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id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Agriculture+in+Mesoamerica" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Agriculture in Mesoamerica</b> dates to the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic</a> period of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican chronology</a> (8000–2000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Coe_&_Koontz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe_&_Koontz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the Archaic period, the Early Hunters of the late Pleistocene era (50,000–10,000 BC) led nomadic lifestyles, relying on hunting and gathering for sustenance. However, the nomadic lifestyle that dominated the late Pleistocene and the early Archaic slowly transitioned into a more sedentary lifestyle as the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter gatherer">hunter gatherer</a> micro-bands in the region began to cultivate wild plants. The cultivation of these plants provided security to the Mesoamericans, allowing them to increase surplus of "<a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> foods" near seasonal camps; this surplus could be utilized when hunting was bad, during times of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>, and when resources were low. The cultivation of plants could have been started purposefully, or by accident. The former could have been done by bringing a wild plant closer to a camp site, or to a frequented area, so it was easier access and collect. The latter could have happened as certain plant seeds were eaten and not fully digested, causing these plants to grow wherever human habitation would take them. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zea_mays.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Zea_mays.jpg/175px-Zea_mays.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Zea_mays.jpg/263px-Zea_mays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Zea_mays.jpg/350px-Zea_mays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="2670"></a><figcaption>Varieties of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the Archaic period progressed, <a href="/wiki/Plant_cultivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant cultivation">cultivation</a> of plant foods became increasingly important to the people of Mesoamerica. The reliability of cultivated plants allowed hunting and gathering micro-bands to establish permanent settlements and to increase in size. These larger settlements required a greater quantity of food, consequently leading to an even greater reliance on domesticated crops. Eventually, the Mesoamerican people established a sedentary lifestyle based on plant domestication and <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">cultivation</a>, supplemented with small game hunting. This sedentary lifestyle reliant on agriculture allowed permanent settlements to grow into villages and provided the opportunity for division of labor and social stratification. </p><p>The most important plant in ancient Mesoamerica, was, unarguably, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>. Squash and beans were also important staples of the ancient Mesoamerican agricultural diet and along with maize, are often referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a>". </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_and_culturally_significant_domestic_plants"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early and culturally significant domestic plants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Domestic_plants"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Domestic plants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Farming_techniques"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Farming techniques</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_and_culturally_significant_domestic_plants">Early and culturally significant domestic plants <span class="anchor" id="Early_and_Culturally_Significant_Domesticated_Plants"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early and culturally significant domestic plants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cacao_fruits_on_tree_-_Guadeloupe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cacao_fruits_on_tree_-_Guadeloupe.JPG/220px-Cacao_fruits_on_tree_-_Guadeloupe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cacao_fruits_on_tree_-_Guadeloupe.JPG/220px-Cacao_fruits_on_tree_-_Guadeloupe.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cacao_fruits_on_tree_-_Guadeloupe.JPG/330px-Cacao_fruits_on_tree_-_Guadeloupe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cacao_fruits_on_tree_-_Guadeloupe.JPG/440px-Cacao_fruits_on_tree_-_Guadeloupe.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Cacao</figcaption></figure> <p>Another important crop in Mesoamerican agriculture is <a href="/wiki/Squash_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (fruit)">squash</a>. Bruce D. Smith discovered evidence of domesticated squash (<i>Cucurbita pepo</i>), in Guilá Naquitz cave in Oaxaca.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe_&_Koontz_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe_&_Koontz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These finds date back to 8000 BC, the beginning of the Archaic period, and are related to today's pumpkin. Another important squash that was domesticated in the early Archaic period was the bottle gourd (<i>Lagenaria siceraria</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Coe_&_Koontz_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe_&_Koontz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bottle gourd provided storage space for collecting seeds for grinding or planting as well as a means of carrying water. Squashes provided an excellent source of protein to the ancient Mesoamericans, as well as to people today. </p><p>Another major food source in Mesoamerica are <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>. Maize, beans, and squash form a triad of products, commonly referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a>". Growing these three crops together helps to retain nutrients in the soil. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">Rubber</a> trees and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> plants were useful for making culturally significant products such as rubber balls for <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ball games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">textiles</a>, respectively. Evidence of these ball games is found throughout Mesoamerica, and the performance of these games is related to many origin myths of the Mesoamerican people. The game had a ritualistic significance and was often accompanied with human sacrifice. The domestication of cotton allowed for textiles of vibrant colors to be created. These textiles are evidence of the Mesoamerican peoples' fascination with adornment and the cultural value they placed on appearance. </p><p>Another culturally important plant was <a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">cacao</a> (ancient Mesoamerican chocolate). <a href="/wiki/Cacao_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacao bean">Cacao</a> was used in rituals (as a drink) and was also used as currency in trade. </p><p>The crops above are only a few of the domesticated plants important to the ancient peoples of Mesoamerica. Please see the section below for a more comprehensive list of ancient Mesoamerican domesticated plants. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Domestic_plants">Domestic plants <span class="anchor" id="Domesticated_Plants"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Domestic plants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Main source: Pre-Columbian Foodways A list of Mesoamerican <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staples</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a>* – also known as the "century plant"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherimoya" title="Cherimoya">Anona</a> – also called a "custard apple"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">Avocado</a>* – large, green, egg-shaped berry with a single seed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cacao</a>* – the main ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a>* – edible starchy root also known as manioc; also used to make <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaya_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaya (plant)">Chaya</a> – large fast-growing leafy shrub with uses similar to <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherimoya" title="Cherimoya">Cherimoya</a>* (fruit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a>* (<i>Manilkara chicle</i>) – sap made into chewing gum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili peppers</a>* – many varieties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a> – incense used by the Maya for religious practices <sup id="cite_ref-Coe_Mayan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe_Mayan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a>* – a shrub that is used mainly to create textiles</li> <li>Epazote (<i><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Dysphania ambrosioides</a></i>) – aromatic herb</li> <li>Guayaba* – <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a> fruit</li> <li>Huautli* (<i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">Amaranthus cruentus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">Amaranthus hypochondriacus</a></i>) – grain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%ADcama" class="mw-redirect" title="Jícama">Jícama</a>* (<i>Pachyrhizus erosus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a>* – domesticated from <a href="/wiki/Teosinte" class="mw-redirect" title="Teosinte">teosinte</a> grasses in southern Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamey_sapote" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamey sapote">Mamey sapote</a>* (<i>Pouteria sapota</i>) – fruit, other parts of plants have noted uses</li> <li>Mora (<i><a href="/wiki/Rubus" title="Rubus">Rubus</a></i> blackberry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nopal" title="Nopal">Nopales</a>* – stem segments of <i><a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">Opuntia</a></i> species, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Opuntia_ficus-indica" title="Opuntia ficus-indica">Opuntia ficus-indica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">Papaya</a>* (<i>Carica papaya</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">Pineapple</a> – cultivated extensively</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinto_bean" title="Pinto bean">Pinto bean</a> – "painted/speckled" bean; <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen-fixer</a> traditionally planted in conjunction with the "two sisters", maize and squash, to help condition soil; runners grew on maize</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">Squash</a>* (<i><a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">Cucurbita</a></i> spp.) – pumpkins, zucchini, acorn squash, others</li> <li>Strawberry (<i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria">Fragaria</a></i> spp.) – various cultivars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seeds</a> – under cultivation in Mexico and Peru for thousands of years, also source of essential oils</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a>* – a dried leaf used as a trade commodity and peace-making</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Tomato</a>* – red berry-type fruit of the family <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></li> <li>Tunas* – fruits of <i><a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">Opuntia</a></i> species, also called a "prickly pear"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a> – orchids grown for their culinary flavor</li></ol></div> <p><b><big>*</big></b> An asterisk indicates a common <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> word derived from an indigenous word. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Farming_techniques">Farming techniques <span class="anchor" id="Farming_Techniques"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Farming techniques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff/lossy-page1-175px-The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="3593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff/lossy-page1-175px-The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff.jpg" data-width="175" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff/lossy-page1-263px-The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff/lossy-page1-350px-The_Florentine_Codex-_Agriculture.tiff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Aztec maize agriculture as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the greatest challenges in Mesoamerica for farmers is the lack of usable land, and the poor condition of the soil. The two main ways to combat poor <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a>, or lack of nutrients in the soil, are to leave fields <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">fallow</a> for a period of time in a <a href="/wiki/Milpa" title="Milpa">milpa</a> cycle, and to use <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe_Mayan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe_Mayan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> food supply was grown in gardens, known as <i>pet kot</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system takes its name from the low wall of stones (<i>pet</i> meaning circular and <i>kot</i> wall of loose stones) that characteristically surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">forest garden</a> plot.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest dated maize cobs was discovered in Guilá Naquitz cave in Oaxaca and dates back to 4300 BC. Maize arose through domestication of <i>teosinte</i>, which is considered to be the ancestor of maize. Maize can be stored for lengthy periods of time, it can be ground into flour, and it easily provides surplus for future use. Maize was vital to the survival of the Mesoamerican people. Its cultural significance is reflected in Mesoamerican origin myths, artwork, and rituals. </p><p>The Mesoamerican natives also used irrigation techniques not unlike other early agricultural societies in early <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Mesopotamia</a>. However, unlike the arid plains of the Fertile Crescent, the Mesoamerican area has a rougher terrain, therefore making irrigation less effective than terraced farming and slash-and-burn techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe_Mayan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe_Mayan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a> techniques are a type of extensive farming, where the amount of labor is minimal in taking care of farmland. Extensive farming uses less labor but had a larger mark on the area around them. In opposition, intensive agriculture refers to agriculture that involves large amounts of labor, permitting bigger yields from the same land area, thus making it better suited for a sedentary lifestyle. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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Agronomy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico" title="Agriculture in Mexico">Agriculture in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guil%C3%A1_Naquitz_Cave" title="Guilá Naquitz Cave">Guilá Naquitz Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya cuisine">Maya cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters (agriculture)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Coe_&_Koontz-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coe_&_Koontz_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coe_&_Koontz_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coe_&_Koontz_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCoeKoontz2013" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Michael D.; Koontz, Rex (2013). <i>Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs</i> (Seventh ed.). Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29076-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29076-7"><bdi>978-0-500-29076-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico%3A+From+the+Olmecs+to+the+Aztecs&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29076-7&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Koontz%2C+Rex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coe_Mayan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coe_Mayan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coe_Mayan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coe_Mayan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe2011" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Michael D. (2011). <i>The Maya</i> (Eighth ed.). Thames &Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28902-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28902-0"><bdi>978-0-500-28902-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maya&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=Thames+%26Hudson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28902-0&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Ernest_SmithMarilyn_A._Masson2000" class="citation book cs1">Michael Ernest Smith; Marilyn A. Masson (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHRiisPV0FkC&pg=PA127"><i>The Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica</i></a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21116-7"><bdi>978-0-631-21116-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Civilizations+of+Mesoamerica&rft.pages=127&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21116-7&rft.au=Michael+Ernest+Smith&rft.au=Marilyn+A.+Masson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHRiisPV0FkC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Lentz2000" class="citation book cs1">David L. Lentz, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsuiJEwOIJUC&pg=PA212"><i>Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Precolumbian Americas</i></a>. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11157-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11157-7"><bdi>978-0-231-11157-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperfect+Balance%3A+Landscape+Transformations+in+the+Precolumbian+Americas&rft.pages=212&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11157-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsuiJEwOIJUC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtran,_ScottLois,_XimenaUcan_Ek',_Edilberto2004" class="citation book cs1">Atran, Scott; Lois, Ximena; Ucan Ek', Edilberto (2004). <i>Plants of the Peten Itza Maya. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, 38</i>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+of+the+Peten+Itza+Maya.+Memoirs+of+the+Museum+of+Anthropology%2C+38&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Museum&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Atran%2C+Scott&rft.au=Lois%2C+Ximena&rft.au=Ucan+Ek%27%2C+Edilberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger,_Victoria2001" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Victoria (2001). <i>Animals and Plants of the Ancient Maya: A Guide</i>. Juan C. Chab-Medina (illus.), foreword by Carlos Galindo-Leal. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+and+Plants+of+the+Ancient+Maya%3A+A+Guide&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Schlesinger%2C+Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiperno2011" class="citation journal cs1">Piperno, Dolores R. (October 2011). "The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>52</b> (S4): S453–S470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F659998">10.1086/659998</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/659998">10.1086/659998</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83061925">83061925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Plant+Cultivation+and+Domestication+in+the+New+World+Tropics%3A+Patterns%2C+Process%2C+and+New+Developments&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=S4&rft.pages=S453-S470&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83061925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F659998%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F659998&rft.aulast=Piperno&rft.aufirst=Dolores+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeay1980" class="citation journal cs1">McLeay, P. (January 1980). "Review". <i>Geography</i>. <b>65</b>: 75. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40570293">40570293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geography&rft.atitle=Review&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1980-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40570293%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McLeay&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_Agriculture_in_Prehistoric_Mesoamerica:_The_Linguistic_Evidence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Development of Agriculture in Prehistoric Mesoamerica: The Linguistic Evidence (page does not exist)">Brown, Cecil H.</a> (2010). Staller, John; Carrasco, Michael (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/precolumbianfood00stal"><i>Pre-Columbian Foodways</i></a></span>. New York: Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/precolumbianfood00stal/page/n80">71</a>–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0471-3_3">10.1007/978-1-4419-0471-3_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0470-6"><bdi>978-1-4419-0470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Columbian+Foodways&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=71-100&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0471-3_3&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0470-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cecil+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprecolumbianfood00stal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe2011" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Michael D. (2011). <i>The Maya</i> (Eighth ed.). Thames &Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28902-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28902-0"><bdi>978-0-500-28902-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maya&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=Thames+%26Hudson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28902-0&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe1994" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Sophie D. (March 1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasfirstcui00coes"><i>America's First Cuisines</i></a></span> (First ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71155-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71155-6"><bdi>978-0-292-71155-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+First+Cuisines&rft.place=Austin&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1994-03&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71155-6&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Sophie+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasfirstcui00coes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harrington, S. P. M. 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/9707/newsbriefs/squash.html">Earliest Agriculture in the New World</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoeKoontz2013" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Michael D.; Koontz, Rex (2013). <i>From the Olmecs to the Aztecs</i> (Seventh ed.). Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29076-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29076-7"><bdi>978-0-500-29076-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Olmecs+to+the+Aztecs&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29076-7&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Koontz%2C+Rex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIltis,_Hugh_H.1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Iltis" title="Hugh Iltis">Iltis, Hugh H.</a> (25 November 1983). "From Teosinte to Maize: the Catastrophic Sexual Transmutation". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>222</b> (4626). Lancaster, PA: <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: 886–894. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Sci...222..886I">1983Sci...222..886I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.222.4626.886">10.1126/science.222.4626.886</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17738466">17738466</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23247509">23247509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=From+Teosinte+to+Maize%3A+the+Catastrophic+Sexual+Transmutation&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=4626&rft.pages=886-894&rft.date=1983-11-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.222.4626.886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23247509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17738466&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Sci...222..886I&rft.au=Iltis%2C+Hugh+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Mesoamerica" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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