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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fishing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_whaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_whaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Association with whaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_whaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_dolphins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_dolphins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Association with dolphins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_dolphins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Food-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Food subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fresh_and_frozen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fresh_and_frozen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fresh and frozen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fresh_and_frozen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Served_raw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Served_raw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Served raw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Served_raw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canned" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canned"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Canned</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canned-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercury_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercury_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mercury and health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercury_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Management and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tuna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%C3%A8" title="Surè – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Surè" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9" title="تونة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تونة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B)" title="টুনা (মাছ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টুনা (মাছ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Тунцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тунцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingan" title="Turingan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Turingan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Риби тон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Риби тон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%88%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9)" title="Τόνος (ψάρι) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόνος (ψάρι)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunini" title="Thunini – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thunini" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ماهی تن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهی تن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunnini" title="Thunnini – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thunnini" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%9E%91%EC%96%B4" title="다랑어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다랑어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="टूना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टूना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tuna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="טונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಟ್ಯೂನ ಮೀನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟ್ಯೂನ ಮೀನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toun" title="Toun – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Toun" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunnini" title="Thunnini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thunnini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunai" title="Tunai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tunai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonina" title="Tonina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tonina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0" title="ചൂര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൂര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunnini" title="Thunnini – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thunnini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tuna" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urau" title="Urau – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Urau" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%8A" title="ツナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ٹونا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹونا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C5%84czyki" title="Tuńczyki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tuńczyki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunnini" title="Thunnini – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thunnini" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Тунцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тунцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tuna" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F" title="ටූනා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටූනා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95" title="تونە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تونە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tuna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tuna" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnikalat" title="Tonnikalat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tonnikalat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulingan" title="Tulingan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tulingan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="சூரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ปลาทูน่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลาทูน่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%BE" title="ᏚᎾ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏚᎾ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunafish&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunafish">Tunafish</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tribe of fishes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tuna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tuna (disambiguation)">Tuna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tunas" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Las_Tunas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Las Tunas (disambiguation)">Las Tunas</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Tuna<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a>-recent , <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">56.0–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.04615384615px; width:16.953846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuna_assortment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tuna_assortment.png/220px-Tuna_assortment.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Tuna_assortment.png 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="318" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Tunas (from top): <a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Thunnini" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scombriformes" title="Scombriformes">Scombriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">Scombridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scombrinae" title="Scombrinae">Scombrinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thunnini</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Chapin_Starks" title="Edwin Chapin Starks">Starks</a>, 1910</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allothunnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Allothunnus">Allothunnus</a></i>: slender tunas</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auxis" title="Auxis">Auxis</a></i>: frigate tunas</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthynnus" title="Euthynnus">Euthynnus</a></i>: little tunas</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katsuwonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsuwonus">Katsuwonus</a></i>: skipjack tunas</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thunnus" title="Thunnus">Thunnus</a></i>: albacores, true tunas</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>tuna</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: tunas or tuna) is a <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">saltwater fish</a> that belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a> <b>Thunnini</b>, a subgrouping of the <a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">Scombridae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>) family. The Thunnini comprise 17 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> across five <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Graham2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sizes of which vary greatly, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Bullet_tuna" title="Bullet tuna">bullet tuna</a> (max length: 50 cm or 1.6 ft, weight: 1.8 kg or 4 lb) up to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin tuna</a> (max length: 4.6 m or 15 ft, weight: 684 kg or 1,508 lb), which averages 2 m (6.6 ft) and is believed to live up to 50 years. </p><p>Tuna, <a href="/wiki/Opah" title="Opah">opah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mackerel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackerel shark">mackerel sharks</a> are the only species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> that can <a href="/wiki/Mesotherm" title="Mesotherm">maintain a body temperature higher than that of the surrounding water</a>. An active and agile <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predator</a>, the tuna has a sleek, <a href="/wiki/Streamlined" class="mw-redirect" title="Streamlined">streamlined</a> body, and is among the fastest-swimming <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic fish</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin tuna</a>, for example, is capable of speeds of up to 75 km/h (47 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greatly inflated speeds can be found in early scientific reports and are still widely reported in the popular literature.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Found in warm seas, the tuna is <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">commercially fished</a> extensively as a <a href="/wiki/Food_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fish">food fish</a>, and is popular as a <a href="/wiki/Blue_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue water">bluewater</a> <a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">game fish</a>. As a result of <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, some tuna species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin tuna</a>, are threatened with <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCNmaccoyii_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNmaccoyii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:14em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; font-size:125%;">Commercial fish</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_walleye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/75px-Blue_walleye.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/113px-Blue_walleye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/150px-Blue_walleye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Large predatory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#Species" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonito#Species" title="Bonito">bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel#Species" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon#Species" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Etymology">tuna</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy#Commercial_species" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring#Species" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden#Taxonomy" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine#Species" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alosidae" title="Alosidae">shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat#Species" title="Sprat">sprat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod#Species" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel#Commercial_species" title="Eel">eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#Species_and_species_groups" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock#Species" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">ray</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> Mixed</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Species" title="Carp">carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#Species" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Common_fish" title="Template:Common fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Common_fish" title="Template talk:Common fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Common_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Common fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The term "tuna" comes from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i>atún</i> < Andalusian Arabic <i>at-tūn</i>, assimilated from <i>al-tūn</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">التون</span></span> [Modern Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">التن</span></span>] : 'tuna fish' < <a href="/wiki/Middle_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Latin">Middle Latin</a> <i>thunnus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Thunnus</i></span></i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">θύννος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">thýnnos</i></span> used for the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin tuna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that name in turn is ultimately derived from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θύνω</span></span> <i>thýnō</i>, meaning "to rush, dart along".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English, tuna has been referred to as <a href="/wiki/Chicken_of_the_Sea" title="Chicken of the Sea">Chicken of the Sea</a>. This name persists today in Japan, where tuna as a food can be called シーチキン<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja">shi-chikin</i></span>)</span>, literally "sea chicken". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <p>The Thunnini tribe is a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> comprising 15 species in five <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>family <a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">Scombridae</a> <ul><li><b>tribe Thunnini: tunas</b> <ul><li>genus <i><a href="/wiki/Allothunnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Allothunnus">Allothunnus</a>:</i> slender tunas</li> <li>genus <i><a href="/wiki/Auxis" title="Auxis">Auxis</a>:</i> frigate tunas</li> <li>genus <i><a href="/wiki/Euthynnus" title="Euthynnus">Euthynnus</a>:</i> little tunas</li> <li>genus <i><a href="/wiki/Katsuwonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsuwonus">Katsuwonus</a>:</i> skipjack tunas</li> <li>genus <i><a href="/wiki/Thunnus" title="Thunnus">Thunnus</a>:</i> albacores and true tunas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">subgenus</a> <i>Thunnus (<a href="/wiki/Thunnus_(subgenus)" title="Thunnus (subgenus)">Thunnus</a>)</i>: bluefin group</li> <li>subgenus <i>Thunnus (<a href="/wiki/Neothunnus_(subgenus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neothunnus (subgenus)">Neothunnus</a>)</i>: yellowfin group</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> is a tool for visualizing and comparing the evolutionary relationships between <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a>, and is read left-to-right as if on a timeline. The following cladogram illustrates the relationship between the tunas and other tribes of the family Scombridae. For example, the cladogram illustrates that the <a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack tunas</a> are more closely related to the <a href="/wiki/True_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="True tuna">true tunas</a> than are the <a href="/wiki/Slender_tuna" title="Slender tuna">slender tunas</a> (the most primitive of the tunas), and that the next nearest relatives of the tunas are the <a href="/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">bonitos</a> of the tribe Sardini.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham2004_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb" style="margin: 5px; clear: left; width: 98%;"> <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow:auto;border=1"> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">The Tunas: Thunnini tribe, within the Family Scombridae </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:80%;width:820px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">family <a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">Scombridae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> subfamily </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Gasterochismatinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasterochismatinae">Gasterochismatinae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_kingfish" title="Butterfly kingfish">Butterfly kingfishes</a> (one genus) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> subfamily </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Scombrinae" title="Scombrinae">Scombrinae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">tribe <a href="/wiki/Scombrini" title="Scombrini">Scombrini</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerels</a> (two genera) <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scomber_scombrus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Scomber_scombrus.png/50px-Scomber_scombrus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Scomber_scombrus.png/75px-Scomber_scombrus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Scomber_scombrus.png/100px-Scomber_scombrus.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">tribe <a href="/wiki/Scomberomorini" class="mw-redirect" title="Scomberomorini">Scomberomorini</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_mackerel" title="Spanish mackerel">Spanish mackerels</a> (three genera) <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scomberomorus_cavalla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Scomberomorus_cavalla.png/50px-Scomberomorus_cavalla.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Scomberomorus_cavalla.png/75px-Scomberomorus_cavalla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Scomberomorus_cavalla.png/100px-Scomberomorus_cavalla.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">tribe <a href="/wiki/Sardini" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardini">Sardini</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">Bonitos</a> (four genera) <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarda_sarda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sarda_sarda.jpg/50px-Sarda_sarda.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sarda_sarda.jpg/75px-Sarda_sarda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sarda_sarda.jpg/100px-Sarda_sarda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="176" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:green;"> tribe <b>Thunnini,</b></span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:green;"> <b>Tunas</b> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:2px solid;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <span style="color:green;"><i><a href="/wiki/Allothunnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Allothunnus">Allothunnus</a></i>, slender tunas</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:2px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:2px solid;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <span style="color:green;"><i><a href="/wiki/Auxis" title="Auxis">Auxis</a></i>, frigate tunas</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XRF-Auxis_thazard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/XRF-Auxis_thazard.png/50px-XRF-Auxis_thazard.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/XRF-Auxis_thazard.png/75px-XRF-Auxis_thazard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/XRF-Auxis_thazard.png/100px-XRF-Auxis_thazard.png 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="479" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:2px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:2px solid;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <span style="color:green;"><i><a href="/wiki/Euthynnus" title="Euthynnus">Euthynnus</a></i>, little tunas</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XRF-Euthynnus_alletteratus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/XRF-Euthynnus_alletteratus.png/50px-XRF-Euthynnus_alletteratus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/XRF-Euthynnus_alletteratus.png/75px-XRF-Euthynnus_alletteratus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/XRF-Euthynnus_alletteratus.png/100px-XRF-Euthynnus_alletteratus.png 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="483" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:2px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:2px solid;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <span style="color:green;"><i><a href="/wiki/Katsuwonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsuwonus">Katsuwonus</a></i>, skipjack tunas</span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katsuwonus_pelamis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Katsuwonus_pelamis.png/50px-Katsuwonus_pelamis.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Katsuwonus_pelamis.png/75px-Katsuwonus_pelamis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Katsuwonus_pelamis.png/100px-Katsuwonus_pelamis.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:2px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:2px solid;"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"> <span style="color:green;"><i><a href="/wiki/Thunnus" title="Thunnus">Thunnus</a></i>, true tunas</span> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:2px solid;"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"> <span style="color:green;">subgenus <i><a href="/wiki/Thunnus_(subgenus)" title="Thunnus (subgenus)">Thunnus</a></i></span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <span style="color:black;background: white;">bluefin group</span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunnus_thynnus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Thunnus_thynnus.png/50px-Thunnus_thynnus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Thunnus_thynnus.png/75px-Thunnus_thynnus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Thunnus_thynnus.png/100px-Thunnus_thynnus.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:2px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid;"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"> <span style="color:green;">subgenus <i><a href="/wiki/Neothunnus_(subgenus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neothunnus (subgenus)">Neothunnus</a></i></span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <span style="color:black;background: white;">yellowfin group</span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunnus_albacares.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thunnus_albacares.png/50px-Thunnus_albacares.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thunnus_albacares.png/75px-Thunnus_albacares.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thunnus_albacares.png/100px-Thunnus_albacares.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram: Tunas are classified into the tribe Thunnini (bottom-center in the above diagram) – one of four tribes in the family Scombridae.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham2004_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="True_species">True species</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuna_Relative_Sizes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tuna_Relative_Sizes.jpg/220px-Tuna_Relative_Sizes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tuna_Relative_Sizes.jpg/330px-Tuna_Relative_Sizes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tuna_Relative_Sizes.jpg/440px-Tuna_Relative_Sizes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2971" data-file-height="3564" /></a><figcaption>Relative sizes of various tunas, with the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin tuna</a> (top) at about 8 ft (2.4 m) in this sample</figcaption></figure> <p>The "true" tunas are those that belong to the genus <i>Thunnus</i>. Until recently, it was thought that there were seven <i>Thunnus</i> species, and that <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin tuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin tuna</a> were <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of a single species. In 1999, Collette established that based on both molecular and morphological considerations, they are in fact distinct species.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tanaka2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanaka2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genus <i>Thunnus</i> is further classified into two <a href="/wiki/Subgenera" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenera">subgenera</a>: <i>Thunnus (<a href="/wiki/Thunnus_(subgenus)" title="Thunnus (subgenus)">Thunnus</a>)</i> (the bluefin group), and <i>Thunnus (<a href="/wiki/Neothunnus_(subgenus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neothunnus (subgenus)">Neothunnus</a>)</i> (the yellowfin group).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10"><i><a href="/wiki/Thunnus" title="Thunnus">Thunnus</a></i>, the true tunas </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:10em">Image </th> <th style="width:10em">Common name </th> <th style="width:11em">Scientific name </th> <th>Maximum<br />length </th> <th>Common<br />length </th> <th>Maximum<br />weight </th> <th>Maximum<br />age </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic<br />level</a> </th> <th>Source </th> <th style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN status</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" colspan="10"><i>Thunnus (<a href="/wiki/Thunnus_(subgenus)" title="Thunnus (subgenus)">Thunnus</a>)</i> – the bluefin group </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunnus_alalunga_Ford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thunnus_alalunga_Ford.jpg/120px-Thunnus_alalunga_Ford.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thunnus_alalunga_Ford.jpg/180px-Thunnus_alalunga_Ford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thunnus_alalunga_Ford.jpg/240px-Thunnus_alalunga_Ford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="742" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">Albacore tuna</a> </td> <td><i>T. alalunga</i><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Bonnaterre" title="Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre">Bonnaterre</a>, 1788)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.4 m <br />(4.6 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0 m <br />(3.3 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60.3 kg <br />(133 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9–13 yrs </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBalalunga_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBalalunga-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNalalunga_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNalalunga-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least Concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNalalunga_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNalalunga-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thmac_u0.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Thmac_u0.gif/120px-Thmac_u0.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Thmac_u0.gif/180px-Thmac_u0.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Thmac_u0.gif/240px-Thmac_u0.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">Southern bluefin tuna</a> </td> <td><i>T. maccoyii</i><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Nompar_de_Caumat_de_Laporte_Castelnau" class="mw-redirect" title="François Louis Nompar de Caumat de Laporte Castelnau">Castelnau</a>, 1872)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.45 m <br />(8.0 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.6 m <br />(5.2 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">260 kg <br />(570 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20–40 yrs </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.93 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBmaccoyii_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBmaccoyii-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNmaccoyii_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNmaccoyii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EN_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="EN IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="EN IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/EN_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-EN_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/EN_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-EN_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/EN_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-EN_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Endangered</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNmaccoyii_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNmaccoyii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunnus_obesus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Thunnus_obesus.png/120px-Thunnus_obesus.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Thunnus_obesus.png/180px-Thunnus_obesus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Thunnus_obesus.png/240px-Thunnus_obesus.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">Bigeye tuna</a> </td> <td><i>T. obesus</i><br /><small>(Lowe, 1839)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.5 m <br />(8.2 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.8 m <br />(5.9 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">210 kg <br />(460 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5–16 yrs </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.49 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBobesus_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBobesus-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNobesus_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNobesus-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VU_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="VU IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="VU IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Vulnerable</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNobesus_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNobesus-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluefin_tuna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bluefin_tuna.jpg/120px-Bluefin_tuna.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bluefin_tuna.jpg/180px-Bluefin_tuna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bluefin_tuna.jpg/240px-Bluefin_tuna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="115" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin tuna</a> </td> <td><i>T. orientalis</i><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminck" title="Coenraad Jacob Temminck">Temminck</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schlegel" title="Hermann Schlegel">Schlegel</a>, 1844)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.0 m <br />(9.8 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.0 m <br />(6.6 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">450 kg <br />(990 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15–26 yrs </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.21 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBorientalis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBorientalis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNorientalis_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNorientalis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NT_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NT IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="NT IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Near Threatened</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNorientalis_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNorientalis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluefin-big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bluefin-big.jpg/120px-Bluefin-big.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bluefin-big.jpg/180px-Bluefin-big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bluefin-big.jpg/240px-Bluefin-big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin tuna</a> </td> <td><i>T. thynnus</i><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.6 m <br />(15 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.0 m <br />(6.6 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">684 kg <br />(1,508 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35–50 yrs </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.43 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBthynnus_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBthynnus-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNthynnus_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNthynnus-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least Concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNthynnus_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNthynnus-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FFFFB7; color:#000000;" colspan="10"><i>Thunnus (<a href="/wiki/Neothunnus_(subgenus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neothunnus (subgenus)">Neothunnus</a>)</i> – the yellowfin group </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackfin_tuna,_Duane_Raver_Jr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blackfin_tuna%2C_Duane_Raver_Jr.jpg/120px-Blackfin_tuna%2C_Duane_Raver_Jr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blackfin_tuna%2C_Duane_Raver_Jr.jpg/180px-Blackfin_tuna%2C_Duane_Raver_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blackfin_tuna%2C_Duane_Raver_Jr.jpg/240px-Blackfin_tuna%2C_Duane_Raver_Jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="285" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackfin_tuna" title="Blackfin tuna">Blackfin tuna</a> </td> <td><i>T. atlanticus</i><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Primev%C3%A8re_Lesson" class="mw-redirect" title="René-Primevère Lesson">Lesson</a>, 1831)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1 m <br />(3.6 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.7 m <br />(2.3 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.4 kg <br />(49 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.13 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBatlanticus_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBatlanticus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNatlanticus_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNatlanticus-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunnus_tonggol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Thunnus_tonggol.jpg/120px-Thunnus_tonggol.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Thunnus_tonggol.jpg/180px-Thunnus_tonggol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Thunnus_tonggol.jpg/240px-Thunnus_tonggol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="266" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Longtail_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Longtail tuna">Longtail tuna</a>, <br />northern bluefin tuna, <br />tongol tuna </td> <td><i>T. tonggol</i><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bleeker" title="Pieter Bleeker">Bleeker</a>, 1851)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.45 m <br />(4.8 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.7 m <br />(2.3 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.9 kg <br />(79 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.50 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBtonggol_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBtonggol-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNtonggol_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNtonggol-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Data deficient</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNtonggol_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNtonggol-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunnus_albacares.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thunnus_albacares.png/120px-Thunnus_albacares.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thunnus_albacares.png/180px-Thunnus_albacares.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thunnus_albacares.png/240px-Thunnus_albacares.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">Yellowfin tuna</a> </td> <td><i>T. albacares</i><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Bonnaterre" title="Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre">Bonnaterre</a>, 1788)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4 m <br />(7.9 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.5 m <br />(4.9 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200 kg <br />(440 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5–9 yrs </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.34 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBalbacares_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBalbacares-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNalbacares_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNalbacares-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least Concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNalbacares_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNalbacares-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_species">Other species</h3></div> <p>The Thunnini tribe also includes seven additional species of tuna across four genera. They are: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9">Other tuna species </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:10em">Common name </th> <th style="width:11em">Scientific name </th> <th>Maximum<br />length </th> <th>Common<br />length </th> <th>Maximum<br />weight </th> <th>Maximum<br />age </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic<br />level</a> </th> <th>Source </th> <th style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN status</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slender_tuna" title="Slender tuna">Slender tuna</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Allothunnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Allothunnus">Allothunnus</a> fallai</i><br /><small>(Serventy, 1948) </small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.05 m<br />(3.4 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.86 m<br />(2.8 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.7 kg<br />(30 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.74 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBfallai_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBfallai-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNfallai_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNfallai-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bullet_tuna" title="Bullet tuna">Bullet tuna</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Auxis" title="Auxis">Auxis</a> rochei</i><br /><small>(Risso, 1810)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.5 m<br />(1.6 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.35 m<br />(1.1 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.8 kg<br />(4.0 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.13 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBrochei_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBrochei-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNrochei_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNrochei-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNrochei_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNrochei-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frigate_tuna" title="Frigate tuna">Frigate tuna</a> </td> <td><i>Auxis thazard</i> <br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Lacépède</a>, 1800)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.65 m<br />(2.1 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.35 m<br />(1.1 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.7 kg<br />(3.7 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.34 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBthazard_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBthazard-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNthazard_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNthazard-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Euthynnus_affinis" title="Euthynnus affinis">Mackerel tuna</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Euthynnus_affinis" title="Euthynnus affinis">Kawakawa</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Euthynnus" title="Euthynnus">Euthynnus</a> affinis</i><br /><small>(Cantor, 1849)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0 m<br />(3.3 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6 m<br />(2.0 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.6 kg<br />(30 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.50 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBaffinis_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBaffinis-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNaffinis_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNaffinis-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNaffinis_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNaffinis-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_tunny" title="Little tunny">Little tunny</a> </td> <td><i>Euthynnus alletteratus</i><br /><small>(Rafinesque, 1810)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.2 m<br />(3.9 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.8 m<br />(2.6 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.5 kg<br />(36 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.13 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBalletteratus_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBalletteratus-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNalletteratus_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNalletteratus-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_skipjack_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Black skipjack tuna">Black skipjack tuna</a>  </td> <td><i>Euthynnus lineatus</i><br /><small>(Kishinouye, 1920)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.84 m<br />(2.8 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6 m<br />(2.0 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.8 kg<br />(26 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.83 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBlineatus_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBlineatus-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNlineatus_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNlineatus-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNlineatus_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNlineatus-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">Skipjack tuna</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Katsuwonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsuwonus">Katsuwonus</a> pelamis</i><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1 m<br />(3.6 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.8 m<br />(2.6 ft) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">34.5 kg<br />(76 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6–12 yrs </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.75 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FBpelamis_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBpelamis-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNpelamis_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNpelamis-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNpelamis_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNpelamis-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thunnus" title="Thunnus">Thunnus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunnus_obesus_(Bigeye_tuna)_diagram_cropped.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thunnus_obesus_%28Bigeye_tuna%29_diagram_cropped.GIF/220px-Thunnus_obesus_%28Bigeye_tuna%29_diagram_cropped.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thunnus_obesus_%28Bigeye_tuna%29_diagram_cropped.GIF/330px-Thunnus_obesus_%28Bigeye_tuna%29_diagram_cropped.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thunnus_obesus_%28Bigeye_tuna%29_diagram_cropped.GIF/440px-Thunnus_obesus_%28Bigeye_tuna%29_diagram_cropped.GIF 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">Bigeye tuna</a> <i>Thunnus obesus</i> showing finlets and keels. Finlets are found between the last dorsal and/or anal fin and the caudal fin. They are rayless and non-retractable.<br />Drawing by Dr Tony Ayling.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3></div> <p>The tuna is a sleek, elongated and streamlined fish, adapted for speed. It has two closely spaced but separated <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal fins">dorsal fins</a> on its back; The first fin is "depressible" – it can be laid down, flush, in a groove that runs along its back; it is supported by spines.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven to ten yellow <a href="/wiki/Pterygiophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterygiophore">finlets</a> run from the dorsal fins to the tail, which is lunate – curved like a crescent moon – and tapered to pointy tips.<sup id="cite_ref-RISeaGrant_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RISeaGrant-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tuna's pelvic fins are located below the base of the pectoral fins. Both dorsal and pelvic fins retract when the fish is swimming fast.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tuna's body is <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershaded</a> to <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> itself in deeper water when seen from above, its dorsal side is generally a metallic dark blue while the ventral or under side is silvery, often with an <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence"> iridescent</a> shine.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RISeaGrant_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RISeaGrant-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Caudal_peduncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal peduncle">caudal peduncle</a>, to which the tail is attached, is quite thin, with three stabilizing horizontal <a href="/wiki/Homocercal" class="mw-redirect" title="Homocercal">keels</a> on each side.<sup id="cite_ref-RISeaGrant_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RISeaGrant-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3></div> <p><i>Thunnus</i> are widely but sparsely distributed throughout the oceans of the world, generally in tropical and temperate waters at <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> ranging between about <a href="/wiki/45th_parallel_north" title="45th parallel north">45° north</a> and <a href="/wiki/45th_parallel_south" title="45th parallel south">south</a> of the equator.<sup id="cite_ref-ISSF_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISSF-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All tunas are able to maintain the temperature of certain parts of their body above the temperature of ambient seawater. For example, bluefin can maintain a core body temperature of 25–33 °C (77–91 °F), in water as cold as 6 °C (43 °F). Unlike other endothermic creatures such as mammals and birds, tuna do not maintain temperature within a relatively narrow range.<sup id="cite_ref-muscletemp_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muscletemp-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tunas achieve <a href="/wiki/Endothermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermy">endothermy</a> by conserving the heat generated through normal <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>. In all tunas, the heart operates at <a href="/wiki/Ambient_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient temperature">ambient temperature</a>, as it receives cooled blood, and coronary circulation is directly from the <a href="/wiki/Gills" class="mw-redirect" title="Gills">gills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SERCA2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SERCA2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Rete_mirabile" title="Rete mirabile">rete mirabile</a></i> ("wonderful net"), the intertwining of veins and arteries in the body's periphery, allows nearly all of the metabolic heat from <a href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">venous blood</a> to be "re-claimed" and transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood" title="Arterial blood">arterial blood</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Counter-current_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-current exchange">counter-current exchange</a> system, thus mitigating the effects of surface cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-Cech1984_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cech1984-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the tuna to elevate the temperatures of the highly-<a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic</a> tissues of the skeletal muscles, eyes and brain,<sup id="cite_ref-muscletemp_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muscletemp-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SERCA2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SERCA2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which supports faster swimming speeds and reduced energy expenditure, and which enables them to survive in cooler waters over a wider range of ocean environments than those of other fish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also unlike most fish, which have white flesh, the muscle tissue of tuna ranges from pink to dark red. The red <a href="/wiki/Myotome" title="Myotome">myotomal</a> muscles derive their color from <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a>, an oxygen-binding molecule, which tuna express in quantities far higher than most other fish. The oxygen-rich blood further enables energy delivery to their muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-muscletemp_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muscletemp-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For powerful swimming animals like <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and tuna, <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> may be detrimental, because it limits their maximum swimming speed.<sup id="cite_ref-speedlimit_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speedlimit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if they have the power to swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed, because collapsing cavitation bubbles on their tail are too painful. Cavitation also slows tuna, but for a different reason. Unlike dolphins, these fish do not feel the bubbles, because they have bony fins without nerve endings. Nevertheless, they cannot swim faster because the cavitation bubbles create a vapor film around their fins that limits their speed. Lesions have been found on tuna that are consistent with cavitation damage.<sup id="cite_ref-speedlimit_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speedlimit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fishing">Fishing</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tuna fishing" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tuna_fishing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tuna fishing (disambiguation)">Tuna fishing (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tuna" title="Special:EditPage/Tuna">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuna_all_sizes_Pengo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bar chart that states Thunnus thynnus is the largest tuna, at 458 centimetres (180 in) followed by Thunnus orientalis at 300 centimetres (120 in), Thunnus obsesus at 250 centimetres (98 in), Gymnosarda unicolor at 248 centimetres (98 in), Thunnus maccoyii at 245 centimetres (96 in), Thunnus albacares at 239 centimetres (94 in), Gasterochisma melampus at 164 centimetres (65 in), Thunnus tonggol at 145 centimetres (57 in), Thunnus alalunga at 140 centimetres (55 in), Euthynnus alletteratus at 122 centimetres (48 in), Katsuwonus pelamis at 108 centimetres (43 in), Thunnus atlanticus at 108 centimetres (43 in), Allothunnus fallai at 105 centimetres (41 in), Euthynnus affinis at 100 centimetres (39 in), Auxis thazard thazard at 65 centimetres (26 in),Auxis rochei rochei at 50 centimetres (20 in), and Auxis rochei eudorax at 36.5 centimetres (14.4 in)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tuna_all_sizes_Pengo.svg/350px-Tuna_all_sizes_Pengo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tuna_all_sizes_Pengo.svg/525px-Tuna_all_sizes_Pengo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tuna_all_sizes_Pengo.svg/700px-Tuna_all_sizes_Pengo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Maximum reported sizes of tuna species</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce">Commerce</h3></div> <p>Tuna is an important <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">commercial fish</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</a> (ISSF) compiled a detailed scientific report on the state of global tuna stocks in 2009, which includes regular updates. According to the ISSF, the most important species for commercial and recreational tuna fisheries are yellowfin (<i>Thunnus albacares</i>), bigeye (<i>T. obesus</i>), bluefin (<i>T. thynnus</i>, <i>T. orientalis</i>, and <i>T. macoyii</i>), albacore (<i>T. alalunga</i>), and skipjack (<i>Katsuwonus pelamis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ISSF_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISSF-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on catches from 2007, the report states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Between 1940 and the mid-1960s, the annual world catch of the five principal market species of tunas rose from about 300 thousand tons to about 1 million tons, most of it taken by <a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">hook and line</a>. With the development of <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">purse-seine</a> nets, now the predominant gear, catches have risen to more than 4 million tons annually during the last few years. Of these catches, about 68 percent are from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, 22 percent from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, and the remaining 10 percent from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Skipjack makes up about 60 percent of the catch, followed by yellowfin (24 percent), bigeye (10 percent), albacore (5 percent), and bluefin the remainder. Purse-seines take about 62 percent of the world production, longline about 14 percent, pole and line about 11 percent, and a variety of other gears the remainder.<sup id="cite_ref-ISSF_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISSF-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Australian government alleged in 2006 that <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> had illegally <a href="/wiki/Overfished" class="mw-redirect" title="Overfished">overfished</a> southern bluefin by taking 12,000 to 20,000 tonnes per year instead of the agreed upon 6,000 tonnes; the value of such overfishing would be as much as US$2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such overfishing has severely damaged bluefin stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, "Japan's huge appetite for tuna will take the most sought-after stocks to the brink of commercial <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> unless fisheries agree on more rigid quotas".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan's Fisheries Research Agency counters that Australian and New Zealand tuna fishing companies under-report their total catches of southern bluefin tuna and ignore internationally mandated total allowable catch totals.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, opening day fish auctions at Tokyo's <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji fish market</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu Market</a> have seen record-setting prices for bluefin tuna, reflecting market demand. In each of 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2019, new record prices have been set for a single fish – the current record is 333.6 million <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">japanese yen</a> (US$3.1 million) for a 278 kg (613 lb) bluefin, or a unit price of JP¥ 1,200,000/kg (US$5,057/lb). The opening auction price for 2014 plummeted to less than 5% of the previous year's price, which had drawn complaints for climbing "way out of line".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A summary of record-setting auctions are shown in the following table (highlighted values indicate new world records): </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:8px;" colspan="7">Record bluefin tuna auctions at Tokyo's <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji fish market</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu Market</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0; background:#ffd7d7; color:black;" colspan="7"><small>(Highlighted field indicates new record price for a single fish)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;" rowspan="2">Total<br />weight </th> <th style="padding:0 8px;" colspan="2">Total sale </th> <th style="padding:0 8px;" colspan="2">Unit price </th> <th style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;" rowspan="2">Source </th></tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;">(<a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">JP ¥</a>) </th> <th style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;">(US $) </th> <th style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;">(¥ / kg) </th> <th style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;">($ / lb) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;"><b>2001</b> </td> <td style="padding:0;">202 kg<br />(445 lb) </td> <td style="padding:0 8px; background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>¥20.2 million</b> </td> <td style="padding:0 8px; background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>$173,600</b> </td> <td style="padding:0 8px; background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>¥100,000 / kg</b> </td> <td style="padding:0 8px; background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>$386 / lb</b> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-bigtuna_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigtuna-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2010</b> </td> <td>232 kg<br />(511 lb) </td> <td>¥16.28 million </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>$175,000</b> </td> <td>¥70,172 / kg </td> <td>$343 / lb </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2011</b> </td> <td>342 kg<br />(754 lb) </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>¥32.49 million</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>$396,000</b> </td> <td>¥95,000 / kg </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>$528 / lb</b> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-bigtuna_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigtuna-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2012</b> </td> <td>269 kg<br />(593 lb) </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>¥56.49 million</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>$736,000</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>¥210,000 / kg</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>$1,247 / lb</b> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2013</b> </td> <td>221 kg<br />(487 lb) </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>¥155.4 million</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>$1.76 million</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>¥703,167 / kg</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>$3,603 / lb</b> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td>278 kg<br />(613 lb) </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>¥333.6 million</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>$3.1 million</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>¥1,200,000 / kg</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"><b>$5,057 / lb</b> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In November 2011, a different record was set when a fisherman in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> caught an 881 lb (400 kg) tuna. It was captured inadvertently using a dragnet. Due to the laws and restrictions on tuna fishing in the United States, federal authorities impounded the fish because it was not caught with a rod and reel. Because of the tuna's deteriorated condition as a result of the trawl net, the fish sold for just under $5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TunaFish.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuna being weighed on Greek quay-side"><img alt="Tuna being weighed on Greek quay-side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TunaFish.JPG/90px-TunaFish.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TunaFish.JPG/135px-TunaFish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TunaFish.JPG/180px-TunaFish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuna being weighed on Greek quay-side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsukiji_Fish_market_and_Tuna_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuna at Tsukiji fish market, Tokyo"><img alt="Tuna at Tsukiji fish market, Tokyo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tsukiji_Fish_market_and_Tuna_edit.jpg/154px-Tsukiji_Fish_market_and_Tuna_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tsukiji_Fish_market_and_Tuna_edit.jpg/231px-Tsukiji_Fish_market_and_Tuna_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tsukiji_Fish_market_and_Tuna_edit.jpg/308px-Tsukiji_Fish_market_and_Tuna_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="1935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuna at <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji fish market</a>, Tokyo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuna_cut_half_japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuna cut in half for processing at Tsukuji fish market"><img alt="Tuna cut in half for processing at Tsukuji fish market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tuna_cut_half_japan.jpg/161px-Tuna_cut_half_japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tuna_cut_half_japan.jpg/241px-Tuna_cut_half_japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tuna_cut_half_japan.jpg/322px-Tuna_cut_half_japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuna cut in half for processing at Tsukuji fish market</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 240px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5mMI8t7vV0&feature=channel">Tuna pole and line fishing</a> <i>BBC Two</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Besides for edible purposes, many tuna species are caught frequently as game, often for recreation or for contests in which money is awarded based on weight. Larger specimens are notorious for putting up a fight while hooked, and have been known to injure people who try to catch them, as well as damage their equipment. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> technique for trapping and catching <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin tuna</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Almadraba" title="Almadraba">Almadraba</a></i>, still used today in Portugal, Spain, Morocco and Italy which uses a maze of nets. In Sicily, the same method is called <i><a href="/wiki/Tonnara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnara">Tonnara</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish cage">Fish farming (cage system)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whyte_Doolette_Gorman_Craig_2001_Positive_Reform_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyte_Doolette_Gorman_Craig_2001_Positive_Reform-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuna_ranching&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuna ranching (page does not exist)">Tuna ranching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longline fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purse_seine" class="mw-redirect" title="Purse seine">Purse seines</a></li> <li>Pole and line</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpoon gun">Harpoon gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_game_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Big game fishing">Big game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_aggregating_device" title="Fish aggregating device">Fish aggregating device</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_with_whaling">Association with whaling</h3></div> <p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, defending its vote from Australian criticism at that year's meeting of the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a>, argued that some <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale</a> species have the potential to devastate Nauru's tuna stocks, and that Nauru's food security and economy relies heavily on fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Nauru does not permit <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> in its own waters and does not allow other fishing vessels to take or intentionally interact with marine mammals in its Exclusive Economic Zone. In 2010 and 2011, Nauru supported Australian proposals<sup id="cite_ref-Aus_PS_mammal_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aus_PS_mammal-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a western Pacific-wide ban on tuna purse-seining in the vicinity of marine mammals – a measure which was agreed by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission at its eighth meeting in March 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_with_dolphins">Association with dolphins</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphins</a> swim beside several tuna species. These include yellowfin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean, but not <a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a>. Tuna schools are believed to associate themselves with dolphins for protection against sharks, which are tuna <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial fishing vessels used to exploit this association by searching for dolphin pods. Vessels would encircle the pod with nets to catch the tuna beneath.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nets were prone to entangling dolphins, injuring or killing them. Public outcry and new government regulations, which are now monitored by <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> have led to more dolphin-friendly methods, now generally involving lines rather than nets. There are neither universal independent inspection programs nor verification of dolphin safety, so these protections are not absolute. According to <a href="/wiki/Consumers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers Union">Consumers Union</a>, the resulting lack of accountability means claims of tuna that is "<a href="/wiki/Dolphin_safe_label" title="Dolphin safe label">dolphin safe</a>" should be given little credence. </p><p>Fishery practices have changed to be dolphin friendly, which has caused greater <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a> including <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic fish">oceanic fish</a>. Fishermen no longer follow dolphins, but concentrate their fisheries around floating objects such as <a href="/wiki/Fish_aggregation_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish aggregation device">fish aggregation devices</a>, also known as FADs, which attract large populations of other organisms. Measures taken thus far to satisfy the public demand to protect dolphins can be potentially damaging to other species as well.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3></div> <p>Increasing quantities of high-grade tuna caught at sea are reared in net pens and fed bait fish. In Australia, former fishermen raise <a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin tuna</a> (<i>Thunnus maccoyii</i>) and another bluefin species.<sup id="cite_ref-Whyte_Doolette_Gorman_Craig_2001_Positive_Reform_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyte_Doolette_Gorman_Craig_2001_Positive_Reform-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farming its close relative, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin tuna</a>, <i>Thunnus thynnus</i>, is beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and Japan. <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a> approved permits for the first U.S. offshore farming of <a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye tuna</a> in water 1,300 feet (400 m) deep in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan is the biggest tuna consuming nation and is also the leader in tuna farming research.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan first successfully farm-hatched and raised bluefin tuna in 1979. In 2002, it succeeded in completing the reproduction cycle and in 2007, completed a third generation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The farm breed is known as Kindai tuna. Kindai is the contraction of Kinki University in Japanese (Kinki daigaku).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Clean Seas, an Australian company which has been receiving assistance from Kinki University<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> managed to breed southern bluefin tuna in captivity and was awarded the second place in World's Best Invention of 2009 by <i>Time</i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-tankbred_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tankbred-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food">Food</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes" title="List of tuna dishes">List of tuna dishes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grilled_Tuna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Grilled_Tuna.jpg/220px-Grilled_Tuna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Grilled_Tuna.jpg/330px-Grilled_Tuna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Grilled_Tuna.jpg/440px-Grilled_Tuna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A grilled tuna steak</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fresh_and_frozen">Fresh and frozen</h3></div> <p>The fresh or frozen flesh of tuna is widely regarded as a delicacy in most areas where it is shipped, being prepared in a variety of ways. When served as a <a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">steak</a>, the meat of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Taxonomy">most species</a> is known for its thickness and tough texture. In the U.K., supermarkets began flying in fresh tuna steaks in the late 1990s, which helped to increase the popularity of using fresh tuna in cooking; by 2009, celebrity chefs regularly featured fresh tuna in salads, wraps, and char-grilled dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Served_raw">Served raw</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_sushi_and_sashimi_ingredients#Thunnus" title="List of sushi and sashimi ingredients">Various species of tuna</a> are often served raw in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial sashimi tuna may have their coloration fixated by pumping <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO) into bags containing the tuna, and holding it at 4 °C. For a 2-inch tuna steak, this requires 24 hours. The fish is then vacuum sealed and frozen. In Japan, color fixation using CO is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-HFF_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFF-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 115px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuna_Sushi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sushi"><img alt="Sushi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tuna_Sushi.jpg/113px-Tuna_Sushi.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tuna_Sushi.jpg/171px-Tuna_Sushi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tuna_Sushi.jpg/227px-Tuna_Sushi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 115px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuna_salad_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuna salad"><img alt="Tuna salad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tuna_salad_001.jpg/113px-Tuna_salad_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tuna_salad_001.jpg/171px-Tuna_salad_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tuna_salad_001.jpg/227px-Tuna_salad_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Tuna_salad" title="Tuna salad">Tuna salad</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 115px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuna_steak.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuna steak served in a French bistro"><img alt="Tuna steak served in a French bistro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tuna_steak.JPG/113px-Tuna_steak.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tuna_steak.JPG/171px-Tuna_steak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tuna_steak.JPG/227px-Tuna_steak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Tuna steak served in a French <a href="/wiki/Bistro" title="Bistro">bistro</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 115px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tekkadon_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tekkadon"><img alt="Tekkadon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tekkadon_001.jpg/113px-Tekkadon_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tekkadon_001.jpg/171px-Tekkadon_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tekkadon_001.jpg/227px-Tekkadon_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3604" data-file-height="2703" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Tekkadon" title="Tekkadon">Tekkadon</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 115px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katsuobushi_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Katsuobushi shavings"><img alt="Katsuobushi shavings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Katsuobushi_02.jpg/113px-Katsuobushi_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Katsuobushi_02.jpg/171px-Katsuobushi_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Katsuobushi_02.jpg/227px-Katsuobushi_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Katsuobushi" title="Katsuobushi">Katsuobushi</a> shavings</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 115px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mojama_de_atun.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mojama"><img alt="Mojama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mojama_de_atun.JPG/113px-Mojama_de_atun.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mojama_de_atun.JPG/171px-Mojama_de_atun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mojama_de_atun.JPG/227px-Mojama_de_atun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mojama" title="Mojama">Mojama</a></div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canned">Canned</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canned_fish#Tuna" title="Canned fish">Canned fish § Tuna</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canned_and_packaged_tuna_on_supermarket_shelves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small cans on grocery shelves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canned_and_packaged_tuna_on_supermarket_shelves.jpg/275px-Canned_and_packaged_tuna_on_supermarket_shelves.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canned_and_packaged_tuna_on_supermarket_shelves.jpg/413px-Canned_and_packaged_tuna_on_supermarket_shelves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canned_and_packaged_tuna_on_supermarket_shelves.jpg/550px-Canned_and_packaged_tuna_on_supermarket_shelves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>Canned tuna on sale at a supermarket</figcaption></figure> <p>Tuna is canned in edible <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">oils</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>, in water, and in various sauces. Tuna may be processed and labeled as "solid", "chunked" ("chunk") or "flaked". When tuna is canned and packaged for sale, the product is sometimes called <b>tuna fish</b> (U.S.), a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> (loan translation) from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Thunfisch" class="extiw" title="wikt:Thunfisch">Thunfisch</a></i>. Canned tuna is sometimes used as food for pets, especially <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Australia</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Canned_fish" title="Canned fish">Canned</a> tuna was first produced in Australia in 1903 and quickly became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Choice2004_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choice2004-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1980s canned tuna in Australia was most likely <a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a>, as of 2003<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuna&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it was usually yellowfin, <a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongol">tongol</a> (labelled "northern bluefin" or "longtail").<sup id="cite_ref-Choice2004_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choice2004-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian standards once required cans of tuna to contain at least 51% tuna, but those regulations were dropped in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Choice2003_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choice2003-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining weight is usually oil or water. </p> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <p>The product became more plentiful in the United States in the late 1940s. In 1950, 8,500,000 pounds of canned tuna were produced, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> classified it as a "plentiful food".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, 52% of canned tuna is used for <a href="/wiki/Tuna_sandwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna sandwich">sandwiches</a>; 22% for <a href="/wiki/Tuna_salad" title="Tuna salad">tuna salads</a>; and 15% for <a href="/wiki/Tuna_casserole" title="Tuna casserole">tuna casseroles</a> and dried, prepackaged <a href="/wiki/Meal_kit" title="Meal kit">meal kits</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Helper" title="Hamburger Helper">Tuna Helper</a> line.<sup id="cite_ref-modernmarvels_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modernmarvels-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other canned tuna dishes include <a href="/wiki/Tuna_melt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna melt">tuna melts</a> (a type of sandwich where the tuna is mixed with mayonnaise and served on bread with cheese melted on top); <a href="/wiki/Salade_ni%C3%A7oise" title="Salade niçoise">salade niçoise</a> (a salad made of tuna, olives, green beans, potatoes, hard-boiled eggs and anchovy dressing); and tuna burgers (served on buns). </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) regulates canned tuna (see part <i>c</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Precooked</dt></dl> <p>As tunas are often caught far from where they are processed, poor interim conservation can lead to spoilage. Tuna is typically <a href="/wiki/Gutted" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutted">gutted</a> by hand, and later precooked for prescribed times of 45 minutes to three hours. The fish are then cleaned and <a href="/wiki/Fish_fillet" title="Fish fillet">filleted</a>, canned (and sealed), with the dark lateral blood meat often separately canned for <a href="/wiki/Pet_food" title="Pet food">pet food</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cat_food" title="Cat food">cat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">dog</a>). The sealed can is then heated under pressure (called "<a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">retort cooking</a>") for 2–4 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process kills any bacteria, but retains the <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> that <a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">may have been produced by those bacteria</a>, and so may still taste spoiled. The international standard sets the maximum histamine level at 200 milligrams per kilogram. An Australian study of 53 varieties of unflavored canned tuna found none to exceed the safe histamine level, although some had "off" flavors.<sup id="cite_ref-Choice2004_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choice2004-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Light and white</dt></dl> <p>In some markets, depending upon the color of the flesh of the tuna species, the can is marked as "light" or "white" meat, with "light" meaning a greyish pink color and "white" meaning a light pink color. In the United States, only <a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a> can legally be sold in canned form as "white meat tuna";<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in other countries, <a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a> is also acceptable. </p> <dl><dt>Ventresca tuna<span class="anchor" id="Ventresca_tuna"></span><span class="anchor" id="ventresca_tuna"></span></dt></dl> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ventresca" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ventresca">Ventresca tuna</a> (from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ventre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ventre">ventre</a></i>, the Italian word for belly),<sup id="cite_ref-Rosengarten-2003-Ventresca_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosengarten-2003-Ventresca-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a luxury canned tuna,<sup id="cite_ref-Luxury-splendidtable_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luxury-splendidtable-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the fatty <a href="/wiki/Bluefin_tuna" title="Bluefin tuna">bluefin tuna</a> belly, also used in sushi as <a href="/wiki/Toro_(sushi)" title="Toro (sushi)">toro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraioli2008_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraioli2008-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SushiEncyc_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SushiEncyc-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Tuna, light, canned in oil, drained solids</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">830 kJ (200 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">8 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">29 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 23 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 29 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">34%</div> 269 IU</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 13 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 1.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 31 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">25%</div> 311 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 207 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.9 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">60 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Canned light tuna in oil is 29% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, 8% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, 60% water, and contains no <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, while providing 200 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> in a 100 gram reference amount (table). It is a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (44% DV) and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> (45% DV), and a moderate source of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (11% DV). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercury_and_health">Mercury and health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Got_Mercury%3F" title="Got Mercury?">Got Mercury?</a></div> <p>Mercury content in tuna can vary widely. Among those calling for improved warnings about mercury in tuna is the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>, which adopted a policy that physicians should help make their patients more aware of the potential risks.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in 2008 found that mercury distribution in the meat of farmed tuna is inversely related to the lipid content, suggesting that higher lipid concentration within edible tissues of tuna raised in captivity might, other factors remaining equal, have a diluting effect on mercury content.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mackerel_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackerel tuna">Mackerel tuna</a> is one species of tuna that is lower in mercury concentration than skipjack or yellowfin,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this species is known as "black meat" or "dark meat" tuna, which is a lower grade for canning because of the color, unfavorable flavor, and poor yield.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2004, the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> issued guidelines recommending that pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children limit their intake of tuna and other predatory fish.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Environmental Protection Agency provides guidelines on how much canned tuna is safe to eat. Roughly speaking, the guidelines recommend one 6-ounce (170 g) can of light tuna per week for individuals weighing less than 110 pounds (50 kg), and two cans per week for those who weigh more.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, it was reported that some canned light tuna such as <a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin tuna</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is significantly higher in mercury than skipjack, and caused <a href="/wiki/Consumers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers Union">Consumers Union</a> and other activist groups to advise pregnant women to refrain from consuming canned tuna.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a California appeals court upheld a ruling that canned tuna does not need warning labels as the <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a> is naturally occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A January 2008 report revealed potentially dangerous levels of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in certain varieties of <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> tuna, reporting levels "so high that the Food and Drug Administration could take legal action to remove the fish from the market."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_and_conservation">Management and conservation</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuna-lifecycle1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tuna-lifecycle1.jpg/400px-Tuna-lifecycle1.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tuna-lifecycle1.jpg/600px-Tuna-lifecycle1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Tuna-lifecycle1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Life cycle</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The main tuna fishery management bodies are the <a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Tropical_Tuna_Commission" title="Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission">Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Tuna_Commission" title="Indian Ocean Tuna Commission">Indian Ocean Tuna Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_Conservation_of_Atlantic_Tunas" title="International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas">International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Conservation_of_Southern_Bluefin_Tuna" title="Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna">Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five gathered for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in January 2007. Environmental organizations made submissions<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on risks to fisheries and species. The meeting concluded with an action plan drafted by some 60 countries or areas. Concrete steps include issuing certificates of origin to prevent <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal fishing</a> and greater transparency in the setting of regional fishing quotas. The delegates were scheduled to meet at another joint meeting in January or February 2009 in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> International added the <a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin tuna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin tuna</a> to its seafood red list, which are fish "commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bluefin tuna have been widely accepted as being severely <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfished</a>, with some stocks at risk of collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</a> (a global, nonprofit partnership between the tuna industry, scientists, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>), Indian Ocean yellowfin tuna, Pacific Ocean (eastern and western) <a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye tuna</a>, and North Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a> tuna are all overfished. In April 2009, no stock of <a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack tuna</a> (which makes up roughly 60% of all tuna fished worldwide) was considered to be overfished.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary <i><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_(TV_series)" title="South Pacific (TV series)">South Pacific</a></i>, which first aired in May 2009, stated that, should fishing in the Pacific continue at its current rate, populations of all tuna species could collapse within five years. It highlighted huge Japanese and European tuna fishing vessels, sent to the South Pacific international waters after overfishing their own fish stocks to the point of collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 tuna fishery assessment report, released in January 2012 by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, supported this finding, recommending that all tuna fishing should be reduced or limited to current levels and that limits on skipjack fishing be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research<sup id="cite_ref-:0_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the tuna in the Indian Ocean, where rapid warming of the ocean has resulted in a reduction of marine <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>. The bigeye tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half century, mostly due to increased industrial fisheries, with the ocean warming adding further stress to the fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/32px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/48px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/64px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fish" title="Portal:Fish">Fish portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Got_Mercury%3F" title="Got Mercury?">Got Mercury?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes" title="List of tuna dishes">List of tuna dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_homing" title="Natal homing">Natal homing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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(October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087677">"Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and three other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time and stride length: a myth revisited"</a>. <i>Biology Open</i>. <b>5</b> (10): 1415–1419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fbio.019919">10.1242/bio.019919</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087677">5087677</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27543056">27543056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Open&rft.atitle=Maximum+swimming+speeds+of+sailfish+and+three+other+large+marine+predatory+fish+species+based+on+muscle+contraction+time+and+stride+length%3A+a+myth+revisited&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1415-1419&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5087677%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27543056&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fbio.019919&rft.aulast=Svendsen&rft.aufirst=Morten+B.+S.&rft.au=Domenici%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Marras%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Krause%2C+Jens&rft.au=Boswell%2C+Kevin+M.&rft.au=Rodriguez-Pinto%2C+Ivan&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Alexander+D.+M.&rft.au=Kurvers%2C+Ralf+H.+J.+M.&rft.au=Viblanc%2C+Paul+E.&rft.au=Finger%2C+Jean+S.&rft.au=Steffensen%2C+John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5087677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNmaccoyii-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNmaccoyii_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNmaccoyii_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNmaccoyii_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Thunnus+maccoyii&rft.volume=2021&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F21858%2F170082633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524153815/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=tuna&submit.x=0&submit.y=0">"tuna"</a>. <i>American Heritage Dictionary</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2015. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tuna&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dtuna%26submit.x%3D0%26submit.y%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=thunnus">"thunnus"</a>. <i>A Latin Dictionary</i>. Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=thunnus&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton+T.&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dthunnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=qu/nnos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θύννος</span></span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a> (1940) <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, revised and augmented throughout by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart_Jones" title="Henry Stuart Jones">Jones, Sir Henry Stuart</a>, with the assistance of McKenzie, Roderick. 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January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Thunnus+alalunga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DThunnus%26speciesname%3Dalalunga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNalalunga-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNalalunga_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNalalunga_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Thunnus+obesus&rft.volume=2021&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F21859%2F46912402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBorientalis-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBorientalis_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Thunnus&speciesname=orientalis">"<i>Thunnus orientalis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Thunnus+orientalis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DThunnus%26speciesname%3Dorientalis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNorientalis-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNorientalis_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNorientalis_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170341/170087840">"<i>Thunnus orientalis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2021</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Thunnus+orientalis&rft.volume=2021&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170341%2F170087840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBthynnus-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBthynnus_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Thunnus&speciesname=thynnus">"<i>Thunnus thynnus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Thunnus+thynnus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DThunnus%26speciesname%3Dthynnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNthynnus-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNthynnus_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNthynnus_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21860/46913402">"<i>Thunnus thynnus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2021</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Thunnus+thynnus&rft.volume=2021&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F21860%2F46913402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBatlanticus-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBatlanticus_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Thunnus&speciesname=atlanticus">"<i>Thunnus atlanticus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Thunnus+atlanticus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DThunnus%26speciesname%3Datlanticus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNatlanticus-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNatlanticus_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/155276/4764002">"<i>Thunnus atlanticus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2010</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Thunnus+atlanticus&rft.volume=2010&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fdetails%2F155276%2F4764002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite iucn">cite iucn</a>}}: old-form url (<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn#Maintenance_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite iucn">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBtonggol-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBtonggol_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Thunnus&speciesname=tonggol">"<i>Thunnus tonggol</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Thunnus+tonggol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DThunnus%26speciesname%3Dtonggol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNtonggol-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNtonggol_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNtonggol_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/170351/6763691">"<i>Thunnus tonggol</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2009</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Thunnus+tonggol&rft.volume=2009&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fdetails%2F170351%2F6763691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite iucn">cite iucn</a>}}: old-form url (<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn#Maintenance_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite iucn">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBalbacares-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBalbacares_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Thunnus&speciesname=albacares">"<i>Thunnus albacares</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Thunnus+albacares&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DThunnus%26speciesname%3Dalbacares&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNalbacares-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNalbacares_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNalbacares_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/21857/46624561">"<i>Thunnus albacares</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2021</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Thunnus+albacares&rft.volume=2021&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fdetails%2F21857%2F46624561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite iucn">cite iucn</a>}}: old-form url (<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn#Maintenance_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite iucn">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBfallai-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBfallai_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Allothunnus&speciesname=fallai">"<i>Allothunnus fallai</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Allothunnus+fallai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DAllothunnus%26speciesname%3Dfallai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNfallai-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNfallai_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Amorim,_A.F.Boustany,_A.Carpenter,_K.E.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Amorim, A.F.; Boustany, A.; Carpenter, K.E.; de Oliveira Leite Jr.; N.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Fredou, F.L.; Graves, J.; Viera Hazin, F.H.; Juan Jorda, M.; Minte Vera, C.; Miyabe, N.; Nelson, R.; Oxenford, H.; Sun, C.; Teixeira Lessa, R.P.; Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E.; Uozumi, Y. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170349/6761139">"<i>Allothunnus fallai</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2011</b>: e.T170349A6761139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170349A6761139.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170349A6761139.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Allothunnus+fallai&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170349A6761139&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170349A6761139.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Amorim%2C+A.F.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=de+Oliveira+Leite+Jr.&rft.au=N.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Fredou%2C+F.L.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Viera+Hazin%2C+F.H.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Minte+Vera%2C+C.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+H.&rft.au=Sun%2C+C.&rft.au=Teixeira+Lessa%2C+R.P.&rft.au=Pires+Ferreira+Travassos%2C+P.E.&rft.au=Uozumi%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170349%2F6761139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBrochei-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBrochei_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Auxis&speciesname=rochei">"<i>Auxis rochei</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Auxis+rochei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DAuxis%26speciesname%3Drochei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNrochei-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNrochei_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNrochei_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Acero,_A.Amorim,_A.F.Boustany,_A.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Amorim, A.F.; Boustany, A.; Canales Ramirez, C.; Cardenas, G.; Carpenter, K.E.; de Oliveira Leite Jr.; N.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Fredou, F.L.; Graves, J.; Guzman-Mora, A.; Viera Hazin, F.H.; Juan Jorda, M.; Kada, O.; Minte Vera, C.; Miyabe, N.; Montano Cruz, R.; Nelson, R.; Oxenford, H.; Salas, E.; Schaefer, K.; Serra, R.; Sun, C.; Teixeira Lessa, R.P.; Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E.; Uozumi, Y.; Yanez, E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170355/6765188">"<i>Auxis rochei</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2011</b>: e.T170355A6765188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170355A6765188.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170355A6765188.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Auxis+rochei&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170355A6765188&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170355A6765188.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Acero%2C+A.&rft.au=Amorim%2C+A.F.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Canales+Ramirez%2C+C.&rft.au=Cardenas%2C+G.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=de+Oliveira+Leite+Jr.&rft.au=N.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Fredou%2C+F.L.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Guzman-Mora%2C+A.&rft.au=Viera+Hazin%2C+F.H.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Kada%2C+O.&rft.au=Minte+Vera%2C+C.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Montano+Cruz%2C+R.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+H.&rft.au=Salas%2C+E.&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+K.&rft.au=Serra%2C+R.&rft.au=Sun%2C+C.&rft.au=Teixeira+Lessa%2C+R.P.&rft.au=Pires+Ferreira+Travassos%2C+P.E.&rft.au=Uozumi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Yanez%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170355%2F6765188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBthazard-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBthazard_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Auxis&speciesname=thazard">"<i>Auxis thazard</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Auxis+thazard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DAuxis%26speciesname%3Dthazard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNthazard-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNthazard_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Acero,_A.Amorim,_A.F.Boustany,_A.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Amorim, A.F.; Boustany, A.; Canales Ramirez, C.; Cardenas, G.; Carpenter, K.E.; de Oliveira Leite Jr.; N.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Fredou, F.L.; Graves, J.; Guzman-Mora, A.; Viera Hazin, F.H.; Juan Jorda, M.; Kada, O.; Minte Vera, C.; Miyabe, N.; Montano Cruz, R.; Nelson, R.; Oxenford, H.; Salas, E.; Schaefer, K.; Serra, R.; Sun, C.; Teixeira Lessa, R.P.; Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E.; Uozumi, Y.; Yanez, E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170344/6757270">"<i>Auxis thazard</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2011</b>: e.T170344A6757270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170344A6757270.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170344A6757270.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Auxis+thazard&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170344A6757270&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170344A6757270.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Acero%2C+A.&rft.au=Amorim%2C+A.F.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Canales+Ramirez%2C+C.&rft.au=Cardenas%2C+G.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=de+Oliveira+Leite+Jr.&rft.au=N.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Fredou%2C+F.L.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Guzman-Mora%2C+A.&rft.au=Viera+Hazin%2C+F.H.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Kada%2C+O.&rft.au=Minte+Vera%2C+C.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Montano+Cruz%2C+R.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+H.&rft.au=Salas%2C+E.&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+K.&rft.au=Serra%2C+R.&rft.au=Sun%2C+C.&rft.au=Teixeira+Lessa%2C+R.P.&rft.au=Pires+Ferreira+Travassos%2C+P.E.&rft.au=Uozumi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Yanez%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170344%2F6757270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBaffinis-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBaffinis_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Euthynnus&speciesname=affinis">"<i>Euthynnus affinis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Euthynnus+affinis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DEuthynnus%26speciesname%3Daffinis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNaffinis-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNaffinis_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNaffinis_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Chang,_S.-K.Fox,_W.Juan_Jorda,_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Chang, S.-K.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Miyabe, N.; Nelson, R.; Uozumi, Y. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170336/6753804">"<i>Euthynnus affinis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2011</b>: e.T170336A6753804. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170336A6753804.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170336A6753804.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Euthynnus+affinis&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170336A6753804&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170336A6753804.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Chang%2C+S.-K.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Uozumi%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170336%2F6753804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBalletteratus-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBalletteratus_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Euthynnus&speciesname=alletteratus">"<i>Euthynnus alletteratus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Euthynnus+alletteratus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DEuthynnus%26speciesname%3Dalletteratus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNalletteratus-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNalletteratus_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Amorim,_A.F.Boustany,_A.Carpenter,_K.E.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Amorim, A.F.; Boustany, A.; Carpenter, K.E.; de Oliveira Leite Jr.; N.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Fredou, F.L.; Graves, J.; Viera Hazin, F.H.; Juan Jorda, M.; Kada, O.; Minte Vera, C.; Miyabe, N.; Nelson, R.; Oxenford, H.; Teixeira Lessa, R.P.; Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170345/6759394">"<i>Euthynnus alletteratus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2011</b>: e.T170345A6759394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170345A6759394.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170345A6759394.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Euthynnus+alletteratus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170345A6759394&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170345A6759394.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Amorim%2C+A.F.&rft.au=Boustany%2C+A.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=de+Oliveira+Leite+Jr.&rft.au=N.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Fredou%2C+F.L.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Viera+Hazin%2C+F.H.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Kada%2C+O.&rft.au=Minte+Vera%2C+C.&rft.au=Miyabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Oxenford%2C+H.&rft.au=Teixeira+Lessa%2C+R.P.&rft.au=Pires+Ferreira+Travassos%2C+P.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170345%2F6759394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBlineatus-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBlineatus_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Euthynnus&speciesname=lineatus">"<i>Euthynnus lineatus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Euthynnus+lineatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DEuthynnus%26speciesname%3Dlineatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNlineatus-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNlineatus_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNlineatus_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.Acero,_A.Canales_Ramirez,_C.Cardenas,_G.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Canales Ramirez, C.; Cardenas, G.; Carpenter, K.E.; Di Natale, A.; Guzman-Mora, A.; Montano Cruz, R.; Nelson, R.; Schaefer, K.; Serra, R.; Yanez, E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170320/6747016">"<i>Euthynnus lineatus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2011</b>: e.T170320A6747016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170320A6747016.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170320A6747016.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Euthynnus+lineatus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T170320A6747016&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170320A6747016.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Acero%2C+A.&rft.au=Canales+Ramirez%2C+C.&rft.au=Cardenas%2C+G.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.E.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Guzman-Mora%2C+A.&rft.au=Montano+Cruz%2C+R.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+K.&rft.au=Serra%2C+R.&rft.au=Yanez%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170320%2F6747016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBpelamis-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBpelamis_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Katsuwonus&speciesname=pelamis">"<i>Katsuwonus pelamis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. January 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Katsuwonus+pelamis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DKatsuwonus%26speciesname%3Dpelamis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNpelamis-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNpelamis_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNpelamis_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.B.Boustany,_A.Fox,_W.Graves,_J.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.B.; Boustany, A.; Fox, W.; Graves, J.; Juan Jorda, M.; Restrepo, V. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+tuna+processing+industry&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Fwhd%2Fas%2Fsec3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Richard. <i>Tuna: A Love Story.</i> New York: Random House, 2009, p. 119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-38710-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-38710-0">0-307-38710-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosengarten-2003-Ventresca-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosengarten-2003-Ventresca_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosengarten2012" class="citation web cs1">Rosengarten, David (31 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514215614/https://www.wine4food.com/food/name-that-tuna-the-little-known-sexy-varieties-that-are-vastly-superior-to-the-supermarket-cans/">"Name That Tuna! The Little-Known, Sexy Varieties that Are Vastly Superior to the Supermarket Cans"</a>. <i>Wine4Food</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wine4food.com/food/name-that-tuna-the-little-known-sexy-varieties-that-are-vastly-superior-to-the-supermarket-cans/">the original</a> on 14 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>What is ventresca? The name comes from the Italian word for belly, which is "ventre." Yup, you guessed it, ventresca is canned tuna made from the tuna's belly, from the sexy, velvety hunk known in sushi bars as "toro." Happily, there are a good many ventresca brands in the U.S. right now from Italy and Spain. (Originally Published: ROSENGARTEN REPORT, April 2003.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine4Food&rft.atitle=Name+That+Tuna%21+The+Little-Known%2C+Sexy+Varieties+that+Are+Vastly+Superior+to+the+Supermarket+Cans&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft.aulast=Rosengarten&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wine4food.com%2Ffood%2Fname-that-tuna-the-little-known-sexy-varieties-that-are-vastly-superior-to-the-supermarket-cans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luxury-splendidtable-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luxury-splendidtable_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514214210/https://www.splendidtable.org/story/2010/11/18/luxury-canned-tuna">"Luxury Canned Tuna"</a>. <i>www.splendidtable.org</i>. 18 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splendidtable.org/story/2010/11/18/luxury-canned-tuna">the original</a> on 14 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Ventresca Tuna: This tuna comes from the belly of the fish, that velvety chunk known in sushi bars as toro. It has deep, buttery, complex flavors and a creamy texture. This one stands alone. The less you do to it the better. Be prepared to pay dearly for this unabashed luxury</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.splendidtable.org&rft.atitle=Luxury+Canned+Tuna&rft.date=2010-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splendidtable.org%2Fstory%2F2010%2F11%2F18%2Fluxury-canned-tuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraioli2008-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fraioli2008_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraioliSato2008" class="citation book cs1">Fraioli, James O.; Sato, Chef Kaz (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idiotsguides.com"><i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Sushi and Sashimi</i></a>. New York, NY: Alpha Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-782-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-782-8"><bdi>978-1-59257-782-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Sushi+and+Sashimi&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59257-782-8&rft.aulast=Fraioli&rft.aufirst=James+O.&rft.au=Sato%2C+Chef+Kaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidiotsguides.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SushiEncyc-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SushiEncyc_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520055030/http://www.sushiencyclopedia.com/sushi_menu.html">"Sushi Menu"</a>. <i>Sushi Encyclopedia</i>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sushiencyclopedia.com/sushi_menu.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>The sushi menu consists of basic Edo style sushi and they are grouped in their styles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sushi+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Sushi+Menu&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sushiencyclopedia.com%2Fsushi_menu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_MedicineHealth_and_Medicine_DivisionFood_and_Nutrition_BoardCommittee_to_Review_the_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Sodium_and_Potassium2019" class="citation book cs1">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/"><i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i></a>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509063633/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+National+Academies+Collection%3A+Reports+funded+by+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK538102%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeHawthorne2005" class="citation news cs1">Roe, Sam; Hawthorne, Michael (13 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126023316/http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/health/chi-0512130114dec13,0,4864620,full.story">"How safe is tuna?"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/health/chi-0512130114dec13,0,4864620,full.story">the original</a> on 26 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=How+safe+is+tuna%3F&rft.date=2005-12-13&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Hawthorne%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Ffeatures%2Fhealth%2Fchi-0512130114dec13%2C0%2C4864620%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalshawsEdwardsRossDaughtry2008" class="citation journal cs1">Balshaws, S.; Edwards, J.W.; Ross, K.E.; Daughtry, B.J. (December 2008). "Mercury distribution in the muscular tissue of farmed southern bluefin tuna (<i>Thunnus maccoyii</i>) is inversely related to the lipid content of tissues". <i>Food Chemistry</i>. <b>111</b> (3): 616–621. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2008.04.041">10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Mercury+distribution+in+the+muscular+tissue+of+farmed+southern+bluefin+tuna+%28Thunnus+maccoyii%29+is+inversely+related+to+the+lipid+content+of+tissues&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=616-621&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2008.04.041&rft.aulast=Balshaws&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+J.W.&rft.au=Ross%2C+K.E.&rft.au=Daughtry%2C+B.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSompongchaiyakulHantowSornkrutSumontha2008" class="citation book cs1">Sompongchaiyakul, Penjai; Hantow, Jinnathum; Sornkrut, Somjet; Sumontha, Montri; Jayasinghe, Rankiri P.P. Krishantha (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://map.seafdec.org/downloads/BIMSTEC/020-Mercury-Penjai.pdf">"An assessment of mercury concentration in fish tissues caught from three compartments of the Bay of Bengal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Ecosystem-Based Management Fishery in the Bay of Bengal</i>. Department of Fisheries, (DOF); Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand. pp. 221–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+assessment+of+mercury+concentration+in+fish+tissues+caught+from+three+compartments+of+the+Bay+of+Bengal&rft.btitle=The+Ecosystem-Based+Management+Fishery+in+the+Bay+of+Bengal&rft.pages=221-232&rft.pub=Department+of+Fisheries%2C+%28DOF%29%3B+Ministry+of+Agriculture+and+Cooperatives%2C+Thailand&rft.date=2008-09&rft.aulast=Sompongchaiyakul&rft.aufirst=Penjai&rft.au=Hantow%2C+Jinnathum&rft.au=Sornkrut%2C+Somjet&rft.au=Sumontha%2C+Montri&rft.au=Jayasinghe%2C+Rankiri+P.P.+Krishantha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmap.seafdec.org%2Fdownloads%2FBIMSTEC%2F020-Mercury-Penjai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalachandranVijayanJoseph1982" class="citation journal cs1">Balachandran KK, Vijayan PK, Joseph J (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/FT/article/view/69897">"Improving the acceptability of canned Mackerel tuna (<i>Euthynnus affinis</i>)"</a>. <i>Fish Technology</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 59–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fish+Technology&rft.atitle=Improving+the+acceptability+of+canned+Mackerel+tuna+%28Euthynnus+affinis%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-60&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Balachandran&rft.aufirst=KK&rft.au=Vijayan%2C+PK&rft.au=Joseph%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepubs.icar.org.in%2Findex.php%2FFT%2Farticle%2Fview%2F69897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519060018/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admehg3.html">"What You Need to Know About Mercury in Fish and Shellfish"</a>. March 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admehg3.html">the original</a> on 19 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+You+Need+to+Know+About+Mercury+in+Fish+and+Shellfish&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfsan.fda.gov%2F~dms%2Fadmehg3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617174655/http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/tuna.asp">"PROTECT YOURSELF AND YOUR FAMILY: Eating Tuna Safely"</a>. 2 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/tuna.asp">the original</a> on 17 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PROTECT+YOURSELF+AND+YOUR+FAMILY%3A+Eating+Tuna+Safely&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrdc.org%2Fhealth%2Feffects%2Fmercury%2Ftuna.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/12/31/fda-to-check-tuna/">"FDA to check tuna"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=FDA+to+check+tuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2005%2F12%2F31%2Ffda-to-check-tuna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410020238/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/food/tuna-safety/overview/0607_tuna_ov.htm">"Mercury in tuna"</a>. June 2006. 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App. Ct. 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurros2008" class="citation news cs1">Burros, Marian (23 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/23/dining/23sushi.html?ref=nyregion">"High Mercury Levels Are Found in Tuna Sushi"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ebury Press, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-189780-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-189780-7">0-09-189780-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>: Species Catalog Vol. 2 Scombrids of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 2. FIR/S125 Vol. 2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-101381-0" title="Special:BookSources/92-5-101381-0">92-5-101381-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firms.fao.org/firms/resource/16001/en">Tuna and tuna-like species – Global, 2005</a> Rome.</li> <li>Majkowski, Jacek (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/y5852e/Y5852E08.htm#ch3.1">"Tuna and tuna-like species"</a> In: <i>Review of the state of world marine fishery resources</i>, FAO Fisheries technical paper 457, FAO, Rome. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-107023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-107023-9">978-92-5-107023-9</a>.</li> <li>Majkowski J, Arrizabalaga H, Carocci F and Murua H (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2389e/i2389e.zip">"Tuna and tuna-like species"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170625/http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2389e/i2389e.zip">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <i>Review of the state of world marine fishery resources</i>, pages 227–244, FAO Fisheries technical paper 569, FAO, Rome. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-107023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-107023-9">978-92-5-107023-9</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=161.190">Standard of Identity for Canned Tuna (United States), Code of Federal Regulations: 21 CFR 161.190</a> – Canned tuna.</li> <li>Viñas J and Tudela S (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dugi-doc.udg.edu/bitstream/10256/3594/1/Validated-Methodology.pdf">"A validated methodology for genetic identification of tuna species (genus <i>Thunnus</i>)"</a> <i>PLoS One</i>, <b>4</b>(10): e7606.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scombridae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Scombridae">Scombridae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104543&org=NSF&from=news">How Hot Tuna (and Some Sharks) Stay Warm</a> National Science Foundation, 27 October 2005</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tuna" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tuna" title="Template:Tuna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tuna" title="Template talk:Tuna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tuna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tuna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tuna" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuna</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thunnus" title="Thunnus">True tuna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thunnus" title="Thunnus">Thunnus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">Albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">Bigeye tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfin_tuna" title="Blackfin tuna">Blackfin tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunnus_tonggol" title="Thunnus tonggol">Longtail tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">Southern bluefin tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">Yellowfin tuna</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunnus_albacares.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Yellowfin tuna"><img alt="Yellowfin tuna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thunnus_albacares.png/140px-Thunnus_albacares.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thunnus_albacares.png/210px-Thunnus_albacares.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Thunnus_albacares.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other tuna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">Scombridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthynnus_lineatus" title="Euthynnus lineatus">Black skipjack tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_tuna" title="Bullet tuna">Bullet tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtooth_tuna" title="Dogtooth tuna">Dogtooth tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate_tuna" title="Frigate tuna">Frigate tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthynnus_affinis" title="Euthynnus affinis">Mackerel tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybiosarda_elegans" title="Cybiosarda elegans">Leaping bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_tunny" title="Little tunny">Little tunny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">Skipjack tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender_tuna" title="Slender tuna">Slender tuna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auxis" title="Auxis">Auxis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almadraba" title="Almadraba">Almadraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_bluefin_tuna_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="US bluefin tuna industry">US bluefin tuna industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">As food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Botargo">Botargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cakalang_fufu" title="Cakalang fufu">Cakalang fufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABtoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūtoro">Chūtoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsuobushi" title="Katsuobushi">Katsuobushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kezuriki" title="Kezuriki">Kezuriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojama" title="Mojama">Mojama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekkadon" title="Tekkadon">Tekkadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_casserole" title="Tuna casserole">Tuna casserole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_fish_sandwich" title="Tuna fish sandwich">Tuna fish sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_pot" title="Tuna pot">Tuna pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_salad" title="Tuna salad">Tuna salad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_safe_label" title="Dolphin safe label">Dolphin friendly tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_Fishing_(painting)" title="Tuna Fishing (painting)"><i>Tuna Fishing</i> (painting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunagate" title="Tunagate">Tunagate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Tropical_Tuna_Commission" title="Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission">IATTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Tuna_Commission" title="Indian Ocean Tuna Commission">IOTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_Conservation_of_Atlantic_Tunas" title="International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas">ICCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Conservation_of_Southern_Bluefin_Tuna" title="Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna">CCSBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">WCPFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation#Practices" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation#Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru_Agreement" title="Nauru Agreement">Nauru Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Fisheries_Management_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Fisheries Management Organisation">Regional Fisheries Management Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes" title="List of tuna dishes">List of tuna dishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/80px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/160px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockerel_as_food&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cockerel as food (page does not exist)">Rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seafood" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seafood" title="Template:Seafood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seafood" title="Template talk:Seafood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seafood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barramundi#As_food" title="Barramundi">Barramundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#As_food" title="Billfish">Billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish#Catfish_as_food" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#As_food" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder#As_food" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon#Uses" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#As_food" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#As_food" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout#Trout_as_food" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Consumption" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)#In_cuisine_and_culture" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch#Culinary_use" title="Conch">Conch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck#Culinary_uses" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill#Human_consumption" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster#As_food" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#As_food" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster#As_food" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Prawn/Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#As_food" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_crustaceans" title="Category:Edible crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs" title="Category:Edible molluscs">Molluscs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other seafood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_as_food" title="Marine mammals as food">Marine mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_algae" title="Category:Edible algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_seafood" title="List of types of seafood">List of seafoods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processed<br />seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_fish" title="Canned fish">Canned fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cured_fish" title="Cured fish">Cured fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">Fermented fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fillet" title="Fish fillet">Fish fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_head" title="Fish head">Fish head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_paste" title="Fish paste">Fish paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_steak" title="Fish steak">Fish steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stock_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish stock (food)">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_squid" title="Salted squid">Salted squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fish_processing" title="Category:Fish processing">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seafood_dishes" title="Seafood dishes">Seafood dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">List of seafood dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crab_dishes" title="List of crab dishes">List of crab dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">List of fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_raw_fish_dishes" title="List of raw fish dishes">List of raw fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes" title="List of tuna dishes">List of tuna dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisque_(food)" title="Bisque (food)">Bisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowder" title="Chowder">Chowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pie" title="Fish pie">Fish pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_soup" title="Fish soup">Fish soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_boil" title="Seafood boil">Seafood boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">Shark fin soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood_dishes" title="Category:Seafood dishes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_mislabelling" title="Seafood mislabelling">Seafood mislabelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood_advisory_lists_and_certification" title="Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification">Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal welfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyestalk_ablation" title="Eyestalk ablation">Eyestalk ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_seafood" title="Eating live seafood">Eating live seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sushi" title="History of sushi">History of sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_companies" title="List of seafood companies">List of seafood companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_bar" title="Raw bar">Raw bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_restaurant" title="Seafood restaurant">Seafood restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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