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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wild_Turkey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wild Turkey (disambiguation)">Wild Turkey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an <a href="/wiki/Upland_game_bird" title="Upland game bird">upland game bird</a> native to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, one of two extant species of <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkey</a> and the heaviest member of the order <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a>. It is the ancestor to the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_turkey" title="Domestic turkey">domestic turkey</a> (M. g. domesticus), which was originally derived from a southern Mexican <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of wild turkey (not the related <a href="/wiki/Ocellated_turkey" title="Ocellated turkey">ocellated turkey</a>). <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Wild turkey </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Gall-dindi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gall-dindi.jpg/220px-Gall-dindi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gall-dindi.jpg/330px-Gall-dindi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gall-dindi.jpg/440px-Gall-dindi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1210"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male (tom/gobbler) eastern wild turkey strutting </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Turkey_(female)_-_Meleagris_gallopavo,_Occoquan_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge,_Woodbridge,_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wild_Turkey_%28female%29_-_Meleagris_gallopavo%2C_Occoquan_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Woodbridge%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-Wild_Turkey_%28female%29_-_Meleagris_gallopavo%2C_Occoquan_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Woodbridge%2C_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wild_Turkey_%28female%29_-_Meleagris_gallopavo%2C_Occoquan_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Woodbridge%2C_Virginia.jpg/330px-Wild_Turkey_%28female%29_-_Meleagris_gallopavo%2C_Occoquan_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Woodbridge%2C_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wild_Turkey_%28female%29_-_Meleagris_gallopavo%2C_Occoquan_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Woodbridge%2C_Virginia.jpg/440px-Wild_Turkey_%28female%29_-_Meleagris_gallopavo%2C_Occoquan_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Woodbridge%2C_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Female (hen) </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137"> <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Meleagris" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">Meleagris</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">M. gallopavo</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Meleagris gallopavo <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> 6, see <a href="#Subspecies">text</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description">1 Description</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Habitat">2 Habitat</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Behavior">3 Behavior</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Flight">3.1 Flight</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Vocalizations">3.2 Vocalizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Foraging">3.3 Foraging</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Social_structure_and_mating">3.4 Social structure and mating</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Positive_relationships_with_other_wild_species">4 Positive relationships with other wild species</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Predators">5 Predators</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Range_and_population">6 Range and population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Subspecies">7 Subspecies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Eastern_wild_turkey_(Meleagris_gallopavo_silvestris)_(Vieillot,_1817)">7.1 Eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) (Vieillot, 1817)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Osceola_wild_turkey_or_Florida_wild_turkey_(M._g._osceola)_(Scott,_1890)">7.2 Osceola wild turkey or Florida wild turkey (M. g. osceola) (Scott, 1890)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Rio_Grande_wild_turkey_(M._g._intermedia)_(Sennett,_1879)">7.3 Rio Grande wild turkey (M. g. intermedia) (Sennett, 1879)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Merriam's_wild_turkey_(M._g._merriami)_(Nelson,_1900)">7.4 Merriam's wild turkey (M. g. merriami) (Nelson, 1900)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Gould's_wild_turkey_(M._g._mexicana)_(Gould,_1856)">7.5 Gould's wild turkey (M. g. mexicana) (Gould, 1856)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#South_Mexican_wild_turkey_(M._g._gallopavo)_(Linnaeus,_1758)">7.6 South Mexican wild turkey (M. g. gallopavo) (Linnaeus, 1758)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Benjamin_Franklin_and_the_myth_of_U.S._national_bird_suggestion">8 Benjamin Franklin and the myth of U.S. national bird suggestion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Significance_to_Native_Americans">9 Significance to Native Americans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey-Head-Anatomy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turkey-Head-Anatomy.jpg/220px-Turkey-Head-Anatomy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turkey-Head-Anatomy.jpg/220px-Turkey-Head-Anatomy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turkey-Head-Anatomy.jpg/330px-Turkey-Head-Anatomy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turkey-Head-Anatomy.jpg/440px-Turkey-Head-Anatomy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Close-up of head features</figcaption></figure> An adult male (tom or gobbler) normally weighs from 5 to 11 kg (11 to 24 lb) and measures 100–125 cm (39–49 in) in length. The adult female (hen) is typically much smaller at 2.5–5.4 kg (5.5–11.9 lb) and is 76 to 95 cm (30 to 37 in) long.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Per two large studies, the average weight of adult males is 7.6 kg (17 lb) and the average weight of adult females is 4.26 kg (9.4 lb).<a href="#cite_note-CRC_1993-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC_2008-5">[5]</a> The record-sized adult male wild turkey, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Wild_Turkey_Federation" title="National Wild Turkey Federation">National Wild Turkey Federation</a>, weighed 16.85 kg (37.1 lb), with records of tom turkeys weighing over 13.8 kg (30 lb) uncommon but not rare. Considering its maximum and average weight, it is among the heaviest flying birds in the world.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The wings are relatively small, as is typical of the galliform order, and the wingspan ranges from 1.25 to 1.44 m (4 ft 1 in to 4 ft 9 in). The <a href="/wiki/Wing_chord_(biology)" title="Wing chord (biology)">wing chord</a> is only 20 to 21.4 cm (7.9 to 8.4 in). The <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">bill</a> is also relatively small, as adults measure 2 to 3.2 cm (0.79 to 1.26 in) in <a href="/wiki/Culmen_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Culmen (bird)">culmen</a> length.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsus" title="Tarsometatarsus">tarsus</a> of the wild turkey is quite long and sturdy, measuring from 9.7 to 19.1 cm (3.8 to 7.5 in). The tail is also relatively long, ranging from 24.5 to 50.5 cm (9.6 to 19.9 in).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Fully-grown wild turkeys have long, reddish-yellow to grayish-green legs. Each foot has three front toes, with a shorter, rear-facing toe; males have a spur behind each of their lower legs, used to spar with other males.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The body feathers are generally blackish and dark, sometimes gray-brown, overall, with a coppery sheen that becomes more complex in older males. Mature males have a large, featherless, reddish head and red throat, with red <a href="/wiki/Wattle_(anatomy)" title="Wattle (anatomy)">wattles</a> on the throat and neck. The head has fleshy, unique growths called <a href="/wiki/Caruncle_(bird_anatomy)" title="Caruncle (bird anatomy)">caruncles</a>, which may be used to identify certain birds from one another. When toms are excited, a fleshy flap on the bill (called a <a href="/wiki/Snood_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snood (anatomy)">snood</a>) expands, and this, the wattles and the bare skin of the head and neck all become red with enhanced flow of blood to the head. Tail feathers are of the same length in adults but of different lengths in juveniles. Males have a long, dark, fan-shaped tail and glossy, bronze wings. As with many other species of <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a>, turkeys exhibit strong <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>. The male is substantially larger than the female, and his feathers have areas of red, purple, green, copper, bronze, and gold <a href="/wiki/Iridescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridescent">iridescence</a>. The preen gland (<a href="/wiki/Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">uropygial gland</a>) is also larger in males compared to females. In contrast to the majority of other birds, they are colonized by bacteria of unknown function (<a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium_uropygiale" title="Corynebacterium uropygiale">Corynebacterium uropygiale</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Braun-10">[10]</a> Males typically have at least one "beard", a tuft of coarse hair-like filaments (mesofiloplumes), growing from the center of the breast.<a href="#cite_note-craves-11">[11]</a> Beards grow continuously during the turkey's lifespan<a href="#cite_note-mckee-12">[12]</a> and a one-year-old male has a beard up to 5 in (13 cm) long.<a href="#cite_note-craves-11">[11]</a> Approximately 10% of females have a beard, usually shorter and thinner than that of the male.<a href="#cite_note-craves-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-mckee-12">[12]</a> Females have feathers that are duller overall, in shades of brown and gray. Parasites can dull the coloration of both sexes; in males, vivid coloration may serve as a signal of health.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The primary wing feathers have white bars. Turkeys have approximately 5,000 to 6,000 feathers.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Juvenile males are called jakes; the difference between jakes and toms is that jakes have very short "beards" and tail fans with longer feathers in the middle. The tom's tail fan feathers are uniform in length.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_turkey_in_Concord_California_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wild_turkey_in_Concord_California_.jpg/220px-Wild_turkey_in_Concord_California_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="2881"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wild_turkey_in_Concord_California_.jpg/220px-Wild_turkey_in_Concord_California_.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wild_turkey_in_Concord_California_.jpg/330px-Wild_turkey_in_Concord_California_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wild_turkey_in_Concord_California_.jpg/440px-Wild_turkey_in_Concord_California_.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Closeup of wild turkey tom</figcaption></figure> Despite usually being rather lighter than waterfowl, the turkey has the second-highest maximum average weight of any North American bird, after the <a href="/wiki/Trumpeter_swan" title="Trumpeter swan">trumpeter swan</a> (Cygnus buccinator). By average mass, however, several other American birds surpass the mean weight of the turkey, including the <a href="/wiki/American_white_pelican" title="American white pelican">American white pelican</a> (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), the <a href="/wiki/Tundra_swan" title="Tundra swan">tundra swan</a> (Cygnus columbianus columbianus), the endangered <a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condor</a> (Gymnogyps californianus), and <a href="/wiki/Whooping_crane" title="Whooping crane">whooping crane</a> (Grus americana).<a href="#cite_note-Wood-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC_1993-4">[4]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Habitat">Habitat</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Habitat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_turkey_closeup.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wild_turkey_closeup.JPG/220px-Wild_turkey_closeup.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wild_turkey_closeup.JPG/220px-Wild_turkey_closeup.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wild_turkey_closeup.JPG/330px-Wild_turkey_closeup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wild_turkey_closeup.JPG/440px-Wild_turkey_closeup.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Eastern subspecies</figcaption></figure> Wild turkeys prefer <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> and mixed <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a>-hardwood forests with scattered openings such as <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a> and seasonal <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a>. They seemingly can adapt to virtually any dense native plant community as long as coverage and openings are widely available. Open, mature forest with a variety of interspersion of tree species appear to be preferred. In the Northeast of North America, turkeys are most profuse in hardwood timber of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus">Quercus</a>-<a href="/wiki/Carya" class="mw-redirect" title="Carya">Carya</a>) and forests of red oak (<a href="/wiki/Quercus_rubra" title="Quercus rubra">Quercus rubra</a>), beech (<a href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">Fagus grandifolia</a>), cherry (<a href="/wiki/Prunus_serotina" title="Prunus serotina">Prunus serotina</a>) and white ash (<a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_americana" title="Fraxinus americana">Fraxinus americana</a>). Best ranges for turkeys in the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Plain">Coastal Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> sections have an interspersion of clearings, farms, and plantations with preferred habitat along principal rivers and in cypress (<a href="/wiki/Taxodium_distichum" title="Taxodium distichum">Taxodium distichum</a>) and tupelo (<a href="/wiki/Nyssa_sylvatica" title="Nyssa sylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</a>) swamps. In the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Plateau" title="Appalachian Plateau">Appalachian Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a> birds occupy mixed forest of oaks and pines on southern and western slopes, also hickory with diverse understories. Bald cypress and sweet gum (<a href="/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua" title="Liquidambar styraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a>) swamps of south <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>; also hardwood of <a href="/wiki/Cliftonia" title="Cliftonia">Cliftonia</a> (a heath) and oak in north-central Florida. <a href="/wiki/Lykes_Brothers" title="Lykes Brothers">Lykes</a> <a href="/wiki/Fisheating_Creek" title="Fisheating Creek">Fisheating Creek</a> area of south Florida has up to 51% cypress, 12% hardwood hammocks, 17% glades of short grasses with isolated live oak (<a href="/wiki/Quercus_virginiana" title="Quercus virginiana">Quercus virginiana</a>); nesting in neighboring prairies. Original habitat here was mainly longleaf pine (<a href="/wiki/Pinus_palustris" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus palustris">Pinus palustris</a>) with turkey oak (<a href="/wiki/Quercus_laevis" title="Quercus laevis">Quercus laevis</a>) and slash pine (<a href="/wiki/Pinus_elliottii" title="Pinus elliottii">Pinus elliottii</a>) "flatwoods", now mainly replaced by slash pine plantations. In <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, turkeys live in a wide range of habitats; <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a> are a favorite food, in addition to wild oats (<a href="/wiki/Avena_barbata" title="Avena barbata">Avena barbata</a>), drawing turkeys to areas of open oak forest and oak savanna across the central areas of the state. They frequent the lower-elevation oak woodlands of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> foothills and <a href="/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges" title="California Coast Ranges">Coast Ranges</a>, and the central coast north through <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendocino County">Mendocino County</a>, which is primarily open conifer forest with various species of <a href="/wiki/Ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferns">ferns</a> growing in the understory. They can also be found in the conifer foothills and fern-heavy forested areas of the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_Mountains" title="Klamath Mountains">Klamath Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> in the northern areas of the state. In <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego County">San Diego County</a>, turkeys tend to be found farther from the coast, usually a minimum of 30–50 miles inland, at reasonably higher elevation; there is a healthy turkey population inhabiting the montane conifer woods and open oak forest habitats of the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_National_Forest" title="Cleveland National Forest">Cleveland National Forest</a>, a region which borders on <a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(California)" title="High Desert (California)">high desert</a> and generally receives very minimal annual precipitation. Turkeys in these areas can be found in dense thickets of manzanita (<a href="/wiki/Arctostaphylos" title="Arctostaphylos">Arctostaphylos</a>), often growing on arid hillsides, for shelter and nesting sites, as well as rocky and boulder-strewn <a href="/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral">chaparral</a> foothills. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behavior" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight">Flight</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flight" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meleagris_gallopavo_in_flight.gk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Meleagris_gallopavo_in_flight.gk.jpg/220px-Meleagris_gallopavo_in_flight.gk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2221"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Meleagris_gallopavo_in_flight.gk.jpg/220px-Meleagris_gallopavo_in_flight.gk.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Meleagris_gallopavo_in_flight.gk.jpg/330px-Meleagris_gallopavo_in_flight.gk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Meleagris_gallopavo_in_flight.gk.jpg/440px-Meleagris_gallopavo_in_flight.gk.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wild turkey agile in flight</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Turkey_(25473218982).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wild_Turkey_%2825473218982%29.jpg/220px-Wild_Turkey_%2825473218982%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3810" data-file-height="2737"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wild_Turkey_%2825473218982%29.jpg/220px-Wild_Turkey_%2825473218982%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wild_Turkey_%2825473218982%29.jpg/330px-Wild_Turkey_%2825473218982%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wild_Turkey_%2825473218982%29.jpg/440px-Wild_Turkey_%2825473218982%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wild turkey, fast flier</figcaption></figure> Despite their weight, wild turkeys, unlike their <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated turkey">domesticated counterparts</a>, are agile, fast fliers. In ideal habitat of open woodland or wooded grasslands,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> they may fly beneath the canopy top and find perches. They usually fly close to the ground for no more than 400 m (a quarter mile).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Wild turkeys have very good eyesight, but their vision is very poor at night. They will generally not see a predator until it is too late. At twilight most turkeys will head for the trees and roost well off the ground: it is safer to sleep there in numbers than to risk being victim to predators who hunt by night. Because wild turkeys do not migrate, in snowier parts of the species's habitat like the Northeast, Rockies, much of Canada, and the Midwest, it is very important for this bird to learn to select large conifer trees where they can fly onto the branches and shelter from blizzards.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocalizations">Vocalizations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocalizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Wild turkeys have many calls: assembly <a href="/wiki/Turkey_call" title="Turkey call">call</a>, gobble, plain yelp, purr, cluck and purr, cluck, cutt, excited yelp, fly-down cackle, tree call, kee kee run, and putt.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In early spring, males older than a year old and, occasionally to a lesser extent, males younger than a year old gobble to announce their presence to females and competing males. The gobble of a wild turkey can be heard up to a mile away.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Males also emit a low-pitched "drumming" sound, produced by the movement of air in the <a href="/wiki/Air_sac" title="Air sac">air sac</a> in the chest, similar to the booming of a <a href="/wiki/Prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie chicken">prairie chicken</a>. In addition they produce a sound known as the "spit", which is a sharp expulsion of air from this air sac.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foraging">Foraging</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foraging" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_turkey_with_chicks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wild_turkey_with_chicks.jpg/220px-Wild_turkey_with_chicks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="692"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wild_turkey_with_chicks.jpg/220px-Wild_turkey_with_chicks.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wild_turkey_with_chicks.jpg/330px-Wild_turkey_with_chicks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wild_turkey_with_chicks.jpg/440px-Wild_turkey_with_chicks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hen with poults</figcaption></figure> Wild turkeys are <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous</a>, foraging on the ground or climbing shrubs and small trees to feed. They prefer eating <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>, and other hard <a href="/wiki/Mast_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast (botany)">mast</a> of various trees, including <a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">hazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinyon_pine" title="Pinyon pine">pinyon pine</a>, as well as various <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">berries</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bearberry" title="Bearberry">bearberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">buds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern_frond" class="mw-redirect" title="Fern frond">fern fronds</a>, roots, and <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-20">[20]</a> Turkeys also occasionally consume <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-20">[20]</a> Poults have been observed eating insects, berries, and seeds. Wild turkeys often feed in cow <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a>, sometimes visit backyard bird feeders, and favor croplands after harvest to scavenge seeds on the ground. Turkeys are also known to eat a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Turkeys_Foraging_in_Pennsylvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wild_Turkeys_Foraging_in_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-Wild_Turkeys_Foraging_in_Pennsylvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2356" data-file-height="1589"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wild_Turkeys_Foraging_in_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-Wild_Turkeys_Foraging_in_Pennsylvania.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wild_Turkeys_Foraging_in_Pennsylvania.jpg/330px-Wild_Turkeys_Foraging_in_Pennsylvania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wild_Turkeys_Foraging_in_Pennsylvania.jpg/440px-Wild_Turkeys_Foraging_in_Pennsylvania.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wild turkeys foraging in the Appalachian Foothills of Pennsylvania</figcaption></figure> Turkey populations can reach large numbers in small areas because of their ability to forage for different types of food.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Early morning and late afternoon are the desired times for eating. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure_and_mating">Social structure and mating</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social structure and mating" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_turkey_nest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wild_turkey_nest.jpg/170px-Wild_turkey_nest.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="2129"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wild_turkey_nest.jpg/170px-Wild_turkey_nest.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wild_turkey_nest.jpg/255px-Wild_turkey_nest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wild_turkey_nest.jpg/340px-Wild_turkey_nest.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Nest found in Nelson County, Virginia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_turkey_eggs_from_Ontario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wild_turkey_eggs_from_Ontario.jpg/170px-Wild_turkey_eggs_from_Ontario.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wild_turkey_eggs_from_Ontario.jpg/170px-Wild_turkey_eggs_from_Ontario.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wild_turkey_eggs_from_Ontario.jpg/255px-Wild_turkey_eggs_from_Ontario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wild_turkey_eggs_from_Ontario.jpg/340px-Wild_turkey_eggs_from_Ontario.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Nest in Ontario</figcaption></figure> Males are <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Polygamy" title="Animal sexual behaviour">polygamous</a>, mating with as many hens as they can. Male wild turkeys <a href="/wiki/Display_(zoology)" title="Display (zoology)">display</a> for females by puffing out their feathers, spreading out their tails, and dragging their wings. This behavior is most commonly referred to as strutting. Their heads and necks are colored with red, white, and blue. The color can change with the turkey's mood, with a solid white head and neck being the most excited. They use gobbling, drumming/booming, and spitting as signs of social dominance, and to attract females. Courtship begins during the months of March and April, which is when turkeys are still flocked together in winter areas. Males may be seen courting in groups, often with the dominant male gobbling, spreading his tail feathers (strutting), drumming/booming, and spitting. In a study, the average dominant male that courted as part of a pair of males fathered six more eggs than males that courted alone. Genetic analysis of pairs of males courting together shows that they are close relatives, with half of their genetic material being identical. The theory behind team-courtship is that the less-dominant male has a greater chance of passing along shared genetic material than if he were courting alone.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> When mating is finished, females search for nest sites. Nests are shallow dirt depressions engulfed with woody vegetation. Hens lay a clutch of 10–14 eggs, usually one per day. The eggs are incubated for at least 28 days. The poults are <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nidifugous" class="mw-redirect" title="Nidifugous">nidifugous</a>, leaving the nest in about 12–24 hours. Turkeys are a ground nesting bird, and because of this they are heavily predated on; reproductively-active wild turkeys have a lower annual survival rate due to predation of nests.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Positive_relationships_with_other_wild_species">Positive relationships with other wild species</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Positive relationships with other wild species" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Turkeys will occasionally forage with <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>, and may even play with them.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> By foraging together, each can help the other watch for predators with their different senses: the deer with their improved olfactory sense, the turkey with its superior sight, and squirrels providing an additional set of eyes from the air.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Predators">Predators</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Predators" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Predators of eggs and nestlings include <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a> (Procyon lotor), <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossums</a> (Didelphis virginiana), <a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">striped skunks</a> (Mephitis mephitis), <a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">spotted skunks</a> (Spilogale ssp.), <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a> (Vulpes vulpes), <a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">gray foxes</a> (Urocyon citnereoargenteus), <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhogs</a> (Marmota monax), among other <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Predators of poults in addition to nestlings and eggs also include several species of snake, namely <a href="/wiki/Elaphe" title="Elaphe">rat snakes</a> (Elaphe ssp.), <a href="/wiki/Pituophis_catenifer" title="Pituophis catenifer">gopher snakes</a> (Pituophis catenifer), and <a href="/wiki/Pituophis" title="Pituophis">pinesnakes</a> (Pituophis ssp.). Avian predators of poults include <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagles</a> (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), <a href="/wiki/Barred_owl" title="Barred owl">barred owl</a> (Strix varia), <a href="/wiki/Red-shouldered_hawk" title="Red-shouldered hawk">red-shouldered</a> (Buteo lineatus), <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed</a> (Buteo jamaicensis), <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_hawk" title="White-tailed hawk">white-tailed</a> (Geranoaetus albicaudatus), <a href="/wiki/Harris%27s_hawk" title="Harris's hawk">Harris's</a> hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus), <a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_hawk" title="Cooper's hawk">Cooper's hawk</a> (Accipiter cooperii), and <a href="/wiki/Broad-winged_hawk" title="Broad-winged hawk">broad-winged hawk</a> (Buteo platypterus) (both likely of very small poults).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Mortality of poults is greatest in the first 14 days of life, especially of those roosting on the ground, decreasing most notably after half a year, when they attain near adult sizes.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_turkey_and_juveniles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wild_turkey_and_juveniles.jpg/170px-Wild_turkey_and_juveniles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2649" data-file-height="3238"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wild_turkey_and_juveniles.jpg/170px-Wild_turkey_and_juveniles.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wild_turkey_and_juveniles.jpg/255px-Wild_turkey_and_juveniles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wild_turkey_and_juveniles.jpg/340px-Wild_turkey_and_juveniles.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hen with juveniles</figcaption></figure> In addition to poults, hens and adult-sized fledglings (but not, as far as is known, adult male toms) are vulnerable to predation by <a href="/wiki/Great_horned_owl" title="Great horned owl">great horned owls</a> (Bubo virginianus),<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_goshawk" title="American goshawk">American goshawk</a> (Accipiter atricapillus),<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">domestic dogs</a> (Canis familiaris), <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">domestic cats</a> (Felis catus), and <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a> (Vulpes vulpes).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Predators of both adults and poults include <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a> (Canis latrans),<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolves</a> (Canis lupus),<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcats</a> (Lynx rufus),<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a> (Puma concolor),<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx</a> (Lynx canadensis), <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a> (Aquila chrysaetos),<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bears</a> (Ursus americanus), which also will eat the eggs if they find them.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a> (Alligator mississippiensis) is a predator to all turkeys of all ages in the Southeast and will eat them if they get too close to water. Humans are now the leading predator of adult turkeys.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> When approached by potential predators, turkeys and their poults usually run rather than fly away, though they may also fly short distances if pressed. Another alternative behaviour, common in <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a>, is that when surprised with no time to flee, the poulets hide under the wings and body of the hen while she sits tight and still. Presumably, the hen has vocal and behavioural signals that trigger the poults to instinctively run to the hen for cover.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Turkey_hen_sitting_tight_with_poulets_under_her_wings_and_body.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wild_Turkey_hen_sitting_tight_with_poulets_under_her_wings_and_body.jpg/220px-Wild_Turkey_hen_sitting_tight_with_poulets_under_her_wings_and_body.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wild_Turkey_hen_sitting_tight_with_poulets_under_her_wings_and_body.jpg/220px-Wild_Turkey_hen_sitting_tight_with_poulets_under_her_wings_and_body.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wild_Turkey_hen_sitting_tight_with_poulets_under_her_wings_and_body.jpg/330px-Wild_Turkey_hen_sitting_tight_with_poulets_under_her_wings_and_body.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wild_Turkey_hen_sitting_tight_with_poulets_under_her_wings_and_body.jpg/440px-Wild_Turkey_hen_sitting_tight_with_poulets_under_her_wings_and_body.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A hen caught in the open hides her young poults beneath her wings and body.</figcaption></figure> Occasionally, if cornered, adult turkeys may try to fight off predators and large male toms can be especially aggressive in self-defense. When fighting off predators, turkeys may kick with their legs, using the spurs on their back of the legs as a weapon, bite with their beak, and ram with their relatively large bodies and may be able to deter predators up to the size of mid-sized mammals.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Hens have been observed chasing off at least two species of hawks in flight when their poults are threatened.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Wild turkeys are not usually aggressive towards humans, but can be frightened or provoked to behave with aggression. They are most likely to attack if startled, cornered, harassed, or if approached too closely. Attacks and potential injuries can usually be avoided by giving wild turkeys a respectful amount of space and keeping outdoor spaces clean and undisturbed.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Also, turkeys that are habituated to seeing people, at places like parks or campgrounds, can be tame and will even feed from the hands of people. Male toms occasionally will attack parked cars and reflective surfaces, thinking they see another turkey and must defend their territory. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Range_and_population">Range and population</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Range and population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_009_(The_Southeast--A_Bird_of_the_Deciduous_Forest,_Wild_Turkey,_Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_009_%28The_Southeast--A_Bird_of_the_Deciduous_Forest%2C_Wild_Turkey%2C_Georgia%29.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_009_%28The_Southeast--A_Bird_of_the_Deciduous_Forest%2C_Wild_Turkey%2C_Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_009_%28The_Southeast--A_Bird_of_the_Deciduous_Forest%2C_Wild_Turkey%2C_Georgia%29.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_009_%28The_Southeast--A_Bird_of_the_Deciduous_Forest%2C_Wild_Turkey%2C_Georgia%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_009_%28The_Southeast--A_Bird_of_the_Deciduous_Forest%2C_Wild_Turkey%2C_Georgia%29.jpg/330px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_009_%28The_Southeast--A_Bird_of_the_Deciduous_Forest%2C_Wild_Turkey%2C_Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_009_%28The_Southeast--A_Bird_of_the_Deciduous_Forest%2C_Wild_Turkey%2C_Georgia%29.jpg/440px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_009_%28The_Southeast--A_Bird_of_the_Deciduous_Forest%2C_Wild_Turkey%2C_Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Bird of the Deciduous Forest, Wild Turkey, Georgia diorama at the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Museum" title="Milwaukee Public Museum">Milwaukee Public Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Californian_turkey" title="Californian turkey">Californian turkey</a> (Meleagris californica) is an extinct species of <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkey</a> indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. It became extinct about 10,000 years ago. The present Californian wild turkey population derives from wild birds re-introduced during the 1960s and 1970s from other areas by game officials.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> They proliferated after 2000 to become an everyday sight in the East <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">Bay Area</a> by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-rub-52">[52]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century the range and numbers of wild turkeys had plummeted due to hunting and loss of habitat. When Europeans arrived in the New World, they were found from Canada to Mexico in the millions. Europeans and their successors knew nothing about the life cycle of the bird and ecology itself as a science would come too late – not even in its infancy until the end of the 19th century – whereas heavy hunting began in the 17th century. Deforestation destroyed trees turkeys need to roost in. Destruction of subtypes of environment like prairie grassland in the Midwest, canebrakes in the Southeast, and pine in the desert highlands made them easy prey for predators as there was nowhere to hide or lay eggs. Game managers estimate that the entire population of wild turkeys in the United States was as low as 30,000 by the late 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> By the 1940s, it was almost totally extirpated from <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and had become localized in pockets in the United States, in the north-east effectively restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Appalachians" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachians">Appalachians</a>, only as far north as central Pennsylvania. Early attempts used hand reared birds, a practice that failed miserably as the birds were unable to survive in the wild at all and many had imprinted far too much on humans to effectively survive. Game officials later made efforts to protect and encourage the breeding of the surviving wild population. They would wait for numbers to grow, catch the surplus birds with a device that would have a projectile net that would ensnare the creature, move it to another unoccupied territory, and repeat the cycle. Over time this included some in the western states where it was not native. There is evidence that the bird does well when near farmland, which provides grain and also berry-bearing shrubs at its edges.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> As wild turkey numbers rebounded, hunting became legal in 49 U.S. states (excluding <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>). In 1973, the total U.S. population was estimated to be 1.3 million, and current[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] estimates place the entire wild turkey population at 7 million individuals. Since the 1980s, "trap and transfer" projects have reintroduced wild turkeys to several provinces of Canada as well, sometimes from across the border in the United States. They appear to be very successful as of 2018 as wild turkeys have multiplied rapidly and flourished in places where they were not expected to survive by Canadian scientists, often quite far north of their original expected range. Attempts to introduce the wild turkey to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> as a game bird in the 18th century were not successful.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> is said to have had a flock of a few thousand in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a> near London, but they were too easy for local <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poachers</a> to destroy, and the fights with poachers became too dangerous for the <a href="/wiki/Gamekeeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamekeeper">gamekeepers</a>. They were hunted with dogs and then shot out of trees where they took refuge. Several other populations, introduced or escaped, have survived for periods elsewhere in Britain and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, but seem to have died out, perhaps from a combination of lack of winter feed and poaching.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Small populations, probably descended from farm as well as wild stock, in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> have been more successful, and there are wild populations of some size following introductions in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subspecies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> There are subtle differences in the coloration, habitat, and behavior of the different subspecies of wild turkeys. The six subspecies are: <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:09-03_NFlaWildTurkeys.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/09-03_NFlaWildTurkeys.JPG/220px-09-03_NFlaWildTurkeys.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="551"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/09-03_NFlaWildTurkeys.JPG/220px-09-03_NFlaWildTurkeys.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/09-03_NFlaWildTurkeys.JPG/330px-09-03_NFlaWildTurkeys.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/09-03_NFlaWildTurkeys.JPG/440px-09-03_NFlaWildTurkeys.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Eastern wild turkey</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_wild_turkey_(Meleagris_gallopavo_silvestris)_(Vieillot,_1817)">Eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) (<a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Vieillot" title="Louis Pierre Vieillot">Vieillot</a>, 1817)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) (Vieillot, 1817)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This was the turkey subspecies Europeans first encountered in the wild: by the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a>, the founders of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, the Dutch who lived in New York, and by the <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadians</a>. Its range is one of the largest of all subspecies, covering the entire eastern half of the United States from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> in the north to northern Florida and extending as far west as <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, and into <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. In Canada, its range extends into Southeastern <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Southwestern <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Quebec" title="Pontiac, Quebec">Pontiac, Quebec</a> and the lower half of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Quebec_Seismic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Quebec Seismic Zone">Western Quebec Seismic Zone</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritime Provinces</a>. They number from 5.1 to 5.3 million birds. They were first named 'forest turkey' in 1817, and can grow up to 4 ft (1.2 m) tall. The upper tail coverts are tipped with chestnut brown. Males can reach 30 lb (14 kg) in weight. The eastern wild turkey is heavily hunted in the Eastern USA and is the most hunted wild turkey subspecies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osceola_wild_turkey_or_Florida_wild_turkey_(M._g._osceola)_(Scott,_1890)">Osceola wild turkey or Florida wild turkey (M. g. osceola) (Scott, 1890)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Osceola wild turkey or Florida wild turkey (M. g. osceola) (Scott, 1890)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most common in the Florida peninsula, they number from 80,000 to 100,000 birds. This bird is named for the famous <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a>, and was first described in 1890. It is smaller and darker than the eastern wild turkey. The wing feathers are very dark with smaller amounts of the white barring seen on other subspecies. Their overall body feathers are an <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> green-purple color. They are often found in scrub patches of palmetto and occasionally near swamps, where amphibian prey is abundant. Osceola turkeys are the smallest subspecies weighing 16 to 18 pounds (7 to 8 kg). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Turkey_Walking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wild_Turkey_Walking.jpg/220px-Wild_Turkey_Walking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wild_Turkey_Walking.jpg/220px-Wild_Turkey_Walking.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wild_Turkey_Walking.jpg/330px-Wild_Turkey_Walking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wild_Turkey_Walking.jpg/440px-Wild_Turkey_Walking.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rio Grande wild turkey has relatively long legs</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rio_Grande_wild_turkey_(M._g._intermedia)_(Sennett,_1879)">Rio Grande wild turkey (M. g. intermedia) (Sennett, 1879)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rio Grande wild turkey (M. g. intermedia) (Sennett, 1879)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Rio Grande wild turkey ranges through Texas to <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and was introduced to central and western <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, as well as parts of a few northeastern states.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was also introduced to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a> in the late 1950s. Population estimates for this subspecies are around 1,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> This subspecies, native to the central plain states, was first described in 1879, and has relatively long legs, better adapted to a prairie habitat. Its body feathers often have a green-coppery sheen. The tips of the tail and lower back feathers are a buff-to-very light tan color. Its habitats are brush areas next to streams, rivers or <a href="/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">mesquite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> and scrub oak forests. The Rio Grande turkey is <a href="/wiki/Gregarious" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregarious">gregarious</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merriam's_wild_turkey_(M._g._merriami)_(Nelson,_1900)">Merriam's wild turkey (M. g. merriami) (<a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Nelson" title="Edward William Nelson">Nelson</a>, 1900)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Merriam's wild turkey (M. g. merriami) (Nelson, 1900)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Merriam's wild turkey ranges through the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, as well as much of the high mesa country of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a>, with number from 334,460 to 344,460 birds.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The subspecies has also been introduced into <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>. The initial releases of Merriam's turkeys in 1961 resulted in establishing a remnant population of Merriam's turkeys along the east-slope of Mt. Hood and natural immigration of turkeys from Idaho has established Merriam's flocks along the eastern border of Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Merriam's wild turkeys live in <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">ponderosa pine</a> and mountainous regions. The subspecies was named in 1900 in honor of <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Hart_Merriam" title="Clinton Hart Merriam">Clinton Hart Merriam</a>, the first chief of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Biological Survey</a>. The tail and lower back feathers have white tips and purple and bronze reflections. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gould's_wild_turkey_(M._g._mexicana)_(Gould,_1856)">Gould's wild turkey (M. g. mexicana) (<a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">Gould</a>, 1856)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gould's wild turkey (M. g. mexicana) (Gould, 1856)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gould_Wild_turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gould_Wild_turkey.jpg/220px-Gould_Wild_turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="866"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 109px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gould_Wild_turkey.jpg/220px-Gould_Wild_turkey.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gould_Wild_turkey.jpg/330px-Gould_Wild_turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gould_Wild_turkey.jpg/440px-Gould_Wild_turkey.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gould's wild turkey</figcaption></figure> Native from the central valleys to the northern mountains of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the southernmost parts of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. Gould's wild turkeys are heavily protected and regulated. The subspecies was first described in 1856. They exist in small numbers in the U.S. but are abundant in northwestern portions of Mexico. A small population has been established in southern Arizona. Gould's are the largest of the six subspecies. They have longer legs, larger feet, and longer tail feathers. The main colors of the body feathers are copper and greenish-gold. This subspecies is heavily protected owing to its skittish nature and threatened status. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Mexican_wild_turkey_(M._g._gallopavo)_(Linnaeus,_1758)">South Mexican wild turkey (M. g. gallopavo) (Linnaeus, 1758)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: South Mexican wild turkey (M. g. gallopavo) (Linnaeus, 1758)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The south Mexican wild turkey is considered the <a href="/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">nominate subspecies</a>, and the only one that is not found in the United States or Canada. In central Mexico, archaeological M. gallopavo bones have been identified at sites dating to 800–100 BC.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is unclear whether these early specimens represent wild or domestic individuals, but domestic turkeys were likely established in central Mexico by the first half of the Classic Period (c. AD 200–1000). Late Preclassic (300 BC–AD 100) turkey remains identified at the archaeological site of El Mirador (Petén, Guatemala) represent the earliest evidence of the export of the south Mexican wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) to the ancient Maya world. The south <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> wild subspecies, M. g. gallopavo, was <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">domesticated</a> either in Mexico or by Preclassic peoples in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_turkey" title="Domestic turkey">domestic turkey</a> (M. g. domesticus).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The Spaniards brought this tamed subspecies back to Europe with them in the mid-16th century; from Spain it spread to France and later Britain as a farmyard animal, usually becoming the centerpiece of a feast for the well-to-do. By 1620 it was common enough so that Pilgrim settlers of Massachusetts could bring turkeys with them from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, unaware that it had a larger close relative already occupying the forests of Massachusetts. It is one of the smallest subspecies and is best known in Spanish from its Aztec-derived name, guajolote. This wild turkey subspecies is thought to be critically endangered, as of 2010. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6_Wild_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/6_Wild_Turkey.jpg/220px-6_Wild_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16112" data-file-height="11104"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/6_Wild_Turkey.jpg/220px-6_Wild_Turkey.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/6_Wild_Turkey.jpg/330px-6_Wild_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/6_Wild_Turkey.jpg/440px-6_Wild_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Female wild turkey with young, from <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_America_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of America (book)">Birds of America</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Benjamin_Franklin_and_the_myth_of_U.S._national_bird_suggestion">Benjamin Franklin and the myth of U.S. national bird suggestion</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Benjamin Franklin and the myth of U.S. national bird suggestion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> The idea that <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> preferred the turkey as the national bird of the United States comes from a letter he wrote to his daughter Sarah Bache on 26 January 1784.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The main subject of the letter is a criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a>, which he likened to a <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric order</a>, which contradicted the ideals of the newly founded American <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heraldry-62">[62]</a> In one section of the letter, Franklin remarked on the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a> on the Society's crest: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Others object to the Bald Eagle, as looking too much like a Dindon, or Turkey. For my own part I wish the Bald Eagle had not been chosen the Representative of our Country. He is a Bird of bad moral Character. He does not get his Living honestly. You may have seen him perched on some dead Tree near the River, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the Labour of the Fishing Hawk [<a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>]; and when that diligent Bird has at length taken a Fish, and is bearing it to his Nest for the Support of his Mate and young Ones, the Bald Eagle pursues him and takes it from him. With all this Injustice, he is never in good Case but like those among Men who live by Sharping & Robbing he is generally poor and often very lousy. Besides he is a rank Coward: The little <a href="/wiki/Kingbird" title="Kingbird">King Bird</a> not bigger than a Sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the District. He is therefore by no means a proper Emblem for the brave and honest Cincinnati of America who have driven all the King birds from our Country ... I am on this account not displeased that the Figure is not known as a Bald Eagle, but looks more like a Turkey. For in Truth the Turkey is in Comparison a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America ... He is besides, though a little vain & silly, a Bird of Courage, and would not hesitate to attack a Grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his Farm Yard with a red Coat on.</blockquote> Franklin never publicly voiced opposition to the bald eagle as a national symbol, nor did he ever publicly suggest the turkey as a national symbol.<a href="#cite_note-Heraldry-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Significance_to_Native_Americans">Significance to Native Americans</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Significance to Native Americans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_wild_turkeys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Female_wild_turkeys.jpg/220px-Female_wild_turkeys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Female_wild_turkeys.jpg/220px-Female_wild_turkeys.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Female_wild_turkeys.jpg/330px-Female_wild_turkeys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Female_wild_turkeys.jpg/440px-Female_wild_turkeys.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Eastern wild turkey (M. g. silvestris) hens</figcaption></figure> The wild turkey, throughout its range, plays a significant role in the cultures of many <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American tribe">Native American tribes</a> all over North America. It is a favorite meal in eastern tribes. Eastern Native American tribes consumed both the eggs and meat, sometimes turning the latter into a type of jerky to preserve it and make it last through cold weather. They provided habitat by burning down portions of forests to create meadows which would attract mating birds, and thus give a clear shot to hunters. The feathers of turkeys also often made their way into the rituals and headgear of many tribes. Many leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Catawba_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catawba (tribe)">Catawba</a> chiefs, traditionally wore turkey feather headdresses.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Significant peoples of several tribes, including <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee Creek">Muscogee Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a>, wore turkey feather cloaks.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The turkey clan is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> clans.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Movements of wild turkeys inspired the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> tribe's <a href="/wiki/Turkey_dance" title="Turkey dance">turkey dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo people</a> of Northeastern Arizona, New Mexico and Utah call the turkey Tązhii and relate the bird to the corn and seeds which The Turkey in Navajo folklore brought from the Third Navajo World. It is one of the Navajos' sacred birds, with the Navajo people using the feathers and parts in multiple traditional ceremonies. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_turkey" title="Heritage turkey">Heritage turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkeypox_virus" title="Turkeypox virus">Turkeypox virus</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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NWTF Wildlife Bulletin NO.16 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwtf.org/all_about_turkeys/predators.html">Wild Turkey Predators, Wild Turkey Predation: National Wild Turkey Federation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110135422/http://www.nwtf.org/all_about_turkeys/predators.html">Archived</a> 2012-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nwtf.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-19. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waterandwoods.net/2008/09/wild-turkey-predators/">Wild Turkey Predators</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626144707/http://waterandwoods.net/2008/09/wild-turkey-predators/">Archived</a> 2012-06-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Waterandwoods.net (2008-09-20). Retrieved on 2012-12-19. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1961" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, R.R. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4082208">"Aerial Pursuit of Hawks by Turkeys"</a>. The Auk. 78 (4): 646. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4082208">10.2307/4082208</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4082208">4082208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.atitle=Aerial+Pursuit+of+Hawks+by+Turkeys&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=646&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4082208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4082208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=R.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F4082208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+turkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/livingwith_wildlife/turkeys/index.html">Living with wildlife: Turkey: Minnesota DNR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028012749/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/livingwith_wildlife/turkeys/index.html">Archived</a> 2012-10-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dnr.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2012-12-19. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> California Department of Fish and Game. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfg.ca.gov/publications/docs/turkeyguide.pdf">Wild Turkey Guide 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081027032554/http://www.dfg.ca.gov/publications/docs/turkeyguide.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-rub-52"><a href="#cite_ref-rub_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubio2015" class="citation web cs1">Rubio, Tena (November 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/27/like-it-or-not-wild-turkeys-proliferate-in-east-bay">"Like It or Not, Wild Turkeys Proliferate in East Bay"</a>. kqed.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113108/http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/27/like-it-or-not-wild-turkeys-proliferate-in-east-bay">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kqed.org&rft.atitle=Like+It+or+Not%2C+Wild+Turkeys+Proliferate+in+East+Bay&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft.aulast=Rubio&rft.aufirst=Tena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2.kqed.org%2Fnews%2F2015%2F11%2F27%2Flike-it-or-not-wild-turkeys-proliferate-in-east-bay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+turkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Andrew F. (2006). "The Fall and Rise of the Edible Turkey". In Hosking, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=juAabiJpnn0C">Wild Food: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2004</a>. Totnes, Devon, UK: Prospect Books. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903018439" title="Special:BookSources/9781903018439"><bdi>9781903018439</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509024445/https://books.google.com/books?id=juAabiJpnn0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-09. Retrieved 2017-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fall+and+Rise+of+the+Edible+Turkey&rft.btitle=Wild+Food%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cookery+2004&rft.place=Totnes%2C+Devon%2C+UK&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781903018439&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andrew+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjuAabiJpnn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+turkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Dickson, pp. 368-379 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> These birds were imported from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, then called the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a>. They did not come from Turkey or India, as was widely believed.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/turkey.htm">"Talking Turkey", World Wide Words. On line.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207215349/http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/turkey.htm">Archived</a> 2006-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Dickson, p. 363; Maxwell, William Hamilton, The field book; or, Sports and pastimes of the British islands, by the author of 'Wild sports of the West, p. 540, London, 1833, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldbookorspor00unkngoog/page/n551">Internet Archive</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Dickson, pp. 363-368 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennamer" class="citation web cs1">Kennamer, Mary C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwtf.org/conservation/bulletins/bulletin_3_9-9-09.pdf">"NWTF Wildlife Bulletin No. 3: Rio Grande Wild Turkey"</a> (PDF). NWTF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418024828/http://www.nwtf.org/conservation/bulletins/bulletin_3_9-9-09.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2013-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NWTF+Wildlife+Bulletin+No.+3%3A+Rio+Grande+Wild+Turkey&rft.pub=NWTF&rft.aulast=Kennamer&rft.aufirst=Mary+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwtf.org%2Fconservation%2Fbulletins%2Fbulletin_3_9-9-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+turkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/management_plans/wild_turkey/">"Oregon State Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Wild Turkey Management Plan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110620152031/http://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/management_plans/wild_turkey/">Archived</a> 2011-06-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorntonEmerySteadmanSpeller2012" class="citation journal cs1">Thornton, Erin Kennedy; Emery, Kitty F.; Steadman, David W.; Speller, Camilla; Matheny, Ray; Yang, Dongya (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3414452">"Earliest Mexican Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the Maya Region: Implications for Pre-Hispanic Animal Trade and the Timing of Turkey Domestication"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e42630. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...742630T">2012PLoSO...742630T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0042630">10.1371/journal.pone.0042630</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3414452">3414452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22905156">22905156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Earliest+Mexican+Turkeys+%28Meleagris+gallopavo%29+in+the+Maya+Region%3A+Implications+for+Pre-Hispanic+Animal+Trade+and+the+Timing+of+Turkey+Domestication&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e42630&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3414452%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22905156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0042630&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...742630T&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Erin+Kennedy&rft.au=Emery%2C+Kitty+F.&rft.au=Steadman%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Speller%2C+Camilla&rft.au=Matheny%2C+Ray&rft.au=Yang%2C+Dongya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3414452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+turkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-newrepublic.html#29">"Benjamin Franklin to Sarah Bache, January 26, 1784"</a>. Manuscript Division. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404211639/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-newrepublic.html#29">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Franklin+to+Sarah+Bache%2C+January+26%2C+1784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Ftreasures%2Ffranklin-newrepublic.html%2329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+turkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heraldry-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heraldry_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heraldry_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082418/http://www.americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=MMM.Turkey">"The Arms of the United States: Benjamin Franklin and the Turkey"</a>. American Heraldry Society. Americanheraldry.org. 2007-05-18. MMM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=MMM.Turkey">the original</a> on 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2012-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arms+of+the+United+States%3A+Benjamin+Franklin+and+the+Turkey&rft.series=American+Heraldry+Society&rft.pub=Americanheraldry.org&rft.date=2007-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanheraldry.org%2Fpages%2Findex.php%3Fn%3DMMM.Turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+turkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fi.edu/benjamin-franklin/franklin-national-bird">"Did Benjamin Franklin want the national bird to be a turkey?"</a>. Franklin Institute. Benjamin Franklin frequently asked questions. 28 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906120432/https://www.fi.edu/benjamin-franklin/franklin-national-bird">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franklin+Institute&rft.atitle=Did+Benjamin+Franklin+want+the+national+bird+to+be+a+turkey%3F&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Fbenjamin-franklin%2Ffranklin-national-bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+turkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Pritzker 367 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Pritzker 381, 474 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Pritzker 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/voices/today.html">"Caddo Nation Today."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113071330/http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/voices/today.html">Archived</a> 2010-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Texas Beyond History. (retrieved 28 Dec 2010) </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li>Dickson, James G., The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management (A National Wild Turkey Federation and USDA Forest Service book), 1992, Stackpole Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081171859X" title="Special:BookSources/081171859X">081171859X</a>, 9780811718592, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oVICEKm1U04C&pg=PA362&dq">google books</a></li> <li>Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1">978-0-19-513877-1</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125094041/http://www1.va.gov/opa/feature/celebrate/eagle.asp">Turkey as U.S. national bird</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/turkey.htm">Turkeys from England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwtf.org/all_about_turkeys/index.html">National Wild Turkey Federation – Map of the locations of the five sub-species of wild turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060415011059/http://www.nwtf.org/all_about_turkeys/index.html">Archived</a> 2006-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>View the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Meleagris_gallopavo/Info/Index/">turkey genome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/wild-turkey-meleagris-gallopavo">"Wild turkey media"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Bird_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Bird Collection">Internet Bird Collection</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Bird+Collection&rft.atitle=Wild+turkey+media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbw.com%2Fibc%2Fspecies%2Fwild-turkey-meleagris-gallopavo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+turkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=Wild+Turkey&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24">Wild turkey photo gallery</a> at VIREO (Drexel University)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&oldid=1259024886">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&oldid=1259024886</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Wild_turkey&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 23:43 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ديك رومي بري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديك رومي بري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleagris_gallopavo" title="Meleagris gallopavo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Meleagris gallopavo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcu" title="Curcu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Curcu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicirew" title="Nicirew – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Nicirew" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_hind_qu%C5%9Fu" title="Adi hind quşu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi hind quşu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkun_liar" title="Kalkun liar – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kalkun liar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пуйка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пуйка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaudara" title="Kaudara – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kaudara" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yar-Indez" title="Yar-Indez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yar-Indez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_dindi" title="Gall dindi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gall dindi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Вăрман кăркки – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрман кăркки" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleagris_gallopavo" title="Meleagris gallopavo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Meleagris gallopavo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krocan_divok%C3%BD" title="Krocan divoký – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krocan divoký" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkun" title="Kalkun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kalkun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truthuhn" title="Truthuhn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Truthuhn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metskalkun" title="Metskalkun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metskalkun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleagris_gallopavo" title="Meleagris gallopavo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Meleagris gallopavo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinara_meleagro" title="Ordinara meleagro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ordinara meleagro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indioilar_arrunt" title="Indioilar arrunt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indioilar arrunt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بوقلمون وحشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوقلمون وحشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindon_sauvage" title="Dindon sauvage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dindon sauvage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkoen" title="Kalkoen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kalkoen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coileach-Frangach" title="Coileach-Frangach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Coileach-Frangach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavo" title="Pavo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pavo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%A4%EC%B9%A0%EB%A9%B4%EC%A1%B0" title="들칠면조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="들칠면조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BE" title="Հնդկահավ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդկահավ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="जंगली टर्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जंगली टर्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divlji_puran" title="Divlji puran – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Divlji puran" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Гогыз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гогыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleagris_gallopavo" title="Meleagris gallopavo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Meleagris gallopavo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="תרנגול הודו מצוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרנגול הודו מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zw%C3%ABczajny_g%C3%B9l%C3%B4k" title="Zwëczajny gùlôk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zwëczajny gùlôk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BF" title="Кадимки күрп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кадимки күрп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D3%B9%D1%86%D1%86%D3%B9%D0%B2%D3%B9" title="Немӹццӹвӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Немӹццӹвӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleagris_gallopavo" title="Meleagris gallopavo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Meleagris gallopavo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadpulyka" title="Vadpulyka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vadpulyka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ديك رومى برى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديك رومى برى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam_belanda_liar" title="Ayam belanda liar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ayam belanda liar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%82_%D1%85%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Зэрлэг цацагт хяруул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зэрлэг цацагт хяруул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkoen_(dier)" title="Kalkoen (dier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kalkoen (dier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%81%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6" title="シチメンチョウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シチメンチョウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galledinio" title="Galledinio – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Galledinio" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puut" title="Puut – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Puut" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkun" title="Kalkun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kalkun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkun" title="Kalkun – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kalkun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yovvoyi_kurka" title="Yovvoyi kurka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yovvoyi kurka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puter" title="Puter – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Puter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indyk_zwyczajny" title="Indyk zwyczajny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indyk zwyczajny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru-selvagem" title="Peru-selvagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peru-selvagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcan" title="Curcan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curcan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Индейка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индейка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacchinu" title="Tacchinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tacchinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wild turkey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puran" title="Puran – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Puran" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divlja_%C4%87urka" title="Divlja ćurka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Divlja ćurka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkkuna" title="Kalkkuna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalkkuna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkon" title="Kalkon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalkon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligaw_na_pabo" title="Ligaw na pabo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ligaw na pabo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="காட்டு வான்கோழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காட்டு வான்கோழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A8%E1%8F%AF%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%AF_%E1%8E%AC%E1%8E%BE" title="ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Індик великий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індик великий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0_t%C3%A2y_hoang" title="Gà tây hoang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gà tây hoang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piishi" title="Piishi – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Piishi" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkoen" title="Kalkoen – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kalkoen" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleagris_gallopavo" title="Meleagris gallopavo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Meleagris gallopavo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E7%81%AB%E9%B8%A1" title="野生火鸡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="野生火鸡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E7%81%AB%E9%9B%9E" title="野生火雞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="野生火雞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E7%81%AB%E9%9B%9E" title="野生火雞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="野生火雞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 23:43 (UTC).</li> 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