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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Swedish era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Russian era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>After independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Administrative subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Medieval buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Theatres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_and_city_rivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_and_city_rivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Association and city rivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_and_city_rivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-operation_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-operation_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Co-operation agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-operation_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_medieval_cities_and_towns_of_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_medieval_cities_and_towns_of_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Other medieval cities and towns of Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_medieval_cities_and_towns_of_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turku</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 122 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%A9" title="ቱርኩ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርኩ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88" title="توركو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توركو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81" title="টুর্কু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টুর্কু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_(munisipyo)" title="Turku (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Turku (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turu" title="Turu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Turu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Τούρκου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τούρκου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88" title="تورکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArc%C3%BA" title="Túrcú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Túrcú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%BF%A0" title="투르쿠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투르쿠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Տուրկու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տուրկու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95" title="טורקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3" title="ტურკუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტურკუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%B9" title="Turkù – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Turkù" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboa" title="Aboa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aboa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82" title="तुर्कू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88" title="توركو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="တားကူးမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တားကူးမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="トゥルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85bo" title="Åbo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åbo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85bo" title="Åbo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Åbo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ترکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85bo" title="Åbo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Åbo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8" title="ตุรกุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตุรกุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ترکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turu" title="Turu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Turu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93" title="图尔库 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图尔库" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%8F%A4" title="杜古 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="杜古" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E5%BA%AB" title="圖爾庫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圖爾庫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turku&params=60_27_6_N_22_16_1_E_type:city(205949)_region:FI-19"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">60°27′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">22°16′1″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">60.45167°N 22.26694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">60.45167; 22.26694</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in southwest Finland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the traditional Turkish folk songs, see <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkü">Türkü</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Åbo" and "Aabo" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Abo (disambiguation)">Abo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Southwest Finland, Finland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Turku</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Åbo</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Turun kaupunki</i></span><br /><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Åbo stad</i></span><br /><i>City of Turku</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="border:1;;height:89px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Turku_Cathedral_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/View_from_Turku_Cathedral_tower.jpg/258px-View_from_Turku_Cathedral_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/View_from_Turku_Cathedral_tower.jpg/387px-View_from_Turku_Cathedral_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/View_from_Turku_Cathedral_tower.jpg/516px-View_from_Turku_Cathedral_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3202" data-file-height="1113" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div style="border:1;;height:69px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Turku_Castle.jpg/101px-Turku_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Turku_Castle.jpg/152px-Turku_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Turku_Castle.jpg/202px-Turku_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:58px;max-width:58px"><div style="border:1;;height:69px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexillum_aboense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vexillum_aboense.jpg/56px-Vexillum_aboense.jpg" decoding="async" width="56" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vexillum_aboense.jpg/84px-Vexillum_aboense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vexillum_aboense.jpg/112px-Vexillum_aboense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="1898" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div style="border:1;;height:69px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tall_Ship_Races_Turku_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tall_Ship_Races_Turku_2009.jpg/93px-Tall_Ship_Races_Turku_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tall_Ship_Races_Turku_2009.jpg/140px-Tall_Ship_Races_Turku_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tall_Ship_Races_Turku_2009.jpg/186px-Tall_Ship_Races_Turku_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="2097" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div style="border:1;;height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Julfred_utlyses_Gamla_Stortorget_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Julfred_utlyses_Gamla_Stortorget_2009.jpg/101px-Julfred_utlyses_Gamla_Stortorget_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Julfred_utlyses_Gamla_Stortorget_2009.jpg/152px-Julfred_utlyses_Gamla_Stortorget_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Julfred_utlyses_Gamla_Stortorget_2009.jpg/202px-Julfred_utlyses_Gamla_Stortorget_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:49px;max-width:49px"><div style="border:1;;height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_tuomiokirkko_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Turun_tuomiokirkko_edit.jpg/47px-Turun_tuomiokirkko_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="47" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Turun_tuomiokirkko_edit.jpg/71px-Turun_tuomiokirkko_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Turun_tuomiokirkko_edit.jpg/94px-Turun_tuomiokirkko_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="3537" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div style="border:1;;height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_Medieval_Market,_market_booths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Turku_Medieval_Market%2C_market_booths.jpg/101px-Turku_Medieval_Market%2C_market_booths.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Turku_Medieval_Market%2C_market_booths.jpg/152px-Turku_Medieval_Market%2C_market_booths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Turku_Medieval_Market%2C_market_booths.jpg/202px-Turku_Medieval_Market%2C_market_booths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="border:1;;height:71px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_Aura_River_Summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Turku_Aura_River_Summer.jpg/127px-Turku_Aura_River_Summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Turku_Aura_River_Summer.jpg/191px-Turku_Aura_River_Summer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Turku_Aura_River_Summer.jpg/254px-Turku_Aura_River_Summer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="border:1;;height:71px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_Car-free_zone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Turku_Car-free_zone.jpg/127px-Turku_Car-free_zone.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Turku_Car-free_zone.jpg/191px-Turku_Car-free_zone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Turku_Car-free_zone.jpg/254px-Turku_Car-free_zone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><small><b>Top row</b>: aerial view of Turku from atop <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a><br /><b>2nd row</b>: <a href="/wiki/Turku_Castle" title="Turku Castle">Turku Castle</a>; Flag of Turku; <a href="/wiki/Tall_Ships_Races" title="Tall Ships Races">Tall Ships Races</a> in Turku<br /> <b>3rd row</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a> Balcony of Turku; <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a>; <a href="/wiki/Turku_Medieval_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Turku Medieval Market">Turku Medieval Market</a><br /> <b>Bottom row</b>: summer along the Aura River; view of <a href="/wiki/Yliopistonkatu_(Turku)" title="Yliopistonkatu (Turku)">Yliopistonkatu</a> pedestrian area</small></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku.lippu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Turku"><img alt="Flag of Turku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Turku.lippu.svg/80px-Turku.lippu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Turku.lippu.svg/120px-Turku.lippu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Turku.lippu.svg/160px-Turku.lippu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="575" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Turku"><img alt="Coat of arms of Turku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg/48px-Turku.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg/72px-Turku.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg/96px-Turku.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="831" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Turku" title="Coat of arms of Turku">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Paris of Finland,<sup id="cite_ref-timeout_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paulig_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulig-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kissmyturku_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kissmyturku-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food Capital of Finland</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Turku in Finland"><img alt="Location of Turku in Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg/250px-Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg/375px-Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg/500px-Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2950" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Turku in Finland</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_acb780cca07e0142873e7a269a5dad94df021141"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Turku&revid=1259202484&groups=_acb780cca07e0142873e7a269a5dad94df021141" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Turku&revid=1259202484&groups=_acb780cca07e0142873e7a269a5dad94df021141 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map outlining Turku.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turku&params=60_27_6_N_22_16_1_E_type:city(205949)_region:FI-19"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">60°27′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">22°16′1″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">60.45167°N 22.26694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">60.45167; 22.26694</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sub-regions_of_Finland" title="Sub-regions of Finland">Sub-region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turku_sub-region" title="Turku sub-region">Turku sub-region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Metropolitan area</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turku_metropolitan_area" title="Turku metropolitan area">Turku metropolitan area</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First historical record</th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1229<sup id="cite_ref-earlyhistory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turku-790_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-790-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First possible appearance on map</th><td class="infobox-data">1154<sup id="cite_ref-earlyhistory_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital city</th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 1809 – 8 April 1812<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minna_Arve" title="Minna Arve">Minna Arve</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">306.36 km<sup>2</sup> (118.29 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">245.63 km<sup>2</sup> (94.84 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">60.7 km<sup>2</sup> (23.4 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,185.24 km<sup>2</sup> (457.62 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Finland" title="List of municipalities of Finland">247th largest</a> in Finland</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024-10-31)<sup id="cite_ref-population_count_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_count-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">205,949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Finland" title="List of municipalities of Finland">6th largest</a> in Finland</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">838.45/km<sup>2</sup> (2,171.6/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">315,227</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Population by native language</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-population_by_language_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_by_language-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="7,001,792,656,405,582,000♠" style="display:none"></span>79.3% (official)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="7,000,543,982,800,216,000♠" style="display:none"></span>5.4% (official)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Others</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="7,001,152,885,868,138,000♠" style="display:none"></span>15.3%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">Population by age</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-demography_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demography-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • 0 to 14</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="7,001,125,715,696,715,000♠" style="display:none"></span>12.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • 15 to 64</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="7,001,665,195,405,137,000♠" style="display:none"></span>66.5%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • 65 or older</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="7,001,209,088,898,148,000♠" style="display:none"></span>20.9%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">20000–20960</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/en">turku.fi</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Turku</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TOOR</span>-koo</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Finnish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈturku]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8a\/Fi-Turku.ogg\/Fi-Turku.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fi-Turku.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Fi-Turku.ogg/Fi-Turku.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fi-Turku.ogg" title="File:Fi-Turku.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Åbo</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Finland Swedish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-FI-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈoːbu]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1e\/%C3%85bo.ogg\/%C3%85bo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c5bo.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/%C3%85bo.ogg/%C3%85bo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%85bo.ogg" title="File:Åbo.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a city in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and the regional capital of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a>. It is located on the southwestern coast of the country at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Aura_River_(Finland)" title="Aura River (Finland)">River Aura</a>. The population of Turku is approximately 206,000, while the <a href="/wiki/Turku_metropolitan_area" title="Turku metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> has a population of approximately 315,000. It is the 6th most populous <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">municipality</a> in Finland, and the third most populous <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Finland_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Finland by population">urban area</a> in the country after <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_metropolitan_area" title="Helsinki metropolitan area">Helsinki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampere_metropolitan_area" title="Tampere metropolitan area">Tampere</a>. </p><p>Turku is Finland's oldest city.<sup id="cite_ref-timeout_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known when Turku was granted <a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">city status</a>. Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a> first mentioned the town of <i>Aboa</i> in his <i>Bulla</i> in 1229, and this year is now used as the founding year of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyhistory_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turku-790_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-790-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finland-portrait-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turku was the most important city in the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Kingdom of Sweden</a> (today's Finland). After the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a>, Finland became an <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">autonomous Grand Duchy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1809, and Turku became the capital of the Grand Duchy. However, Turku lost its status as capital only three years later in 1812,<sup id="cite_ref-timeout_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> decided to move the capital to <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>. It was only after the last <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Turku" title="Great Fire of Turku">great fire in 1827</a> that most government institutions were moved to Helsinki along with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku" title="Royal Academy of Turku">Royal Academy of Turku</a>, founded in 1640, which later became the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a>, thus consolidating Helsinki's position as the new capital. Turku was Finland's most populous city until the late 1840s and remains the regional capital, an important business and cultural centre, and a port. </p><p>Due to its long <a href="/wiki/History_of_Turku" title="History of Turku">history</a>, Turku has been the site of many important events and, as a former capital, has had a major influence on <a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finnish history</a>. Together with <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, Turku has been named <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> for 2011. In 1996, the city of Turku was declared the "Christmas City" of Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turku has also been officially declared the Food Capital of Finland,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is home to some of Finland's oldest and highest quality restaurants, as well as a historically famous <a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">fish market</a> held twice a year.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turku's <a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">canteen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">café</a> culture has often been compared to <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French food culture</a>, which is why Turku is also known as the "Paris of Finland",<sup id="cite_ref-timeout_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paulig_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulig-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kissmyturku_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kissmyturku-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence the Swedish saying: <i>"Varför Paris, vi har ju Åbo!"</i> ("Why Paris, we have Turku!").<sup id="cite_ref-paulig_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulig-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turku is a <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> municipality with <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> as its official languages. The population consists of <span data-sort-value="7,001,792,656,405,582,000♠" style="display:none"></span>79% Finnish speakers, <span data-sort-value="7,000,543,982,800,216,000♠" style="display:none"></span>5% Swedish speakers, and <span data-sort-value="7,001,152,885,868,138,000♠" style="display:none"></span>15% speakers of other languages, which is well above the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population_by_language_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_by_language-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its location, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Turku" title="Port of Turku">Port of Turku</a> is an important commercial and passenger <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a>, with over three million passengers travelling to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a> each year.<sup id="cite_ref-turku_stats_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku_stats-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymology"><span class="anchor" id="Names_and_etymology"></span>Names and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Turku_in_different_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Turku in different languages">Names of Turku in different languages</a></div> <p>The Finnish name <i>Turku</i> originates from Swedish and Russian. The first information about the word <i>tori</i> dates back to the 16th century and was borrowed from Sweden (cf. <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">torg</i>, "market"). In Sweden, the word is not original, but borrowed from an <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> word, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A#Old_East_Slavic" class="extiw" title="wikt:търгъ">tǔrgǔ</a></i>, which in modern Russian means <a href="/wiki/Market_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Market place">market place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haggling" class="mw-redirect" title="Haggling">haggling</a> or trading. However, the old Russian word also passed directly into the Finnish language and took the form <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turku#Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:turku">turku</a></i>. Today the word is only used in <a href="/wiki/Idioms" class="mw-redirect" title="Idioms">idioms</a>, but already in the Middle Ages the word gradually came to mean the town name Turku.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swedish name <i>Åbo</i> may be a simple combination of <i>å</i> ("river; creek; large stream") and <i>bo</i> ("dwelling"). There is however an old legal term called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85bor%C3%A4tt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Åborätt (page does not exist)">åborätt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%A5bor%C3%A4tt" class="extiw" title="sv:åborätt">sv</a>]</span>" (meaning roughly "right to live at"), which gave citizens (called "åbo") the inheritable right to live at land owned by the crown (<i>å</i> meant <i>at</i> or <i>on</i> in old Swedish, now <i>på</i>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_noun_cases" title="Finnish noun cases">genitive</a> of <i>Turku</i> is <i><b>Turun</b></i>, meaning "of Turku". The Finnish names of organizations and institutes of Turku often begin with this word, as in <i>Turun yliopisto</i> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">University of Turku</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Turku" title="History of Turku">History of Turku</a></div> <p>Turku has a long history as <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>'s largest city and occasionally as the administrative center of the country, but for the last two hundred years has been surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>. The city's identity stems from its status as the oldest city in Finland<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the country's first capital.<sup id="cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finland-portrait-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the word "Finland" referred only to the area around Turku (hence the title, "<a href="/wiki/Finland_Proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland Proper">Finland Proper</a>" for the region). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Settlement in the Turku area is relatively recent, as the Southwestern Finland remained below sea level for an extended period due to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a>. Due to <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a>, the Turku region transformed from an outlying <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> to a shoreline during 3000-2000 BCE. The area was densely populated during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> as it was the most important agricultural region in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Lahtinen2015_9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahtinen2015_9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient cemeteries dating from 550 to 1150 have been discovered in the region. Some cemeteries were utilized during the initial migratory phase, while some were solely utilized during the Viking Age, and others were established in the 12th century. There are also remains of houses and villages and old forts from the late Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to legend, the English <a href="/wiki/Henry_(bishop_of_Finland)" title="Henry (bishop of Finland)">bishop Henry</a> baptised the first Finns into Christianity in 1150. However, the first Christian graves date from the 10th and 11th centuries, and the first archaeological evidence of a church dates from the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lahtinen2015_11_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahtinen2015_11-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 11th century, the Turku region began to develop as a port.<sup id="cite_ref-Lahtinen2015_9_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahtinen2015_9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known road, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meen_H%C3%A4rk%C3%A4tie" title="Hämeen Härkätie">Hämeen härkätie</a>, connected to region and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Castle_of_Lieto" title="Old Castle of Lieto">Old Castle of Lieto</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)" title="Tavastia (historical province)">Tavastia</a> in the 9th century at the latest.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early literary sources such as <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Al-Idrisi's world map from 1154</a> mentions Turku.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyhistory_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish_era">Swedish era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Swedish era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg/170px-Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg/255px-Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg/340px-Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a>, 1814, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Turku" title="Great Fire of Turku">Great Fire</a> in 1827</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the permission granted by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> on 23 January 1229,<sup id="cite_ref-earlyhistory_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the episcopal seat was moved from <a href="/wiki/Nousiainen" title="Nousiainen">Nousiainen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Koroinen" title="Koroinen">Koroinen</a>, which is located near the current center of Turku.<sup id="cite_ref-turku-790_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-790-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is nothing to suggest that the actual city of Turku still existed at this point; however, the city was not founded on uninhabited land, but there were fields and probably also a peasant village.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since no reliable document has survived about the year of the city's founding, it has also been speculated that the city was founded in the 1280s or 1290s by the joint initiative of the king, the bishop, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominican_Convent_of_Saint_Olaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominican Convent of Saint Olaf (page does not exist)">Dominican Convent of Saint Olaf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Olofs_dominikankonvent,_%C3%85bo" class="extiw" title="sv:Sankt Olofs dominikankonvent, Åbo">sv</a>]</span>, which itself was founded in 1249.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a> was <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated</a> in 1300.<sup id="cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finland-portrait-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spicer2012_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Turku was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Turku" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Turku">Bishop of Turku</a> (a title later upgraded to <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Turku" title="Archdiocese of Turku">Archbishop of Turku</a>), covering then the eastern half of the Kingdom of Sweden (most of the present-day Finland) until the 17th century. Even if Turku had no official capital status, it was for a long time the most important city in Finland as part of the trade and shipping of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. In the 14th century, two-thirds of the city's burghers were German, but gradually the proportion of domestic burghers increased.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the ecclesiastical authority, the only <a href="/wiki/Lawspeaker" title="Lawspeaker">lawspeakers</a> in Finland operated in Turku, and from the 15th century to the 16th century, the court exercising the country's highest judicial power, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_Court_of_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land Court of Turku (page does not exist)">Land Court of Turku</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsr%C3%A4tten_i_%C3%85bo" class="extiw" title="sv:Landsrätten i Åbo">sv</a>]</span>, met in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-kuparinen_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuparinen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 16th century, in connection with the disputes of the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a>, the Danes destroyed the city twice, in 1509 under the leadership of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Otte_Rud" title="Otte Rud">Otte Rud</a> and in 1522 under the leadership of Admiral <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Norby" title="Søren Norby">Søren Norby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kuparinen_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuparinen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until <a href="/wiki/Erik_Fleming_(councilor)" title="Erik Fleming (councilor)">Erik Fleming</a>'s troops expelled the Danes from Finland in 1523.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the beginning of peace, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a>, who had just become king, thoroughly got to know different parts of his kingdom, the center of the king's first visit to Finland being Turku Castle, where he lived during his visit.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new king also brought with him the religious <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">reformation</a>, and the first to preach the new doctrine was <a href="/wiki/Petrus_S%C3%A4rkilahti" title="Petrus Särkilahti">Petrus Särkilahti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Särkilahti's student <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a>, who is known as the "father of Finnish literary language", continued the religious reform first as the headmaster of the cathedral school and later as the Bishop of Turku.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duke John (later <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a>), the son of Gustav Vasa, received the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Finland" title="Duke of Finland">Duke of Finland</a> and ruled his territory from Turku Castle before becoming next king of Sweden after his brother, <a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">Eric XIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">War against Sigismund</a>, the city was the site of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Bloodbath" title="Åbo Bloodbath">Åbo Bloodbath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, the 17th century began as more peaceful period for Turku, when the focus was mainly on emphasizing Turku's position as the center of a wide area by establishing numerous new administrative and school institutions. In 1640, the first university in Finland, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku" title="Royal Academy of Turku">Royal Academy of Turku</a>, was founded in Turku by order of <a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Queen Christina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finland-portrait-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project was also supported by Count <a href="/wiki/Per_Brahe_the_Younger" title="Per Brahe the Younger">Per Brahe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_in_the_Swedish_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General in the Swedish Realm">Governor General of Finland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Isaacus_Rothovius" title="Isaacus Rothovius">Isaacus Rothovius</a>, the Bishop of Turku.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turku was also the meeting place for the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Finland">States of Finland</a> in 1676. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg/700px-Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg/1050px-Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg/1400px-Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><i>Inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku" title="Royal Academy of Turku">Academy of Turku</a> in 1640</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Albert Edelfelt</a> from 1902</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_era">Russian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Great_Fire_of_Turku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Great_Fire_of_Turku.jpg/170px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Great_Fire_of_Turku.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Great_Fire_of_Turku.jpg/255px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Great_Fire_of_Turku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Great_Fire_of_Turku.jpg/340px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Great_Fire_of_Turku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Turku" title="Great Fire of Turku">Great Fire of Turku</a></i>, a painting by <a href="/wiki/R._W._Ekman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. W. Ekman">R. W. Ekman</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg/220px-Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg/330px-Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg/440px-Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> photograph of the Nobel House, the first photograph taken in Finland, from 1842</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a>, Sweden ceded Finland to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fredrikshamn" title="Treaty of Fredrikshamn">Treaty of Fredrikshamn</a> in 1809. There was no resistance of any kind in Turku when the Russians marched into the city in October 1809 in connection with the Finnish War. Despite the occupation, life in Turku continued peacefully. The Court of Appeal of Turku continued its session when the Russians arrived, and later in the spring <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Tengstr%C3%B6m" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Tengström">Jacob Tengström</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_Turku" title="List of bishops of Turku">Archbishop of Turku and Finland</a>, and the teaching staff of the Turku Academy swore an oath of loyalty to their new ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turku became briefly the official capital,<sup id="cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finland-portrait-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but soon lost the status to Helsinki, as Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> felt that Turku was too far from Russia and too aligned with Sweden to serve as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>. The change officially took place in 1812. The government offices that remained in Turku were finally moved to the new capital after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Turku" title="Great Fire of Turku">Great Fire of Turku</a>, which destroyed a large portion of the city in 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finland-portrait-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turku-liekki_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-liekki-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fire, a new and safer city plan was drawn up by German architect <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludvig_Engel" title="Carl Ludvig Engel">Carl Ludvig Engel</a>, who had also designed the new capital, Helsinki.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new city plan, based on a regular <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a>, was more spacious and fire-safe than before,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after the reconstruction, Turku was one of the most unified architecture in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-turku-liekki_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-liekki-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turku remained the largest city in Finland for another twenty years. </p><p>In the middle of the 19th century, Turku was, after Helsinki, the most important craft city in Finland, but the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> with <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_machine" title="Electric machine">electric machines</a> was experienced in Turku only around 1900. The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> provided a boost to the city's industry, as the export difficulties affected the <a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">wood industry</a>, which Turku didn't have much of, and it was easy to get much-needed raw materials from neutral Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_independence">After independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurakatu_1910%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aurakatu_1910%27s.jpg/220px-Aurakatu_1910%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aurakatu_1910%27s.jpg/330px-Aurakatu_1910%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aurakatu_1910%27s.jpg/440px-Aurakatu_1910%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Aurakatu area in the 1910s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1918, a new university, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Akademi" class="mw-redirect" title="Åbo Akademi">Åbo Akademi</a> – the only <a href="/wiki/Swedish-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-language">Swedish-language</a> university in Finland – was founded in Turku.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish-language">Finnish-language</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">University of Turku</a> was founded alongside it. These two universities are the second and third to be founded in Finland, both by private donations. </p><p>In the 20th century, Turku was called "Finland's gateway to the West" by historians such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarmo_Virmavirta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarmo Virmavirta (page does not exist)">Jarmo Virmavirta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmo_Virmavirta" class="extiw" title="fi:Jarmo Virmavirta">fi</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city enjoyed good connections with other Western European countries and cities, especially since the 1940s with <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a>. In the 1960s, Turku became the first Western city to sign a <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">twinning</a> agreement with <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, leading to greater inter-cultural exchange and providing a new meaning to the city's 'gateway' function. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a> in Russia, many prominent Soviets came to Turku to study Western business practices, among them <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, then Leningrad's deputy mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_place_turku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Market_place_turku.jpg/220px-Market_place_turku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Market_place_turku.jpg/330px-Market_place_turku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Market_place_turku.jpg/440px-Market_place_turku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3604" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Turku" title="Market Square, Turku">Market Square</a> in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>As for architecture in the city, both the body of architectural styles as well as the prevalent way of living have experienced significant changes in the 20th century. While having survived relatively intact throughout the years of war 1939–1945<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the city faced increasing changes in the 1950s and 1960s due to rising demands for apartments, the eagerness to rebuild, and most of all the new development of infrastructure (especially increased automobile traffic). The wooden one- to two-story houses that were the dominant mode of building in the city were mostly demolished in the 1950s and 1960s to both enable more efficient building and to ease vehicle traffic. This resulted in the destruction of buildings that were, in later decades, seen as beautiful and worth saving. Some individual buildings remain controversial to this day when it comes to their demolition in the decades after the war. For example, the building of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Phoenix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotel Phoenix (page does not exist)">Hotel Phoenix</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotelli_Phoenix" class="extiw" title="fi:Hotelli Phoenix">fi</a>]</span> that stood on corner of the <a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Turku" title="Market Square, Turku">Market Square</a> was torn down to make way for a large, multistory apartment building in 1959. The building was significant both for its location and history: having stood on one of the most valuable lots in the city center since 1878, the building had, for example, served as the first main building of the University of Turku. Other buildings whose demolition was seen as scandalous, either already at the time of action or proved to be so in later years, include <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Nobel_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Nobel House (page does not exist)">The Nobel House</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelin_talo" class="extiw" title="fi:Nobelin talo">fi</a>]</span> (subject of the very first photograph ever taken in Finland) and the building of <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_B%C3%B6rs_(hotel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburger Börs (hotel)">Old Hotel Börs</a> which was built in jugendstil in 1909 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frithiof_Strandell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frithiof Strandell (page does not exist)">Frithiof Strandell</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frithiof_Strandell" class="extiw" title="fi:Frithiof Strandell">fi</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Situated at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Aura_River_(Finland)" title="Aura River (Finland)">Aura River</a> in the south-western corner of Finland, Turku covers an area of 245 square kilometres (95 sq mi) on both banks of the river. The eastern side, where <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a> is located, is the older and original centre. It is popularly known as <i>täl pual jokke</i> ("this side of the river"). The western side, where <a href="/wiki/Turku_Castle" title="Turku Castle">Turku Castle</a> is located, is the newer part. It is called <i>tois pual jokke</i> ("the other side of the river").<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, both banks of the Aura River are equally the <a href="/wiki/City_Centre,_Turku" title="City Centre, Turku">centre of the city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are ten bridges over the Aura river in Turku. The oldest of the current bridges is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auransilta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auransilta (page does not exist)">Auransilta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auransilta" class="extiw" title="fi:Auransilta">fi</a>]</span>, which was constructed in 1904. The newest bridge is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirjastosilta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirjastosilta (page does not exist)">Kirjastosilta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjastosilta" class="extiw" title="fi:Kirjastosilta">fi</a>]</span> ('library bridge'), a pedestrian-only bridge built in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6ri" title="Föri">Föri</a></i>, a small ferry that transports pedestrians and bicycles across the river without payment, is a well known feature of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_subdivisions">Administrative subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Administrative subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Turku" title="Wards of Turku">Wards of Turku</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A5larminkatu-Mestarinkatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/St%C3%A5larminkatu-Mestarinkatu.jpg/220px-St%C3%A5larminkatu-Mestarinkatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/St%C3%A5larminkatu-Mestarinkatu.jpg/330px-St%C3%A5larminkatu-Mestarinkatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/St%C3%A5larminkatu-Mestarinkatu.jpg/440px-St%C3%A5larminkatu-Mestarinkatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IV_District,_Turku" title="IV District, Turku">IV District</a>, or Martti, is one of the smallest but most densely populated districts of Turku</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is divided into 78 districts and nine <a href="/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)">wards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These do not operate as units of local government. However, some social programmes are district-based, especially in the eastern part of the city, where unemployment is high in some areas. The largest populated districts are <a href="/wiki/Varissuo" title="Varissuo">Varissuo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runosm%C3%A4ki" title="Runosmäki">Runosmäki</a>. By area, <a href="/wiki/Kakskerta" title="Kakskerta">Kakskerta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paattinen" title="Paattinen">Paattinen</a> are the largest districts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As many of the small neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">municipalities</a> from the north and south of the city were annexed during the mid-20th century, Turku is today shaped like an elongated pear. The city centre and most of the suburban areas lie in the middle, separated from the less densely populated northern rural areas by the Turku <a href="/wiki/Bypass_(road)" title="Bypass (road)">bypass</a>, that forms part of <a href="/wiki/European_route_E18" title="European route E18">European route E18</a>. Islands such as <a href="/wiki/Ruissalo" title="Ruissalo">Ruissalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirvensalo" title="Hirvensalo">Hirvensalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kakskerta" title="Kakskerta">Kakskerta</a>, forming the southern part of the city, are also sparsely populated and mostly contain summer residences, with the exception of some districts in Hirvensalo which are currently growing into <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">upper-middle-class</a> suburbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumn_in_Turku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Autumn_in_Turku.jpg/220px-Autumn_in_Turku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Autumn_in_Turku.jpg/330px-Autumn_in_Turku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Autumn_in_Turku.jpg/440px-Autumn_in_Turku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Area of <a href="/wiki/Turku_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Turku cathedral">Turku cathedral</a> in autumn</figcaption></figure> <p>Situated by the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and sheltered by the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a>, Turku has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Dfb</i>). Like much of southern Finland, the city experiences warm summers, with temperatures ranging up to 30 °C (86 °F), and relatively cold winters with frequent snowfall. The warmest month of the year is July, with an average temperature of 17.5 °C (64 °F), whereas the coldest month is February. The average year-round temperature is around 6.0 °C (43 °F). Winter usually starts in early December, and spring in late March. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> in Turku averages 720 mm (28.3 in) a year. The rainiest month of the year is August, when the city receives on average 80 mm (3.1 in) of rainfall. In April, the driest month of the year, the figure is only 32 mm (1.3 in). The average <a href="/wiki/Air_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pressure">air pressure</a> at sea level is 101.2 kilopascals (29.9 inHg), with little variance throughout the year. </p><p>Operational since 1955, the city's <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather station</a> is located at an altitude of 47 metres (154 feet) at <a href="/wiki/Turku_Airport" title="Turku Airport">Turku Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weather in the city itself is affected by the proximity of the sea, so the wintertime temperatures are often milder than those measured at the airport. The moderating impact of the sea helps oak maple and ash trees, which are quite rare elsewhere in Finland, to thrive by the areas along the shoreline and in the archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Turku Airport (elevation 47 m) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1900–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7<br />(23.5) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9<br />(30.4) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1<br />(24.6) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.5<br />(−31.9) </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.2<br />(−31.4) </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.8<br />(−27.0) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.0<br />(−5.8) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.0<br />(5.0) </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.3<br />(−8.1) </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.8<br />(−28.8) </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−35.5<br />(−31.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">684<br />(27.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">113 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #494949; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #969696; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">284 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">276 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">287 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">230 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #474747; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #313131; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,839 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Climatological statistics for the normal period 1991–2020<sup id="cite_ref-fmi.fi_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmi.fi-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:65%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Turku Artukainen (elevation 8 m) averages and records 2003–2023, precipitation 2003–2005 Turku Airport, since 2006 Artukainen, sunshine 1991–2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5<br />(25.7) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4<br />(24.1) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.3<br />(−0.9) </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.2<br />(4.6) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.6<br />(7.5) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5<br />(18.5) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8<br />(9.0) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18.3<br />(−0.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.4<br />(−13.7) </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.4<br />(−13.7) </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.4<br />(−4.7) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.9<br />(14.2) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.6<br />(9.3) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.6<br />(−1.5) </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.4<br />(−10.1) </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−25.4<br />(−13.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">664<br />(26.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">115 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #494949; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #868686; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF26; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">284 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">283 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">293 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">239 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0A0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #404040; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #2B2B2B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,861 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Finnish Meteorological Institute<sup id="cite_ref-fmi_open_data_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmi_open_data-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/1991-2020-auringonpaiste-ja-sateilytilastot">https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/1991-2020-auringonpaiste-ja-sateilytilastot</a> <p><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Turku has 205,949 inhabitants, making it the 6th most populous municipality in Finland. The <a href="/wiki/Turku_metropolitan_area" title="Turku metropolitan area">Turku metropolitan area</a> has a population of 315,227, and the larger <a href="/wiki/Turku_sub-region" title="Turku sub-region">Turku sub-region</a> has a population of 351,200. This is making it the third largest region in Finland after <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_metropolitan_area" title="Helsinki metropolitan area">Helsinki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampere_sub-region" title="Tampere sub-region">Tampere</a>. Turku is home to 4% of Finland's population. 15.6 per cent of the population has a foreign background, which is almost twice as high as the national average. However, it is lower than in the major Finnish cities of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's population density is 794.4 inhabitants per square kilometre. The median age in the city is 42.1, lower than the national average of 43.6. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Population size 1980–2020<sup id="cite_ref-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Year </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 47em">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1980 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:38.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">163,933</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1985 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:38.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">162,379</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1990 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:37.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">159,180</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1995 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:38.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">164,744</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2000 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:40.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">172,561</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2005 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:41.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">174,868</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2010 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:41.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">177,326</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:43.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">185,908</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2020 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:45.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">194,391</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#C5C5C5; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 169.0907655785px; border-left-color:#4189DD"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#4189DD"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#4189DD"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 149.15285830502px; border-left-color:#009A3D"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#009A3D"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#009A3D"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 127.26004669635px; border-left-color:#E41E20"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E41E20"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E41E20"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 109.20735798549px; border-left-color:#165D31"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#165D31"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#165D31"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 88.161859236319px; border-left-color:#D52B1E"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#D52B1E"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#D52B1E"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 69.812873103712px; border-left-color:#FFCD00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FFCD00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FFCD00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 27.694866830911px; border-left-color:#002F6C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#002F6C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#002F6C"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Population by mother tongue (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#002F6C; color:white;"> </span> Finnish (79.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCD00; color:black;"> </span> Swedish (5.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D52B1E; color:white;"> </span> Russian (1.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#165D31; color:white;"> </span> Arabic (1.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E41E20; color:white;"> </span> Albanian (1.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009A3D; color:black;"> </span> Kurdish (1.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4189DD; color:black;"> </span> Somali (0.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C5C5C5; color:black;"> </span> Other (8.6%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The city of Turku is officially <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>, with both <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> as official languages. As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the majority of the population - 160,008 people or <span data-sort-value="7001792656405582003♠" style="display:none"></span>79.3% - spoke Finnish as their first language. There are 10,981 <a href="/wiki/Swedo-Finnish" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedo-Finnish">Swedish speakers</a> in Turku, or <span data-sort-value="7000543982800215988♠" style="display:none"></span>5.4% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon. <span data-sort-value="7,001,152,885,868,138,000♠" style="display:none"></span>15.3% of the population of Turku have a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> other than Finnish or Swedish.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than a hundred different languages are spoken as mother tongues in Turku, and citizens from more than 130 countries live in the city. The people of Turku also represent all major religions. The most commonly spoken foreign languages are Russian (1.8%), <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (1.7%), <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (1.2%), <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> (1.2%) and <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> (0.9%).<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3"><b>Population by country of birth (2022)</b><sup id="cite_ref-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>173,263</td> <td>87.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>2,502</td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>2,300</td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td>1,618</td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>1,244</td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></td> <td>1,225</td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>1,164</td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td>985</td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>624</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>551</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>547</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td>12,188</td> <td>5.9 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 31,589 people with a migrant background living in Turku, or 15.6% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 28,002 residents who were born abroad, or 13.9% of the population. The number of foreign citizens in Turku was 19,062.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stat-finland-population-2022_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat-finland-population-2022-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relative share of immigrants in Turku's population is well above the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years. </p><p>Most foreign-born citizens came from the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, Sweden, and the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church</a> was the largest religious group with 56.3% of the population of Turku. Other religious groups accounted for 3.3% of the population. 40.4% of the population had no religious affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg/220px-Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg/330px-Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg/440px-Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MS_Oasis_of_the_Seas" class="mw-redirect" title="MS Oasis of the Seas">MS <i>Oasis of the Seas</i></a>, formerly the world's largest passenger ship, was built in Turku</figcaption></figure> <p>The Turku region boasts 22,000 enterprises, two universities and four polytechnics. The city has also business branches with local expertise in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">maritime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Life science">life sciences</a>, information technology, entertainment, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> industries.<sup id="cite_ref-turku-region-yleisesite_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-region-yleisesite-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's economic hub revolves around the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Turku" title="Port of Turku">Port of Turku</a> and other service-oriented sectors. The dockyard of <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Turku" title="Meyer Turku">Meyer Turku</a> and the maritime business cluster reign as the leading industrial employer in the area. The city also boasts a high-tech centre in the <a href="/wiki/Turku_Science_Park" title="Turku Science Park">Turku Science Park</a> area, with a growing role in the information technology and biotechnology industries in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turku region hosts the business service centre <i>Potkuri</i> and the start-up community <i>SparkUp</i>. In addition, the <i>West Finland Film Commission</i> works to promote favourable operating conditions for companies in the AV industry and for the production of films and TV series in the Turku region. <i>Turku Future Technologies</i> is a development centre and research and innovation network supported by eight Finnish universities. <i>Smart Chemistry Park</i> is a collaborative platform and network for the bio- and circular economy as well as the chemical industry in <a href="/wiki/Raisio" title="Raisio">Raisio</a>. Meanwhile, <i>Blue Industry Park</i> is a growing cluster for maritime and manufacturing industries.<sup id="cite_ref-turku-region-yleisesite_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-region-yleisesite-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least the following major Finnish companies have their corporate headquarters in Turku: <a href="/wiki/HKScan" title="HKScan">HKScan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesburger" title="Hesburger">Hesburger</a>. Other major companies which have operations in Turku include <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fl%C3%A4kt_Woods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fläkt Woods (page does not exist)">Fläkt Woods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Werft" title="Meyer Werft">Meyer Werft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orion_Corporation_(pharmaceutical_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion Corporation (pharmaceutical company)">Orion Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4rtsil%C3%A4" title="Wärtsilä">Wärtsilä</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_medieval_festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Turku_medieval_festival.jpg/220px-Turku_medieval_festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Turku_medieval_festival.jpg/330px-Turku_medieval_festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Turku_medieval_festival.jpg/440px-Turku_medieval_festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Market_of_Turku" title="Medieval Market of Turku">Medieval Market of Turku</a> in summer 2006</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Cultural venues</a> in Turku include several museums, theatres, cinemas, <a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">art galleries</a>, and music. Turku offers a variety of cultural events. The most important one is the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a> on 24 December in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Square_(Turku)" title="Old Great Square (Turku)">Old Great Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-christmas-peace-turku_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christmas-peace-turku-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition is about 700 years old. Other notable events include the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Market_of_Turku" title="Medieval Market of Turku">Medieval Market</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turku_music_festival" title="Turku music festival">Music Festival</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku_Book_Fair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turku Book Fair (page does not exist)">Book Fair</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku_Film_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turku Film Day (page does not exist)">Film Day</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku_Animated_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turku Animated Film Festival (page does not exist)">Animated Film Festival</a> TAFF, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku_Jazz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turku Jazz (page does not exist)">Jazz Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi_Games" title="Paavo Nurmi Games">Paavo Nurmi Games</a> of athletics, the <a href="/wiki/Ruisrock" title="Ruisrock">Ruisrock</a> rock festival, the <a href="/wiki/Down_by_the_Laituri" title="Down by the Laituri">Down by the Laituri</a> music festival and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Performance_Turku_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Performance Turku Biennale (page does not exist)">New Performance Turku Biennale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-turku-tapahtumvuosi-turku_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-tapahtumvuosi-turku-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turku was the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the city council has approved numerous projects to boost the city's image in preparation for that status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_buildings">Medieval buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Medieval buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_tuomiokirkon_Kellotaulu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Turun_tuomiokirkon_Kellotaulu.jpg/220px-Turun_tuomiokirkon_Kellotaulu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Turun_tuomiokirkon_Kellotaulu.jpg/330px-Turun_tuomiokirkon_Kellotaulu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Turun_tuomiokirkon_Kellotaulu.jpg/440px-Turun_tuomiokirkon_Kellotaulu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Medieval <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a> clock face</figcaption></figure> <p>According to archaeological evidence, Turku started to get built in the late 13th Century.<sup id="cite_ref-keskiaikainen-turku-yle_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keskiaikainen-turku-yle-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only a few of its medieval buildings have survived to the present day. The primary factor was the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Turku" title="Great Fire of Turku">Great Fire</a> in 1827, which decimated three quarters of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-turku-paloi-poroksi-yle_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-paloi-poroksi-yle-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a>, constructed in the 13th century, is one of the oldest still-functioning buildings. It is also Finland's only medieval basilica church.<sup id="cite_ref-turun-tuomiokirkko-1800-luku_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turun-tuomiokirkko-1800-luku-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another surviving edifice from the medieval era is <a href="/wiki/Turku_Castle" title="Turku Castle">Turku Castle</a>, which was established in the 1280s and underwent several expansions in the 15th century. Only the ruins remain of the bishop's church in Koroistenniemi, <a href="/wiki/Koroinen" title="Koroinen">Koroinen</a>, but the white cross serves as a reminder of the bishop's castle that existed centuries ago. <a href="/wiki/Qwensel_House" title="Qwensel House">Qwensel House</a>, the oldest wooden house in Turku dating back to the 18th century, has been converted into a museum. No other medieval buildings have survived to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-history-of-the-qwensel-house-turku_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-of-the-qwensel-house-turku-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurajoki,_Apteekkimuseo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Aurajoki%2C_Apteekkimuseo.jpg/220px-Aurajoki%2C_Apteekkimuseo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Aurajoki%2C_Apteekkimuseo.jpg/330px-Aurajoki%2C_Apteekkimuseo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Aurajoki%2C_Apteekkimuseo.jpg/440px-Aurajoki%2C_Apteekkimuseo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Qwensel House (left) and the old town hall. A small ferry runs in the river.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of Turku's museums are situated beside the <a href="/wiki/Aura_River_(Finland)" title="Aura River (Finland)">Aura River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Turku_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Turku Art Museum">Turku Art Museum</a> is housed in a granite castle, with exhibits of both classical and contemporary art. Turku Cathedral and its museum, located on the banks of the Aura River, provide information about the history and artifacts of the church. Adjacent to the cathedral, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ett_Hem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ett Hem (page does not exist)">Ett Hem</a>, a 19th-century bourgeois residence, and the <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Museum" title="Sibelius Museum">Sibelius Museum</a>, which displays a collection of musical instruments, can be found. <a href="/wiki/Aboa_Vetus_%26_Ars_Nova" title="Aboa Vetus & Ars Nova">Aboa Vetus & Ars Nova</a> presents a fusion of medieval ruins and modern art. On <a href="/wiki/Vartiovuori" class="mw-redirect" title="Vartiovuori">Vartiovuori</a>, lies the <a href="/wiki/Luostarinm%C3%A4ki" title="Luostarinmäki">Luostarinmäki</a> Craftsman Museum, which represents a wooden housing locality dating back to the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-turku-on-monipuolinen-museokaupunki-museokortti_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-on-monipuolinen-museokaupunki-museokortti-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qwensel_House" title="Qwensel House">Pharmacy Museum and Qwensel House</a> hold the distinction of being Turku's earliest wooden abode, offering a glimpse into the bourgeois life of the 18th century and a 19th-century drugstore. The <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Aaltonen_Museum_of_Art" title="Wäinö Aaltonen Museum of Art">contemporary art museum, WAM</a>, is named after Turku's sculptor, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Aaltonen" title="Wäinö Aaltonen">Wäinö Aaltonen</a>. Additionally, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_Museum_of_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biological Museum of Turku (page does not exist)">Biological Museum</a> serves as a diorama museum covering Finnish wildlife and fauna. <a href="/wiki/Forum_Marinum" title="Forum Marinum">Forum Marinum</a> is a maritime museum of exhibits and museum vessels, including the frigate <i><a href="/wiki/Suomen_Joutsen" title="Suomen Joutsen">Suomen Joutsen</a></i> and the last commercial steam ship in Scandinavia <i><a href="/wiki/MS_Bore" title="MS Bore">MS Bore</a></i>. Turku Castle is an attraction with over 700 years of history.<sup id="cite_ref-turku-on-monipuolinen-museokaupunki-museokortti_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-on-monipuolinen-museokaupunki-museokortti-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatres">Theatres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Theatres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_City_Theatre_2022-05-15_d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Turku_City_Theatre_2022-05-15_d.jpg/220px-Turku_City_Theatre_2022-05-15_d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Turku_City_Theatre_2022-05-15_d.jpg/330px-Turku_City_Theatre_2022-05-15_d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Turku_City_Theatre_2022-05-15_d.jpg/440px-Turku_City_Theatre_2022-05-15_d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4987" data-file-height="2805" /></a><figcaption>Turku City Theatre</figcaption></figure> <p>There are half a dozen theatres situated in Turku, with the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Turku_City_Theatre" title="Turku City Theatre">Turku City Theatre</a>. Located in the city centre on the banks of the River Aura, it offers a varied programme of classical and contemporary drama. Other theatres in Turku include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnateatteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linnateatteri (page does not exist)">Linnateatteri</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnateatteri" class="extiw" title="fi:Linnateatteri">fi</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Svenska_Teater" title="Åbo Svenska Teater">Åbo Svenska Teater</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TEHDAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TEHDAS (page does not exist)">TEHDAS</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turun_Nuori_Teatteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turun Nuori Teatteri (page does not exist)">Turun Nuori Teatteri</a>, in addition to smaller establishments such as the puppet theatre, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aura_of_Puppets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aura of Puppets (page does not exist)">Aura of Puppets</a>, and the summer theatres, Samppalinna and Vartiovuori.<sup id="cite_ref-turku-teatteri_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-teatteri-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turku is a music hub that provides a variety of musical experiences. The <a href="/wiki/Turku_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Turku Philharmonic Orchestra">Turku Philharmonic Orchestra</a> is the oldest ensemble in Finland, tracing its origins to the establishment of the <i>Turun Soitannollinen Seura</i> in 1790. The orchestra has a reputation for its classical repertoire and frequently conducts concerts throughout Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-turku-musiikki_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-musiikki-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turku boasts a selection of music festivals, catering to diverse tastes and moods. The longest running rock festival in Finland, <a href="/wiki/Ruisrock" title="Ruisrock">Ruisrock</a>, is held on the island of Ruissalo. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aura_Fest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aura Fest (page does not exist)">Aura Fest</a> is a new city-based festival, set to debut in the summer of 2022. <a href="/wiki/Down_by_the_Laituri" title="Down by the Laituri">DBTL</a> is another city festival, situated along the banks of the Aura River. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku_Jazz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turku Jazz (page does not exist)">Turku Jazz</a> is an annual festival in July. August sees the <a href="/wiki/Turku_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Turku Music Festival">Turku Music Festival</a>, dedicated to classical music.<sup id="cite_ref-turku-musiikki_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku-musiikki-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_and_city_rivalry">Association and city rivalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Association and city rivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Finnish people associate Turku with its "old and historic" charm.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Established in 1957, <i>Turkuseura-Åbosamfundet ry</i> is a bilingual, politically neutral historical society with 2,200 members. Its main focus is to cherish Turku's culture and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finnish_dialects" title="Southwest Finnish dialects">dialect</a>, and to preserve local history and traditions. The society strives to promote and enhance Turku's positive image.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turku and <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a> are two cities in Finland that exhibit a cordial rivalry through humorous banter.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humorous topics include Tampere's traditional dish, <i><a href="/wiki/Mustamakkara" title="Mustamakkara">mustamakkara</a></i>, Turku's Aura River, and distinct regional accents. Both cities boast excellent culinary scenes, which attract food lovers. Since 1997, students from Tampere have annually visited Turku to participate in the custom of leaping on the market square. This lively event is thought to nudge the city towards the Baltic Sea and counteract <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">post-glacial rebound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-everwas_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-everwas-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paavo_Nurmi_Marathon,_2007,_Aurakatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Paavo_Nurmi_Marathon%2C_2007%2C_Aurakatu.jpg/220px-Paavo_Nurmi_Marathon%2C_2007%2C_Aurakatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Paavo_Nurmi_Marathon%2C_2007%2C_Aurakatu.jpg/330px-Paavo_Nurmi_Marathon%2C_2007%2C_Aurakatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Paavo_Nurmi_Marathon%2C_2007%2C_Aurakatu.jpg/440px-Paavo_Nurmi_Marathon%2C_2007%2C_Aurakatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi_Marathon_(Turku)" title="Paavo Nurmi Marathon (Turku)">Paavo Nurmi Marathon</a> is run every summer</figcaption></figure> <p>Turku has two major football teams: <a href="/wiki/FC_Inter_Turku" title="FC Inter Turku">FC Inter</a>, playing in the top national league, <i><a href="/wiki/Veikkausliiga" title="Veikkausliiga">Veikkausliiga</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Turun_Palloseura" title="Turun Palloseura">TPS</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Ykk%C3%B6nen" title="Ykkönen">Ykkönen</a></i>, one level below. Both teams are based at <a href="/wiki/Veritas_Stadion" title="Veritas Stadion">Veritas Stadion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kupittaa" title="Kupittaa">Kupittaa</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/HC_TPS" title="HC TPS">HC TPS</a> is an ice hockey team that competes in the top level, <i><a href="/wiki/SM-liiga" class="mw-redirect" title="SM-liiga">SM-liiga</a></i>, and has secured 11 national championships. They play their games at <a href="/wiki/Gatorade_Center" title="Gatorade Center">Gatorade Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Artukainen" title="Artukainen">Artukainen</a>. </p><p>The city also hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi_Marathon_(Turku)" title="Paavo Nurmi Marathon (Turku)">Paavo Nurmi Marathon</a>, named after the legendary Turku-born runner <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi" title="Paavo Nurmi">Paavo Nurmi</a>. </p><p>Turku is home to the <a href="/wiki/Eagles_RFC" title="Eagles RFC">Eagles Rugby Football Club</a>, a division champion affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Suomen_Rugbyliitto" class="mw-redirect" title="Suomen Rugbyliitto">Suomen Rugbyliitto</a>, which trains and competes at Impivaara Jalkapallonhalli and Kuppitaanpuisto. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku_Titans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turku Titans (page does not exist)">Turku Titans</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a> club with a rich history, having scored three silver and one gold medals in Finland's national lacrosse league.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Titans' women's team has also achieved success. Furthermore, the city hosted the FIL U19 2012 <a href="/wiki/World_Lacrosse_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Lacrosse Championships">World Lacrosse Championships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnish tennis player <a href="/wiki/Jarkko_Nieminen" title="Jarkko Nieminen">Jarkko Nieminen</a>, from the nearby county of <a href="/wiki/Masku" title="Masku">Masku</a>, is among the most accomplished players in Finland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_hovioikeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Turun_hovioikeus.jpg/220px-Turun_hovioikeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Turun_hovioikeus.jpg/330px-Turun_hovioikeus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Turun_hovioikeus.jpg/440px-Turun_hovioikeus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku_Court_of_Appeal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turku Court of Appeal (page does not exist)">Court of Appeal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turun_hovioikeus" class="extiw" title="fi:Turun hovioikeus">fi</a>]</span> and Academy House of Turku</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_kaupungintalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Turun_kaupungintalo.jpg/220px-Turun_kaupungintalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Turun_kaupungintalo.jpg/330px-Turun_kaupungintalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Turun_kaupungintalo.jpg/440px-Turun_kaupungintalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="1839" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turku_City_Hall" title="Turku City Hall">Turku City Hall</a>, on the west side of the Aura River</figcaption></figure> <p>Being both a <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">regional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">provincial</a> capital, Turku is an important administrative centre, hosting the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Turku" title="Archdiocese of Turku">Archbishop of Finland</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">Court of Appeal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minna_Arve" title="Minna Arve">Minna Arve</a> has been the mayor of Turku since 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since August 2021 her role as the mayor has been an elected office instead of a hired position.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> of Turku has 67 seats. Following the <a href="/wiki/2021_Finnish_municipal_elections" title="2021 Finnish municipal elections">2021 municipal election</a>, the council seats are allocated in the following way: National Coalition Party 16 seats, Social Democrats 13, Left Alliance 11, Green League 10, True Finns 9, Centre Party 3, Swedish People's Party 3, Movement Now 1, and Christian Democrats 1.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current chair of the city board is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sini_Ruohonen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sini Ruohonen (page does not exist)">Sini Ruohonen</a> from National Coalition Party. </p><p>Results of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Finnish_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Finnish parliamentary election">2019 Finnish parliamentary election</a> in Turku: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a> 20.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democratic Party</a> 17.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Alliance_(Finland)" title="Left Alliance (Finland)">Left Alliance</a> 16.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="True Finns">True Finns</a> 15.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_League" title="Green League">Green League</a> 13.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish People's Party">Swedish People's Party</a> 5.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Centre Party</a> 4.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_Now" title="Movement Now">Movement Now</a> 1.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Finland)" title="Christian Democrats (Finland)">Christian Democrats</a> 1.6%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Turku" title="Trams in Turku">Trams in Turku</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg/220px-Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg/330px-Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg/440px-Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2234" data-file-height="1645" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotives</a> at <a href="/wiki/Turku_Central_Station" title="Turku Central Station">Turku Central Station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Line_Grace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Viking_Line_Grace.jpg/220px-Viking_Line_Grace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Viking_Line_Grace.jpg/330px-Viking_Line_Grace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Viking_Line_Grace.jpg/440px-Viking_Line_Grace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viking_Line" title="Viking Line">Viking Line</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MS_Viking_Grace" title="MS Viking Grace">M/S Viking Grace</a> in the Turku Archipelago</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_train_station_1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Turku_train_station_1920s.jpg/220px-Turku_train_station_1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Turku_train_station_1920s.jpg/330px-Turku_train_station_1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Turku_train_station_1920s.jpg/440px-Turku_train_station_1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/VR_Class_Hv1" title="VR Class Hv1">VR Class Hv1</a> steam locomotive at Turku railway station in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>For a city of its size, Turku has a moderate public transport network of bus routes, which is comparable to the bus network of similar-sized <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>. The bus network is managed and supervised by the <i>Turku City Region's Public Transport Committee</i> (FÖLI) (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Turun kaupunkiseudun joukkoliikennelautakunta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">kollektivtrafiknämnden för Åbo stadsregion</i>), and is operated mainly by private companies. Bus traffic to and in the neighbouring municipalities of Kaarina, Lieto, Naantali, Raisio and Rusko are also handled by FÖLI. The bus rates are the same when traveling within these municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rail traffic to and from Turku is handled by the Finnish national carrier, <a href="/wiki/VR_(Finnish_railway_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="VR (Finnish railway company)">VR</a>. The number of services has fallen and only the railways towards Tampere and Helsinki are now in use. The railway stations currently used for passenger traffic are the <a href="/wiki/Turku_Central_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Turku Central railway station">Turku Central railway station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pohjola,_Turku" title="Pohjola, Turku">Pohjola</a>, and two smaller stations in <a href="/wiki/Kupittaa" title="Kupittaa">Kupittaa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Turku" title="Port of Turku">Port of Turku</a>. </p><p>There is no local rail traffic at the moment, as the city's popular tram services were discontinued in 1972, and the various local railway lines to neighbouring towns and municipalities were all abolished during the late 20th century. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, there are plans for a <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> system in the Turku region in the near future. According to the current estimate the tramway’s construction will start in 2026 and finish in 2031. The first route will be constructed between Turku Port−City Centre−Varissuo residential area. Route’s estimated length is 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) with 17 stops. <sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first outdoor inclined elevator, the Funicular, is located in Turku. The elevator offers unimpeded access to Kakolanmäki hill where is no other public transport. The Funicular has two stations and travelling time between the stations is approximately one minute. It is possible to hop on and off at both stations and travelling is free of charge. The elevator’s rail is about 130 meters long and height difference between two stations about 30 meters. <sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The State of Finland has announced plans to support <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a> with 30% of full expenses on a new metro rail, the Regional Council of Southwest Finland is going to use this as a test case for a new light rail network in Turku.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turku Bus Station and the Turku Central railway station are currently located in different places. The City of Turku is planning to combine these two in a new greater station complex in the near future. This new travel center will consist of a hotel and several shopping estates. This center will connect all public transportation from commuter trains to long-distance buses. </p><p>Turku's most significant highways for traffic are <a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_road_1" title="Finnish national road 1">Highway 1</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_national_road_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finnish national road 10 (page does not exist)">Highway 10</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_road_9" title="Finnish national road 9">Highway 9</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_road_8" title="Finnish national road 8">Highway 8</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Turku_Ring_Road" title="Turku Ring Road">Turku Ring Road</a>, which protrudes circumferentially from Turku. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turku_Airport" title="Turku Airport">Turku Airport</a> is located 8 kilometres (5 miles) to the north of the city centre, partly in the neighbouring municipality of <a href="/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko">Rusko</a>. The airport is served by six passenger airlines, including <a href="/wiki/AirBaltic" title="AirBaltic">airBaltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">SAS Scandinavian</a>, and one cargo airline. </p><p>There are also daily ferry services from the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Turku" title="Port of Turku">Port of Turku</a> to Sweden and <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/Silja_Line" title="Silja Line">Silja Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking_Line" title="Viking Line">Viking Line</a>. These are something of a Finnish cultural tradition (see <a href="/wiki/Ruotsinlaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruotsinlaiva">ruotsinlaiva</a>), and people often travel long distances across Finland to Turku just to take a <a href="/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)" title="Cruising (maritime)">cruise</a> across the Gulf of Bothnia. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a> boat traffic is handled by, among others, <a href="/wiki/SS_Ukkopekka" title="SS Ukkopekka">SS Ukkopekka</a>, an old <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> that cruises on the route Turku-<a href="/wiki/Naantali" title="Naantali">Naantali</a>-Turku. </p><p>Turku is the only city in Finland to have three long-distance railway stations: <a href="/wiki/Turku_Central_Station" title="Turku Central Station">Turku Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Turku" title="Port of Turku">Port of Turku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kupittaa_railway_station" title="Kupittaa railway station">Kupittaa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_yliopisto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Turun_yliopisto.jpg/220px-Turun_yliopisto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Turun_yliopisto.jpg/330px-Turun_yliopisto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Turun_yliopisto.jpg/440px-Turun_yliopisto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The main building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">University of Turku</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Turku has a longer educational history than any other Finnish city – the first school in the city, the <a href="/wiki/Katedralskolan_i_%C3%85bo" title="Katedralskolan i Åbo">Cathedral School</a>, was founded along with Turku Cathedral in the late 13th century. The first university in Finland, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku" title="Royal Academy of Turku">Royal Academy of Turku</a> (now <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a>), was established in the city in 1640. In 1820, the first school in Finland conforming to the <a href="/wiki/Bell-Lancaster_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell-Lancaster method">Bell-Lancaster method</a> was founded in Turku with the aim of making primary education more inclusive to the lower classes. </p><p>Turku is home to about 40 000 higher education students.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two universities and several "<a href="/wiki/University_of_applied_sciences_(Finland)" title="University of applied sciences (Finland)">polytechnics</a>" in the town. </p><p>The Finnish <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">University of Turku</a> is the fourth largest<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> university in Finland (22,300 students in 2022), as measured by student enrollment, and one of the oldest as well, having been founded in 1920. Approximately 9 % of all students are international students.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Akademi" class="mw-redirect" title="Åbo Akademi">Åbo Akademi</a>, founded 1918 as the second university of Finland, is one of Finland's two Swedish-language universities. <a href="/wiki/Turku_School_of_Economics" title="Turku School of Economics">Turku School of Economics</a> merged with The University of Turku in 2010, and Åbo handelshögskola, its Swedish counterpart, with Åbo Akademi 1980. The central hospital of Turku, <a href="/wiki/Turku_University_Hospital" title="Turku University Hospital">Turku University Hospital</a>, is affiliated with the university and it is used as a teaching hospital. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turku_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Turku University of Applied Sciences">Turku University of Applied Sciences</a> (TUAS) is the second largest <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology#Finland" title="Institute of technology">polytechnic</a> in Finland (12,000 students in 2022<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) after Metropolia University of Applied Sciences. TUAS consists of six campus buildings in Turku and one separate campus in town of <a href="/wiki/Salo,_Finland" title="Salo, Finland">Salo</a>. Bachelors of Business Administration, Social Services and Health Care Nursing study at Salo IoT Campus.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TUAS offers Bachelor and Master studies in over 70 fields of education. <sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also <a href="/wiki/Novia_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Novia University of Applied Sciences">Novia University of Applied Sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaconia_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Diaconia University of Applied Sciences">Diaconia University of Applied Sciences</a> have campuses in the town. </p><p>Turku is one of only two cities in Finland to have an established international school (the other city being Helsinki). <a href="/wiki/Turku_International_School" title="Turku International School">Turku International School</a>, located in the eastern district of <a href="/wiki/Varissuo" title="Varissuo">Varissuo</a>, has been operating since 2003. By an agreement signed between the city of Turku and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">University of Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turun_normaalikoulu" title="Turun normaalikoulu">Turun normaalikoulu</a> takes care of the teaching in the international school.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_kaupunginkirjaston_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Turun_kaupunginkirjaston_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus.jpg/220px-Turun_kaupunginkirjaston_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Turun_kaupunginkirjaston_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus.jpg/330px-Turun_kaupunginkirjaston_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Turun_kaupunginkirjaston_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus.jpg/440px-Turun_kaupunginkirjaston_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3764" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turku_Main_Library" title="Turku Main Library">Turku Main Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most widely read <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finnish newspapers">newspaper</a> of Turku, and the area around it, is the daily regional morning newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Turun_Sanomat" title="Turun Sanomat">Turun Sanomat</a></i>, with a readership of over 70% of the population every day. <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Underr%C3%A4ttelser" title="Åbo Underrättelser">Åbo Underrättelser</a></i>, a Swedish-language newspaper published in Turku, is the oldest newspaper in Finland, having been published since 1824. The free-of-charge <i>Turkulainen</i> newspaper was also among the most popular newspapers, together with the local edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Metro_International" title="Metro International">Metro International</a></i> and the national evening <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ilta-Sanomat" title="Ilta-Sanomat">Ilta-Sanomat</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkulainen was founded in 1958 but the newspaper has been on publishing break since 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also a number of local newspapers such as <i>Kulmakunta</i> (for the eastern suburbs of Turku, including Varissuo and Lauste), and <i>Rannikkoseutu</i> (for the area around the neighbouring cities of Raisio and Naantali). </p><p>The first Finnish newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Tidningar_Utgifne_Af_et_S%C3%A4llskap_i_%C3%85bo" title="Tidningar Utgifne Af et Sällskap i Åbo">Tidningar Utgifne Af et Sällskap i Åbo</a></i>, in Swedish, was started in Turku in 1771, as well as the first Finnish-language newspaper <i>Suomenkieliset Tieto-Sanomat</i> which was started in 1775. </p><p>The newspaper <i>Turun Sanomat</i> also operated a regional television station, called <i>Turku-TV,</i> but station stopped operating in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Finnish national broadcaster <i><a href="/wiki/Yleisradio" class="mw-redirect" title="Yleisradio">Yleisradio</a></i> screens local news, daily from Monday to Friday, for the Southwest Finland (including the regions of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satakunta" title="Satakunta">Satakunta</a>) residents. All <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_television_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finnish television channels">Finnish national TV channels</a> are viewable and national radio channels audible in the Turku area. In addition, a number of local radio stations, e.g. <i>Auran Aallot</i>, <i>Radio Sata</i> and <i>Radio Robin Hood</i> are operational. Local <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public service</a> radio stations are <i>Yle Turun Radio</i> broadcasting in Finnish (the regional version of <a href="/wiki/Yle_Radio_Suomi" title="Yle Radio Suomi">Yle Radio Suomi</a>) and <i>Yle Vega Åboland</i> broadcasting in Swedish (the regional version of <a href="/wiki/Yle_Vega" title="Yle Vega">Yle Vega</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rauno_Aaltonen" title="Rauno Aaltonen">Rauno Aaltonen</a>, rally driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrika_Bremer" title="Fredrika Bremer">Fredrika Bremer</a> (1801–1865), writer and feminist reformer, born at Tuorla Manor in Piikkiö Parish.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teemu_Brunila" title="Teemu Brunila">Teemu Brunila</a>, singer, songwriter, musician and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Buri" title="Antti Buri">Antti Buri</a>, racing driver</li> <li>Toni-Ville Henrik Virtanen, electronic music producer known as <a href="/wiki/Darude" title="Darude">Darude</a>, author of the hit song "<a href="/wiki/Sandstorm_(Darude_composition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstorm (Darude composition)">Sandstorm</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ebb" title="Karl Ebb">Karl Ebb</a>, athlete and racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Federley" title="Alex Federley">Alex Federley</a>, political cartoonist and illustrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Forss" title="Marcus Forss">Marcus Forss</a>, football player, member of Finland's <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020" title="UEFA Euro 2020">UEFA Euro 2020</a> squad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a>, chemist, physicist and mineralogist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasper_H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen" title="Kasper Hämäläinen">Kasper Hämäläinen</a>, football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janne_Henriksson" title="Janne Henriksson">Janne Henriksson</a>, football goalkeeper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utti_Hietala" title="Utti Hietala">Utti Hietala</a>, bodybuilder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Hjelt" title="Vera Hjelt">Vera Hjelt</a>, Member of Parliament and social reformer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hr%C3%A1deck%C3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukáš Hrádecký">Lukáš Hrádecký</a>, football goalkeeper, member of Finland's <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020" title="UEFA Euro 2020">UEFA Euro 2020</a> squad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuuli_Hyp%C3%A9n" title="Tuuli Hypén">Tuuli Hypén</a>, cartoonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaan_Kairinen" title="Kaan Kairinen">Kaan Kairinen</a>, football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaapo_Kakko" title="Kaapo Kakko">Kaapo Kakko</a>, hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katja_Kallio" title="Katja Kallio">Katja Kallio</a> (born 1968), novelist, journalist, columnist and screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joni_Kauko" title="Joni Kauko">Joni Kauko</a>, football player, member of Finland's <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020" title="UEFA Euro 2020">UEFA Euro 2020</a> squad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miikka_Kiprusoff" title="Miikka Kiprusoff">Miikka Kiprusoff</a>, former professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Flames" title="Calgary Flames">Calgary Flames</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks" title="San Jose Sharks">San Jose Sharks</a> during his <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> career</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauno_Koivisto" title="Mauno Koivisto">Mauno Koivisto</a>, 9th president of Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saku_Koivu" title="Saku Koivu">Saku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikko_Koivu" title="Mikko Koivu">Mikko Koivu</a>, ice hockey playing brothers playing respectively in Montréal and Anaheim Ducks and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Wild" title="Minnesota Wild">Minnesota Wild</a> as an alternate captain and captain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Krook" title="Christina Krook">Christina Krook</a> (1742–1806), educator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matti_Kuusim%C3%A4ki" title="Matti Kuusimäki">Matti Kuusimäki</a>, lawyer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joalin_Loukamaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Joalin Loukamaa">Joalin Loukamaa</a>, a member of global pop group <a href="/wiki/Now_United" title="Now United">Now United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Lundell" title="Agnes Lundell">Agnes Lundell</a> (1878–1936), Finland's first female lawyer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Johan_L%C3%B6fgren" title="Erik Johan Löfgren">Erik Johan Löfgren</a>, portrait painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> <a href="/wiki/C._G._E._Mannerheim" class="mw-redirect" title="C. G. E. Mannerheim">C. G. E. Mannerheim</a>, military leader and statesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjatta_Metsovaara" title="Marjatta Metsovaara">Marjatta Metsovaara</a>, textile artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Moisander" title="Niklas Moisander">Niklas Moisander</a>, former captain of <a href="/wiki/Finland_national_football_team" title="Finland national football team">Finland national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Monroe" title="Michael Monroe">Michael Monroe</a>, rock musician, the vocalist of <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Rocks" title="Hanoi Rocks">Hanoi Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi" title="Paavo Nurmi">Paavo Nurmi</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Flying_Finn" title="Flying Finn">Flying Finn</a>, 9 time Olympic Champion in long-distance running</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joni_Ortio" title="Joni Ortio">Joni Ortio</a>, professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for <a href="/wiki/HC_Vityaz" title="HC Vityaz">HC Vityaz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/KHL" class="mw-redirect" title="KHL">KHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli_Pikkuj%C3%A4ms%C3%A4" title="Elli Pikkujämsä">Elli Pikkujämsä</a>, defender for <a href="/wiki/KIF_%C3%96rebro_DFF" title="KIF Örebro DFF">KIF Örebro DFF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Finland_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Finland women's national football team">Finland women's national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taru_Rinne" title="Taru Rinne">Taru Rinne</a>, motorcycle racer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Ristolainen" title="Rasmus Ristolainen">Rasmus Ristolainen</a>, hockey player currently with the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Flyers">Philadelphia Flyers</a> of the NHL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppo_Ruohonen" title="Seppo Ruohonen">Seppo Ruohonen</a> (1946–2020), opera singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarno_Saarinen" title="Jarno Saarinen">Jarno Saarinen</a>, 1972 Grand Prix motorcycle racing <a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_World_Champions_by_year" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions by year">world champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matti_Salminen" title="Matti Salminen">Matti Salminen</a>, bass singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Sigfridsson" title="Henri Sigfridsson">Henri Sigfridsson</a>, classical pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabe_Slioor" title="Tabe Slioor">Tabe Slioor</a>, socialite, reporter and photojournalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Smith_(footballer,_born_1996)" title="Darren Smith (footballer, born 1996)">Darren Smith</a>, a South African-born football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Sp%C3%B6ring_Jr." title="Herman Spöring Jr.">Herman Spöring Jr.</a>, explorer and botanist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niilo_Sev%C3%A4nen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niilo Sevänen">Niilo Sevänen</a>, vocalist and bass guitarist of <a href="/wiki/Insomnium" title="Insomnium">Insomnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Sylvestersson" title="Elsa Sylvestersson">Elsa Sylvestersson</a>, ballet dancer and choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jere_Uronen" title="Jere Uronen">Jere Uronen</a>, football player, member of Finland's <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020" title="UEFA Euro 2020">UEFA Euro 2020</a> squad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonne_Valtonen" title="Jonne Valtonen">Jonne Valtonen</a>, composer</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Finland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland">List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland</a></div> <p>Turku is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Municipality" title="Aarhus Municipality">Aarhus</a>, Denmark (1946)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, Norway (1946)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia (1976)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany (1967)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, Romania (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy (1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Poland (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_Municipality" title="Gothenburg Municipality">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden (1946)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, Ukraine (2022)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, Germany (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a>, Hungary (1971)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, Estonia (2008)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>, Bulgaria (1963)</li></ul> </div> <p>In March 2022, Turku suspended the agreement with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia (twinning since 1953<sup id="cite_ref-twins_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) due to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-operation_agreements">Co-operation agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Co-operation agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turku has co-operation agreements with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, China</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkucastle_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The medieval Turku Castle as seen from the harbour side"><img alt="The medieval Turku Castle as seen from the harbour side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Turkucastle_edit.jpg/262px-Turkucastle_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Turkucastle_edit.jpg/393px-Turkucastle_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Turkucastle_edit.jpg/524px-Turkucastle_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="3141" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The medieval <a href="/wiki/Turku_Castle" title="Turku Castle">Turku Castle</a> as seen from the harbour side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turku Art Museum [fi] is a classical example of Romantic nationalism in architecture."><img alt="Turku Art Museum [fi] is a classical example of Romantic nationalism in architecture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Turku_Museum_of_Art.jpg/314px-Turku_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Turku_Museum_of_Art.jpg/472px-Turku_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Turku_Museum_of_Art.jpg/629px-Turku_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Turku_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Turku Art Museum">Turku Art Museum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turun_taidemuseo" class="extiw" title="fi:Turun taidemuseo">fi</a>]</span> is a classical example of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> in architecture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_apteekkimuseo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharmacy museum"><img alt="Pharmacy museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Turun_apteekkimuseo.jpg/316px-Turun_apteekkimuseo.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Turun_apteekkimuseo.jpg/474px-Turun_apteekkimuseo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Turun_apteekkimuseo.jpg/632px-Turun_apteekkimuseo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_museum,_Turku" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacy museum, Turku">Pharmacy museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_k%C3%A4sity%C3%B6l%C3%A4ismuseo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luostarinmäki open-air museum"><img alt="Luostarinmäki open-air museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Turun_k%C3%A4sity%C3%B6l%C3%A4ismuseo.jpg/139px-Turun_k%C3%A4sity%C3%B6l%C3%A4ismuseo.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Turun_k%C3%A4sity%C3%B6l%C3%A4ismuseo.jpg/209px-Turun_k%C3%A4sity%C3%B6l%C3%A4ismuseo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Turun_k%C3%A4sity%C3%B6l%C3%A4ismuseo.jpg/279px-Turun_k%C3%A4sity%C3%B6l%C3%A4ismuseo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Luostarinm%C3%A4ki" title="Luostarinmäki">Luostarinmäki</a> open-air museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurajoki,_Turku_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aura River in central Turku"><img alt="Aura River in central Turku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aurajoki%2C_Turku_2.jpg/282px-Aurajoki%2C_Turku_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aurajoki%2C_Turku_2.jpg/423px-Aurajoki%2C_Turku_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aurajoki%2C_Turku_2.jpg/563px-Aurajoki%2C_Turku_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aura_River_(Finland)" title="Aura River (Finland)">Aura River</a> in central Turku</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Henry">Bishop Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Turku" title="Great Fire of Turku">Great Fire of Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turku" title="History of Turku">History of Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Road_(Finland)" title="King's Road (Finland)">King's Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posankka" title="Posankka">Posankka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku" title="Royal Academy of Turku">Royal Academy of Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Cemetery" title="Turku Cemetery">Turku Cemetery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_medieval_cities_and_towns_of_Finland">Other medieval cities and towns of Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other medieval cities and towns of Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naantali" title="Naantali">Naantali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulvila" title="Ulvila">Ulvila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a> (now in Russia)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistics Finland classifies a person as having a "foreign background" if both parents or the only known parent were born abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-timeout-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeout_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeout_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeout_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeout_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeout.com/travel/worlds-most-underrated-travel-destinations">"14 of the World's Most Underrated Travel Destinations"</a>. <i>Time Out</i>. 2 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Out&rft.atitle=14+of+the+World%27s+Most+Underrated+Travel+Destinations&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeout.com%2Ftravel%2Fworlds-most-underrated-travel-destinations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulig-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paulig_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulig_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulig_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paulig.fi/kahvijutut/varfor-paris-vi-har-ju-abo">Varför Paris, vi har ju Åbo! – Paulig</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912051848/https://www.paulig.fi/kahvijutut/varfor-paris-vi-har-ju-abo">Archived</a> 12 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kissmyturku-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kissmyturku_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kissmyturku_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kissmyturku.fi/kohdekortit/turun-vierasvenesatama">Turun Vierasvenesatama – Kiss My Turku</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912051841/https://kissmyturku.fi/kohdekortit/turun-vierasvenesatama">Archived</a> 12 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyhistory-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earlyhistory_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyhistory_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyhistory_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyhistory_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyhistory_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/ensimmaisena-turussa">Suomen historian merkkipaaluja: Ensimmäisenä Turussa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430072659/https://www.turku.fi/ensimmaisena-turussa">Archived</a> 30 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turku-790-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turku-790_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turku-790_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turku-790_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosvall2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rosvall, Minna (23 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/a/3-10607853">"Suomen vanhin kaupunki täyttää 790 vuotta ja valkoinen risti seisoo Turun syntymämerkkinä Koroisilla – katso video"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a></i> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817080915/https://yle.fi/a/3-10607853">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yle&rft.atitle=Suomen+vanhin+kaupunki+t%C3%A4ytt%C3%A4%C3%A4+790+vuotta+ja+valkoinen+risti+seisoo+Turun+syntym%C3%A4merkkin%C3%A4+Koroisilla+%E2%80%93+katso+video&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=Rosvall&rft.aufirst=Minna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fa%2F3-10607853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/news/3-5486170">"Bicentennial of Helsinki as Finnish capital"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yle_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yle News">Yle News</a></i>. 8 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408064025/https://yle.fi/news/3-5486170">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yle+News&rft.atitle=Bicentennial+of+Helsinki+as+Finnish+capital&rft.date=2012-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fnews%2F3-5486170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/1978-lobbying-for-helsinki-200-years-ago-2.html">"Lobbying for Helsinki 200 years ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Times" title="Helsinki Times">Helsinki Times</a></i>. 19 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629153447/https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/1978-lobbying-for-helsinki-200-years-ago-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsinki+Times&rft.atitle=Lobbying+for+Helsinki+200+years+ago&rft.date=2012-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinkitimes.fi%2Ffinland%2Ffinland-news%2Fdomestic%2F1978-lobbying-for-helsinki-200-years-ago-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population_count-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population_count_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.fi/en/publication/clmkbizs93s4o0bw1mo0cryk6">"Finland's preliminary population figure was 5,635,560 at the end of October 2024"</a>. Population structure. Statistics Finland. 19 November 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1797-5395">1797-5395</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finland%27s+preliminary+population+figure+was+5%2C635%2C560+at+the+end+of+October+2024&rft.series=Population+structure&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft.date=2024-11-19&rft.issn=1797-5395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.fi%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fclmkbizs93s4o0bw1mo0cryk6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population_by_language-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_by_language_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_by_language_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.fi/en/publication/cln1i2dtgwknt0cut9yem67se">"Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years"</a>. Population structure. Statistics Finland. 26 April 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1797-5395">1797-5395</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+growth+biggest+in+nearly+70+years&rft.series=Population+structure&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft.issn=1797-5395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.fi%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fcln1i2dtgwknt0cut9yem67se&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demography-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-demography_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rf.px/">"Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020"</a>. <i>StatFin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Finland" title="Statistics Finland">Statistics Finland</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StatFin&rft.atitle=Population+according+to+age+%281-year%29+and+sex+by+area+and+the+regional+division+of+each+statistical+reference+year%2C+2003%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpxnet2.stat.fi%2FPXWeb%2Fpxweb%2Fen%2FStatFin%2FStatFin__vrm__vaerak%2Fstatfin_vaerak_pxt_11rf.px%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tax_rate-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tax_rate_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tax_rate_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vero.fi/syventavat-vero-ohjeet/paatokset/47465/kuntien-ja-seurakuntien-tuloveroprosentit-vuonna-2023/">"Luettelo kuntien ja seurakuntien tuloveroprosenteista vuonna 2023"</a>. Tax Administration of Finland. 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luettelo+kuntien+ja+seurakuntien+tuloveroprosenteista+vuonna+2023&rft.pub=Tax+Administration+of+Finland&rft.date=2022-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vero.fi%2Fsyventavat-vero-ohjeet%2Fpaatokset%2F47465%2Fkuntien-ja-seurakuntien-tuloveroprosentit-vuonna-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Turku">"Turku"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412194906/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Turku">Archived</a> 12 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182157/https://www.lexico.com/definition/turku">"Turku"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Turku">the original</a> on 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turku&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FTurku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Turku">"Turku"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Turku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FTurku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finland-portrait-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finland-portrait_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701133443/https://www.finlandportrait.com/history-of-finland/">"History of Finland"</a>. <i>Finland Portrait</i>. 25 March 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finlandportrait.com/history-of-finland/">the original</a> on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Finland+Portrait&rft.atitle=History+of+Finland&rft.date=2023-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finlandportrait.com%2Fhistory-of-finland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095158/https://www.turku.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=9289&culture=en-US&contentlan=2">"Christmas City » Turku, the Finnish Christmas City"</a>. www.turku.fi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turku.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=9289&culture=en-US&contentlan=2">the original</a> on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+City+%C2%BB+Turku%2C+the+Finnish+Christmas+City&rft.pub=www.turku.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fpublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fnodeid%3D9289%26culture%3Den-US%26contentlan%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefoodellers.com/en/turku-finland-city-guide">"Turku, the Food Capital of Finland"</a>. <i>thefoodellers.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027160834/https://thefoodellers.com/en/turku-finland-city-guide">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thefoodellers.com&rft.atitle=Turku%2C+the+Food+Capital+of+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefoodellers.com%2Fen%2Fturku-finland-city-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.utu.fi/bre/finlands-former-capital-turku-is-now-the-culinary-capital/">"Finland's former capital Turku is now the culinary capital | Baltic Rim Economies"</a>. <i>sites.utu.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113081149/https://sites.utu.fi/bre/finlands-former-capital-turku-is-now-the-culinary-capital/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.utu.fi&rft.atitle=Finland%27s+former+capital+Turku+is+now+the+culinary+capital+%26%23124%3B+Baltic+Rim+Economies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.utu.fi%2Fbre%2Ffinlands-former-capital-turku-is-now-the-culinary-capital%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2018" class="citation web cs1">Wood, Jessica (10 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/finland/articles/11-places-finland-perfect-food-lovers/">"11 Places in Finland Perfect for Food Lovers"</a>. <i>Culture Trip</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929175438/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/finland/articles/11-places-finland-perfect-food-lovers/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=11+Places+in+Finland+Perfect+for+Food+Lovers&rft.date=2018-02-10&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Feurope%2Ffinland%2Farticles%2F11-places-finland-perfect-food-lovers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.fi/en/publication/cln1i2dtgwknt0cut9yem67se">"Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years"</a>. Population structure. Statistics Finland. 26 April 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1797-5395">1797-5395</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108055049/https://stat.fi/en/publication/cln1i2dtgwknt0cut9yem67se">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+growth+biggest+in+nearly+70+years&rft.series=Population+structure&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft.issn=1797-5395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.fi%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fcln1i2dtgwknt0cut9yem67se&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turku_stats-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turku_stats_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175319/https://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=3981&culture=en-US&contentlan=2">"Statistical yearbook of Turku"</a> (in Finnish). 17 July 2008. 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Kotimaisten kielten keskus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tori+ja+Turku&rft.pub=Kotimaisten+kielten+keskus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotus.fi%2Fnyt%2Fkysymyksia_ja_vastauksia%2Fsanojen_alkuperasta%2Fsanojen_alkuperasta_s-t%2Ftori_ja_turku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katajala.net/keskiaika/suomi/kaupungit.html">"Keskiaika – Suomen kaupungit keskiajalla"</a>. Katajala.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185914/http://www.katajala.net/keskiaika/suomi/kaupungit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keskiaika+%E2%80%93+Suomen+kaupungit+keskiajalla&rft.pub=Katajala.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katajala.net%2Fkeskiaika%2Fsuomi%2Fkaupungit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitfinland.com/W5/index.nsf/(pages)/Destinations">"Destinations in Finland – Official Travel and Tourism Guide"</a>. Visitfinland.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113125820/http://www.visitfinland.com/w5/index.nsf/(pages)/Destinations">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Destinations+in+Finland+%E2%80%93+Official+Travel+and+Tourism+Guide&rft.pub=Visitfinland.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitfinland.com%2FW5%2Findex.nsf%2F%28pages%29%2FDestinations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lahtinen2015_9-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lahtinen2015_9_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lahtinen2015_9_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lahtine2015">Lahtinen (2015)</a>, pp. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKivikoskiCardberg1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kivikoski, Ella; Cardberg, C. J. (1971). <i>Turun kaupungin historia – Kivikaudesta vuoteen 1366</i> (in Finnish). Turku: City of Turku.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turun+kaupungin+historia+%E2%80%93+Kivikaudesta+vuoteen+1366&rft.place=Turku&rft.pub=City+of+Turku&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Kivikoski&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft.au=Cardberg%2C+C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lahtinen2015_11-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lahtinen2015_11_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lahtine2015">Lahtinen (2015)</a>, pp. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonen1991" class="citation book cs1">Masonen, Jaakko (1991). <i>Hämeen Härkätie</i>. Helsinki: Otava. pp. 186–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-1-11421-2" title="Special:BookSources/951-1-11421-2"><bdi>951-1-11421-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%A4meen+H%C3%A4rk%C3%A4tie&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=186-190&rft.pub=Otava&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=951-1-11421-2&rft.aulast=Masonen&rft.aufirst=Jaakko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOinonenMehtonenNordqvistUotila2011" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oinonen, Markku; Mehtonen, Emmi; Nordqvist, Heidi; Uotila, Kari; Zetterberg, Pentti (2011). "Turun kaupungistumisen alkuhetkiä radiohiiliajoituksia bayesilaisella menetelmällä". <i>SKAS</i> (in Finnish). pp. 15–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SKAS&rft.atitle=Turun+kaupungistumisen+alkuhetki%C3%A4+radiohiiliajoituksia+bayesilaisella+menetelm%C3%A4ll%C3%A4&rft.pages=15-27&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Oinonen&rft.aufirst=Markku&rft.au=Mehtonen%2C+Emmi&rft.au=Nordqvist%2C+Heidi&rft.au=Uotila%2C+Kari&rft.au=Zetterberg%2C+Pentti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiekkanen2003" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hiekkanen, Markus (2003). "Turun kaupungin perustaminen. Tulkintayrityksiä uusien arkeologisten tutkimusten perusteella". <i>Kaupunkia pintaa syvemmältä. Arkeologisia näkökulmia Turun historiaan</i> (in Finnish). Turku: Suomen keskiajan arkeologian seura. pp. 42–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-9129-57-X" title="Special:BookSources/951-9129-57-X"><bdi>951-9129-57-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kaupunkia+pintaa+syvemm%C3%A4lt%C3%A4.+Arkeologisia+n%C3%A4k%C3%B6kulmia+Turun+historiaan&rft.atitle=Turun+kaupungin+perustaminen.+Tulkintayrityksi%C3%A4+uusien+arkeologisten+tutkimusten+perusteella&rft.pages=42-52&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=951-9129-57-X&rft.aulast=Hiekkanen&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spicer2012-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spicer2012_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Spicer2012" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Spicer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GyErqszUsFYC&pg=PA314"><i>Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6583-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6583-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-6583-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522130819/https://books.google.com/books?id=GyErqszUsFYC&pg=PA314">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lutheran+Churches+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6583-0&rft.au=Andrew+Spicer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGyErqszUsFYC%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeltonen" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peltonen, Kirsi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824171026/http://opal.utu.fi/projektit/hansat/VII.htm">"Turku Hansa-ajalla"</a> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">University of Turku</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opal.utu.fi/projektit/hansat/VII.htm">the original</a> on 24 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turku+Hansa-ajalla&rft.pub=University+of+Turku&rft.aulast=Peltonen&rft.aufirst=Kirsi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopal.utu.fi%2Fprojektit%2Fhansat%2FVII.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuparinen-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuparinen_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuparinen_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuparinen1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuparinen, Eero (1984). <i>Turun seitsemän vuosisataa</i> (in Finnish). Turku: Turun historiallinen yhdistys.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turun+seitsem%C3%A4n+vuosisataa&rft.place=Turku&rft.pub=Turun+historiallinen+yhdistys&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Kuparinen&rft.aufirst=Eero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Pieni_tietosanakirja" title="Pieni tietosanakirja">Pieni tietosanakirja</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Otava_(publisher)" title="Otava (publisher)">Otava</a>. (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917222127/http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=132789">"Kustaan kaksi vierailua Suomeen"</a> (in Finnish). City of Turku. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=132789">the original</a> on 17 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kustaan+kaksi+vierailua+Suomeen&rft.pub=City+of+Turku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2FPublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcontentid%3D132789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuorteva2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nuorteva, Jussi (2007). <i>Särkilahti, Petrus</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: The <a href="/wiki/National_Biography_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Biography of Finland">National Biography of Finland</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%A4rkilahti%2C+Petrus&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=The+National+Biography+of+Finland&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nuorteva&rft.aufirst=Jussi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeininen2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heininen, Simo (2007). <i>Mikael Agricola. Elämä ja teokset</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: Edita.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mikael+Agricola.+El%C3%A4m%C3%A4+ja+teokset&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Edita&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Heininen&rft.aufirst=Simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gofinland.fi/en/turku/things-to-see-and-do/turku-castle">"Turku Castle"</a>. <i>Gofinland.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217141830/https://www.gofinland.fi/en/turku/things-to-see-and-do/turku-castle">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gofinland.fi&rft.atitle=Turku+Castle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gofinland.fi%2Fen%2Fturku%2Fthings-to-see-and-do%2Fturku-castle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNenonenTeerijoki1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nenonen, Kaisu-Maija; Teerijoki, Ilkka (1998). <i>Historian suursanakirja</i> (in Finnish). WSOY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-22044-2" title="Special:BookSources/951-0-22044-2"><bdi>951-0-22044-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historian+suursanakirja&rft.pub=WSOY&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=951-0-22044-2&rft.aulast=Nenonen&rft.aufirst=Kaisu-Maija&rft.au=Teerijoki%2C+Ilkka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoolfield1984" class="citation book cs1">Schoolfield, G.C. (1984). "Wecksell, Josef Julius (1838–1907)". In Hochman, Stanley (ed.). <i>McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama</i>. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). VNR. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-079169-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-079169-4"><bdi>0-07-079169-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wecksell%2C+Josef+Julius+%281838%E2%80%931907%29&rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Encyclopedia+of+World+Drama&rft.pages=126&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=VNR&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-07-079169-4&rft.aulast=Schoolfield&rft.aufirst=G.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museo.helsinki.fi/yliopiston_historia/kuninkaallinen_turun_akatemia.htm">"Kuninkaallinen Turun akatemia"</a> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727052152/http://www.museo.helsinki.fi/yliopiston_historia/kuninkaallinen_turun_akatemia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuninkaallinen+Turun+akatemia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museo.helsinki.fi%2Fyliopiston_historia%2Fkuninkaallinen_turun_akatemia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Per-Greve-Brahe-the-Younger">"Per, Count Brahe, the Younger"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320235147/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Per-Greve-Brahe-the-Younger">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Per%2C+Count+Brahe%2C+the+Younger&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPer-Greve-Brahe-the-Younger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarkiainen" class="citation web cs1">Tarkiainen, Kari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=6962">"Isaac Rothovius"</a>. <i>Swedish biographical dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217141826/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=6962">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swedish+biographical+dictionary&rft.atitle=Isaac+Rothovius&rft.aulast=Tarkiainen&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsok.riksarkivet.se%2Fsbl%2FPresentation.aspx%3Fid%3D6962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120523222801/http://www05.turku.fi/turkuinfo/historia/hist_silmays.html">"Turku Suomen pääkaupunkina"</a> (in Finnish). City of Turku. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www05.turku.fi/turkuinfo/historia/hist_silmays.html">the original</a> on 23 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turku+Suomen+p%C3%A4%C3%A4kaupunkina&rft.pub=City+of+Turku&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww05.turku.fi%2Fturkuinfo%2Fhistoria%2Fhist_silmays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infofinland.fi/en/turku/information-about-turku">"Information about Turku"</a>. <i>InfoFinland</i>. City of Helsinki. 5 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307114840/https://www.infofinland.fi/en/turku/information-about-turku">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoFinland&rft.atitle=Information+about+Turku&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infofinland.fi%2Fen%2Fturku%2Finformation-about-turku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turku-liekki-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turku-liekki_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turku-liekki_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turunsanomat.fi/sunnuntai/?ts=1,3:1012:0:0,4:12:0:1:2002-09-01,104:12:120190,1:0:0:0:0:0:">"Kun Turku hukkui liekkeihin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Turun_Sanomat" title="Turun Sanomat">Turun Sanomat</a></i> (in Finnish). 1 September 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turun+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Kun+Turku+hukkui+liekkeihin&rft.date=2002-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turunsanomat.fi%2Fsunnuntai%2F%3Fts%3D1%2C3%3A1012%3A0%3A0%2C4%3A12%3A0%3A1%3A2002-09-01%2C104%3A12%3A120190%2C1%3A0%3A0%3A0%3A0%3A0%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilius2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lilius, Henrik (24 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/3213">"Engel, Carl Ludvig (1778–1840)"</a>. <i>Kansallisbiografia</i> (in Finnish). SKS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109153416/https://kansallisbiografia.fi//kansallisbiografia/henkilo/3213">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kansallisbiografia&rft.atitle=Engel%2C+Carl+Ludvig+%281778%E2%80%931840%29&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft.aulast=Lilius&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkansallisbiografia.fi%2Fkansallisbiografia%2Fhenkilo%2F3213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallioniemi1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kallioniemi, Jouni (1992). <i>Kaikkien aikojen Turku</i> (in Finnish). Kirjatorni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaikkien+aikojen+Turku&rft.pub=Kirjatorni&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kallioniemi&rft.aufirst=Jouni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJutikkala1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jutikkala, Eino (1957). <i>Turun kaupungin historia 1856–1917</i> (in Finnish). Turku: Turun sanomalehti ja kirjapaino osakeyhtiö. pp. 73–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turun+kaupungin+historia+1856%E2%80%931917&rft.place=Turku&rft.pages=73-150&rft.pub=Turun+sanomalehti+ja+kirjapaino+osakeyhti%C3%B6&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Jutikkala&rft.aufirst=Eino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abo.fi/en/about-abo-akademi-university/">"About Åbo Akademi University"</a>. <i>Åbo Akademi University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506140846/https://www.abo.fi/en/about-abo-akademi-university/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%85bo+Akademi+University&rft.atitle=About+%C3%85bo+Akademi+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abo.fi%2Fen%2Fabout-abo-akademi-university%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntikainenTarja2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antikainen, Anne; Tarja, Pyöriä, eds. (2004). "Turku – Suomen portti länteen". <i>Kaupunkiseutujen kasvun aika</i> (in Finnish). Sisäministeriö. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-734-671-9" title="Special:BookSources/951-734-671-9"><bdi>951-734-671-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turku+%E2%80%93+Suomen+portti+l%C3%A4nteen&rft.btitle=Kaupunkiseutujen+kasvun+aika&rft.pub=Sis%C3%A4ministeri%C3%B6&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=951-734-671-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/502110">"Putin on vanha Turun-kävijä"</a>. <i>TS.fi</i> (in Finnish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkulainen&rft.atitle=Kumpi+parempi%3A+T%C3%A4l+pual+vai+tois+pual%3F&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkulainen.fi%2Fpaikalliset%2F1396763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.visitturku.fi/the-aura-riverside---turku--s-living-room3">"The Aura Riverside – Turku's Living Room"</a>. <i>Visit Turku</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suomen+maakuntien+ilmasto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10138%2F15734%2F2009nro8.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fmi.fi-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fmi.fi_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi">"Normal period 1991–2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930153447/https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Statistics Finland. 31 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907001445/https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+foreign-language+speakers+grew+by+nearly+38%2C000+persons&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.fi%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fcl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105084300/https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html">"Persons with foreign background"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persons+with+foreign+background&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Ftup%2Fmaahanmuutto%2Fmaahanmuuttajat-vaestossa%2Fulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stat-finland-population-2022-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stat-finland-population-2022_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lphfzbrm4j0cw1b5wyor1h">"Population structure 2000-2022, urban-rural classification"</a>. Statistics Finland. 26 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609223540/https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lphfzbrm4j0cw1b5wyor1h">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Declaration+of+Christmas+Peace&rft.pub=City+of+Turku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joulukaupunkiturku.fi%2Fen%2Fchristmas-city%2Fdeclaration-christmas-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turku-tapahtumvuosi-turku-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turku-tapahtumvuosi-turku_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/tapahtumavuosi2023">"Turun tapahtumavuosi 2023"</a> (in Finnish). City of Turku<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turun+tapahtumavuosi+2023&rft.pub=City+of+Turku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Ftapahtumavuosi2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/mar/05/10-smaller-european-capitals-of-culture-you-may-not-have-heard-of">"10 smaller European Capitals of Culture you may not have heard of"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 5 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027160835/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/mar/05/10-smaller-european-capitals-of-culture-you-may-not-have-heard-of">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=10+smaller+European+Capitals+of+Culture+you+may+not+have+heard+of&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2020%2Fmar%2F05%2F10-smaller-european-capitals-of-culture-you-may-not-have-heard-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keskiaikainen-turku-yle-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keskiaikainen-turku-yle_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrötsckes2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trötsckes, Rita (21 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2013/02/21/keskiaikainen-turku">"Keskiaikainen Turku"</a> (in Finnish). YLE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028220037/https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2013/02/21/keskiaikainen-turku">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keskiaikainen+Turku&rft.pub=YLE&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%B6tsckes&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Faihe%2Fartikkeli%2F2013%2F02%2F21%2Fkeskiaikainen-turku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turku-paloi-poroksi-yle-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turku-paloi-poroksi-yle_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeppänen2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leppänen, Päivi (4 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/a/3-12606282">"Turku paloi poroksi päivälleen 195 vuotta sitten – syyllinen ei ollut mikään piika, vaan paloturvallisuudesta piittaamaton byrokratia"</a> (in Finnish). YLE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turku+paloi+poroksi+p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4lleen+195+vuotta+sitten+%E2%80%93+syyllinen+ei+ollut+mik%C3%A4%C3%A4n+piika%2C+vaan+paloturvallisuudesta+piittaamaton+byrokratia&rft.pub=YLE&rft.date=2022-09-04&rft.aulast=Lepp%C3%A4nen&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A4ivi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fa%2F3-12606282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turun-tuomiokirkko-1800-luku-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turun-tuomiokirkko-1800-luku_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turuntuomiokirkko.fi/etusivu/tutustu-historiaan/tuomiokirkon-7-vuosisataa/1800-lukut">"1800-luku – tulipalosta jälleenrakennukseen"</a> (in Finnish). Turun Tuomiokirkko - Turku Cathedral<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1800-luku+%E2%80%93+tulipalosta+j%C3%A4lleenrakennukseen&rft.pub=Turun+Tuomiokirkko+-+Turku+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turuntuomiokirkko.fi%2Fetusivu%2Ftutustu-historiaan%2Ftuomiokirkon-7-vuosisataa%2F1800-lukut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-of-the-qwensel-house-turku-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history-of-the-qwensel-house-turku_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/en/pharmacy-museum-and-qwensel-house/history/history-qwensel-house">"History of the Qwensel House"</a>. City of Turku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606103112/https://www.turku.fi/en/pharmacy-museum-and-qwensel-house/history/history-qwensel-house">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Qwensel+House&rft.pub=City+of+Turku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fen%2Fpharmacy-museum-and-qwensel-house%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-qwensel-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turku-on-monipuolinen-museokaupunki-museokortti-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turku-on-monipuolinen-museokaupunki-museokortti_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turku-on-monipuolinen-museokaupunki-museokortti_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museot.fi/turun-museot">"Turku on monipuolinen museokaupunki – Museokortilla pääsee 15 kohteeseen"</a>. <i>Museot.fi</i> (in Finnish). Suomen Museoliitto - The Finnish Museums Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002085929/https://museot.fi/turun-museot">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museot.fi&rft.atitle=Turku+on+monipuolinen+museokaupunki+%E2%80%93+Museokortilla+p%C3%A4%C3%A4see+15+kohteeseen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseot.fi%2Fturun-museot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turku-teatteri-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turku-teatteri_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/kulttuuri-ja-liikunta/teatteri-ja-musiikki/teatteri">"Teatteri"</a> (in Finnish). City of Turku. 19 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231124084622/https://www.turku.fi/kulttuuri-ja-liikunta/teatteri-ja-musiikki/teatteri">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teatteri&rft.pub=City+of+Turku&rft.date=2015-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fkulttuuri-ja-liikunta%2Fteatteri-ja-musiikki%2Fteatteri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turku-musiikki-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turku-musiikki_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turku-musiikki_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/kulttuuri-ja-liikunta/teatteri-ja-musiikki/musiikki">"Musiikki"</a> (in Finnish). City of Turku. 3 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231124084620/https://www.turku.fi/kulttuuri-ja-liikunta/teatteri-ja-musiikki/musiikki">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musiikki&rft.pub=City+of+Turku&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fkulttuuri-ja-liikunta%2Fteatteri-ja-musiikki%2Fmusiikki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327144913/https://www.turkulainen.fi/artikkeli/34479-vanha-ja-historiallinen-imago-turulle-vain-etu">"Vanha ja historiallinen imago Turulle vain etu"</a>. <i>Turkulainen</i> (in Finnish). 25 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkulainen.fi/artikkeli/34479-vanha-ja-historiallinen-imago-turulle-vain-etu">the original</a> on 27 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkulainen&rft.atitle=Vanha+ja+historiallinen+imago+Turulle+vain+etu&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkulainen.fi%2Fartikkeli%2F34479-vanha-ja-historiallinen-imago-turulle-vain-etu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkuseura.fi/">"Etusivu"</a>. <i>Turkuseura.fi</i> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408142500/https://www.turkuseura.fi/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkuseura.fi&rft.atitle=Etusivu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkuseura.fi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9694432">YLE: Kumpi on kovempi, Turku vai Tampere? Testaa tietosi ikuisista tappelupukareista</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208093300/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9694432">Archived</a> 8 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003214742/http://www.students.tut.fi/~eto/turunsanomat06.pdf">"Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. www.students.tut.fi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.students.tut.fi/~eto/turunsanomat06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data&rft.pub=www.students.tut.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.students.tut.fi%2F~eto%2Fturunsanomat06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-everwas-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-everwas_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2010" class="citation web cs1">Kennedy, Ian (2 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://everwas.com/2010/07/finnish-rivalry/">"Finnish Town Rivalries"</a>. <i>everwas</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926091333/https://everwas.com/2010/07/finnish-rivalry/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=everwas&rft.atitle=Finnish+Town+Rivalries&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feverwas.com%2F2010%2F07%2Ffinnish-rivalry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194200/https://www.turkutitans.fi/club.htm">"Turku Titans history"</a>. Turku Titans. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkutitans.fi/club.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turku+Titans+history&rft.pub=Turku+Titans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkutitans.fi%2Fclub.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2012worldlacrosse.com/">"2012 World Lacrosse"</a>. FIL U19 2012 World Lacrosse Championships. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204114031/http://www.2012worldlacrosse.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+World+Lacrosse&rft.pub=FIL+U19+2012+World+Lacrosse+Championships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2012worldlacrosse.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/en/news/2017-10-17_minna-arve-elected-new-mayor-turku">"Minna Arve elected as the new Mayor of Turku"</a>. <i>turku.fi</i>. 17 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907141057/https://www.turku.fi/en/news/2017-10-17_minna-arve-elected-new-mayor-turku">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turku.fi&rft.atitle=Minna+Arve+elected+as+the+new+Mayor+of+Turku&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2017-10-17_minna-arve-elected-new-mayor-turku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/organisaatio/kaupungin-johto/pormestarit">"Turun pormestarit"</a>. <i>turku.fi</i> (in Finnish). 18 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907141058/https://www.turku.fi/organisaatio/kaupungin-johto/pormestarit">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turku.fi&rft.atitle=Turun+pormestarit&rft.date=2021-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Forganisaatio%2Fkaupungin-johto%2Fpormestarit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.is.fi/turun-seutu/art-2000008204411.html">"Turku saa pormestarin 100 vuoden tauon jälkeen"</a>. <i>Ilta-Sanomat</i> (in Finnish). 19 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907141054/https://www.is.fi/turun-seutu/art-2000008204411.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ilta-Sanomat&rft.atitle=Turku+saa+pormestarin+100+vuoden+tauon+j%C3%A4lkeen&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.is.fi%2Fturun-seutu%2Fart-2000008204411.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/KV-2021/en/kutulos_853.html">"Turku: Results by party and by joint list"</a>. Ministry of Justice. 22 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027160836/https://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/KV-2021/en/kutulos_853.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turku%3A+Results+by+party+and+by+joint+list&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Justice&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftulospalvelu.vaalit.fi%2FKV-2021%2Fen%2Fkutulos_853.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110115933/http://www.foli.fi/fi/tietoja-ja-ohjeita/joukkoliikennetietoa">"Joukkoliikennetietoa"</a> (in Finnish). Turun kaupunkiseudun joukkoliikennelautakunta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foli.fi/fi/tietoja-ja-ohjeita/joukkoliikennetietoa">the original</a> on 10 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joukkoliikennetietoa&rft.pub=Turun+kaupunkiseudun+joukkoliikennelautakunta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foli.fi%2Ffi%2Ftietoja-ja-ohjeita%2Fjoukkoliikennetietoa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/en/tramway">"Turku Tramway"</a>. <i>Turku.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004164209/https://www.turku.fi/en/tramway">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turku.fi&rft.atitle=Turku+Tramway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fen%2Ftramway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/en/funicular">"Funicular"</a>. <i>Turku.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406032341/https://www.turku.fi/en/funicular">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turku.fi&rft.atitle=Funicular&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fen%2Ffunicular&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070630122159/http://www.turunsanomat.fi/kotimaa/?ts=1,3:1002:0:0,4:2:0:1:2006-09-27,104:2:407945,1:0:0:0:0:0">"Turun Sanomat"</a>. Turunsanomat.fi. 27 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turunsanomat.fi/kotimaa/?ts=1,3:1002:0:0,4:2:0:1:2006-09-27,104:2:407945,1:0:0:0:0:0">the original</a> on 30 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turun+Sanomat&rft.pub=Turunsanomat.fi&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turunsanomat.fi%2Fkotimaa%2F%3Fts%3D1%2C3%3A1002%3A0%3A0%2C4%3A2%3A0%3A1%3A2006-09-27%2C104%3A2%3A407945%2C1%3A0%3A0%3A0%3A0%3A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/opiskelijakaupunki/info">"Opiskelijakaupunki Turku -info"</a>. <i>Turku.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127165650/https://www.turku.fi/opiskelijakaupunki/info">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turku.fi&rft.atitle=Opiskelijakaupunki+Turku+-info&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fopiskelijakaupunki%2Finfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.fi/julkaisu/cl8k4bzgmcuu40dut7esfla54">"Yliopisto-opiskelijoita 163 700 vuonna 2022"</a>. <i>www.stat.fi</i> (in Finnish). 11 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015103953/https://www.stat.fi/julkaisu/cl8k4bzgmcuu40dut7esfla54">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stat.fi&rft.atitle=Yliopisto-opiskelijoita+163+700+vuonna+2022&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Fjulkaisu%2Fcl8k4bzgmcuu40dut7esfla54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utu.fi/fi/opiskelutilastot/opiskelijamaarat">"Opiskelijamäärien tilastot"</a>. <i>www.utu.fi</i> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015170648/https://www.utu.fi/fi/opiskelutilastot/opiskelijamaarat">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.utu.fi&rft.atitle=Opiskelijam%C3%A4%C3%A4rien+tilastot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utu.fi%2Ffi%2Fopiskelutilastot%2Fopiskelijamaarat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkuamk.fi/fi/turun-amk/tutu/esittely/">"Turun ammattikorkeakoulu"</a>. <i>Turun Ammattikorkeakoulu</i> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722054056/http://www.turkuamk.fi/fi/turun-amk/esittely/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turun+Ammattikorkeakoulu&rft.atitle=Turun+ammattikorkeakoulu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkuamk.fi%2Ffi%2Fturun-amk%2Ftutu%2Fesittely%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkuamk.fi/fi/turun-amk/yksikot-ja-kampukset/iot-campus-salo/">"Salo IoT Campus"</a>. <i>Turun Ammattikorkeakoulu</i> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015104142/https://www.turkuamk.fi/fi/turun-amk/yksikot-ja-kampukset/iot-campus-salo/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turun+Ammattikorkeakoulu&rft.atitle=Salo+IoT+Campus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkuamk.fi%2Ffi%2Fturun-amk%2Fyksikot-ja-kampukset%2Fiot-campus-salo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkuamk.fi/fi/tutkinnot-ja-opiskelu/tutkinnot/">"Tutkinnot"</a>. <i>Turun Ammattikorkeakoulu</i> (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015103935/https://www.turkuamk.fi/fi/tutkinnot-ja-opiskelu/tutkinnot/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turun+Ammattikorkeakoulu&rft.atitle=Tutkinnot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkuamk.fi%2Ffi%2Ftutkinnot-ja-opiskelu%2Ftutkinnot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnk.utu.fi/index.php?id=1389&news_id=125&archive=">"Turku International School"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">University of Turku</a>. 15 January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226054046/http://www.tnk.utu.fi/index.php?id=1389&news_id=125&archive=">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turku+International+School&rft.pub=University+of+Turku&rft.date=2006-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnk.utu.fi%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D1389%26news_id%3D125%26archive%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <i>Tutkimus: Lehtien lukijapeitot</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkulainen.fi/">"Etusivu"</a>. <i>Turkulainen</i> (in Finnish). 8 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925194223/https://www.turkulainen.fi/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkulainen&rft.atitle=Etusivu&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkulainen.fi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TSTV&oldid=21333307">"TSTV"</a>, <i>Wikipedia</i> (in Finnish), 10 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=TSTV&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffi.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTSTV%26oldid%3D21333307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Fredrika Bremer"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Fredrika_Bremer">"Fredrika Bremer" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. IV (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 256–257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fredrika+Bremer&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=256-257&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twins-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twins_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twins_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twins_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/en/turku-info/twin-cities-turku">"Twin Cities of Turku"</a>. <i>turku.fi</i>. Turku. 27 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006200334/https://www.turku.fi/en/turku-info/twin-cities-turku">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turku.fi&rft.atitle=Twin+Cities+of+Turku&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fen%2Fturku-info%2Ftwin-cities-turku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFipendoli2022" class="citation web cs1">ipendoli (28 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/en/news/2022-02-28_city-turku-suspends-its-twin-city-operations-city-st-petersburg">"City of Turku suspends its twin city operations with City of St. Petersburg"</a>. <i>Turku.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228080646/https://www.turku.fi/en/news/2022-02-28_city-turku-suspends-its-twin-city-operations-city-st-petersburg">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turku.fi&rft.atitle=City+of+Turku+suspends+its+twin+city+operations+with+City+of+St.+Petersburg&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft.au=ipendoli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2022-02-28_city-turku-suspends-its-twin-city-operations-city-st-petersburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lahtinen2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lahtinen, Rauno (2015). <i>Turun historia</i> [<i>History of Turku</i>] (in Finnish) (2nd ed.). Turku: Turkuseura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-7025-04-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-7025-04-8"><bdi>978-952-7025-04-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turun+historia&rft.place=Turku&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Turkuseura&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-952-7025-04-8&rft.aulast=Lahtinen&rft.aufirst=Rauno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euroweather.net/english/climate/city_EFTU/weather-forecast_turku%20finland">Turku</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516182149/http://www.euroweather.net/english/climate/city_EFTU/weather-forecast_turku%20finland">Archived</a> 16 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i>EuroWeather</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anttonen, Martti (ed) (1992). <i>Täällä Suomen synnyinmuistot</i>. Jyväskylä: Varsinais-Suomen maakuntaliitto. <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></li> <li>Knuuti, Heikki et al. (1986). <i>Kotikaupunkini Suomen Turku</i>. Keuruu: Otava Publishing. <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></li> <li>Virmavirta, Jarmo (2004). <i>Finland's City of Turku</i>. Keuruu: Otava Publishing.</li> <li>Turun kaupunki (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512025249/http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=44392&GUID=%7B00A2862E-0AAB-412B-B4E2-15EFBE2A0429%7D">Muutoksen suunnat 3/2007</a>. Retrieved 27 September 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Turku" class="extiw" title="commons:Turku"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Turku</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Turku#Q38511" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Turku">Turku</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1921 <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/%C3%85bo" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Åbo">Åbo</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turku.fi">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38511#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li>The website of the tourist organisation Turku TouRing at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060202002518/http://www.turkutouring.fi/">Turkutouring.fi</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christmascity.com">Turku</a> – Finland's official Christmas City</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Turku" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Turku</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="boundary stone where 7 municipalities meet"><i>Kuhankuono</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aura,_Finland" title="Aura, Finland">Aura</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko">Rusko</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Raisio" title="Raisio">Raisio</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naantali" title="Naantali">Naantali</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Turku</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Lieto" title="Lieto">Lieto</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kaarina" title="Kaarina">Kaarina</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pargas" title="Pargas">Pargas</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_of_Southwest_Finland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FinlandProper" title="Template:FinlandProper"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FinlandProper" title="Template talk:FinlandProper"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FinlandProper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FinlandProper"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_of_Southwest_Finland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Southwest_Finland" title="Municipalities of Southwest Finland">Municipalities of Southwest Finland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aura,_Finland" title="Aura, Finland">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarina" title="Kaarina">Kaarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimito%C3%B6n" title="Kimitoön">Kimitoön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koski_Tl" title="Koski Tl">Koski Tl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kustavi" title="Kustavi">Kustavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laitila" title="Laitila">Laitila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieto" title="Lieto">Lieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loimaa" title="Loimaa">Loimaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marttila" title="Marttila">Marttila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masku" title="Masku">Masku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myn%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki" title="Mynämäki">Mynämäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naantali" title="Naantali">Naantali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nousiainen" title="Nousiainen">Nousiainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orip%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Oripää">Oripää</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paimio" title="Paimio">Paimio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargas" title="Pargas">Pargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4ranta" title="Pyhäranta">Pyhäranta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6yty%C3%A4" title="Pöytyä">Pöytyä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raisio" title="Raisio">Raisio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko">Rusko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo,_Finland" title="Salo, Finland">Salo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvo" title="Sauvo">Sauvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somero" title="Somero">Somero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivassalo" title="Taivassalo">Taivassalo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uusikaupunki" title="Uusikaupunki">Uusikaupunki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehmaa" title="Vehmaa">Vehmaa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Finland Proper"><img alt="Coat of arms of Finland Proper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg/50px-Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg/75px-Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg/100px-Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alastaro" title="Alastaro">Alastaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelniemi" title="Angelniemi">Angelniemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askainen" title="Askainen">Askainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragsfj%C3%A4rd" title="Dragsfjärd">Dragsfjärd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halikko" title="Halikko">Halikko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitis" title="Hitis">Hitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtsk%C3%A4r" title="Houtskär">Houtskär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini%C3%B6" title="Iniö">Iniö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakskerta" title="Kakskerta">Kakskerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanti" title="Kalanti">Kalanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karinainen" title="Karinainen">Karinainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karjala,_Finland" title="Karjala, Finland">Karjala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuna,_Finland" title="Karuna, Finland">Karuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimito" title="Kimito">Kimito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiikala" title="Kiikala">Kiikala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisko" title="Kisko">Kisko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korpo" title="Korpo">Korpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuusisto_(island)" title="Kuusisto (island)">Kuusisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuusjoki" title="Kuusjoki">Kuusjoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemu,_Finland" title="Lemu, Finland">Lemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loimaan_kunta" title="Loimaan kunta">Loimaan kunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokalahti" title="Lokalahti">Lokalahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaria" title="Maaria">Maaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellil%C3%A4" title="Mellilä">Mellilä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merimasku" title="Merimasku">Merimasku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mets%C3%A4maa" title="Metsämaa">Metsämaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mietoinen" title="Mietoinen">Mietoinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muurla" title="Muurla">Muurla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naantalin_maalaiskunta" title="Naantalin maalaiskunta">Naantalin maalaiskunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagu,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagu, Finland">Nagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paattinen" title="Paattinen">Paattinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargas_(former_municipality)" title="Pargas (former municipality)">Pargas landskommun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perni%C3%B6" title="Perniö">Perniö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertteli" title="Pertteli">Pertteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piikki%C3%B6" title="Piikkiö">Piikkiö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4maa" title="Pyhämaa">Pyhämaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rym%C3%A4ttyl%C3%A4" title="Rymättylä">Rymättylä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rkisalo" title="Särkisalo">Särkisalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerniemi" title="Somerniemi">Somerniemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suomusj%C3%A4rvi" title="Suomusjärvi">Suomusjärvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarvasjoki" title="Tarvasjoki">Tarvasjoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskela" title="Uskela">Uskela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uudenkaupungin_maalaiskunta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uudenkaupungin maalaiskunta (page does not exist)">Uudenkaupungin maalaiskunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahto" title="Vahto">Vahto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stanfj%C3%A4rd" title="Västanfjärd">Västanfjärd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velkua" title="Velkua">Velkua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yl%C3%A4ne" title="Yläne">Yläne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="50_most_populous_urban_areas_in_the_Nordic_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:50_most_populous_Nordic_urban_settlements" title="Template:50 most populous Nordic urban settlements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:50_most_populous_Nordic_urban_settlements" title="Template talk:50 most populous Nordic urban settlements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:50_most_populous_Nordic_urban_settlements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:50 most populous Nordic urban settlements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="50_most_populous_urban_areas_in_the_Nordic_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_Nordic_countries" title="List of urban areas in the Nordic countries">50 most populous urban areas in the</a> <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="padding:0.1em; font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b></i></td><td> 1,605,030</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 2.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b></i></td><td> 1,330,993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 3.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b></i></td><td> 1,268,296</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 4.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b></i></td><td> 1,019,513</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 5.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></td><td> 599,011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 6.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></td><td> 339,313</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 7.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></td><td> 334,112</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 8.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></td><td> 280,534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 9.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></td><td> 259,958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 10.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turku</a></td><td> 252,468</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 11.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stavanger_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavanger (city)">Stavanger</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sandnes" title="Sandnes">Sandnes</a></td><td> 237,369</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 12.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b></i></td><td> 228,231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 13.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></td><td> 208,939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 14.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a></td><td> 186,364</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 15.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Odense" title="Odense">Odense</a></td><td> 180,302</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 16.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a></td><td> 177,074</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 17.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upplands_V%C3%A4sby_och_Sollentuna" class="extiw" title="sv:Upplands Väsby och Sollentuna">Upplands Väsby och Sollentuna</a></td><td> 149,461</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 18.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a></td><td> 140,897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 19.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s" title="Västerås">Västerås</a></td><td> 128,534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 20.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rebro" title="Örebro">Örebro</a></td><td> 126,009</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 21.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a></td><td> 119,068</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 22.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></td><td> 117,974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 23.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad" title="Fredrikstad">Fredrikstad</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarpsborg" title="Sarpsborg">Sarpsborg</a></td><td> 116,373</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 24.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a></td><td> 115,672</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 25.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a></td><td> 113,816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 26.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand (town)">Kristiansand</a></td><td> 111,633</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 27.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Drammen_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drammen (town)">Drammen</a></td><td> 109,416</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 28.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a></td><td> 100,259</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 29.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping" title="Norrköping">Norrköping</a></td><td> 97,854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 30.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a></td><td> 94,393</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 31.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Porsgrunn" title="Porsgrunn">Porsgrunn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Skien" title="Skien">Skien</a></td><td> 93,778</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 32.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></td><td> 90,412</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 33.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a></td><td> 88,520</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 34.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a></td><td> 84,026</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 35.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vle" title="Gävle">Gävle</a></td><td> 77,586</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 36.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje" title="Södertälje">Södertälje</a></td><td> 75,773</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 37.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s" title="Borås">Borås</a></td><td> 73,980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 38.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Esbjerg" title="Esbjerg">Esbjerg</a></td><td> 72,398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 39.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Halmstad" title="Halmstad">Halmstad</a></td><td> 71,316</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 40.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Växjö">Växjö</a></td><td> 71,009</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 41.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a></td><td> 70,342</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 42.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a></td><td> 67,811</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 43.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karlstad" title="Karlstad">Karlstad</a></td><td> 65,856</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 44.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a></td><td> 65,414</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 45.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Randers" title="Randers">Randers</a></td><td> 62,482</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 46.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kolding" title="Kolding">Kolding</a></td><td> 61,121</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 47.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Horsens" title="Horsens">Horsens</a></td><td> 59,449</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 48.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sundsvall" title="Sundsvall">Sundsvall</a></td><td> 58,807</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 49.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vejle" title="Vejle">Vejle</a></td><td> 57,655</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 50.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a></td><td> 55,743</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="50_most_populous_municipalities_in_Finland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:50_most_populous_Finnish_municipalities" title="Template:50 most populous Finnish municipalities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:50_most_populous_Finnish_municipalities" title="Template talk:50 most populous Finnish municipalities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:50_most_populous_Finnish_municipalities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:50 most populous Finnish municipalities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="50_most_populous_municipalities_in_Finland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Finland" title="List of municipalities of Finland">50 most populous municipalities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/15px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/23px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/30px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="578" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></td><td> 683,669</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 2.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Espoo.vaakuna.svg/15px-Espoo.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Espoo.vaakuna.svg/23px-Espoo.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Espoo.vaakuna.svg/30px-Espoo.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="449" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a></td><td> 319,811</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 3.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tampere.vaakuna.svg/15px-Tampere.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tampere.vaakuna.svg/23px-Tampere.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tampere.vaakuna.svg/30px-Tampere.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="569" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></td><td> 260,051</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 4.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vantaa.vaakuna.svg/15px-Vantaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vantaa.vaakuna.svg/23px-Vantaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vantaa.vaakuna.svg/30px-Vantaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a></td><td> 251,070</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 5.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Oulu.vaakuna.svg/15px-Oulu.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Oulu.vaakuna.svg/23px-Oulu.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Oulu.vaakuna.svg/30px-Oulu.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="581" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></td><td> 216,174</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 6.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg/15px-Turku.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg/23px-Turku.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg/30px-Turku.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="831" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turku</a></td><td> 205,949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 7.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/15px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/23px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/30px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="757" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></td><td> 149,263</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 8.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kuopio.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kuopio.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kuopio.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kuopio.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kuopio.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kuopio.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="793" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a></td><td> 125,597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 9.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lahti.vaakuna.svg/15px-Lahti.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lahti.vaakuna.svg/23px-Lahti.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lahti.vaakuna.svg/30px-Lahti.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="565" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a></td><td> 121,447</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 10.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Porin_vaakuna.svg/15px-Porin_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Porin_vaakuna.svg/23px-Porin_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Porin_vaakuna.svg/30px-Porin_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a></td><td> 83,375</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 11.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Joensuu.vaakuna.svg/15px-Joensuu.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Joensuu.vaakuna.svg/23px-Joensuu.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Joensuu.vaakuna.svg/30px-Joensuu.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="588" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a></td><td> 78,764</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 12.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kouvola" title="Kouvola"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg/15px-Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg/23px-Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg/30px-Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="557" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kouvola" title="Kouvola">Kouvola</a></td><td> 78,514</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 13.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg/15px-Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg/23px-Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg/30px-Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a></td><td> 73,481</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 14.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vaasa.vaakuna2.svg/15px-Vaasa.vaakuna2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vaasa.vaakuna2.svg/23px-Vaasa.vaakuna2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vaasa.vaakuna2.svg/30px-Vaasa.vaakuna2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1441" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a></td><td> 70,382</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 15.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/H%C3%A4meenlinna.vaakuna.svg/15px-H%C3%A4meenlinna.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/H%C3%A4meenlinna.vaakuna.svg/23px-H%C3%A4meenlinna.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/H%C3%A4meenlinna.vaakuna.svg/30px-H%C3%A4meenlinna.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a></td><td> 68,421</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 16.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg/15px-Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg/23px-Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg/30px-Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="572" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki">Seinäjoki</a></td><td> 66,556</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 17.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg/15px-Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg/23px-Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg/30px-Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="568" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a></td><td> 65,673</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 18.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mikkeli" title="Mikkeli"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mikkeli.vaakuna.svg/15px-Mikkeli.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mikkeli.vaakuna.svg/23px-Mikkeli.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mikkeli.vaakuna.svg/30px-Mikkeli.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="780" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikkeli" title="Mikkeli">Mikkeli</a></td><td> 51,960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 19.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Porvoo.vaakuna.svg/15px-Porvoo.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Porvoo.vaakuna.svg/23px-Porvoo.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Porvoo.vaakuna.svg/30px-Porvoo.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="317" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a></td><td> 51,698</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 20.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Salo,_Finland" title="Salo, Finland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Halikko_vaakuna.svg/15px-Halikko_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Halikko_vaakuna.svg/23px-Halikko_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Halikko_vaakuna.svg/30px-Halikko_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="565" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Salo,_Finland" title="Salo, Finland">Salo</a></td><td> 50,890</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 21.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kotka.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kotka.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kotka.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kotka.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kotka.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kotka.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="575" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a></td><td> 50,336</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 22.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kokkola" title="Kokkola"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kokkola.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kokkola.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kokkola.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kokkola.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kokkola.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kokkola.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="788" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kokkola" title="Kokkola">Kokkola</a></td><td> 48,372</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 23.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hyvink%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Hyvinkää"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg/15px-Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg/23px-Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg/30px-Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="631" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hyvink%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Hyvinkää">Hyvinkää</a></td><td> 47,041</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 24.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Järvenpää"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jarvenpaa.vaakuna.svg/15px-Jarvenpaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jarvenpaa.vaakuna.svg/23px-Jarvenpaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jarvenpaa.vaakuna.svg/30px-Jarvenpaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="504" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Järvenpää">Järvenpää</a></td><td> 46,795</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 25.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lohja" title="Lohja"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lohja.vaakuna.svg/15px-Lohja.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lohja.vaakuna.svg/23px-Lohja.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lohja.vaakuna.svg/30px-Lohja.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lohja" title="Lohja">Lohja</a></td><td> 45,670</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 26.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nurmij%C3%A4rvi" title="Nurmijärvi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nurmijarvi.vaakuna.svg/15px-Nurmijarvi.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nurmijarvi.vaakuna.svg/23px-Nurmijarvi.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nurmijarvi.vaakuna.svg/30px-Nurmijarvi.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="553" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nurmij%C3%A4rvi" title="Nurmijärvi">Nurmijärvi</a></td><td> 44,991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 27.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tuusula" title="Tuusula"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tuusula.vaakuna.svg/15px-Tuusula.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tuusula.vaakuna.svg/23px-Tuusula.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tuusula.vaakuna.svg/30px-Tuusula.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="637" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tuusula" title="Tuusula">Tuusula</a></td><td> 42,112</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 28.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kirkkonummi" title="Kirkkonummi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kirkkonummi.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kirkkonummi.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kirkkonummi.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kirkkonummi.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kirkkonummi.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kirkkonummi.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="461" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kirkkonummi" title="Kirkkonummi">Kirkkonummi</a></td><td> 41,610</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 29.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rauma.vaakuna.svg/15px-Rauma.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rauma.vaakuna.svg/23px-Rauma.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rauma.vaakuna.svg/30px-Rauma.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a></td><td> 38,957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 30.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kerava" title="Kerava"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kerava.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kerava.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kerava.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kerava.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kerava.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kerava.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kerava" title="Kerava">Kerava</a></td><td> 38,444</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 31.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kaarina" title="Kaarina"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Piikki%C3%B6.vaakuna.svg/15px-Piikki%C3%B6.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Piikki%C3%B6.vaakuna.svg/23px-Piikki%C3%B6.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Piikki%C3%B6.vaakuna.svg/30px-Piikki%C3%B6.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaarina" title="Kaarina">Kaarina</a></td><td> 36,538</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 32.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kajaani" title="Kajaani"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kajaani.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kajaani.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kajaani.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kajaani.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kajaani.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kajaani.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="572" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kajaani" title="Kajaani">Kajaani</a></td><td> 36,517</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 33.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nokia,_Finland" title="Nokia, Finland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nokia.vaakuna.svg/15px-Nokia.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nokia.vaakuna.svg/23px-Nokia.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nokia.vaakuna.svg/30px-Nokia.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="563" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nokia,_Finland" title="Nokia, Finland">Nokia</a></td><td> 36,083</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 34.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kangasala" title="Kangasala"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kangasala.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kangasala.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kangasala.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kangasala.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kangasala.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kangasala.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="547" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kangasala" title="Kangasala">Kangasala</a></td><td> 33,905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 35.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi" title="Ylöjärvi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg/15px-Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg/23px-Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg/30px-Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="565" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi" title="Ylöjärvi">Ylöjärvi</a></td><td> 33,651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 36.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Savonlinna" title="Savonlinna"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg/15px-Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg/23px-Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg/30px-Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="822" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Savonlinna" title="Savonlinna">Savonlinna</a></td><td> 31,597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 37.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vihti" title="Vihti"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vihti.vaakuna.svg/15px-Vihti.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vihti.vaakuna.svg/23px-Vihti.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vihti.vaakuna.svg/30px-Vihti.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vihti" title="Vihti">Vihti</a></td><td> 28,747</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 38.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Riihim%C3%A4ki" title="Riihimäki"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/15px-Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/23px-Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/30px-Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Riihim%C3%A4ki" title="Riihimäki">Riihimäki</a></td><td> 28,663</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 39.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Raseborg" title="Raseborg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Raasepori.vaakuna.svg/15px-Raasepori.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Raasepori.vaakuna.svg/23px-Raasepori.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Raasepori.vaakuna.svg/30px-Raasepori.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="605" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Raseborg" title="Raseborg">Raseborg</a></td><td> 27,108</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 40.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Raisio" title="Raisio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Raisio.vaakuna.svg/15px-Raisio.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Raisio.vaakuna.svg/23px-Raisio.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Raisio.vaakuna.svg/30px-Raisio.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="575" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Raisio" title="Raisio">Raisio</a></td><td> 25,595</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 41.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Lempäälä"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/15px-Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/23px-Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/30px-Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="536" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Lempäälä">Lempäälä</a></td><td> 24,875</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 42.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Imatra" title="Imatra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Imatra.vaakuna.svg/15px-Imatra.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Imatra.vaakuna.svg/23px-Imatra.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Imatra.vaakuna.svg/30px-Imatra.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="619" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Imatra" title="Imatra">Imatra</a></td><td> 24,784</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 43.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Raahe" title="Raahe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Raahe.vaakuna.svg/15px-Raahe.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Raahe.vaakuna.svg/23px-Raahe.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Raahe.vaakuna.svg/30px-Raahe.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="579" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Raahe" title="Raahe">Raahe</a></td><td> 23,559</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 44.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sastamala" title="Sastamala"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Karkku.vaakuna.svg/15px-Karkku.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Karkku.vaakuna.svg/23px-Karkku.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Karkku.vaakuna.svg/30px-Karkku.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sastamala" title="Sastamala">Sastamala</a></td><td> 23,530</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 45.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hollola" title="Hollola"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hollola.vaakuna.svg/15px-Hollola.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hollola.vaakuna.svg/23px-Hollola.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hollola.vaakuna.svg/30px-Hollola.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hollola" title="Hollola">Hollola</a></td><td> 22,834</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 46.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sipoo" title="Sipoo"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sipoo.vaakuna.svg/15px-Sipoo.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sipoo.vaakuna.svg/23px-Sipoo.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sipoo.vaakuna.svg/30px-Sipoo.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="571" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sipoo" title="Sipoo">Sipoo</a></td><td> 22,789</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 47.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi" title="Siilinjärvi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg/15px-Siilinj%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg/23px-Siilinj%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg/30px-Siilinj%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi" title="Siilinjärvi">Siilinjärvi</a></td><td> 21,240</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 48.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pirkkala" title="Pirkkala"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg/15px-Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg/23px-Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg/30px-Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="577" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pirkkala" title="Pirkkala">Pirkkala</a></td><td> 20,996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 49.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tornio" title="Tornio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tornio.vaakuna.svg/15px-Tornio.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tornio.vaakuna.svg/23px-Tornio.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tornio.vaakuna.svg/30px-Tornio.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tornio" title="Tornio">Tornio</a></td><td> 20,989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 50.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Mäntsälä"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/15px-M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/23px-M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/30px-M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Mäntsälä">Mäntsälä</a></td><td> 20,910</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_towns_of_Finland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Medieval_towns_of_Finland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medieval towns of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naantali" title="Naantali">Naantali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulvila" title="Ulvila">Ulvila</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Viipuri</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1985</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1986</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1987</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1988</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1989</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1990</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1991</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1992</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1993</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1994</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1995</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1996</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1997</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1998</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1999</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2000</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2001</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2002</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2003</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2004</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2005</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2006</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2007</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2008</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2009</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2010</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2011</span></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2012</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2013</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2014</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2015</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2016</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2017</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2018</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2019</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2020-April 2021</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2022</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2023</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2024</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></b></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2025</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2026</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2027</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finland_topics" title="Template:Finland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finland_topics" title="Template talk:Finland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Finland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland under Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_during_the_Great_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland during the Great Northern War">The Great Wrath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Finnish_Art" title="Golden Age of Finnish Art">Golden Age of Finnish Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland" title="Independence of Finland">Independence of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland_(1917%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Finland (1917–present)">History of independent Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland" title="Military history of Finland">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Finland" title="List of cities and towns in Finland">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Finland" title="List of extreme points of Finland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Finland" title="Geology of Finland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Finland" title="List of islands of Finland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Finland" title="List of lakes of Finland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Finland" title="List of national parks of Finland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Finland" title="List of rivers of Finland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Finland_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Finland by population">Urban areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Finland" title="Wildlife of Finland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Finland" title="Administrative divisions of Finland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland" title="Judicial system of Finland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Finland" title="Law of Finland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Finland" title="Law enforcement in Finland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland" title="List of political parties in Finland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Finland" title="Agriculture in Finland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Finland" title="Energy in Finland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_government_enterprises" title="List of Finnish government enterprises">Government-owned companies</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Finland" title="Industry in Finland">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_income_policy_agreement_(Finland)" title="National income policy agreement (Finland)">National income agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_maritime_cluster" title="Finnish maritime cluster">Ship-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_startup_scene" title="Finnish startup scene">Startups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Helsinki" title="Nasdaq Helsinki">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Finland" title="Tourism in Finland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Finland" title="Category:Society of Finland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Finland" title="Climate change in Finland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Finland" title="Healthcare in Finland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Finland" title="Architecture of Finland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_art" title="Finnish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Finland" title="Folklore of Finland">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala"><i>The Kalevala</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_symbols" title="Finnish national symbols">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Finland" title="Public holidays in Finland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Finland)" title="Independence Day (Finland)">Independence Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Finland" title="Sport in Finland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Finland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Finland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Finland" title="Outline of Finland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Finland#Further_reading" title="Finland">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finland" title="Category:Finland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406481810">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000492910078">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244543122">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Finland--Turku"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208133/">FAST</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpyj9w87Q8WxYtqtwQg8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turku"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061256-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turku (Finland)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80035811">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turku (Finlande)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946371g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turku (Finlande)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946371g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turku (Finsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge243745&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/58550">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turku (Finland)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564333605171">Israel</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turun kaupunki"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000033509">Finland</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/ad48b592-adeb-4823-af7a-6648404d7382">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turku (Finlande)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027418065">IdRef</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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