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.trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiren_u0.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tiren_u0.gif/300px-Tiren_u0.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tiren_u0.gif/450px-Tiren_u0.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tiren_u0.gif/600px-Tiren_u0.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilapia_aquaculture_time_series_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tilapia_aquaculture_time_series_2.png/300px-Tilapia_aquaculture_time_series_2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tilapia_aquaculture_time_series_2.png/450px-Tilapia_aquaculture_time_series_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tilapia_aquaculture_time_series_2.png/600px-Tilapia_aquaculture_time_series_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="751" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Aquaculture production of tilapia by species<br />in million tonnes as reported by the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>, 1950–2009<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilapia_countries_time_series.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tilapia_countries_time_series.png/300px-Tilapia_countries_time_series.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tilapia_countries_time_series.png/450px-Tilapia_countries_time_series.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tilapia_countries_time_series.png/600px-Tilapia_countries_time_series.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Aquaculture production of tilapia by country<br />in million tonnes as reported by the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>, 1950–2009<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></b> has become the third most important fish in <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> after <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">salmon</a>; worldwide production exceeded 1.5 million metric tons (1.5<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>6</sup> long tons) in 2002<sup id="cite_ref-Fessehaye2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fessehaye2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increases annually. Because of their high protein content, large size, rapid growth (6 to 7 months to grow to harvest size),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and palatability, a number of <a href="/wiki/Coptodonini" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptodonini">coptodonine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oreochromini" title="Oreochromini">oreochromine</a> <a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">cichlids</a>—specifically, various species of <i><a href="/wiki/Coptodon" title="Coptodon">Coptodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oreochromis" title="Oreochromis">Oreochromis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sarotherodon" title="Sarotherodon">Sarotherodon</a></i>—are the focus of major <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> efforts. </p><p>Tilapia fisheries originated in Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. The accidental and deliberate introductions of tilapia into South and Southeast Asian freshwater lakes have inspired outdoor aquaculture projects in various countries with tropical climates, including Honduras,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilapia farm projects in these countries have the highest potential to be "green" or environmentally friendly. In <a href="/wiki/Temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate zone">temperate zone</a> localities, tilapia farmers typically need a costly energy source to maintain a tropical temperature range in their tanks. One relatively sustainable solution involves warming the tank water using <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> from factories and <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a>. </p><p>Tilapiines are among the easiest and most profitable fish to farm due to their omnivorous diet, mode of reproduction (the fry do not pass through a planktonic phase), tolerance of high stocking density, and rapid growth. In some regions the fish can be raised in rice fields at planting time and grow to edible size (12–15 cm, 5–6 in) when the rice is ready for harvest. Unlike salmon, which rely on high-protein feeds based on fish or meat, commercially important tilapiine species eat a vegetable or cereal-based diet. </p><p>Tilapia raised in inland tanks or channels are considered safe for the environment, since their waste and disease is contained and not spread to the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, tilapiines have acquired notoriety as being among the most serious <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in many subtropical and tropical parts of the world. For example, <a href="/wiki/Blue_tilapia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue tilapia">blue tilapia</a> (<i>Oreochromis aureus</i>) (itself commonly confused with another species often used in aquaculture, the <a href="/wiki/Nile_tilapia" title="Nile tilapia">Nile tilapia</a>, <i>O. niloticus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_tilapia" title="Mozambique tilapia">Mozambique tilapia</a> (<i>O. mossambicus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Blackchin_tilapia" title="Blackchin tilapia">blackchin tilapia</a> (<i>Sarotherodon melanotheron</i>), <a href="/wiki/Spotted_tilapia" title="Spotted tilapia">spotted tilapia</a> (<i>Pelmatolapia mariae</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Redbelly_tilapia" title="Redbelly tilapia">redbelly tilapia</a> (<i>Coptodon zillii</i>) have all become established in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern United States</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercially grown tilapia are almost exclusively male. Being prolific breeders, female tilapia in the ponds or tanks will result in large populations of small fish. Whole tilapia can be processed into skinless, boneless (PBO) fillets: the yield is from 30% to 37%, depending on fillet size and final trim.<sup id="cite_ref-MyTilapia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyTilapia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_breeding_of_Nile_tilapia">Commercial breeding of Nile tilapia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture_of_tilapia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Commercial breeding of Nile tilapia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although farming of Tilapia has been going on for thousands of years, the breeding of Tilapia did not start until recently. The first breeding program started in 1988 in a collaboration between the international center for living aquatic resources (ICLARM or WorldFish) and Akvaforsk. The name of the project was GIFT, meaning genetically improved farmed tilapia. Four wild strains from Africa were crossed with four farmed strains from the Philippines. This strain is currently farmed in more than 87 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. </p><p>The GIFT strain is used in two selection programs, one of them being GenoMar, a subsidiary <a href="/wiki/EW_Group" title="EW Group">EW Group</a>. In the past the absolute and only important trait when breeding tilapia was growth, being the only criteria for selection. Today more traits have been added into the selection criteria, like growth, fillet yield, robustness and specific disease resistance. Robustness is one of those traits that is becoming more important since it is the biggest problem with mortality on farms today. GenoMar has successfully had a growth increase of 7% per generation while fillet yield only improves with 0,3% per generation. The explanation for this is its low heritability together with the fact that the trait cannot be measured on live animals and therefore information of fillet yield is given from relatives instead. </p><p>Breeding of Tilapia is done with the help of a pyramid scheme with multiplying generations. The goal with this is that a few high merit individuals can be passed down into <a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billions</a> of production fish at the farms. The generation interval today is down to only 6-9 months meaning that there can be more than one generation per year. Mass selection and pedigree-based selection are the most used methods today for genetic improvements of tilapias. The breeding program GenoMar has used marker-assisted selection since 2004 using microsatellites when doing parentage assignment has been done on Tilapia. Since 2019 genomic selection using single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) has been used more widely. </p><p>The latest genome assembly is from 3 years ago, and can be seen from the name of the assembly that NMBU was also highly involved in the effort along with the University of Maryland. Nile tilapia have 22 pairs of chromosomes. 23 Linkage groups because of the sex chromosomes. About 1 billion base pairs in length, 3,010 contigs made 2,460 scaffolds which were placed at a chromosome level as the karyotype was already known. The reference genome also has the non-nuclear mitochondrial genome. With help from bioinformatics, the estimated number of genes is around 30 thousand. It can be browsed in ensembl or NCBI for example. </p><p>The essential technological foundation for genomic selection is not obtaining the pedigree but the genotypes of the animals. This is currently done by SNP chips, oligonucleotide arrays. They have to be specifically designed for a species and commonly that is done based after the whole genome sequence has been obtained. Only some parts of the WGS are of interest, namely those that exhibit variation. Dense markers are considered good enough to capture the gene content because they are in linkage disequilibrium with the genes that influence the phenotype, or as they are called QTL. There are three major SNP chips for Tilapia, which were announced in 2018, 2020 and then 2020 again. In RNA Seq, the RNA from cells of a tissue is extracted and they are sequenced in order to know what genes are being expressed and at what intensities. First, the extracted RNA is converted into cDNA and that cDNA library is sequenced using the same machines used in whole genome sequencing. The bioinformatics pipeline afterwards is different from WGS, though. Since the segments are shorter, alignment is not as difficult. Also, one is interested in the amount of transcription that is happening. In any case, RNA Seq provides valuable insight into the biology of a group of cells and the entire organism. </p><p>In the beginning, breeding programs focused mainly on growth traits. Nowadays, more traits are included in the breeding goal. The tendency is to have even more traits in the future. For example, disease resistance, reproductive traits, robustness, lower emissions, feed conversion ratio (sustainability traits). New technologies for high-throughput phenotyping, as in the concept of precision farming, mean that many novel traits might be included as well. There is already a tendency to have mergers and acquisitions, with a few companies buying smaller ones, just like it happened in the poultry industry. Also like the poultry industry, the exploitation of heterosis is a possibility that could be established in Tilapia breeding. This would mean more protection for the companies and attract more corporate enterprises. Because crossbreeding provides a biological lock mechanism. Gene editing is coming. Especially <a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a>-Cas9 can already be implemented and holds a lot of promise. We also expect for the production systems to become ever more intensive. This means fewer ponds, more cages and more RAS. Overall, the average fish density is going to increase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutritional_value">Nutritional value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture_of_tilapia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nutritional value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tilapia#As_food" title="Tilapia">Tilapia § As food</a></div> <p>Tilapia from aquaculture contain especially high ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture_of_tilapia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from the very few species found in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, such as the Middle Eastern <a href="/wiki/Mango_tilapia" title="Mango tilapia">mango tilapia</a>, there are no tilapia cichlids native to Asia. However, species originally from Africa have been widely introduced and have become economically important as food fish in many countries. China, the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Indonesia, and Thailand are the leading suppliers, and these countries altogether produced about 1.1 million metric tons (1.1<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>6</sup> long tons) of fish in 2001, constituting about 76% of the total aquaculture production of tilapia worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Fessehaye2006_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fessehaye2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Production of farmed tilapia from the top 20 countries in 2017 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Country </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">Tonnes</a> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>China </td> <td>1,188,480 </td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, tilapia is called (<span lang="zh">羅非魚</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">luófēiyú</span></i>) in Mandarin that is ultimately based on the Vietnamese word, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/c%C3%A1_r%C3%B4_phi" class="extiw" title="wikt:cá rô phi">cá rô phi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>1,260,000 </td> <td>In Indonesia, tilapia are known as either <i><b>mujair</b></i>, referring to fish closer to the <a href="/wiki/Wild_type" title="Wild type">wild type</a> coloration and conformation, or <i><b>ikan nila</b></i>, "nila" referring to the bright color of the common <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_hybrid_tilapia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red hybrid tilapia (page does not exist)">red hybrid</a>. Tilapia were introduced to Indonesia in 1969 from Taiwan. Later, several species also introduced from Thailand (Nila Chitralada), Philippines (Nila GIFT) and Japan (Nila JICA). Tilapia has become popular with local fish farmers because they are easy to farm and grow fast. Major tilapia production areas are in West Java and North Sumatra. In 2006, Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology) and Balai Besar Pengembangan Budidaya Air Tawar (Main Center for Freshwater Aquaculture Development – MCFAD), Indonesian government research, development and introduced a new species named "genetically supermale Indonesian tilapia" (GESIT). GESIT fish are genetically engineered to hatch eggs that will produce 98% - 100% male tilapia. Monosex culture (all male) is more productive and will benefit the farmers. Now, around 14 strains of <i>ikan nila</i> have been developed by contributions from research institutes including MCFAD. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Egypt </td> <td>967,301 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil </td> <td>550,050 </td> <td>Tilapia production in Brazil increased 3 - 4 percent in 2022. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>267,735 </td> <td>In the Philippines, several species of tilapia have been introduced into local waterways and are farmed for food. Tilapia fish pens are a common sight in almost all the major rivers and lakes in the country, including <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taal_Lake" title="Taal Lake">Taal Lake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Buhi" title="Lake Buhi">Lake Buhi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <p>Locally, tilapia are also known as "pla-pla". Tilapiine cichlids have many culinary uses, including <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">fried</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grilled" class="mw-redirect" title="Grilled">grilled</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">sinigang</a></i> (a sour soup using <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calamansi" title="Calamansi">calamansi</a> or other natural ingredients as a base), <i><a href="/wiki/Paksiw" title="Paksiw">paksiw</a></i> (similar to <i>sinigang</i>, only it uses vinegar) and many more recipes. </p><p>On January 11, 2008, the Cagayan Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) stated that tilapia production grew and <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a> is now the Philippines' tilapia capital. Production grew 37.25 percent since 2003, with 14,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (MT) in 2007. The recent aquaculture congress found the growth of tilapia production was due to government interventions: provision of fast-growing species, accreditation of private hatcheries to ensure supply of quality fingerlings, establishment of demonstration farms, providing free fingerlings to newly constructed fishponds, and the dissemination of tilapia to <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Diadi" title="Diadi">Diadi</a> town). </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td>235,311 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td>203,696 <sup id="cite_ref-BP-20161206_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-20161206-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The red hybrid is known in <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai language</a> as <i>pla thapthim</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ปลาทับทิม</span>), whereas the black and silver striped hybrid is known as <i>pla nin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ปลานิล</span>; lit. "Nile fish"). Both hybrids of tilapia <i>O. niloticus</i> are very popular in <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Some 300,000 farmers in Thailand raise species of tilapia.<sup id="cite_ref-BP-20161206_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-20161206-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2007, millions of caged tilapia in the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a> died as a result of oxygen deprivation.<sup id="cite_ref-YahooThailand20070313_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YahooThailand20070313-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taiwan </td> <td>61,711 </td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, tilapiine cichlids are also known as the "South Pacific crucian <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>", and since their introduction, have spread across aquatic environments all over the island. Introduced in 1946, tilapiine cichlids made a considerable economic contribution, not only by providing the Taiwanese people with food, but also by allowing the island's fish farmers to break into key markets, such as Japan and the United States. Indeed, tilapiine cichlids have become an important farmed fish in Taiwan for both export and domestic consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> name for the fish in Taiwan is <i>wu-kuo</i> (吳郭), and was created from the surnames of Wu Chen-hui (吳振輝) and Kuo Chi-chang (郭啟彰), who introduced the fish into Taiwan from <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. The Taiwan tilapia is a hybrid of <i>Oreochromis mossambicus</i> and <i>O. niloticus niloticus</i>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colombia </td> <td>63,450 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myanmar </td> <td>33,755 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malaysia </td> <td>32,526 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ecuador </td> <td>23,050 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uganda </td> <td>31,670 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bangladesh </td> <td>24,823 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Costa Rica </td> <td>23,034 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td>20,580 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honduras </td> <td>16,455 </td> <td>In Spanish, tilapia are simply known as <i>tilapia</i>. Formal tilapia farming is relatively new to Honduras but the commercial export market is expanding rapidly. The first <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201231822/http://www.seafoodsource.com/newsarticledetail.aspx?id=4294999661">audit of a Honduran tilapia fishery</a> was conducted in 2010 and the facility was found to be compliant with international standards. Honduran aquafarmers are now exporting nearly 20 million pounds of the fish every year, leading tilapia to become viewed as a promising commodity for the developing nation. Joint efforts among community farm training centers, a nonprofit Honduran microfinance group, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604162134/http://fehmisse.com/">FEHMISSE</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120727101056/http://www.theodtc.com/">foreign investors</a> are assisting local entrepreneurs as they establish and maintain environmentally sound tilapia farms. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nigeria </td> <td>11,989 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zambia </td> <td>10,208 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td>9,979 </td> <td>The geographic range for tilapia culture is limited by their temperature-sensitivity. For optimal growth, the ideal water temperature range is 82 to 86 °F (28 to 30 °C), and growth is reduced greatly below 68 °F (20 °C). Death occurs below 50 °F (10 °C). Therefore, only the southernmost states are suitable for tilapia production. In the southern region, tilapia can be held in cages from five to 12 months per year, depending on location.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1.5 million tons of tilapia were consumed in the US in 2005, with 2.5 million tons projected by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Wake_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wake-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other countries </td> <td>79,335 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TOTAL PRODUCTION </td> <td>3,497,391 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture_of_tilapia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture_of_tilapia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FAO has not recorded any production of farmed tilapia by India.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), the R&D arm of Marine Products Export Development Authority, has established a facility in Vijayawada to produce mono-sex tilapia in two strains. This project involves the establishment of a satellite nucleus for the GIFT strain of tilapia in India, the design and conduct of a genetic improvement program for this strain, the development of dissemination strategies, and the enhancement of local capacity in the areas of selective breeding and genetics. The development and dissemination of a high yielding tilapia strain possessing desirable production characteristics is expected to bring about notable economic benefits for the country. Farming of Tilapia is not permitted in the country on commercial basis. The Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA) has expressed interest in obtaining the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT strain) for aquaculture development in the country. The GIFT tilapia strain, selectively bred in Malaysia and the Philippines, has achieved an improvement of more than 10 per cent per generation in growth rate and has been widely distributed to several Asian countries and to Latin America (Brazil). However, rather than passively importing the improved genetic stock, the Center is interested in running a formal breeding program (fully pedigreed population) similar to the one that has been carried out for the GIFT strain in Malaysia. </p><p>The aim is to produce fast-growing high yielding tilapia strains adapted to a wide range of local farming environments that can be grown at as low a cost as possible. </p><p>The project involves several steps. The first is the establishment of a new nucleus of the GIFT strain at the RGCA and the design of a formal breeding program to further improve its genetic performance within the local environment. This will involve enhancing the capacity of local personnel in selective breeding, genetic improvement, statistical analysis and hatchery management through specialized training courses. </p><p>Once a high performing tilapia strain (or strains) has been developed, the establishment of satellite hatcheries will increase the availability and decrease the costs of seed stock. These public and private hatcheries will act as multipliers for the superior genetics developed at RGCA and the sites for dissemination of quality broodstock to fish farmers. </p><p>Although the ultimate target groups of this project are fish farmers and small householders, a wider range of beneficiaries is expected, including commercial producers, scientists and the end consumers. The RGCA will gain experience and knowledge on the development of genetic improvement programs for economically important traits and other aspects of modern quantitative genetics. This experience and the development of a standard selective breeding protocol will allow for genetic improvement programs for other aquaculture species that are commonly cultured in India. Hatchery managers, producers and farmers will also improve their capacity to implement on-farm selective breeding programs. </p><p>In the longer term the project is also expected to contribute to the development of a complete chain of production. This will require initial capital support for farmers, identification of alternative cheap plant-based feed, and diagnosis of diseases in hatcheries, as well as strategies for early growth management. Improvement in harvest technologies, including storage of product and transport facilities, is likely to improve as a consequence of this project. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malawi">Malawi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture_of_tilapia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Malawi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010 <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> produced 2,997 tonnes of farmed tilapia.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few species of <i><a href="/wiki/Oreochromis" title="Oreochromis">Oreochromis</a></i> tilapia, popular known as 'chambo', are the most popular fish in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are endemic to bodies of water in Malawi like <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malombe" title="Lake Malombe">Lake Malombe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shire_River" title="Shire River">Shire River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucnredlist_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucnredlist-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to over fishing, the fish however is now on the threatened species list.<sup id="cite_ref-iucnredlist_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucnredlist-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malawi has fish farms that are dedicated to farming tilapia. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rednilejf.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="National Tilapia Research and Development Program (NTRDP)[18] – Red Nile Tilapia Aquaculture of tilapia [19] Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus"><img alt="National Tilapia Research and Development Program (NTRDP)[18] – Red Nile Tilapia Aquaculture of tilapia [19] Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rednilejf.JPG/120px-Rednilejf.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rednilejf.JPG/180px-Rednilejf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rednilejf.JPG/240px-Rednilejf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">National Tilapia Research and Development Program (NTRDP)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Red Nile Tilapia Aquaculture of tilapia <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nile_tilapia" title="Nile tilapia">Nile tilapia</a> Oreochromis niloticus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rednile2jf.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Red nile tilapia under the experiment (CLSU, Philippines.)"><img alt="Red nile tilapia under the experiment (CLSU, Philippines.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rednile2jf.JPG/90px-Rednile2jf.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rednile2jf.JPG/135px-Rednile2jf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rednile2jf.JPG/180px-Rednile2jf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red nile tilapia under the experiment (<a href="/wiki/CLSU" class="mw-redirect" title="CLSU">CLSU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3rednilejf.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Red nile tilapia for breeding"><img alt="Red nile tilapia for breeding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/3rednilejf.JPG/120px-3rednilejf.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/3rednilejf.JPG/180px-3rednilejf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/3rednilejf.JPG/240px-3rednilejf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red nile tilapia for breeding</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:23rednilejf.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The fingerlings in breeding tubes"><img alt="The fingerlings in breeding tubes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/23rednilejf.JPG/120px-23rednilejf.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/23rednilejf.JPG/180px-23rednilejf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/23rednilejf.JPG/240px-23rednilejf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The fingerlings in breeding tubes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:44rednilejf.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Water sprinklers for aeration of the fingerlings"><img alt="Water sprinklers for aeration of the fingerlings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/44rednilejf.JPG/120px-44rednilejf.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/44rednilejf.JPG/180px-44rednilejf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/44rednilejf.JPG/240px-44rednilejf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water sprinklers for aeration of the fingerlings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rednilejf22.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pond"><img alt="Pond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rednilejf22.JPG/120px-Rednilejf22.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rednilejf22.JPG/180px-Rednilejf22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rednilejf22.JPG/240px-Rednilejf22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pond</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture_of_tilapia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia_as_exotic_species" title="Tilapia as exotic species">Tilapia as exotic species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia_(genus)" title="Tilapia (genus)">Tilapia (genus)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture_of_tilapia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-faostat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on data sourced from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/629/default.aspx">FishStat database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107001620/http://faostat.fao.org/site/629/default.aspx">Archived</a> November 7, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fessehaye2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fessehaye2006_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fessehaye2006_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFessehaye2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yonas_Fesshaye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yonas Fesshaye (page does not exist)">Fessehaye, Yonas</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.wur.nl/wasp/bestanden/LUWPUBRD_00349729_A502_001.pdf"><i>Natural mating in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Implications for reproductive success, inbreeding and cannibalism</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Wageningen: Wageningen UR. pp. 150 pp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-8504-540-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-8504-540-1"><bdi>90-8504-540-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+mating+in+Nile+tilapia+%28Oreochromis+niloticus+L.%29+Implications+for+reproductive+success%2C+inbreeding+and+cannibalism&rft.place=Wageningen&rft.pages=150+pp&rft.pub=Wageningen+UR&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-8504-540-1&rft.aulast=Fessehaye&rft.aufirst=Yonas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.wur.nl%2Fwasp%2Fbestanden%2FLUWPUBRD_00349729_A502_001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture+of+tilapia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109170026/http://www.gaalliance.org/newsroom/aquasolutions-detail.php?Prison-Aquaculture-Program-11">"Research & Advocacy"</a>. <i>gaalliance.org</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodtc.com/tilapia-project">the original</a> on 2012-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tilapia+Investment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodtc.com%2Ftilapia-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture+of+tilapia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517151932/http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=%2Fdocrep%2F007%2Fy5728e%2Fy5728e05.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file%3D%2Fdocrep%2F007%2Fy5728e%2Fy5728e05.htm">the original</a> on 2006-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fshow_cdr.asp%3Furl_file%253D%252Fdocrep%252F007%252Fy5728e%252Fy5728e05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture+of+tilapia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611123839/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/marapr/features/fishfarming.html">"Economy of Scales"</a>. <i>Stanford Magazine</i> (March / April 2006). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford Alumni Association</a>. 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(2004-05-11)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/a-y5728e.pdf"><i>Tilapias as alien aquatics in Asia and the Pacific: a review</i></a> FAO report</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM1352G.pdf"><i>Managing Iowa Fisheries: Tilapia Culture in Iowa</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003195638/http://www.gaianicaragua.org/Canonico%20et%20al%202005%20Aquatic%20Conservation.pdf"><i>The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/science/earth/02tilapia.html?_r=1"><i>Another Side of Tilapia, The Perfect Factory Fish</i></a></li> <li>Ram C Bhujel, (2000) A review of strategies for the management of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodfish in seed production systems, especially hapa-based systems, Aquaculture, 181, Issues 1–2, pp. 37-59, ISSN 0044-8486, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00217-3">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00217-3</a>.</li> <li>K.A. Kabir, J.W. Schrama, J.A.J. Verreth, M.J. Phillips, M.C.J. Verdegem (2019) Effect of dietary protein to energy ratio on performance of nile tilapia and food web enhancement in semi-intensive pond aquaculture, Aquaculture, 499, pp. 235-242, ISSN 0044-8486, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.09.038">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.09.038</a>.</li> <li>Ramji Kumar Bhandari, Masaru Nakamura, Tohru Kobayashi, Yoshitaka Nagahama (2006) Suppression of steroidogenic enzyme expression during androgen-induced sex reversal in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), General and Comparative Endocrinology 145, Issue 1 pp. 20-24, ISSN 0016-6480, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.06.014">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.06.014</a>.</li> <li>Worl fish center, about us, referenced on (24.04.2022) from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldfishcenter.org/about-us">https://www.worldfishcenter.org/about-us</a></li> <li>Aquagen, Om Aquagen, references on (24.04.2022) from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://aquagen.no/2017/03/01/ew-group-kjoper-genomar-genetics/">https://aquagen.no/2017/03/01/ew-group-kjoper-genomar-genetics/</a></li> <li>Benchmarks genetics, about, referenced on (24.04.2022) from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://bmkgenetics.com/products/spring-tilapia/">https://bmkgenetics.com/products/spring-tilapia/</a></li> <li>Regal springs, our history, referenced on (24.04.2022) from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://regalsprings.com/our-story/">https://regalsprings.com/our-story/</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture_of_tilapia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/ata.html">American Tilapia Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taiwantilapia.org/">Taiwan Tilapia Alliance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416024052/http://www.actfr.jcu.edu.au/projects/JCUDEV_015467.html">Tilapia project at Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_University" title="James Cook University">James Cook University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503091451/http://www.actfr.jcu.edu.au/Projects/Pestfish/Profile.htm">Information on two tilapia pest species from the Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research as PDF downloads</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110218014215/http://www.fishfarmingbusiness.com/">Start Up & Success Tips For Tilapia Fish Farming Owners</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005842/http://www.alphalapia.com/gallery">Gallery of Earth Ponds and Cages Fish Farming</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techref.massmind.org/techref/other/pond/tilapia/index.htm">Tilapia Health, Diagnosis, and Treatment Advice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lEy2tW1Rzs&feature=watch_response_rev">Aquaculture tilapia fish farm</a> <i>YouTube</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-second-coming-for-tilapia-in-south-tamil-nadu/article9286888.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-second-coming-for-tilapia-in-south-tamil-nadu/article9286888.ece</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fishing industry topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wild_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_trawling" title="Pair trawling">Pair trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwater_trawling" title="Midwater trawling">Midwater trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">Gillnetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puretic_power_block" title="Puretic power block">Power block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RV_Celtic_Explorer,_Galway_Bay,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/140px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/210px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/280px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing by country">Fishing by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">Illegal fishing in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aquaculture_and_farmed_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture engineering">Aquaculture engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Aquaculture_Practices_(BAP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)">Best practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_and_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy and aquaculture">Geothermal energy and aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_saline_aquaculture" title="Inland saline aquaculture">Inland saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobials_in_aquaculture" title="Antimicrobials in aquaculture">Antimicrobials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_aquaculture" title="Organic aquaculture">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)" title="Raceway (aquaculture)">Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">Broodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_cobia" title="Aquaculture of cobia">Cobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fish_feed" title="Commercial fish feed">Fish feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">Fish hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">Fish stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_bed" title="Spawning bed">Spawning bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailwater" title="Tailwater">Tailwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">US hatcheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_giant_kelp" title="Aquaculture of giant kelp">Giant kelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgal_bacterial_flocs" title="Microalgal bacterial flocs">Microalgal bacterial flocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobioreactor" title="Photobioreactor">Photobioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Other species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_brine_shrimp" title="Aquaculture of brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral aquaculture">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck_aquaculture" title="Geoduck aquaculture">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirudiculture" title="Hirudiculture">Hirudiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Marine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_cucumbers" title="Aquaculture of sea cucumbers">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge aquaculture">Sea sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Australia" title="Aquaculture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Canada" title="Aquaculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_East_Timor" title="Aquaculture in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Fiji" title="Aquaculture in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Indonesia" title="Aquaculture in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Kiribati" title="Aquaculture in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Madagascar" title="Aquaculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Nauru" title="Aquaculture in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Palau" title="Aquaculture in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Samoa" title="Aquaculture in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Africa" title="Aquaculture in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Korea" title="Aquaculture in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tonga" title="Aquaculture in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Aquaculture in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aquaculture in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">Maine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Vanuatu" title="Aquaculture in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seafood_processing_and_marketing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seafood processing and marketing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_factory" title="Fish factory">Fish factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filleted_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Filleted fish">Filleted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbing" title="Gibbing">Gibbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/140px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/210px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/280px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">Fish as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Fish products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_emulsion" title="Fish emulsion">Fish emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">Fish meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">Fish hydrolysate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_protein_powder" title="Fish protein powder">Fish protein powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" title="Hákarl">Hákarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakfisk" title="Rakfisk">Rakfisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoran" title="Eoran">Eoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_caviar" title="Red caviar">Red caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Pollock roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasumi" title="Karasumi">Karasumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming" title="Surströmming">Surströmming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood marketing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Fish marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_marketing" title="Shrimp marketing">Shrimp marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">Fishmonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishwife" title="Fishwife">Fishwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Worshipful Company of Fishmongers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Fish markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billingsgate_Fish_Market" title="Billingsgate Fish Market">Billingsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_Cooperative_Fish_Market" title="Busan Cooperative Fish Market">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Market" title="English Market">English (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Fish_Market" title="Fulton Fish Market">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garak_Market" title="Garak Market">Garak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Fish_Auction" title="Honolulu Fish Auction">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiroad_Dry_Fish_Market" title="Jagiroad Dry Fish Market">Jagiroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagalchi_Market" title="Jagalchi Market">Jagalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Avenue_Fish_Market" title="Maine Avenue Fish Market">Maine Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara_Angke" title="Muara Angke">Muara Angke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott_fish_market" title="Nouakchott fish market">Nouakchott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noryangjin_Fisheries_Wholesale_Market" title="Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market">Noryangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluwo_fish_market" title="Oluwo fish market">Oluwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasil_Fish_Market" title="Pasil Fish Market">Pasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhead_Fish_Market" title="Peterhead Fish Market">Peterhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Place_Fish_Market" title="Pike Place Fish Market">Pike Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Fish_Market" title="Sydney Fish Market">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania Market">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Fish_Market" title="Taipei Fish Market">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan_Wholesale_Agricultural_and_Fish_Market" title="Ulsan Wholesale Agricultural and Fish Market">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Market" title="Waterfront Market">Waterfront (Dubai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tilapia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tilapia" title="Template:Tilapia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tilapia" title="Template talk:Tilapia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tilapia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tilapia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tilapia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tilapiine_cichlid" title="Tilapiine cichlid">Tilapiini tribe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oreochromis" title="Oreochromis">Oreochromis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia_(genus)" title="Tilapia (genus)">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarotherodon" title="Sarotherodon">Sarotherodon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChromisNiloticus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nile tilapia"><img alt="Nile tilapia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/ChromisNiloticus.jpg/140px-ChromisNiloticus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/ChromisNiloticus.jpg/210px-ChromisNiloticus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/ChromisNiloticus.jpg/280px-ChromisNiloticus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Some species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tilapia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Tilapia">Blue Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_tilapia" title="Spotted tilapia">Spotted tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreochromis_placidus" title="Oreochromis placidus">Black tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile_tilapia" title="Nile tilapia">Nile tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_tilapia" title="Mozambique tilapia">Mozambique tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aquaculture of tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia_as_exotic_species" title="Tilapia as exotic species">Tilapia as exotic species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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