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class="mw-page-title-main">Dum pukht</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%DA%A9" title="دمپختک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دمپختک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%B4_%ED%91%B8%ED%81%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="담 푸크트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="담 푸크트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="दम पुख्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दम पुख्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dum pukht" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ദം പുഖ്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദം പുഖ്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dempaxtak" title="Dempaxtak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dempaxtak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Cooking technique</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asma_Khan_about_to_open_traditional_Calcutta-style_dum_biryani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="woman with a very large pot sealed with dough" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asma_Khan_about_to_open_traditional_Calcutta-style_dum_biryani.jpg/220px-Asma_Khan_about_to_open_traditional_Calcutta-style_dum_biryani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asma_Khan_about_to_open_traditional_Calcutta-style_dum_biryani.jpg/330px-Asma_Khan_about_to_open_traditional_Calcutta-style_dum_biryani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asma_Khan_about_to_open_traditional_Calcutta-style_dum_biryani.jpg/440px-Asma_Khan_about_to_open_traditional_Calcutta-style_dum_biryani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="3733" /></a><figcaption>Chef <a href="/wiki/Asma_Khan" title="Asma Khan">Asma Khan</a>, about to open a dum biryani</figcaption></figure> <p> <b>Dum pukht</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دَم‌ پخت</span>), <b>larhmeen</b>, dampokhtak, or <b>slow oven cooking</b> is a cooking technique associated with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in which meat and vegetables are cooked over a low flame, generally in dough-sealed containers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditions assign its origin in <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">pre-partition India</a> to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawab of Awadh</a> <a href="/wiki/Asaf-ud-Daula" title="Asaf-ud-Daula">Asaf-ud-Daulah</a> (1748–97).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique is now commonly used in other cuisines such as <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central Asian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asian cuisine">West Asian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dum_pukht&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term etymologically derives from Persian. <i>Dum</i> means 'to keep food on slow fire' and <i>pukht</i> means 'process of cooking', thus meaning 'cooking on slow fire'.<sup id="cite_ref-Feerozul_Lughat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feerozul_Lughat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method often requires cooking times up to 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dum pukht cooking uses a round, heavy-bottomed pot, preferably a <i>handi</i> (clay pot), in which food is sealed and cooked over a slow fire. The two main aspects of this style of cooking are <i>bhunao</i> and <i>dum</i>, or 'roasting' and 'maturing' of a prepared dish. In this cuisine, herbs and spices are important. The process of slow roasting gently allows each to release their maximum flavour. The sealing of the lid of the <i>handi</i> with dough achieves maturing. Cooking slowly in its juices, the food retains its natural aromas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, cooking dough is spread over the container, like a lid, to seal the foods; this is known as <i>pardah</i> (veil). Upon cooking, it becomes a bread which has absorbed the flavors of the food. The bread is usually eaten with the dish.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legendary_origin">Legendary origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dum_pukht&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legendary origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legend has it that when <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawab</a> <a href="/wiki/Asaf-ud-daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaf-ud-daulah">Asaf-ud-daulah</a> (1748–1797) found his kingdom in the grip of famine, he initiated a food-for-work program, employing thousands in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Bada_Imambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bada Imambara">Bada Imambara</a> shrine. Large cauldrons were filled with rice, meat, vegetables, and spices and sealed to make a simple one-dish meal that was available to workers day and night. One day the Nawab caught a whiff of the aromas emanating from the cauldron and the royal kitchen was ordered to serve the dish.<sup id="cite_ref-Brien2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brien2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other sources, however, simply state that dum pukht appears to be based on a traditional <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> method of cooking dishes buried in sand.<sup id="cite_ref-KalraGupta1986_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KalraGupta1986-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">List of cooking techniques</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dum_pukht&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRaySrinivas2012" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Krishnendu; Srinivas, Tulasi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7MwDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Dum+pukht%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA121"><i>Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia</i></a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 110–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27012-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27012-1"><bdi>978-0-520-27012-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curried+Cultures%3A+Globalization%2C+Food%2C+and+South+Asia&rft.pages=110-124&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27012-1&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Krishnendu&rft.au=Srinivas%2C+Tulasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7MwDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Dum%2Bpukht%2522%2B-wikipedia%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADum+pukht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalra2022" class="citation book cs1">Kalra, J. Inder Singh (26 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=45VyEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Dum+pukht%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA68"><i>Prashad-Cooking with Indian Masters (Thoroughly Revised Edition, 2022)</i></a>. Allied Publishers. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-90951-17-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-90951-17-8"><bdi>978-93-90951-17-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prashad-Cooking+with+Indian+Masters+%28Thoroughly+Revised+Edition%2C+2022%29&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.isbn=978-93-90951-17-8&rft.aulast=Kalra&rft.aufirst=J.+Inder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D45VyEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Dum%2Bpukht%2522%2B-wikipedia%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADum+pukht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feerozul_Lughat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feerozul_Lughat_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Haj_Maulvi_Feerozuddin" class="citation book cs1">Al Haj Maulvi Feerozuddin. <i>Feerozul Lughat</i>. Feerozsons Limited Lahore Rawalpindi Karachi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feerozul+Lughat&rft.pub=Feerozsons+Limited+Lahore+Rawalpindi+Karachi&rft.au=Al+Haj+Maulvi+Feerozuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADum+pukht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2022" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Shweta (18 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-making-dum-pukht-style-of-cooking-popular-again">"Hyderabad: Making Dum Pukht style of cooking popular again"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Today" title="Telangana Today">Telangana Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telangana+Today&rft.atitle=Hyderabad%3A+Making+Dum+Pukht+style+of+cooking+popular+again&rft.date=2022-09-18&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Shweta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelanganatoday.com%2Fhyderabad-making-dum-pukht-style-of-cooking-popular-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADum+pukht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnnews.com/bon-appetit-hyderabad-as-art-of-dum-brings-its-slow-cooked-delicacies/">"Bon appétit Hyderabad, as 'Art of Dum' brings its slow-cooked delicacies"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=APN_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APN News (page does not exist)">APN News</a></i>. 23 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APN+News&rft.atitle=Bon+app%C3%A9tit+Hyderabad%2C+as+%27Art+of+Dum%27+brings+its+slow-cooked+delicacies.&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnnews.com%2Fbon-appetit-hyderabad-as-art-of-dum-brings-its-slow-cooked-delicacies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADum+pukht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brien2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brien2013_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharmaine_O'_Brien2013" class="citation book cs1">Charmaine O' Brien (15 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT129"><i>The Penguin Food Guide to India</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 129–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-575-8"><bdi>978-93-5118-575-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Food+Guide+to+India&rft.pages=129-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2013-12-15&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-575-8&rft.au=Charmaine+O%27+Brien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBGhBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADum+pukht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KalraGupta1986-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KalraGupta1986_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Inder_Singh_KalraPradeep_Das_Gupta1986" class="citation book cs1">J. Inder Singh Kalra; Pradeep Das Gupta (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UFwsluKqM8C&pg=PA58"><i>Prashad Cooking with Indian Masters</i></a>. Allied Publishers. pp. 58–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-006-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-006-9"><bdi>978-81-7023-006-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prashad+Cooking+with+Indian+Masters&rft.pages=58-&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-006-9&rft.au=J.+Inder+Singh+Kalra&rft.au=Pradeep+Das+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UFwsluKqM8C%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADum+pukht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Cooking_techniques" title="Template:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cooking_techniques" title="Template talk:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cooking_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cooking_techniques" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> techniques</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">List of cooking techniques</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_roasting" title="Dry roasting">Dry roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_salt_frying" title="Hot salt frying">Hot salt frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searing" title="Searing">Searing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Convection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbroiler" title="Charbroiler">Charbroiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling (charbroiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (traditional)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">Rotisserie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(food)" title="Toast (food)">Toasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">Blanching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling#In_cooking" title="Boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shocking_(cooking)" title="Shocking (cooking)">Shocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)" title="Reduction (cooking)">Reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coddling" title="Coddling">Coddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creaming_(cooking)" title="Creaming (cooking)">Creaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">Simmering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow cooking">Slow cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smothering_(cooking)" title="Smothering (cooking)">Smothering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">Steeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">Stewing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Indirect heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bain-marie" title="Bain-marie">Bain-marie (Double boiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">Sous-vide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_steaming" title="Double steaming">Double steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">Steaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fat-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basting_(cooking)" title="Basting (cooking)">Basting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackening_(cooking)" title="Blackening (cooking)">Blackening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning_(cooking)" title="Browning (cooking)">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">Deep frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_frying" title="Pan frying">Pan frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_frying" title="Shallow frying">Shallow frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">Stir frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">Sautéing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentle_frying" title="Gentle frying">Gentle frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweating_(cooking)" title="Sweating (cooking)">Sweating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carryover_cooking" title="Carryover cooking">Carryover cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecuing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">Caramelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglazing_(cooking)" title="Deglazing (cooking)">Deglazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamb%C3%A9" title="Flambé">Flambé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricassee" title="Fricassee">Fricassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_grilling" title="Indirect grilling">Indirect grilling/Plank cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying#Chao_technique" title="Stir frying">Stir frying (chao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Device-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_fryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air fryer">Air frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_frying" title="Pressure frying">Pressure frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">Slow cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_cooking" title="Thermal cooking">Thermal cooking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(food)" title="Aging (food)">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicing" title="Juicing">Juicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">Purée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souring" title="Souring">Souring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_appliances" title="List of cooking appliances">List of cooking appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_vessels" title="List of cooking vessels">List of cooking vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_cooking" title="Outdoor cooking">Outdoor cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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