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history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Arab World </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 United Arab Emirates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kurds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Europe </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Europe subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Malta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Former Soviet Union </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Former_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Former Soviet Union subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Former_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Armenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbekistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbekistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Uzbekistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbekistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Former Yugoslavia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Former_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Former Yugoslavia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Former_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 North Macedonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Serbia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Bosnian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other countries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other countries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_contemporary_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_contemporary_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In contemporary media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_contemporary_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In contemporary media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_contemporary_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Movies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dracula_Untold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dracula_Untold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Dracula Untold </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dracula_Untold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midnight_Express" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midnight_Express"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Midnight Express </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midnight_Express-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturday_Night_Live" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturday_Night_Live"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Saturday Night Live </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturday_Night_Live-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expressions_containing_the_word_"Turk"_in_various_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressions_containing_the_word_"Turk"_in_various_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Expressions containing the word "Turk" in various languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressions_containing_the_word_"Turk"_in_various_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anti-Turkish sentiment</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="معاداة الأتراك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاداة الأتراك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkofobiya" title="Türkofobiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkofobiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="تورک دوشمنلیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورک دوشمنلیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркофобия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Туркофобия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiturkismus" title="Antiturkismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antiturkismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkenfeindlichkeit" title="Türkenfeindlichkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Türkenfeindlichkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ترک‌ستیزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترک‌ستیزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcophobie" title="Turcophobie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turcophobie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թուրքատյացություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքատյացություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тюркофобия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тюркофобия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkofobia" title="Turkofobia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turkofobia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anti-Turkish sentiment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%98%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="ھەستی دژەتورک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەستی دژەتورک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Туркофобија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туркофобија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_kar%C5%9F%C4%B1tl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Türk karşıtlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türk karşıtlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3490771#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li>Turkish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The dying, half-naked 'Turk' slips down along with his weapons. The body of the vanquished serves as a stepping stone for the transfigured Christian to ascend toward heaven. The baroque apotheosis (1738) above the Capistrano pulpit on the north side of St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna shows John of Capistrano, canonized in 1690, as the vanquisher of the 'Turks'. Moreover, until after 1945 the inscription '1683 -schau Mahomet, du Hunt' (1683 -Look Muhammad, You Dog) hung resplendent above the main entrance of the cathedral. It was only removed by order of Cardinal Franz König." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg/214px-Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg/322px-Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg/429px-Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="3258" /></a><figcaption>"The dying, half-naked 'Turk' slips down along with his weapons. The body of the vanquished serves as a stepping stone for the transfigured Christian to ascending toward heaven. The <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> apotheosis (1738) above the Capistrano pulpit on the north side of <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna" title="St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna">St Stephen's Cathedral</a> in Vienna shows <a href="/wiki/John_of_Capistrano" title="John of Capistrano">John of Capistrano</a>, canonized in 1690, as the vanquisher of the 'Turks'. Moreover, until after 1945 the inscription "1683 -schau Mahomet, du Hunt" (1683 -Look Muhammad, You Dog) hung resplendent above the main entrance of the cathedral. It was only removed by order of <a href="/wiki/Franz_K%C3%B6nig" title="Franz König">Cardinal Franz König</a>."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Anti-Turkish sentiment, also known as Anti-Turkism (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Türk karşıtlığı), or Turkophobia (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Türkofobi) is hostility, intolerance, or xenophobia against <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkish culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The term refers to not only against <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> across all regions, but also against the subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, as well as descendants of ethnic Turks such as <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>. It is also applied to groups who developed in part under the influence of Turkish culture and traditions while converting to Islam, especially during the time of the Ottoman Empire, such as <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> and other smaller ethnic groups around <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a>—part of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">European Christians</a>' effort to stem the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the predecessor to Turkey—helped fuel the development of anti-Turkism. By the middle of the 15th century, special <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">masses</a> called missa contra Turcos (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "mass against Turks") were held in various places in Europe<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a> to spread the message that victory over the Ottomans was only possible with the help of God and that a Christian community was therefore necessary to withstand the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 16th century">edit</a>]</div> As the Ottomans expanded their empire west, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> came into more frequent contact with the Turks, often militarily. During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War</a>, the Ottomans conquered <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. In the 16th century, around 2,500 publications about the Turks—including more than 1,000 in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>—were released in Europe, spreading the image of the "bloodthirsty Turk". From 1480 to 1610, twice as many books were published about the Turkish threat to Europe than about the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Johann_Faber" title="Johann Faber">Johann Faber</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> claimed, "There are no crueler and more audacious villains under the heavens than the Turks, who spare no age or sex and mercilessly cut down young and old alike and pluck unripe fruit from the wombs of mothers."<a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG/220px-Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG/330px-Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG/440px-Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Original prints from the 16th century at the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Museum" title="Hungarian National Museum">Hungarian National Museum</a> depict a Turkish warrior butchering infants.</figcaption></figure> During this time, the Ottoman Empire also invaded the Balkans and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">besieged Vienna</a>, sparking widespread fear in Europe, and especially in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, the German leader of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, took advantage of these fears by asserting that the Turks were "the agents of the Devil who, along with the Antichrist located in the heart of the Catholic Church, Rome, would usher in the Last Days and the Apocalypse".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Luther believed that the Ottoman invasion was God's punishment of Christians for allowing corruption in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1518, when he defended his <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">95 Theses</a>, Luther claimed that God had sent the Turks to punish Christians just as he had sent war, <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>. (In response, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">a papal bull</a> in which he threatened Luther with <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> and portrayed him as a troublemaker who advocated capitulation to the Turks.)<a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a> In his writings On War Against the Turk and Military Sermon Against the Turks, Luther was "consistent in his theological conception of the Turks as a manifestation of God's chastising rod". He and his followers also espoused the view that the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg Wars</a> were a conflict "between Christ and Antichrist" or "between God and the devil".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Spurred by this argument, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, seeking to capture more land in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> and other parts of the world, used any encounter with the "Terrible Turk" as "a prime opportunity to establish credentials as champions of the faith on par with other Europeans".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Stories of the "dog-Turk" reinforced the negative image. The dog-Turk was claimed to be a man-eating being, half-animal and half-human, with a <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>'s head and tail. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> in 1683, the image of the dog-Turk became a figure used to ridicule Turks in carnival processions and masquerades, where "dog-Turk" characters began to appear alongside witches and clowns.<a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th–18th_centuries">17th–18th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th–18th centuries">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the Turks were portrayed as the archenemies of Christianity. A book by the parish priest <a href="/wiki/Erland_Dryselius" title="Erland Dryselius">Erland Dryselius</a> of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a>, published in 1694, was titled Luna Turcica eller Turkeske måne, anwissjandes lika som uti en spegel det mahometiske vanskelige regementet, fördelter uti fyra qvarter eller böcker ("Turkish moon showing as in a mirror the dangerous Mohammedan rule, divided into four quarters or books"). In sermons, the Swedish clergy preached about the Turks' cruelty and bloodthirstiness, and how they systematically burned and plundered the areas they conquered. In a Swedish schoolbook published in 1795, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was described as "the false religion that had been fabricated by the great deceiver Muhammad, to which the Turks to this day universally confess".<a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a> In 1718, <a href="/wiki/James_Puckle" title="James Puckle">James Puckle</a> demonstrated two versions of his new invention, the <a href="/wiki/Puckle_gun" title="Puckle gun">Puckle gun</a>: a tripod-mounted, single-barreled <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> weapon fitted with a revolving cylinder, designed to prevent intruders from boarding a ship. The first version, intended for use against Christian enemies, fired conventional round bullets. The second, intended for use against the Muslim Ottomans, fired square bullets, designed by Kyle Tunis, which were believed to be more damaging and would, according to Puckle's <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a>, convince the Turks of the "benefits of Christian civilization".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and other European writers described the Turks as tyrants who destroyed Europe's heritage; with Voltaire characterizing Turks as "tyrants of the women and enemies of arts" and "barbarian usurpers who must be chased out of Europe."<a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> noted, "Until the end of the seventeenth century the 'Ottoman peril' lurked alongside Europe to represent for the whole of Christian civilization a constant danger, and in time European civilization incorporated that peril and its lore, its great events, figures, virtues, and vices, as something woven into the fabric of life."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Turkism_by_Ottomans">Anti-Turkism by Ottomans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anti-Turkism by Ottomans">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></div> Within the ruling class, Ottomans, called themselves "Osmanlı", to note a person of higher intellect and education with proficiency in Persian and Arabic literature, while the word "Turk" was used to discriminate against the nomad Turkomans of <a href="/wiki/The_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="The steppes">the steppes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a>, and the illiterate <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> peasantry, and ethnic slurs such as Eşek Türk (donkey Turk) and Kaba Türk (rude Turk) were used to describe them. Other expressions included were "Turk-head" and "Turk-person".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Within the Ottoman Empire, the term of "Etrak-i bi-idrak" was sometimes used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörük</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/backwoodsmen" class="extiw" title="wikt:backwoodsmen">backwoodsmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bumpkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumpkins">bumpkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomad</a> Turkomans in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. "Etrak-i bi-idrak", an Ottoman play on words, meant "the ignorant Turk". Another similar phrase was "Türk-i-bed-lika" which meant "the ugly-faced Turk".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ozay_Mehmet" title="Ozay Mehmet">Özay Mehmet</a>, an academic of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriot</a> descent, wrote in his book Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery:<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The ordinary Turks [Turkmen, or Yörüks] did not have a sense of belonging to a ruling ethnic group. In particular, they had a confused sense of self-image. Who were they: Turks, Muslims or Ottomans? Their literature was sometimes Persian, sometimes Arabic, but always courtly and elitist. There was always a huge social and cultural distance between the Imperial centre and the Anatolian periphery. As Bernard Lewis expressed it: "In the Imperial society of the Ottomans the ethnic term Turk was little used, and then chiefly in a rather derogatory sense, to designate the Turcoman nomads or, later, the ignorant and uncouth Turkish-speaking peasants of the Anatolian villages." (Lewis 1968: 1) In the words of a <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> observer of the Ottoman values and institutions at the start of the twentieth century: "The surest way to insult an Ottoman gentleman is to call him a 'Turk'. His face will straightway wear the expression a Londoner's assumes, when he hears himself frankly styled a <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a>. He is no Turk, no savage, he will assure you, but an Ottoman subject of the Sultan, by no means to be confounded with certain barbarians styled Turcomans, and from whom indeed, on the male side, he may possibly be descended." (Davey 1907: 209)</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_minorities_in_the_former_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire">Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div> Before the 1960s, Turkey had a relatively low rate of emigration.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> However, after the adoption of a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">new constitution</a> in 1961, Turkish citizens began to migrate elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-Unat,_N._A._1995_p._279-23">[23]</a> Gradually, Turks became a "prominent ethnic minority group" in some Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> But from the beginning, they were subject to discrimination. At times, when host countries adopted more immigrant-friendly policies, "only the Turkish workers were excluded" from them.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In various European languages, the word "Turk" has acquired a meaning similar to "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>" or "heathen",<a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-aen-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraaf1-28">[28]</a> or is used as a slur or curse.<a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-informatia-29">[29]</a> As a result, the word also has some negative connotations in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_World">Arab World</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arab World">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a> has a long history of mixed relations with the Turks back from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In the past, the Ottoman conquest had absorbed a large number of Arab countries into its map, ultimately opened a chapter of a complicated relationship between Turks and Arabs. While both are Muslim majority, subsequent conflict of interests and the growing <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">nationalist movement</a> had led to growing <a href="/wiki/Anti-Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arabism">anti-Arabism</a> among Turks, especially following the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraq">Iraq</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1924">Kirkuk Massacre of 1924</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gavurba%C4%9F%C4%B1_massacre" title="Gavurbağı massacre">Gavurbağı massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1959">Kirkuk Massacre of 1959</a>, <a href="/wiki/1991_Altun_Kupri_massacre" title="1991 Altun Kupri massacre">1991 Altun Kupri massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erbil_massacre" title="Erbil massacre">Erbil massacre</a></div> The fear of Turkish influence has always dominated Iraq and as such, relationship between Iraq and Turkey has always been tense.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The position of the Iraqi Turkmen has changed from being administrative and business classes of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> to an increasingly discriminated against minority.<a href="#cite_note-Stansfield_2007_loc=72-33">[33]</a> Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen have been victims of several massacres, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1959">Kirkuk Massacre of 1959</a>. Furthermore, under the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a>, discrimination against the Iraqi Turkmen increased, with several leaders being executed in 1979<a href="#cite_note-Stansfield_2007_loc=72-33">[33]</a> as well as the Iraqi Turkmen community being victims of <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> policies by the state, and <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a> by Kurds seeking to push them forcibly out of their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=62-34">[34]</a> Thus, they have suffered from various degrees of suppression and assimilation that ranged from political persecution and exile to terror and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>. Despite being recognized in the 1925 constitution as a constitutive entity, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status; hence, cultural rights were gradually taken away and activists were sent to exile.<a href="#cite_note-Stansfield_2007_loc=72-33">[33]</a> In 1924, the Iraqi Turkmen were seen as a disloyal remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, with a natural tie to <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>'s new Turkish nationalist ideology emerging in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63-35">[35]</a> The Iraqi Turkmen living in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> were perceived as posing a threat to the stability of Iraq, particularly as they did not support the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Faisal I">King Faisal I</a> to the Iraqi throne.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63-35">[35]</a> On May 4, these tensions boiled over into violence when soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Levies" title="Iraq Levies">Iraq Levies</a>- a levied force raised by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and consisting primarily of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>- clashed with Turkmen in a Kirkuk market square after a dispute between an Assyrian soldier and a Turkmen shopkeeper. In the ensuing fracas, 200 Turkmen were killed by Assyrian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63-35">[35]</a> Around 20 Iraqi Turkmen civilians were killed by the Iraqi police including women and children on 12 July 1946 in Gavurbağı, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1959">The Kirkuk massacre of 1959</a> came about due to the Iraqi government allowing the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a>, which in Kirkuk was largely Kurdish, to target the Iraqi Turkmen.<a href="#cite_note-Stansfield_2007_loc=72-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64-38">[38]</a> With the appointment of Maarouf Barzinji, a Kurd, as the mayor of Kirkuk in July 1959, tensions rose following the 14 July revolution celebrations, with animosity in the city polarizing rapidly between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen. On 14 July 1959, fights broke out between the Iraqi Turkmen and Kurds, leaving some 20 Iraqi Turkmen dead.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34-39">[39]</a> Furthermore, on 15 July 1959, Kurdish soldiers of the Fourth Brigade of the Iraqi army mortared Iraqi Turkmen residential areas, destroying 120 houses.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Order was restored on 17 July by military units from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. The Iraqi government referred to the incident as a "massacre"<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and stated that between 31 and 79 Iraqi Turkmen were killed and some 130 injured.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg/250px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg/375px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg/500px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Turks protesting in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, the banner reads: 'Kirkuk is an Iraqi city with Turkmen characteristics'.</figcaption></figure> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s government adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of its minorities. Due to government relocation programs, thousands of Iraqi Turkmen were relocated from their traditional homelands in northern Iraq and replaced by Arabs, in an effort to Arabize the region.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_2008_loc=15-42">[42]</a> Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. For example, the Ba'ath regime recognized that the city of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64-38">[38]</a> Thus, the first wave of Arabization saw Arab families move from the center and south of Iraq into Kirkuk to work in the expanding oil industry. Although the Iraqi Turkmen were not actively forced out, new Arab quarters were established in the city and the overall demographic balance of the city changed as the Arab migrations continued.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64-38">[38]</a> Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. For example, the Iraqi Military Intelligence issued directive 1559 on 6 May 1980 ordering the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen officials from Kirkuk, issuing the following instructions: "identify the places where Turkmen officials are working in governmental offices [in order] to deport them to other governorates in order to disperse them and prevent them from concentrating in this governorate [Kirkuk]".<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=65-43">[43]</a> In addition, on 30 October 1981, the Revolution's Command Council issued decree 1391, which authorized the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen from Kirkuk with paragraph 13 noting that "this directive is specially aimed at Turkmen and Kurdish officials and workers who are living in Kirkuk".<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=65-43">[43]</a> As primary victims of these Arabization policies, the Iraqi Turkmen suffered from land expropriation and job discrimination, and therefore would register themselves as "Arabs" in order to avoid discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group_2006_loc=5-44">[44]</a> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66-45">[45]</a> Those Iraqi Turkmen who remained in cities such as Kirkuk were subject to continued assimilation policies;<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66-45">[45]</a> school names, neighborhoods, villages, streets, markets and even mosques with names of Turkic origin were changed to names that emanated from the Ba'th Party or from Arab heroes.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66-45">[45]</a> Moreover, many Iraqi Turkmen villages and neighborhoods in Kirkuk were simply demolished, particularly in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66-45">[45]</a> Over 135 Turkmens were massacred in 1991 during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg/200px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg/299px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg/399px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi Turkmen woman holding a placard written in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Kerkük'ü hiçbir güç Kürtleştiremez ("No power can Kurdify Kirkuk").</figcaption></figure> The Kurds claimed <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over land that Iraqi Turkmen regards as theirs. For the Iraqi Turkmen, their identity is deeply inculcated as the rightful inheritors of the region as a legacy of the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=67-48">[48]</a> Thus, it is claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> and Iraqi government has constituted a threat to the survival of the Iraqi Turkmen through strategies aimed at eradicating or assimilating them.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=67-48">[48]</a> The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in <a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a>. The formation of the Kurdistan Region in 1991 created high animosity between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen, resulting in some Iraqi Turkmen being victims of <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a>, according to the Liam Anderson. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in the de facto capital of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, a city in which they had assumed prominent administrative and economic positions. Thus, they increasingly came into dispute and often conflict with the ruling powers of the city, which after 1996 was the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massoud_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Massoud Barzani">Massoud Barzani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68-49">[49]</a> According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen inflamed as the KDP and the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmen, sought to marginalize them from the positions of authority and to subsume their culture with an all-pervading Kurdistani identity. With the support of <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, a new political front of Turkmen parties, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a> (ITF), was formed on 24 April 1995.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68-49">[49]</a> The relationship between the Iraqi Turkmen Front and the KDP was tense and deteriorated as the decade went on. Iraqi Turkmen associated with the Iraqi Turkmen Front complained about harassment by Kurdish security forces.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68-49">[49]</a> In March 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that the KDP's security attacked the offices of the ITF in Erbil, killing two guards, following a lengthy period of disputes between the two parties.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68-49">[49]</a> In 2002, the KDP created an Iraqi Turkmen political organization, the Turkmen National Association, that supported the further institutionalization of the Kurdistan Region. This was viewed by pro-ITF Iraqi Turkmen as a deliberate attempt to "buy off" Iraqi Turkmen opposition and break their bonds with <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=69-50">[50]</a> Promoted by the KDP as the "true voice" of the Iraqi Turkmen, the Turkmen National Association has a pro-Kurdistani stance and has effectively weakened the ITF as the sole representative voice of the Iraqi Turkmen.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=69-50">[50]</a> Beginning in 2003, there were riots between Kurds and Turkmen in Kirkuk, a city that Turkmen view as historically theirs.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51">[51]</a> According to United Nations reports, the KRG and <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> were "illegally policing Kirkurk, abducting Turkmen and Arabs and subjecting them to torture". Between 2003 and 2006, 1,350 Turkmens in Tal A'far died and thousands of houses were damaged or demolished, resulting in 4,685 displaced families. A recognized <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">genocide in 2014</a> was done to Iraqi Turkmen by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Libya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Libyan civil war (2014–2020)</a></div> As for the result of the current Libyan conflict since 2014, Libya was divided into two, where the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a> in Tripoli enjoys military support from Turkey. This has fueled tensions between Ankara and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">the Tobruk-based government</a>, and anti-Turkish policies have been pursued by them, [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>] In 2019, the Tobruk-based army had arrested Turkish nationals, accusing them of sponsoring terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In 2020, over 15 Turkish nationals have been taken into custody for the same reason.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Haftar had also ordered shooting down any Turkish ships and interests, banning flights to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_War" title="Wahhabi War">Wahhabi War</a></div> Saudi Arabia has a very tense relationship with Turkey, owing it to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Saudi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Saudi War">Ottoman-Saudi War</a> when the Saudis were defeated by the Ottomans, which contributed to the Turkish rule for another century before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and its alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Al-Rashid</a> family against the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al-Saud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The tensions rekindled in the 21st century with Erdoğan's desire to "revive the Ottoman Empire", which draws Saudi Arabia to be more antagonistic to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Saudi Arabia has since then made numerous policies, such as labeling the Ottoman Empire as the occupants of Arabia, financing movies that are deemed anti-Turkish,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and recently, banning Turkish websites and leading boycotts against Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria">Syria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> From the <a href="/wiki/French_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate">French mandate</a> era to the Assad regime, the Turkish culture and language have perished for a section of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-EnabBaladi2019-63">[63]</a> Many Syrian Turkmen have become Arabized and assimilated in areas where they form a minority. Consequently, Arabization is mainly an exception in areas where the Syrian Turkmen live in areas where they form a significant population, where they have continued to maintain their Turkish identity and language despite discriminative state policies.<a href="#cite_note-EnabBaladi2019-63">[63]</a> Since the Turkish annexation of <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a>, there is a strong anti-Turkish sentiment among the Syrian population.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> For the Syrians, the annexation of Alexandretta became a national wound and a symbol of increasing Turkish meddling of Syrian affairs. This had led to the beginning of anti-Turkish discrimination, intensified under the government of Hafez al-Assad and the Arabization process. Syrian Turkmen, suffered discrimination over employment and education and were forbidden from writing and publishing in their native Turkish dialect.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Syrian Turkmen occupied a low rung on the societal ladder, as reported by <a href="/wiki/Al_Bawaba" title="Al Bawaba">Al Bawaba</a>, it was stated that Assad always sought to benefit his politically dominant Shiite religious minority. The report quoted <a href="/wiki/Bay%C4%B1rbucak" title="Bayırbucak">Bayırbucak</a> Turkmen as highlighting, "They would take Alawites first no matter what, even if they had degrees, Turkmen couldn't find jobs".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> With the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, Syrian Turkmen had sided with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> which fed the growth of anti-Turkism in Syria. The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a>, with Russian support, often bombed Syrian Turkmen positions as well as increased xenophobic attacks against Turkmen, accusing them of being Ankara's stooge.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates">edit</a>]</div> In December 2017, the UAE's foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a>, shared a tweet that claimed an Ottoman general had robbed <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> during Ottoman rule. Emirati diplomat <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Gargash" title="Anwar Gargash">Anwar Gargash</a> then added, "The sectarian and partisan view is not an acceptable alternative, and the Arab world will not be led by Tehran or Ankara."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurds">Kurds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kurds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish-Turkish conflict</a></div> A 2013 study showed that 13.2% of the <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds in Turkey</a> had a negative view of Turks. Other numbers include 22.3% who would not accept a Turkish son/daughter-in-law and 5% who would not want to live next to a Turk. The study also showed that left-oriented Kurds were less likely to show tolerance towards Turks, while religious affiliation did not play any significance.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Fatma_M%C3%BCge_G%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Fatma Müge Göçek">Fatma Müge Göçek</a> the main reasons for anti-Turkish sentiment in Western Europe are <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a> and the role of Turkish migrant workers in the economy.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania">Albania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Albania">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a> and life was destroyed through state policies and a group of Albanian historians, often with <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> perspectives promoted in their literature "the Turkish savagery" and Albanian Christian resistance toward the Ottoman Empire. Scholars who opposed anti-Turkish and anti-Muslim narratives were subjected to ostracism and penalties.<a href="#cite_note-Kopanski192-72">[72]</a> In the 2010s, opposition to Turkey building mosques in Albania or exerting its political influence exists among part of the population. They view Turkey as an interfering or autocratic power and Islam as a negative imposed Ottoman legacy.<a href="#cite_note-ColbEdwa-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Albsus-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarisation</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png/225px-Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png/338px-Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png/450px-Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="1570" /></a><figcaption>Turkish refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a> district coming into <a href="/wiki/Shumen" title="Shumen">Shumen</a> (1877).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/200px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/300px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/400px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>The Bulgarian Martyresses, by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Makovsky" title="Konstantin Makovsky">Konstantin Makovsky</a> (1877). A painting from the <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">April Uprising</a>, it sparked outrage in the West against <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising#Outbreak_and_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria</a>.</figcaption></figure> Before 1878, Turks accounted for an estimated one-third of the population of Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 1876, approximately 70% of the country's <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> belonged to Turks. This number declined from 1923 to 1949, when an estimated 220,000 Turks moved from Bulgaria to Turkey, a migration encouraged by the Turkish government. <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Another wave of about 155,000 left Bulgaria</a> from 1949 to 1951, many of them forcibly expelled.<a href="#cite_note-Minahan_2002_loc=1613-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 1984, the government implemented <a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarisation</a> policies to culturally assimilate Bulgarian Turks. Approximately 800,000 Turks were forced to adopt Bulgarian names. Furthermore, Bulgarian Turks were not allowed to use their Muslim names, speak <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> in public places, or attend Muslim ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This assimilation campaign was labelled as an attempt for <a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">national revival</a> and was called "The Revival Process".<a href="#cite_note-pdc.ceu.hu-79">[79]</a> On 24 December 1984, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Mlechino" title="Mlechino">Mlechino</a>, Bulgarian police and security forces shot at Turkish protesters when some 200 Turkish villagers from nearby smaller towns gathered to protest for the return of their passports and reinstatement of their Turkish names. In many Turkish populated areas in Bulgaria, People from smaller towns and villages attempted to gather in larger towns with a government official with greater jurisdiction, to protest against the assimilation policies. These towns were often barricaded by Bulgarian security forces.<a href="#cite_note-segabg.com-80">[80]</a> On 25 December 1984, close to the town of <a href="/wiki/Benkovski,_Kardzhali_Province" title="Benkovski, Kardzhali Province">Benkovski</a>, some 3,000 Turkish protesters from the nearby smaller villages confronted Bulgarian security forces and demanded to have their original identification papers back. The Bulgarian security forces managed to disperse the crowd and urged them to go back to their villages and inquire from the local mayors. After returning to their towns and discovering that the local municipality didn't have their passports and ID documentation the crowd marched back towards the town of Benkovski on the next day (26 December 1984). About 500 armed personnel from Bulgarian security forces were in position. The police presence in the area was previously increased under the guise of "exercise manoeuvres". When the crowd of 2,000 Turkish villagers approached the Bulgarian security forces opened fire with automatic weapons, wounding 8 people and killing 4. One of the killed was a 17-month-old Turkish baby.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The victims were from the villages of <a href="/wiki/Kayaloba" title="Kayaloba">Kayaloba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitna" title="Kitna">Kitna</a> and Mogiljane. The <a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunshot wounds">gunshot wounds</a> suggest that the security force had been aiming at the midsection of the bodies. The captured demonstrators were faced down on the snow for 2 hours and blasted with cold water coming from the fire fighting trucks. In a report by Atanas Kadirev the head of the Ministry of Interior Forces in <a href="/wiki/Kardzhali" title="Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a> stated "It was interesting how they endured the entire water from the fire fighters' cisterns". The temperature that day was minus 15 degrees Celsius.<a href="#cite_note-segabg.com-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-e-vestnik.bg-82">[82]</a> On the same day, 26 December 1984, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Gruevo" title="Gruevo">Gruevo</a>, situated in <a href="/wiki/Momchilgrad" title="Momchilgrad">Momchilgrad</a> county, the Turkish community temporarily resisted the entry of security forces vehicles into the village by burning truck tires on the main road, but the security forces returned at night with reinforcements. The electricity to the village was cut. The villagers organized at the village entrance but were blasted with water from <a href="/wiki/Fire_trucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire trucks">fire trucks</a>. The security forces opened fire at the villagers and several civilians were wounded and killed. The wounded were refused medical treatment. There are reports of incarcerated Turks allegedly committing suicide while held for police questioning.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In demonstrations in Momchilgrad at least one 16-year-old was shot and killed and there are reports of casualties also in <a href="/wiki/Dzhebel" title="Dzhebel">Dzhebel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Bulgaria)" title="Ministry of Interior (Bulgaria)">Bulgarian Ministry of Interior</a> stated "during these few Christmas days there have been some 11 demonstrations in which approximately 11,000 Turks participated." A large number of the arrested protesters were later sent to the <a href="/wiki/Belene_labour_camp" title="Belene labour camp">Belene labour camp</a> at the gates of which it is written "All Bulgarian citizens are equal under the laws of the People's Republic of Bulgaria"<a href="#cite_note-segabg.com-80">[80]</a> One of the most notable confrontations between the ethnic Turk population and the Bulgarian State Security apparatus and army was in the village of Yablanovo during January 1985 where the Turkish population resisted the tanks of the 3rd Bulgarian Army for 3 days. When the village was overrun the town hall was made into a temporary Command Centre where imprisoned Turks were tortured. The torture and violation was later continued in the underground cellars of the Ministry of Interior in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sliven" title="Sliven">Sliven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Over 30 people are reported killed during the events in Yablanovo.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> These events led to the beginning of the revival of the Turkish minority identity in Bulgaria and protests took place in some of the bigger settlements in the southern and northern Turk enclaves. Moreover, the Turkish community received the solidarity of Bulgarian intellectuals and opponents of the regime.<a href="#cite_note-pdc.ceu.hu-79">[79]</a> This led, a few years later, to the biggest exodus in Europe since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: After the Bulgaria–Turkey border was opened in June 1989, approximately 350,000 Turks left Bulgaria on tourist visas in the span of three months.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Eventually, more than 150,000 Turks returned to Bulgaria—especially after the removal of <a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a> from power—but more than 200,000 chose to remain in Turkey permanently.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Former Bulgarian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Boyko_Borisov" title="Boyko Borisov">Boyko Borisov</a>, has been accused of having anti-Turkish tendencies.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In December 2009, he backed a referendum, proposed by the nationalist party <a href="/wiki/Attack_(political_party)" title="Attack (political party)">Attack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: Атака), on whether to allow daily Turkish-language news broadcasts on <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">Bulgarian National Television</a>, although he later withdrew his support.<a href="#cite_note-Ivan-91">[91]</a> Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, then the Turkish prime minister, "expressed his concern of rising anti-Turkish sentiments in Bulgaria"<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> to the Bulgarian prime minister. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Foreign Ministry">Turkish Foreign Ministry</a> also "expressed its concern over the rising heated rhetoric in Bulgaria".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> According to a report by Ivan Dikov, "not just Атака but a large number of Bulgarians have resented the news in Turkish".<a href="#cite_note-Ivan-91">[91]</a> Borisov also referred to Turks (and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>) as "bad human material" in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Marinus_Wiersma" title="Jan Marinus Wiersma">Jan Marinus Wiersma</a>, said Borisov had "crossed the invisible line between right wing populism and extremism".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Some Bulgarian historians consider <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, a semi-nomadic Turkic people, as Iranian. According to <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Detrez" title="Raymond Detrez">Raymond Detrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">the Iranian theory</a> is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated.<a href="#cite_note-Detrez-96">[96]</a> Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the proto-Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Example for recent confrontation between the Turkish population of Bulgaria and Bulgarian politicians is <a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_clashes" title="Banya Bashi Mosque clashes">Banya Bashi Mosque clashes</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Belgium" title="Turks in Belgium">Turks in Belgium</a></div> There are approximately 290,000 <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Belgium" title="Turks in Belgium">Turkish citizens living in Belgium</a>, The majority of whom left to Belgium in the 1950s. In the past several years, many right and left wings Belgian political parties criticized domestic Turkish politics and called for banning or deporting Turkish immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 2015, a female employee shouted "Dirty Turk" (in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: 'Vuile Turk') at a Supervisor of Turkish origin in the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Car_Gent" title="Volvo Car Gent">Volvo car factory in Ghent</a>, which led to a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a> by Turkish workers at the factory.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Filip_Dewinter" title="Filip Dewinter">Filip Dewinter</a> a right-wing Flemish <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> party member said in May 2017 at <a href="/wiki/TV-program" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-program">TV-program</a> De Zevende Dag,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The solution is for Turkish minorities in Flemish region, another method should be applied not only integrate Turks into Flemish culture but assimilate Turks. Leave identity behind leaving culture behind and fully assimilate in our society, if not so return to the country of origin is the only solution.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)" title="Bloody Christmas (1963)">Bloody Christmas (1963)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maratha,_Santalaris_and_Aloda_massacre" title="Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre">Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Tochni_massacre" title="Tochni massacre">Tochni massacre</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus problem</a></div> The island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> became an independent state in 1960, with power shared between <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> under the <a href="/wiki/London-Z%C3%BCrich_Agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="London-Zürich Agreements">London–Zürich Agreements</a>. But in December 1963, in events that became known as <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)" title="Bloody Christmas (1963)">Bloody Christmas</a> in which 364 Turks were killed,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Turkish Cypriots were ousted from the republic and Greek Cypriots began a military campaign against them, leading to 11 years of ethnic clashes.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Turkish Cypriots bore the heavier cost in terms of casualties, and some 25,000—about a fifth of the population of Turkish Cypriots—were <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kliot_2007_loc=59-105">[105]</a> Thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses left behind were ransacked or completely destroyed. They lived as refugees for at least ten years, until the 1974 Turkish invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Kliot_2007_loc=59-105">[105]</a> By the late 1960s, approximately 60,000 Turkish Cypriots had left their homes and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_enclaves" title="Turkish Cypriot enclaves">moved into enclaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> This resulted in an exodus of Turkish Cypriots, with the majority migrating to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and others to Turkey, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> On 13 February 1963 Greeks and Greek Cypriots attacked the Turkish Cypriot quarter of <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a> with tanks killing 16 and injuring 35 Turks.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Between 11 and 13 May 1964, Cypriot Police executed much as 28 Turkish Cypriot civilians in <a href="/wiki/Famagusta" title="Famagusta">Famagusta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-110">[110]</a> On 14 and 15 November 1967, Greek Cypriots murdered 26 Turkish Cypriots during their retreat from <a href="/wiki/Kofinou" title="Kofinou">Kofinou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-111">[111]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Numerous atrocities against the Turkish Cypriot community were committed in response to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Maratha,_Santalaris_and_Aloda_massacre" title="Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre">Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre</a> by EOKA B, 126 people were killed on 14 August 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Oberling1-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cassia1-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> described the massacre as a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>, by saying "constituting a further crime against humanity committed by the Greek and Greek Cypriot gunmen."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Tochni_massacre" title="Tochni massacre">Tochni massacre</a>, 85 Turkish Cypriot inhabitants were massacred.<a href="#cite_note-Cassia2-115">[115]</a> The Washington Post covered another atrocity in which it is written that: "In a Greek raid on a small Turkish village near Limassol, 36 people out of a population of 200 were killed. The Greeks said that they had been given orders to kill the inhabitants of the Turkish villages before the Turkish forces arrived."<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In Limassol, upon the fall of the Turkish Cypriot enclave to the Cypriot National Guard on 20 July 1974, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts.<a href="#cite_note-fof-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-oberlinglim-118">[118]</a> 1300 people were then led to a prison camp.<a href="#cite_note-ros1-119">[119]</a> On 12 July 2020, The primate of the Church of Cyprus, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Chrysostomos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Chrysostomos II">Archbishop Chrysostomos II</a> has expressed his opinions regarding the reversion of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> museum to a mosque stating that "The Turks have remained uncivilized, they are rude, and they will remain [this way]." He added that "Turkey has learned to destroy, it has learned to appropriate the cultures of others and sometimes, when it does not benefit it, it destroys them and falsely presents cultures as its own."<a href="#cite_note-Greek_City_Times-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turks in Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/1984_Duisburg_arson_attack" title="1984 Duisburg arson attack">1984 Duisburg arson attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_M%C3%B6lln_arson_attack" title="1992 Mölln arson attack">1992 Mölln arson attack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1993_Solingen_arson_attack" title="1993 Solingen arson attack">1993 Solingen arson attack</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg/250px-Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg/375px-Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg/500px-Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2372" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Solingen_arson_attack_of_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Solingen arson attack of 1993">Solingen arson attack of 1993</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazis</a> set fire to a Turkish family's home, was one of the most severe instances of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> violence in modern Germany.</figcaption></figure> Turks are "the most prominent ethnic minority group in contemporary Germany",<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and discrimination and violence against them are common.<a href="#cite_note-psycontent.com-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In public discourse and popular jokes, they are often portrayed as "ludicrously different in their food tastes, dress, names, and even in their ability to develop survival techniques".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The number of violent acts by <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">right-wing extremists</a> in Germany increased dramatically between 1990 and 1992.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> On November 25, 1992, three Turkish residents were killed in a <a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">firebombing</a> in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6lln" class="mw-redirect" title="Mölln">Mölln</a>, a town in northern Germany.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> And on May 29, 1993, in an <a href="/wiki/1993_Solingen_arson_attack" title="1993 Solingen arson attack">arson attack in Solingen</a>, five members of a Turkish family that had resided in Germany for 23 years were burnt to death.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Several neighbors heard someone shout "<a href="/wiki/Heil_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Heil Hitler">Heil Hitler</a>!" before dousing the front porch and door with gasoline and setting fire to the home.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Most Germans condemned these attacks, and many marched in candlelight processions.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> According to Greg Nees, "because Turks are both darker-skinned and Muslim, conservative Germans are largely against granting them citizenship".<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Turks of the Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Cretan Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Western_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Western Thrace">Turks in Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/1990_Komotini_events" title="1990 Komotini events">1990 Komotini events</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Tripoli">Massacre of Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)#Greek_massacres_of_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) § Greek massacres of Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)#Greek_scorched-earth_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) § Greek scorched-earth policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yalova_Peninsula_massacres" title="Yalova Peninsula massacres">Yalova Peninsula massacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menemen_massacre" title="Menemen massacre">Menemen massacre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Manisa" title="Fire of Manisa">Fire of Manisa</a></div> A member of the European parliament from the Greek far-right <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a> party, former army lieutenant general <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Synadinos" title="Eleftherios Synadinos">Eleftherios Synadinos</a> has been expelled from a European Parliament plenary session after a racist remark, stating that "As it has been expressed in scientific literature, the Turks are dirty and polluted. Turks are like wild dogs when they play but when they have to fight against their enemies they run away. The only effective way to deal with the Turks is with decisive and resolute attitudes."<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Ioannis Lagos</a>, who has been a Greek lawmaker serving as a Member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> has tore a Turkish flag made of paper into pieces in January 2020 during a session of debate for the humanitarian situation on the Greek islands due to illegal immigrations.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The former Greek <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_(politician)" title="Theodoros Pangalos (politician)">Theodoros Pangalos</a> stated in 2002 that Turks have been being allowed "to drag their bloodstained boots across the carpet" in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> capitals and has labelled Turks as "bandits, murderers, and rapists".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Turks in the Netherlands">Turks in the Netherlands</a></div> Turks are the largest ethnic minority group in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The first recorded attack on Turks in the Netherlands were the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaanderwijk_riots" title="Afrikaanderwijk riots">Afrikaanderwijk riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Although policies toward Turks in the Netherlands are more progressive than those in many other European countries, such as Germany,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> in a report on the Netherlands in 2008, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">European Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a> wrote that the Turkish minority had been particularly affected by "stigmatization of and discrimination against members of minority groups".<a href="#cite_note-:1-139">[139]</a> The report also noted that "the tone of Dutch political and public debate around integration and other issues relevant to ethnic minorities has experienced a dramatic deterioration".<a href="#cite_note-:1-139">[139]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Network_Against_Racism" title="European Network Against Racism">European Network Against Racism</a>, an international organization supported by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, half of all Turks in the Netherlands report having experienced racial discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The network also noted "dramatic growth" of <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>. In 2001, another international organization, the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia</a>, highlighted a negative trend in Dutch attitudes towards minorities, compared with average <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> results.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> That analysis also noted that, compared to other Europeans, the Dutch were "more in favor of cultural assimilation of minorities" rather than "cultural enrichment by minority groups". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Malta">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Maltese</a> have a colourful vocabulary stemming from their fight against the Ottoman Empire during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a> in 1565. For example, the expression tgħammed tork is used when the sun is visible during rainfall; it means "a Turk has been baptised", which was considered a rare event. The phrase twieled tork ("a Turk was born") is also used. Another expression is ħaqq għat-torok ("curse on the Turks"), used when something goes wrong.<a href="#cite_note-Maltaturks-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_Soviet_Union">Former Soviet Union</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Former Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="Turks in the former Soviet Union">Turks in the former Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Meskhetian_Turks" title="Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks">Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Deportation of the Crimean Tatars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Armenia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%9307" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–07">Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–07</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Armenia–Turkey relations">Armenia–Turkey relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_diplomats_assassinated_by_Armenian_militant_organisations" title="List of Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations">List of Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations</a></div> According to a survey conducted in 2007, 78% of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> see Turkey as a threat.<a href="#cite_note-2008-01-21:IRI:Armenia-Survey-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Georgia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> look with a wary eye to Turkey's growing <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a> and the rise in popularity of <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> maps showing Turkey with borders expanded into the former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, usually including <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Although some Turks have since come back to Meskheti (which is near the Turkish-Georgian border), the Georgians and Armenians who settled in their homes have vowed to take up arms against any who return. Many Georgians have also argued that the <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a> should be sent to Turkey, "where they belong".<a href="#cite_note-Cornell_2001_loc=183-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatarophobia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_poster.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Russian_poster.JPG/300px-Russian_poster.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Russian_poster.JPG/450px-Russian_poster.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Russian_poster.JPG/600px-Russian_poster.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Russian <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> poster depicting a Turk running away from a Russian</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> history professor Robert D. Crews, Russia has been historically more tolerant towards Turkic people than any other European administrations, and many Turkic people (<a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nogai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogai people">Nogais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a>, for example), most of them Muslims, were fairly treated under <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist Russia</a>. However, not all Turkic peoples received such generous treatment, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> under Russian Tsarist administration were forced to leave their houses for Turkey due to Russian colonial politics in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean peninsula">Crimean peninsula</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> carried out <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> during World War II through <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">mass deportations</a> of Turks.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In June 1945, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, the Soviet minister of foreign affairs, formally demanded that Turkey surrender three provinces (<a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardahan_Province" title="Ardahan Province">Ardahan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a>), and Moscow was also preparing to support Armenian claims to several other provinces. War against Turkey seemed possible, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> wanted to drive out Turks (especially in <a href="/wiki/Meskheti" title="Meskheti">Meskheti</a>) who were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The campaign is relatively poorly documented, but Soviet sources suggest that 115,000 Turks were deported, mainly to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Most of them settled in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> but many others died along the way.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> More recently, some Turks in Russia, especially Meskhetian Turks in <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar</a>, have faced human rights violations, including deprivation of citizenship and prohibitions on employment and owning property.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Since 2004, many Turks have left the Krasnodar region for the United States as refugees. They are still barred from full repatriation to Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Uzbekistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks#1989_deportation_from_Uzbekistan_to_other_Soviet_countries" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks § 1989 deportation from Uzbekistan to other Soviet countries</a></div> While Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> have a fair relationship for being commonly <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, some tensions were witnessed. In 1989, 103 people died and more than 1,000 were wounded in ethnic clashes between Turks and <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>. Some 700 houses were destroyed, and more than 90,000 Meskhetian Turks were driven out of Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Many Turks see these events as their "second deportation". Those who remained in Uzbekistan complained of ethnic discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Former Yugoslavia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Turks in Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Turks in Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Turks in North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Turks in Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Turks in Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turk_(term_for_Muslims)" title="Turk (term for Muslims)">Turk (term for Muslims)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_figures,_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas,_Northern_Macedonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg/425px-Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="425" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg/638px-Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg/850px-Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ascension_of_Jesus,_Skopje" title="Church of the Ascension of Jesus, Skopje">Church of the Ascension of Jesus, Skopje</a> from 1867, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Beheading of John the Baptist">Beheading of John the Baptist</a> is carried out by figures stylized like Ottoman Turks.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire fell</a> in the early 20th century, many Turks fled as <a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a> (refugees). Others intermarried or simply identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> to avoid stigma and persecution.<a href="#cite_note-Knowlton_2005_loc=66-154">[154]</a> Historically, from the Ottoman conquest through the 19th century, many ethnically non-Turkish groups—especially the Muslim Slavs of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>—were referred to in local languages as <a href="/wiki/Turks_(term_for_Muslims)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks (term for Muslims)">Turks</a>. This usage is common in literature, including in the works of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87" title="Ivan Mažuranić">Ivan Mažuranić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Petrović-Njegoš</a>. The religious ideology of <a href="/wiki/Christoslavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoslavism">Christoslavism</a>, coined by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sells" title="Michael Sells">Michael Sells</a>, holds that "<a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> by nature and that any conversion from Christianity is a betrayal of the Slavic race".<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2009-155">[155]</a> Under this ideology, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a>, South Slavic Muslims are not regarded as part of their ethnic kin; by virtue of their <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim faith</a>, they become "Turks".<a href="#cite_note-BartovMack2001-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: North Macedonia">edit</a>]</div> When North Macedonia <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(North_Macedonia)" title="Independence Day (North Macedonia)">proclaimed its independence</a> in 1991, the Macedonian state implemented <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">nationalist</a> politics, which aimed to assimilate <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">Macedonian Muslims</a> into a broader category of "<a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>". The government banned education in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> in all regions to "prevent <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>". This, however, was met with resistance by Muslims who did not support the association and wanted to learn Turkish and continue their education in Turkish. The protests failed, although one person applied to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>. The case revolved around rights to education in the mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Serbia">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a> more than <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Muslims_from_Serbia_(1862)" title="Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)">10,000 Muslims, including Turks</a>, were forced to left the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbian Principality</a> in 1862.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnian_War">Bosnian War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bosnian War">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a>'s military chief and fellow convicted criminal of <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">genocide</a>, crimes against humanity and war crimes,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> described the conquest of Srebrenica and the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">ensuing massacre</a> as an opportunity for "the <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Serbs</a> to avenge themselves on the Turks".<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> On July 11, 1995, the town of <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica" title="Srebrenica">Srebrenica</a> fell to the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Serb_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Serb Army">Bosnian Serb Army</a>. Its commander Ratko Mladić made his infamous statement at the same day, which has been used against him during <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a>, while he and his entourage posing for cameras with the town in the background:<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Here we are, on July 11, 1995, in Serb Srebrenica. On the eve of yet another great Serb holiday, we give this town to the Serb people as a gift. Finally, after the <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">Rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Dahije" title="Dahije">Dahis</a>, the time has come to take revenge on the Turks in this region.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> Anti-Turkism first appeared in the United States during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> began and was reported by American newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> These reports had reinforced a sense of solidarity to Armenians and increasingly anti-Turkish rhetorics in the United States, with the Turks being equally seen as a barbaric people.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Antisemitism in Turkey</a></div> As a result of the increasing <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionist</a> and antisemitic sentiment by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and growing Israeli assertiveness, in particular toward the issue over the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish-Israeli_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Israeli relations">Turkish-Israeli relations</a> have been greatly damaged.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> However, Israelis have generally reserved criticism for only the Turkish government, partly due to their <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Israel relations">tie with fellow Turkic Azerbaijan</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a> in 2010, where 10 Turks were killed, and the subsequent diplomatic crisis between Israel and Turkey, the number of Israeli tourists to Turkey shrunk to 100,000 as Israelis preferred to "refrain from visiting the country that was seen to be hostile to them". In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>'s son, <a href="/wiki/Yair_Netanyahu" title="Yair Netanyahu">Yair Netanyahu</a>, published a tweet remarking that <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> was once called <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, a centre of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> before "Turkish occupation" of the city, sparking a political crisis between Turkey and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Israeli lobbies also refused to support Turkey and their ally Azerbaijan to lobby against the <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Armenian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of the Armenian genocide">recognition of the Armenian genocide</a>, resulted in the United States passing recognition of the genocide in 2019; the move was accused in Turkey to be Turkophobe.<a href="#cite_note-jewishgroupsarmeniangenocide-169">[169]</a> On 12 July 2020, a group of nine Israelis made up of Christians and Jews burned the Turkish flag at the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv in response to Erdoğan's decision to convert <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> back into a mosque. They were later detained by Israeli police.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Yair_Lapid" title="Yair Lapid">Yair Lapid</a>, in accordance to U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s designation of the Armenian genocide as a total genocide, also called to support recognising the genocide in Israel, sparked anger in Turkey and Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-jewishgroupsarmeniangenocide-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> On 10 February 2023, Israeli top rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Eliyahu" title="Shmuel Eliyahu">Shmuel Eliyahu</a> claimed that the earthquake that devastated Turkey was "a divine punishment" because the Turkish government had "defamed" Israel.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="New Zealand–Turkey relations">New Zealand–Turkey relations</a></div> The guns and <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazines</a> used by Brenton Tarrant, the perpetrator of the <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a>, were covered in white writing naming historical events, people, and motifs related to historical conflicts, wars, and battles between Muslims and European Christians,<a href="#cite_note-:3-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> as well as the names of recent Islamic terrorist attack victims and the names of far-right attackers.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Notable references from Ottoman history included <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> (an Albanian nobleman who led an uprising against the Ottoman Empire), <a href="/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Bragadin" title="Marco Antonio Bragadin">Antonio Bragadin</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> officer who broke an agreement and killed Turkish captives), 1683 (which is the date of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Vienna">Second Siege of Vienna</a>), <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obili%C4%87" title="Miloš Obilić">Miloš Obilić</a> (who is said to have killed the Ottoman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murat I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> in 1389), <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Hunyadi" class="mw-redirect" title="János Hunyadi">János Hunyadi</a> (who had blocked Ottoman attempts to take <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_von_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg">Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg</a> (who defeated the Ottomans in 1683), the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kahlenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kahlenberg">Battle of Kahlenberg</a> (which marked the beginning of the Ottoman withdrawal from the Siege of Vienna) and "Turkofagos" (Turk eater), the nickname of <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Nikitaras" title="Nikitaras">Nikitaras</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-173">[173]</a> which he used to shoot 91 people with, 51 fatal (one Turkish<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a>) and 40 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-:4-179">[179]</a> His 'manifesto' specifically refers to Turks and utters threats against Turkey, that <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>'s mosques will be destroyed and <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> will be <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-179">[179]</a> He also identifies himself as a "kebab removalist", referencing to the <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">anti-Muslim</a> '<a href="/wiki/Remove_Kebab" class="mw-redirect" title="Remove Kebab">remove kebab</a>' meme often used by the far-right <a href="/wiki/Ultra_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra nationalist">ultra-nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobes</a>, that originated from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Words" title="Fourteen Words">Fourteen Words</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> He was also playing an associated propaganda song in his car before the shooting.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_contemporary_media">In contemporary media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: In contemporary media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movies">Movies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Movies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dracula_Untold">Dracula Untold</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Dracula Untold">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dracula_Untold" title="Dracula Untold">Dracula Untold</a></div> The film has been accused of Islamophobia for the vilification of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a> and for portraying the figure of <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a> as a hero even though, according to Turkish journalist Elest Ali Korkmaz, he "indiscriminately killed Turks and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>" in real history.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Midnight_Express">Midnight Express</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Midnight Express">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Express_(film)" title="Midnight Express (film)">Midnight Express (film)</a></div> Midnight Express is criticized for its unfavorable portrayal of Turkish people. In her 1991 book Turkish Reflections: A Biography of Place, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lee_Settle" title="Mary Lee Settle">Mary Lee Settle</a> wrote: 'The Turks I saw in <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a> and Midnight Express were like cartoon caricatures, compared to the people I had known and lived among for three of the happiest years of my life.'<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Kael" title="Pauline Kael">Pauline Kael</a>, in reviewing the film for <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, commented, 'This story could have happened in almost any country, but if Billy Hayes had planned to be arrested to get the maximum commercial benefit from it, where else could he get the advantages of a Turkish jail? Who wants to defend Turks? (They don't even constitute enough of a movie market for <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> to be concerned about how they are represented.)'<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> One reviewer, writing for World Film Directors, wrote: "Midnight Express is 'more violent, as a national hate-film than anything I can remember', 'a cultural form that narrows horizons, confirming the audience's meanest fears and prejudices and resentments'."<a href="#cite_note-fer22-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Denby_(film_critic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Denby (film critic)">David Denby</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a> criticized Midnight Express as 'merely anti-Turkish, and hardly a defense of prisoners' rights or a protest against prison conditions'.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Denby said also that all Turks in the movie — guardian or prisoner — were portrayed as 'losers' and 'swine', and that 'without exception [all the Turks] are presented as degenerate, stupid slobs'. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriot</a> film director <a href="/wiki/Dervi%C5%9F_Zaim" title="Derviş Zaim">Derviş Zaim</a> wrote a thesis at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> on the representation of Turks in the film, in which he concluded that the one-dimensional portrayal of the Turks as 'terrifying' and 'brutal' served merely to reinforce the sensational outcome, and was likely influenced by such factors as <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> and capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saturday_Night_Live">Saturday Night Live</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Saturday Night Live">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></div> Greek actress <a href="/wiki/Nia_Vardalos" title="Nia Vardalos">Nia Vardalos</a>, participated in a Saturday Night Live episode where Turks were portrayed as dirty, smoking, Arabic speaking, ragtag, nose picking and anti-Armenian characters, which was heavily criticized by the Turkish Forum, a network of expat Turks which protested NBC and asked for a public apology, and the show received heavy criticism by the Turks on the internet.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expressions_containing_the_word_"Turk"_in_various_languages">Expressions containing the word "Turk" in various languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Expressions containing the word "Turk" in various languages">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: In old French, terms such as "C'est un vrai Turc" ("A true Turk") were used to refer to brutish and cruel individuals.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: In contemporary Italian, phrases such as "bestemmia come un Turco" ("Cursing like a Turk") and "puzza come un Turco" ("Stinking like a Turk") were used. The phrase "fumare come un turco" ("Smoking like a Turk") is used to indicate excessive consumption of tobacco.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: Some offensive expressions are "Eruit zien als een Turk" ("to look like a Turk"), which means to "seem filthy", "repulsive", or "Rijden als een Turk" ("to drive like a Turk"), meaning "to drive recklessly".<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: The common German expression "etwas türken" ("to turk something") is used to describe the act of faking something.<a href="#cite_note-m641-192">[192]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: In Norwegian is used the expression "Sint som en tyrker" which means "angry as a Turk".<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: In Romanian language it is common to call "a Turk" somebody who's stubborn, who is not able to understand.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: Spanish people used to say "turco" when they wanted to insult another person.<a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: In English, phrases such as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Johnny_Turk" class="extiw" title="wikt:Johnny Turk">Johnny Turk</a>", "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/out-paramour_the_Turk" class="extiw" title="wikt:out-paramour the Turk">out-paramour the Turk</a>", "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turn_Turk" class="extiw" title="wikt:turn Turk">turn Turk</a>" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/young_Turk" class="extiw" title="wikt:young Turk">young Turk</a>" were historically used.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: In Swedish there is a racist ryhme phrase "turk på burk smakar urk" (literally "canned Turk tastes bleh"), which has been associated with anti-Turkish sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>: In persian, saying "Torkeh Khaar" is a racist slur against turkish people in Iran and translates to "Turkish Donkey"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>: In Colombia and Venezuela, people used to say "turco" to refer to tricksters, usurers and descendants of Arabs who migrated during the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Turkey" title="List of massacres in Turkey">List of massacres in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Anti-Hungarian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Anti-Mongolianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index of racism-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulting_Turkishness" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulting Turkishness">Insulting Turkishness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Turkish_people" title="List of massacres of Turkish people">List of massacres of Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Racism against Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Jews" title="Red Jews">Red Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remove_Kebab" class="mw-redirect" title="Remove Kebab">Remove Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatarophobia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndre2015" class="citation web cs1">Andre, Gingrich (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Photo-Humiliation-and-triumph-forever-and-ever-The-dying-half-naked-Turk-slips-down_fig1_275239710">"The Nearby Frontier: Structural Analyses of Myths of Orientalism"</a>. Researchgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Researchgate&rft.atitle=The+Nearby+Frontier%3A+Structural+Analyses+of+Myths+of+Orientalism&rft.date=2015-04&rft.aulast=Andre&rft.aufirst=Gingrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FPhoto-Humiliation-and-triumph-forever-and-ever-The-dying-half-naked-Turk-slips-down_fig1_275239710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibaridian2004" class="citation book cs1">Libaridian, Gerard J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernarmeniapeo00liba">Modern Armenia: people, nation, state</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernarmeniapeo00liba/page/193">193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0205-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0205-7"><bdi>978-0-7658-0205-7</bdi></a>. <q>One consequence of the shift from anti-communism to anti-Turkism was that an important segment of the Diaspora lived through moments ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Armenia%3A+people%2C+nation%2C+state&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0205-7&rft.aulast=Libaridian&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernarmeniapeo00liba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1991" class="citation book cs1">Khalidi, Rashid (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofarabnat00khal">The origins of Arab nationalism</a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofarabnat00khal/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07435-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07435-3"><bdi>978-0-231-07435-3</bdi></a>. <q>In the first place, Arabist ideology, including a bitter anti-Turkism, was fully formulated long before the Young Turk revolution</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Arab+nationalism&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07435-3&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofarabnat00khal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mD0wAAAAYAAJ&q=anti-turkish">The Muslim World League Journal</a>. Vol. 23. the University of Virginia: Press and Publications Department, Muslim World League. 1995. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+World+League+Journal&rft.place=the+University+of+Virginia&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Press+and+Publications+Department%2C+Muslim+World+League&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmD0wAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Danti-turkish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerAir_ForceArmy1993" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Graham E.; Air Force, United States; Army, United States (1993-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NK4TAQAAIAAJ">From Eastern Europe to Western China</a>. Rand Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-1374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-1374-3"><bdi>978-0-8330-1374-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Eastern+Europe+to+Western+China&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=1993-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-1374-3&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Graham+E.&rft.au=Air+Force%2C+United+States&rft.au=Army%2C+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNK4TAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2007" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Janus Møller (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mWY_r7C2VsC&pg=PA117">Denmark and the Crusades</a>. BRILL. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004155794" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004155794"><bdi>978-9004155794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denmark+and+the+Crusades&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004155794&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Janus+M%C3%B8ller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mWY_r7C2VsC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sieps-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306021813/http://www.sieps.se/publ/rapporter/bilagor/2006_turkiet.pdf">"Turkey, Sweden and the EU: Experiences and Expectations"</a> (PDF). Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies. April 2006. pp. 6–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sieps.se/publ/rapporter/bilagor/2006_turkiet.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+Sweden+and+the+EU%3A+Experiences+and+Expectations&rft.pages=6-8&rft.pub=Swedish+Institute+for+European+Policy+Studies&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sieps.se%2Fpubl%2Frapporter%2Fbilagor%2F2006_turkiet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkman2010" class="citation book cs1">Kirkman, Andrew (2010-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=skIG-CEe24cC&pg=PA121">The Cultural Life of the Early Polyphonic Mass</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11412-7"><bdi>978-0-521-11412-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2015-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Life+of+the+Early+Polyphonic+Mass&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11412-7&rft.aulast=Kirkman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DskIG-CEe24cC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWengert2004" class="citation book cs1">Wengert, Timothy J. (2004-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIR7U1a_6A0C&pg=PA185">Harvesting Martin Luther's Reflections on Theology, Ethics, and the Church – Timothy J. Wengert</a>. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2486-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2486-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2486-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2015-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvesting+Martin+Luther%27s+Reflections+on+Theology%2C+Ethics%2C+and+the+Church+%E2%80%93+Timothy+J.+Wengert&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004-01-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2486-8&rft.aulast=Wengert&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIR7U1a_6A0C%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Foley, Sean (2009). "Muslims and Social Change in the Atlantic Basin". Journal of World History. 20 (3): 377–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0064">10.1353/jwh.0.0064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145391152">145391152</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/316491">316491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Muslims+and+Social+Change+in+the+Atlantic+Basin&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377-398&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145391152%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0MDO/is_5_34/ai_n21053788/?tag=content;col1">Smith, R. O. (2007). Luther, the Turks, and Islam. Currents in Theology and Mission, 34(5), 351–365</a>: "Luther's statement of explanation created yet more contention. Indeed, it was singled out for condemnation in Exsurge Domine, the papal bull of ex-communication directed at Luther by Pope Leo X on 15 June 1520. Among the "destructive, pernicious, scandalous, and seductive" errors enumerated in the bull is an essentialized version of Luther's position: "To go to war against the Turks is to resist God who punishes our iniquities through them." (11) But even before Exsurge Domine, Luther tied his struggles with Rome to the war against the Turk. Prior to the beginning of the Leipzig Debate with Johannes Eck in June 1519, Luther wrote to his friend Wencenlaus Linck, "I think I can demonstrate that today Rome is worse than the Turk." </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWengert2004" class="citation book cs1">Wengert, Timothy J. (2004-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIR7U1a_6A0C&pg=PA185">Harvesting Martin Luther's Reflections on Theology, Ethics, and the Church – Timothy J. Wengert</a>. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2486-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2486-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2486-8</bdi></a>. 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Journal of World History. 18 (3): 267–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2007.0020">10.1353/jwh.2007.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144507249">144507249</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/223606">223606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Global+Politics+in+the+1580s%3A+One+Canal%2C+Twenty+Thousand+Cannibals%2C+and+an+Ottoman+Plot+to+Rule+the+World&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-296&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2007.0020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144507249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Casale&rft.aufirst=Giancarlo.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A876855">"h2g2 – The Machine Gun 1718–1914 – Edited Entry"</a>. bbc.co.uk. 2003-01-27. 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Telegraph. 2009-02-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/4531391/Mayor-of-Sofia-brands-Roma-Turks-and-retirees-bad-human-material.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2015-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mayor+of+Sofia+brands+Roma%2C+Turks+and+retirees+%27bad+human+material%27&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fbulgaria%2F4531391%2FMayor-of-Sofia-brands-Roma-Turks-and-retirees-bad-human-material.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323050511/http://www.socialistgroup.eu/gpes/public/detail.htm?id=116844&section=NER&category=NEWS">"Challenge to EPP over leader's statement on bad human material"</a>. Socialistgroup.eu. 6 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistgroup.eu/gpes/public/detail.htm?id=116844&section=NER&category=NEWS">the original</a> on 23 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Challenge+to+EPP+over+leader%27s+statement+on+bad+human+material&rft.pub=Socialistgroup.eu&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistgroup.eu%2Fgpes%2Fpublic%2Fdetail.htm%3Fid%3D116844%26section%3DNER%26category%3DNEWS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Detrez-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Detrez_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetrez2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Detrez" title="Raymond Detrez">Detrez, Raymond</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C">Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. 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Peter Lang. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789052012971" title="Special:BookSources/9789052012971"><bdi>9789052012971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+Cultural+Identity+in+the+Balkans%3A+Convergence+Vs.+Divergence&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789052012971&rft.aulast=Detrez&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRttHdXjP14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobreGhita2018" class="citation book cs1">Dobre, Claudia-Florentina; Ghita, Cristian Emilian (2018-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mp5JDwAAQBAJ&q=Quest+for+a+Suitable+Past%3A+Myths+and+Memory+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe">Quest for a Suitable Past: Myths and Memory in Central and Eastern Europe</a>. 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(2001), Small nations and great powers: a study of ethnopolitical conflict in the Caucasus, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1162-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1162-8"><bdi>978-0-7007-1162-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+nations+and+great+powers%3A+a+study+of+ethnopolitical+conflict+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1162-8&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoşkun2009" class="citation cs2">Coşkun, Ufuk (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111175901/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ufukc/UfukCoskun_2009%20Ahiska%28Meskhetian%29_Turks_in_Tucson-Edited.pdf">AHISKA/MESKHETIAN TURKS IN TUCSON: AN EXAMINATION OF ETHNIC IDENTITY</a> (PDF), UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ufukc/UfukCoskun_2009%20Ahiska(Meskhetian)_Turks_in_Tucson-Edited.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-01-11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AHISKA%2FMESKHETIAN+TURKS+IN+TUCSON%3A+AN+EXAMINATION+OF+ETHNIC+IDENTITY&rft.pub=UNIVERSITY+OF+ARIZONA&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Co%C5%9Fkun&rft.aufirst=Ufuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u.arizona.edu%2F~ufukc%2FUfukCoskun_2009%2520Ahiska%28Meskhetian%29_Turks_in_Tucson-Edited.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemirtaş-Coşkun2010" class="citation cs2">Demirtaş-Coşkun, Birgül (2010), "Reconsidering the Cyprus Issue: An Anatomy of Failure og European Catalyst (1995–2002)", in Laçiner, Sedat; Özcan, Mehmet; Bal, İhsan (eds.), USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law 2010, Vol. 3, USAK Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4030-26-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4030-26-2"><bdi>978-605-4030-26-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+the+Cyprus+Issue%3A+An+Anatomy+of+Failure+og+European+Catalyst+%281995%E2%80%932002%29&rft.btitle=USAK+Yearbook+of+International+Politics+and+Law+2010%2C+Vol.+3&rft.pub=USAK+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-605-4030-26-2&rft.aulast=Demirta%C5%9F-Co%C5%9Fkun&rft.aufirst=Birg%C3%BCl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrobizhevaGottemoellerKelleher1998" class="citation cs2">Drobizheva, Leokadia; Gottemoeller, Rose; Kelleher, Catherine McArdle (1998), Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Soviet World: Case Studies and Analysis, M.E. 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In Kacowicz, Arie Marcelo; Lutomski, Pawel (eds.). Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study. Lexington Books. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1607-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1607-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-1607-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resettlement+of+refugees+in+Finland+and+Cyprus%3A+a+comparative+analysis+and+possible+lessons+for+Israel&rft.btitle=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1607-4&rft.aulast=Kliot&rft.aufirst=Nurat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dovck_g0xwX0C%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowlton2005" class="citation cs2">Knowlton, MaryLee (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761418542">Macedonia</a>, Marshall Cavendish, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1854-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1854-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-1854-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonia&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1854-2&rft.aulast=Knowlton&rft.aufirst=MaryLee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780761418542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1999" class="citation cs2">Lee, Martin (1999), The Beast Reawakens, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92546-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92546-4"><bdi>978-0-415-92546-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beast+Reawakens&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92546-4&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson1998" class="citation cs2">Levinson, David (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi">Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook</a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-019-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-019-1"><bdi>978-1-57356-019-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+groups+worldwide%3A+a+ready+reference+handbook&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-019-1&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicgroupsworl00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation cs2">Minahan, James (2002), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32111-5"><bdi>978-0-313-32111-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+L-R&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32111-5&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNees2000" class="citation cs2">Nees, Greg (2000), Germany: Unraveling an Enigma, Intercultural Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877864-75-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877864-75-9"><bdi>978-1-877864-75-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+Unraveling+an+Enigma&rft.pub=Intercultural+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-877864-75-9&rft.aulast=Nees&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuburger2004" class="citation cs2">Neuburger, Mary (2004), The Orient within: Muslim minorities and the negotiation of nationhood in modern Bulgaria, Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4132-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-4132-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orient+within%3A+Muslim+minorities+and+the+negotiation+of+nationhood+in+modern+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4132-5&rft.aulast=Neuburger&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapadakis2005" class="citation cs2">Papadakis, Yiannis (2005), Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus divide, I.B.Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-428-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-428-3"><bdi>978-1-85043-428-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+from+the+Dead+Zone%3A+Across+the+Cyprus+divide&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-428-3&rft.aulast=Papadakis&rft.aufirst=Yiannis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1999" class="citation cs2">Ramet, Sabrina (1999), The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989, Penn State Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01811-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01811-9"><bdi>978-0-271-01811-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Right+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+Since+1989&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01811-9&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavvides2004" class="citation cs2">Savvides, Philippos K (2004), "Partition Revisited: The International Dimension and the Case of Cyprus", in Danopoulos, Constantine Panos; Vajpeyi, Dhirendra K.; Bar-Or, Amir (eds.), Civil-military relations, nation building, and national identity: comparative perspectives, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97923-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97923-2"><bdi>978-0-275-97923-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Partition+Revisited%3A+The+International+Dimension+and+the+Case+of+Cyprus&rft.btitle=Civil-military+relations%2C+nation+building%2C+and+national+identity%3A+comparative+perspectives&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97923-2&rft.aulast=Savvides&rft.aufirst=Philippos+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnabelCarment2004" class="citation book cs1">Schnabel, Albrecht; Carment, David (2004). Conflict prevention from rhetoric to reality, Volume 1. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0738-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0738-0"><bdi>0-7391-0738-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+prevention+from+rhetoric+to+reality%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7391-0738-0&rft.aulast=Schnabel&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft.au=Carment%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolsten1999" class="citation cs2">Solsten, Eric (1999), Germany: A Country Study, DIANE Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-8179-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-8179-5"><bdi>978-0-7881-8179-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-8179-5&rft.aulast=Solsten&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaab1998" class="citation cs2">Staab, Andreas (1998), National Identity in Eastern Germany: Inner Unification or Continued Separation?, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96177-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96177-0"><bdi>978-0-275-96177-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Identity+in+Eastern+Germany%3A+Inner+Unification+or+Continued+Separation%3F&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96177-0&rft.aulast=Staab&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansfield2007" class="citation book cs1">Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2007). Iraq : people, history, politics. Cambridge: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3227-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3227-8"><bdi>978-0-7456-3227-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+%3A+people%2C+history%2C+politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3227-8&rft.aulast=Stansfield&rft.aufirst=Gareth+R.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTherSiljak2001" class="citation cs2">Ther, Philipp; Siljak, Ana (2001), Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1094-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-1094-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redrawing+nations%3A+ethnic+cleansing+in+East-Central+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1094-4&rft.aulast=Ther&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Siljak%2C+Ana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTocci2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Tocci" title="Nathalie Tocci">Tocci, Nathalie</a> (2004), EU accession dynamics and conflict resolution: catalysing peace or consolidating partition in Cyprus?, Ashgate Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4310-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-4310-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EU+accession+dynamics+and+conflict+resolution%3A+catalysing+peace+or+consolidating+partition+in+Cyprus%3F&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4310-4&rft.aulast=Tocci&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTocci2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Tocci" title="Nathalie Tocci">Tocci, Nathalie</a> (2007), The EU and conflict resolution: promoting peace in the backyard, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41394-7"><bdi>978-0-415-41394-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+EU+and+conflict+resolution%3A+promoting+peace+in+the+backyard&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41394-7&rft.aulast=Tocci&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-Turkism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-Turkism">Anti-Turkism</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606230704/http://www.hum.au.dk/cek/kontur/pdf/kontur_10/sinan.yasar.pdf">Turkey in the Eye of the Beholder:Tracking Perceptions on Turkey through Political Cartoons by Sinan Erensü and Yaşar Adanalı</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217213603/http://www.hetq.am/eng/society/h-0203-vharutiunyan.html">Patriotism versus Patria by Vartan Harutiunyan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Students/Turkish/old/Gelenler/Turkishness_in_Hollywood.pdf">Representation of Turkishness in Hollywood by Aslihan Tokgoz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tatar.yuldash.com/eng_098.html">TURKOPHOBIA:Its Social and Historical Roots By Sabirzyan BADRETDIN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30678/30678-h/30678-h.htm">The Unspeakable Turk political cartoons</a></li> <li>(in Turkish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501120701/http://www.haberturk.com/haber.asp?id=61182&cat=180&dt=2008%2F03%2F14">Marco Türklere ders vermek istemiş!</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_topics" title="Template talk:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div>1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&oldid=1258833379">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Turkish_sentiment&oldid=1258833379</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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