Resources+for+Aquaculture&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=s4&rft.pages=255-263&rft.date=2012-08&rft.issn=0936-6768&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22827379&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0531.2012.02084.x&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Ce&rft.au=Ponzoni%2C+Rw&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Nh&rft.au=Khaw%2C+Hl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0531.2012.02084.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seafoodwatch.org/seafood-basics/sustainable-solutions/prevent-farmed-fish-escapes">"Prevent farmed fish escapes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seafood+Watch&rft.atitle=Prevent+farmed+fish+escapes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seafoodwatch.org%2Fseafood-basics%2Fsustainable-solutions%2Fprevent-farmed-fish-escapes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Artificial_Selection-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Artificial_Selection_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConner2003" class="citation journal cs1">Conner, J. K. (2003). "Artificial Selection: A Powerful Tool for Ecologists". <i>Ecology</i>. <b>84</b> (7): 1650–1660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F0012-9658%282003%29084%5B1650%3Aasaptf%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1650:asaptf]2.0.co;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Artificial+Selection%3A+A+Powerful+Tool+for+Ecologists&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1650-1660&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F0012-9658%282003%29084%5B1650%3Aasaptf%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadmin2010" class="citation web cs1">admin (16 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/dogs-that-changed-the-world-selective-breeding-problems/1281/">"Dogs That Changed The World ~ Selective Breeding Problems | Nature | PBS"</a>. <i>Nature</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Dogs+That+Changed+The+World+~+Selective+Breeding+Problems+%7C+Nature+%7C+PBS&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.au=admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fnature%2Fdogs-that-changed-the-world-selective-breeding-problems%2F1281%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealth2004" class="citation cs2">Health, National Research Council (US) Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215778/">"Unintended Effects from Breeding"</a>, <i>Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects</i>, National Academies Press (US)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Safety+of+Genetically+Engineered+Foods%3A+Approaches+to+Assessing+Unintended+Health+Effects&rft.atitle=Unintended+Effects+from+Breeding&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Health&rft.aufirst=National+Research+Council+%28US%29+Committee+on+Identifying+and+Assessing+Unintended+Effects+of+Genetically+Engineered+Foods+on+Human&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK215778%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1981" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Robert Connell (1981). <i>Marijuana Botany</i>. Berkeley, Calif: And/Or Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915904-45-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915904-45-7"><bdi>978-0-915904-45-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Botany&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif&rft.pub=And%2FOr+Pr&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-915904-45-7&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Robert+Connell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fcsa2017.62.0806">"Southern Corn Leaf Blight: A Story Worth Retelling"</a>. <i>CSA News</i>. <b>62</b> (8): 13. August 2017. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CSAN...62S..13.">2017CSAN...62S..13.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fcsa2017.62.0806">10.2134/csa2017.62.0806</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-9163">1529-9163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CSA+News&rft.atitle=Southern+Corn+Leaf+Blight%3A+A+Story+Worth+Retelling&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2017-08&rft.issn=1529-9163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2134%2Fcsa2017.62.0806&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017CSAN...62S..13.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2134%252Fcsa2017.62.0806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="The Origin of Species"><i>The Origin of Species</i></a>. London: CRW Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904633-78-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904633-78-5"><bdi>978-1-904633-78-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Species&rft.place=London&rft.pub=CRW+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904633-78-5&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1404e/a1404e00.htm">FAO. 2007. The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. Rome.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/publications/sowangr/en/">FAO. 2015. The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918190600/http://www.fao.org/publications/sowangr/en">Archived</a> 18 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjerdem1986" class="citation journal cs1">Gjerdem, B (1986). "Growth and reproduction in fish and shellfish". <i><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_(journal)" title="Aquaculture (journal)">Aquaculture</a></i>. <b>57</b> (1–4): 37–55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Aquac..57...37G">1986Aquac..57...37G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0044-8486%2886%2990179-1">10.1016/0044-8486(86)90179-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Growth+and+reproduction+in+fish+and+shellfish&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=37-55&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0044-8486%2886%2990179-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Aquac..57...37G&rft.aulast=Gjerdem&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjedrem1979" class="citation journal cs1">Gjedrem, T (1979). "Selection for growth rate and domestication in Atlantic salmon". <i>Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie</i>. <b>96</b> (1–4): 56–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0388.1979.tb00199.x">10.1111/j.1439-0388.1979.tb00199.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Tierz%C3%BCchtung+und+Z%C3%BCchtungsbiologie&rft.atitle=Selection+for+growth+rate+and+domestication+in+Atlantic+salmon&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=56-59&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0388.1979.tb00199.x&rft.aulast=Gjedrem&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjedrem1477" class="citation journal cs1">Gjedrem, T. (1477). "Selective breeding to improve aquaculture production". <i>World Aquaculture</i>. <b>28</b>: 33–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Selective+breeding+to+improve+aquaculture+production&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=33-45&rft.date=1477&rft.aulast=Gjedrem&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuruggananFuller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication". <i>Nature</i>. <b>457</b> (7231): 843–848. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.457..843P">2009Natur.457..843P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07895">10.1038/nature07895</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19212403">19212403</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205216444">205216444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+selection+during+plant+domestication&rft.volume=457&rft.issue=7231&rft.pages=843-848&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205216444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19212403&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.457..843P&rft.aulast=Purugganan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorian+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäperclaus1962" class="citation book cs1">Schäperclaus, W. (1962). <i>Traité de pisciculture en étang</i>. Paris: Vigot Frères.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+de+pisciculture+en+%C3%A9tang&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Vigot+Fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4perclaus&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelective+breeding" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/A5.htmlImplementing">The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breeds_and_cultivars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breed" title="Template:Breed"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breed" title="Template talk:Breed"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breed" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breed"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breeds_and_cultivars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed#Lists_of_animal_breeds" title="Breed">Lists of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cultivars" title="Lists of cultivars">Lists of cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backcrossing" title="Backcrossing">Backcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding">Mutation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">Outcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_breeding" title="Preservation breeding">Preservation breeding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">Purebred</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">Animal breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds" title="List of cattle breeds">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_donkey_breeds" title="List of donkey breeds">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds" title="List of duck breeds">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_breeds" title="List of goat breeds">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goose_breeds" title="List of goose breeds">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guinea_pig_breeds" title="List of guinea pig breeds">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pigeon_breeds" title="List of pigeon breeds">Pigeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_keeping" title="Pigeon keeping">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbit_breeds" title="List of rabbit breeds">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sheep_breeds" title="List of sheep breeds">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_turkey_breeds" title="List of turkey breeds">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_breeds" title="List of water buffalo breeds">Water buffalo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard_breeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Backyard breeder">Backyard breeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">Breed standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_back" title="Breeding back">Breeding back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_pair" title="Breeding pair">Breeding pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">Breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_crossbreed" class="mw-redirect" title="Designer crossbreed">Designer crossbreed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">Apple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_apple_cultivars" title="List of Japanese apple cultivars">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivars" title="List of basil cultivars">Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Callistemon_cultivars" title="List of Callistemon cultivars"><i>Callistemon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canna_cultivars" title="List of Canna cultivars"><i>Canna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strain" title="Cannabis strain"><i>Cannabis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars"><i>Capsicum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cherimoya_cultivars" title="List of cherimoya cultivars">Cherimoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_citrus_hybrids_and_cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of citrus hybrids and cultivars">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus hybrid">hybrids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cucumber_varieties" title="List of cucumber varieties">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gazania_cultivars" title="List of Gazania cultivars"><i>Gazania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grevillea_cultivars" title="List of Grevillea cultivars"><i>Grevillea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties" title="List of hop varieties">Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars" title="List of mango cultivars">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_horticultural_divisions" title="List of Narcissus horticultural divisions"><i>Narcissus</i> (daffodils)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nemesia_cultivars" title="List of Nemesia cultivars"><i>Nemesia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepenthes_cultivars" title="List of Nepenthes cultivars"><i>Nepenthes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_olive_cultivars" title="List of olive cultivars">Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_cultivars" title="List of onion cultivars">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pear_cultivars" title="List of pear cultivars">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_cultivars" title="List of rice cultivars">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">Rose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_breeders" title="List of rose breeders">breeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_roses" title="List of Award of Garden Merit roses">cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_cultivars" title="List of strawberry cultivars">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_potato_cultivars" title="List of sweet potato cultivars">Sweet potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweetcorn_varieties" title="List of sweetcorn varieties">Sweetcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tomato_cultivars" title="List of tomato cultivars">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus_flytrap_cultivars" title="List of Venus flytrap cultivars">Venus flytrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selection methods<br />and genetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">Culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_selection" title="Balancing selection">balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">directional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_selection" title="Disruptive selection">disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_sweep" title="Selective sweep">selective sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizing_selection" title="Stabilizing selection">stabilizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_methods_in_plant_breeding_based_on_mode_of_reproduction" title="Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction">Selection methods in plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">Genotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">Phenotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Codominance">Codominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarfing" title="Dwarfing">Dwarfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">Heterosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outbreeding_depression" title="Outbreeding depression">Outbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">Inbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessive_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive trait">Recessive trait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">Sex linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">F1 hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">Breed registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeder" title="Breeder">Breeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">Germline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_plant" title="Heirloom plant">Heirloom plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">Landrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_breed" title="Rare breed">Rare breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">Tree breeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biotechnology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biotechnology" title="Template:Biotechnology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biotechnology" title="Template talk:Biotechnology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biotechnology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biotechnology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biotechnology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biotechnology" title="Timeline of biotechnology">Timeline of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_biotechnology" title="Competitions and prizes in biotechnology">Competitions and prizes in biotechnology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_replication_split.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DNA_replication_split.svg/50px-DNA_replication_split.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DNA_replication_split.svg/75px-DNA_replication_split.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DNA_replication_split.svg/100px-DNA_replication_split.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colors_of_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Colors of biotechnology">Colors of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">Allele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>/<a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Selective breeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_industrial_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotechnology industrial park">Biotechnology industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotechnology products">Biotechnology products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotechnology law">Biotechnology law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical company">Pharmaceutical company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic techniques<br /> and tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioreactor" title="Bioreactor">Bioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cell culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow cytometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybridoma_technology" title="Hybridoma technology">Hybridoma technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">NMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">Centrifugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_stirred-tank_reactor" title="Continuous stirred-tank reactor">CSTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">Kidney dialysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrophoresis" title="Electrophoresis">Electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed-batch_culture" title="Fed-batch culture">Fed Batch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_flow_reactor_model" title="Plug flow reactor model">PFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cell_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cell culture">Animal cell culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofabrication" title="Biofabrication">Biofabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionic_architecture" title="Bionic architecture">Bionic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell immunity">Cell immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">Cloning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_cloning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive cloning">Reproductive cloning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_cloning" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic cloning">Therapeutic cloning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_biotechnology" title="Environmental biotechnology">Environmental biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically modified organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular genetics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_biodegradation" title="Microbial biodegradation">Microbial biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omics" title="Omics">Omics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cells">Stem cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">Telomere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_culture" title="Tissue culture">Tissue culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary <br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biobased_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biobased economy">Bioeconomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioelectronics" title="Bioelectronics">Bioelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Bioengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopharmaceutical" title="Biopharmaceutical">Biopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">Biomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanobiotechnology" title="Nanobiotechnology">Nanobiotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_biotechnology_articles" title="Index of biotechnology articles">Index of biotechnology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biotechnology_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of biotechnology articles">List of biotechnology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_biomedical_companies_by_market_capitalization" title="List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization">List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biotechnology">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population_genetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population_genetics" title="Template:Population genetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population_genetics" title="Template talk:Population genetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population_genetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population genetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population_genetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_principle" title="Hardy–Weinberg principle">Hardy–Weinberg principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">Genetic linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">Identity by descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_disequilibrium" title="Linkage disequilibrium">Linkage disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_fundamental_theorem_of_natural_selection" title="Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection">Fisher's fundamental theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution" title="Neutral theory of molecular evolution">Neutral theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_balance_theory" title="Shifting balance theory">Shifting balance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_equation" title="Price equation">Price equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_inbreeding" title="Coefficient of inbreeding">Coefficient of inbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship" title="Coefficient of relationship">Coefficient of relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_coefficient" title="Selection coefficient">Selection coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">Heritability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_structure_(genetics)" title="Population structure (genetics)">Population structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_neutral_evolution" title="Constructive neutral evolution">Constructive neutral evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Selection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological selection">Ecological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;">Effects of selection<br />on genomic variation</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_hitchhiking" title="Genetic hitchhiking">Genetic hitchhiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">Background selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_population_size" title="Small population size">Small population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">Population bottleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">Founder effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalescent_theory" title="Coalescent theory">Coalescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balding%E2%80%93Nichols_model" title="Balding–Nichols model">Balding–Nichols model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">R. A. Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_landscape" title="Fitness landscape">Fitness landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_genetics" title="Landscape genetics">Landscape genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landscape_genomics" title="Landscape genomics">genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genomics" title="Population genomics">Population genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogeography" title="Phylogeography">Phylogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index of evolutionary biology articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/21px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/42px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995745#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4191075-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="umělý výběr"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126921&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&oldid=1259101673">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&oldid=1259101673</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Breeding" title="Category:Breeding">Breeding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Population_genetics" title="Category:Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Selection" title="Category:Selection">Selection</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2014">Use dmy dates from March 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 10:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-l5lf5","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.042","walltime":"1.260","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5007,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":199611,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7069,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":273066,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1059.528 1 -total"," 46.57% 493.436 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.18% 245.555 35 Template:Cite_journal"," 15.50% 164.216 13 Template:Cite_book"," 12.35% 130.904 1 Template:Evolutionary_biology"," 12.16% 128.798 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.74% 71.438 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.08% 53.783 1 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.71% 49.895 1 Template:Fix"," 4.44% 47.085 4 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.610","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7531908,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-v8kc4","timestamp":"20241123104421","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Selective breeding","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_breeding","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q995745","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q995745","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-24T01:10:12Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T10:44:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ac\/Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg","headline":"process by which humans use animal and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits"}</script> </body> </html>