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<li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_of_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_of_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reforms of Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_of_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erdoğan's_policies_of_Islamization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erdoğan's_policies_of_Islamization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Erdoğan's policies of Islamization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erdoğan's_policies_of_Islamization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Constitutional principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact on society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Headscarf controversy in Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Workplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Medical care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ban_lifted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ban_lifted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ban lifted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ban_lifted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wearing_of_head-covering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wearing_of_head-covering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Wearing of head-covering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wearing_of_head-covering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" 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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Secularism in Turkey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="العلمانية في تركيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلمانية في تركيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9_en_Turquie" title="Laïcité en Turquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laïcité en Turquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%84%B8%EC%86%8D%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="튀르키예의 세속주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예의 세속주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Աշխարհիկությունը Թուրքիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհիկությունը Թուրքիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularisme_di_Turki" title="Sekularisme di Turki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekularisme di Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laicit%C3%A0_in_Turchia" title="Laicità in Turchia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laicità in Turchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekul%C4%81risms_Turcij%C4%81" title="Sekulārisms Turcijā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sekulārisms Turcijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Секуларизам во Турција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Секуларизам во Турција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularisme_di_Turki" title="Sekularisme di Turki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sekularisme di Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD" title="ライクリッキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライクリッキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularismo_na_Turquia" title="Secularismo na Turquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Secularismo na Turquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Секуляризм в Турции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Секуляризм в Турции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekullarizmi_n%C3%AB_Turqi" title="Shekullarizmi në Turqi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekullarizmi në Turqi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye%27de_laiklik" title="Türkiye'de laiklik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkiye'de laiklik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Separation of religious matters and state affairs in Turkey</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_2_(2007-04-14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_2_%282007-04-14%29.jpg/380px-Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_2_%282007-04-14%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_2_%282007-04-14%29.jpg/570px-Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_2_%282007-04-14%29.jpg 1.5x, 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion in Turkey</a> <br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Turkey"><img alt="Flag of Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/75px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/113px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/150px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><br /></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secularism in Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari">Ja'fari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nusayri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayri">Nusayri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">Mawlawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qadiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadiri">Qadiri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Muslim">Nondenominational Muslim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Christianity in Turkey</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Orthodox">Armenian Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Orthodox">Turkish Orthodox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Catholic">Latin Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic">Chaldean Catholic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Turkey">Judaism in Turkey</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaniotes">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Minor religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Turkey">Bahá'í Faith in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidis in Turkey">Yazidis in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Turkey" title="Hinduism in Turkey">Hinduism in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Turkey">Buddhism in Turkey</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Turkey" title="Irreligion in Turkey">Irreligion in Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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.sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #ED1C24"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/75px-Ataturk1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/113px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/150px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="987" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Personal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_International_Peace_Prize" title="Atatürk International Peace Prize">Atatürk International Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Centennial" title="Atatürk Centennial">Atatürk Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attempted assassination of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Attempted assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Death and state funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Mausoleum</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Reforms</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition of the sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey#History" title="Education in Turkey">Educational reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Turkish language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification#Modern_Turkey" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" title="State Art and Sculpture Museum">State Art and Sculpture Museum</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></b> </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home,_Peace_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace at Home, Peace in the World">Peace at Home, Peace in the World</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Historiography</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nutuk" title="Nutuk">Nutuk</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's signature"><img alt="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/90px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/135px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/180px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Template:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Template talk:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> or laicism (see <i><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a></i>) was first introduced with the 1928 amendment of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">Constitution of 1924</a>, which removed the provision declaring that the "Religion of the State is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>", and with the later <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">reforms</a> of Turkey's first president <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, which set the administrative and political requirements to create a modern, democratic, secular state, aligned with <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a>. </p><p>Nine years after its introduction, <i>laïcité</i> was explicitly stated in the second article of the then Turkish constitution on 5 February 1937. The current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution of 1982</a> neither recognizes an <a href="/wiki/Official_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Official religion">official religion</a> nor promotes any.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principles of Turkish secularism, and the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of state and religion</a>, were historically established in order to <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernize the nation</a>. This centralized progressive approach was seen as necessary not only for the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Turkish government</a> but also to avoid a cultural life dominated by superstition, dogma, and ignorance.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey's concept of <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">laiklik</i></span> ("laicism") calls for the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of state and religion</a>, but also describes the state's stance as one of "active neutrality", which involves state control and legal regulation of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey's actions related with religion are carefully analyzed and evaluated through the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Presidency of Religious Affairs</a> (<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı</i></span> or simply <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Diyanet</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duties of the Presidency of Religious Affairs are "to execute the works concerning the beliefs, worship, and ethics of Islam, enlighten the public about their religion, and administer the sacred worshipping places".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">History of the Republic of Turkey</a></div> <p>The history of secularism in Turkey extends to the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms of Ottoman Empire. The second peak in secularism occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">Second Constitutional Era</a>. The current form was achieved by <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">Atatürk's Reforms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Ottoman Empire">Religion in the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <p>The establishing structure (<a href="/wiki/Ruling_institution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruling institution of the Ottoman Empire">Ruling institution of the Ottoman Empire</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (13th century) was an Islamic state in which the head of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> state was the Sultan. The social system was organized around <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a>. Millet structure allowed a great degree of religious, cultural and ethnic continuity to non-Muslim populations across the <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire">subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire</a> and at the same time it permitted their incorporation into the Ottoman administrative, economic and political system.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman-appointed governor collected taxes and provided security, while the local religious or cultural matters were left to the regional communities to decide. On the other hand, the sultans were Muslims and the laws that bound them were based on the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, the body of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> law, as well as various cultural customs. The Sultan, beginning in 1517, was also a <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, the leader of all the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in the world. By the turn of the 19th century the Ottoman ruling elite recognized the need to restructure the legislative, military and judiciary systems to cope with their new political rivals in Europe. When the millet system started to lose its efficiency due to the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">rise of nationalism within its borders</a>, the Ottoman Empire explored new ways of governing its territory composed of diverse populations. </p><p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a> founded the first secular military schools by establishing the new military unit, <a href="/wiki/Nizam-%C4%B1_Cedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-ı Cedid">Nizam-ı Cedid</a>, as early as 1792. However the last century (19th century) of the Ottoman Empire had many far reaching reforms. These reforms peaked with the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> which was the initial reform era of the Ottoman Empire. After the Tanzimat, rules, such as those relating to the equalized <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">status of non-Muslim citizens</a>, the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman parliament">a parliament</a>, the abandonment of medieval punishments for apostasy,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the codification of the constitution of the empire and the rights of Ottoman subjects were established. The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> brought about the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Ottoman Empire">fall of the Ottoman Empire</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire">partitioning of the Ottoman Empire</a> by the victorious Allies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_of_Republic">Reforms of Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reforms of Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">Atatürk's Reforms</a></div> <p>Reforms and policies designed to modernize Turkey adopted by Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), the founder and the first president of Republic of Turkey, were known as "Kemalism", and had "six principles: republicanism, nationalism, populism, secularism, revolutionism and statism".<sup id="cite_ref-Jakir_Al_Faruki_2017-22_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jakir_Al_Faruki_2017-22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike some "softer" forms of secularism, Kemalist secularism "did not mean the separation of religion only from the state, rather it meant the separation of religion from whole public spheres—politics, jurisprudence, education, society and so on".<sup id="cite_ref-Wu,_2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu,_2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bagdonas,_2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagdonas,_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kemalism excluded "religious symbols from public domain" and put religion "under the strict control of the state".<sup id="cite_ref-(Karakas,_2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(Karakas,_2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burak,_2012)_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burak,_2012)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weekly holiday was changed from Friday to Sunday, the calendar changed from the Muslim lunar to Gregorian, and the alphabet changed from Arabic to Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-(Toprak,_2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(Toprak,_2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burak,_2012)_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burak,_2012)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jakir_Al_Faruki_2017-22_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jakir_Al_Faruki_2017-22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the establishment of the Republic, there were two sections of the elite group at the helm of the discussions for the future. These were the Islamist reformists and Westerners.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They shared a similar goal, the modernization of the new state. Many basic goals were common to both groups. The founder of the modern Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's achievement was to amplify this common ground and put the country on a fast track of reforms, now known as Atatürk's Reforms. </p><p>Their first act was to give the Turkish nation the right to exercise <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a> via <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. Prior to declaring the new Republic, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Grand National Assembly">Turkish Grand National Assembly</a> abolished the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> on 1 November 1922. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Grand National Assembly">Turkish Grand National Assembly</a> then moved to replace the extant Islamic law structure with the laws it had passed during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>, beginning in 1919. The modernization of the Law had already begun at the point that the project was undertaken in earnest. A milestone in this process was the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">Turkish Constitution of 1921</a>. Upon the establishment of the Republic on 29 October 1923, the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">caliphate</a> (a title held by the Ottoman Sultanate since 1517) remained, but the passage of a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">new constitution</a> in 1924 effectively <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">abolished this title</a>. Even as the new constitution eliminated the caliphate it, at the same time, declared Islam as the official religion of the Turkish Republic. According to the law text passed by the Turkish Parliament, "Since the Caliphate was essentially present in the meaning and concept of the Government and the Republic, the office of the Caliphate was abolished."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following quickly upon these developments, a number of social reforms were undertaken. Many of these reforms affected every aspect of Turkish life, moving to erase the legacy of dominance long held by religion and tradition. The unification of education, installation of a secular education system, and the closure of many religious orders took place on 3 March 1924. This extended to closure of religious convents and dervish lodges on 30 November 1925. These reforms also included the extension to women of voting rights in 1931 and the right be to elected to public office on 5 December 1934. The inclusion of reference to <i><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a></i> into the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Constitution">constitution</a> was achieved by an amendment on 5 February 1937, a move regarded as the final act in the project of instituting complete separation between governmental and religious affairs in Turkey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erdoğan's_policies_of_Islamization"><span id="Erdo.C4.9Fan.27s_policies_of_Islamization"></span>Erdoğan's policies of Islamization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Erdoğan's policies of Islamization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg/120px-Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg/180px-Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg/240px-Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> promotes a form of <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> in Turkey, which allows women to choose to wear <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijabs</a> in public.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to at least one observer (<a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Akyol" title="Mustafa Akyol">Mustafa Akyol</a>), under the Islamist <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP) government of <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, "hundreds of secularist officers and their civilian allies" were jailed starting in 2007, and by 2012 the "old secularist guard" were removed from positions of authority and replaced by members/supporters of the AKP and the Islamist <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-23-7-16_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-23-7-16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 April 2016, the Turkish Parliament Speaker <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Kahraman" title="İsmail Kahraman">İsmail Kahraman</a> told a conference of Islamic scholars and writers in Istanbul that "secularism would not have a place in a new constitution", as Turkey is "a Muslim country and so we should have a religious constitution". (One of the duties of Parliament Speaker is to pen a new draft constitution for Turkey.)<sup id="cite_ref-removed-Milliyet-27_April_2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-removed-Milliyet-27_April_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the function of the <i><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Diyanet</a></i> was to maintain control over and limit the religious sphere of Islam in Turkey. Some (David Lepeska, <a href="/wiki/Svante_Cornell" title="Svante Cornell">Svante Cornell</a>) have complained that under Erdoğan that role has "largely been turned on its head",<sup id="cite_ref-Lepeska-2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepeska-2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <i>Diyanet</i>, now greatly increased in size, promoting Islam in Turkey, specifically a certain type of conservative Islam—issuing <i><a href="/wiki/Fatawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatawa">fatawa</a></i> forbidding such activities as "feeding dogs at home, celebrating the western New Year, lotteries, and tattoos";<sup id="cite_ref-rise_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rise-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and projecting this "Turkish Islam"<sup id="cite_ref-Lepeska-2015_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepeska-2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-al-monitor-29-4-16_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-monitor-29-4-16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In education, the AKP government pursued the explicit policy agenda of Islamization to "raise a devout generation" against secular resistance,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the process causing many non-religious citizens of Turkey to lose their jobs and schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">July 2016 coup attempt</a>—which President Erdoğan called "a gift from God"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—thousands were purged by the AKP government. The victims were primarily followers of the Gülen movement — which is alleged to have launched the coup<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—but also secularists who had not already been sacked in earlier purges.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One explanation for the replacement of secularist policies<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Turkey is that business interests who felt threatened by socialism saw Islamic values as "best suited to neutralize any challenges from the left to capitalist supremacy."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some (such as Turan Kayaoğlu) see interest and support of secularism in Turkey as strengthening, not decreasing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Erdoğan stated his desire to "raise a religious youth," politicians of all parties condemned his statements as abandoning Turkish values. A petition reading "[O]f Muslim, Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, Alawite, Shafi’i, religious and nonreligious, atheist and agnostic backgrounds, all joined with a firm belief in secularism, [we] find your recent remarks about raising a religious and conservative youth most alarming and dangerous" was signed by over 2,000 people. The pro-government newspaper <i>Bugün</i> ran a story stating "no one has the right to convert this society into a religious one, or the opposite." Surveys of the Turkish people also show a great support for maintaining a secular country. The Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation found that only 9% of Turks supported a religious state in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent 2015 poll by Metropoll found that over 80% of Turkish people supported the continuation of Turkey as a secular state, with even the majority of <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a> voters supporting a secular state too.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_principles">Constitutional principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Constitutional principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution of Turkey</a></div> <p>The Constitution asserts that Turkey is supposed to be a <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, deriving its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> from the people. The sovereignty rests with the Turkish Nation, who delegates its exercise to an elected unicameral parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Grand National Assembly">Turkish Grand National Assembly</a>. Moreover, Article 4 declares the immovability of the founding principles of the Republic defined in the first three Articles: </p> <ol><li>"<a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality before the law</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">the Republican form of government</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Central_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Administration">the indivisibility of the Republic and of the Turkish Nation</a>",</li></ol> <p>The Constitution bans any proposals for the modification of these articles (see <a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">Entrenched clause</a>). Each of these concepts which were distributed in the three articles of the constitution can not be achieved without the other two concepts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The constitution requires a central administration which would lose its meaning (effectiveness, coverage, etc.) if the system is not based on <i>laïcité</i>, social equality, and equality before law. Vice versa, if the Republic differentiate itself based on social, religious differences, administration can not be equal to the population when the administration is central.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The system which tried to be established in the constitution sets out to found a unitary nation-state based on the principles of secular democracy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_society">Impact on society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impact on society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics of Turkey</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Constitution">Turkish Constitution</a> recognizes <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">freedom of religion</a> for <i>individuals</i> whereas identified <i>religious communities</i> are placed under the protection of state. The constitution explicitly states that it is illegal for a religious community to get involved in politics, or to form a Party openly representing a religious group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In recent history, two parties have been ordered to close (<a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a> in 1998, and <a href="/wiki/Virtue_Party" title="Virtue Party">Virtue Party</a> in 2001) by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a> for Islamist activities and attempts to "redefine the secular nature of the republic". The first party to be closed for suspected anti-secularist activities was the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Republican_Party_(Turkey)" title="Progressive Republican Party (Turkey)">Progressive Republican Party</a> on 3 June 1925.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Issues relating to Turkey's secularism were discussed in the lead up to the <a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2007 Turkish presidential election">2007 presidential election</a>, in which the ruling party chose a candidate with Islamist connections, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a>, for the first time in the history of the secular republic. While some in Turkey have expressed concern that the nomination could represent a move away from Turkey's secularist traditions, including particularly Turkey's priority on equality between the sexes, others have suggested that the conservative party has effectively promoted modernization while reaching out to more traditional and religious elements in Turkish society.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Must_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Must-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 July 2007, it was reported that the more religiously conservative ruling party won a larger than expected electoral victory in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_general_election" title="2007 Turkish general election">snap general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey's preservation and maintenance of its secular identity has been a profound issue and source of tension. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> has broken with secular tradition, by speaking out in favor of limited Islamism and against the active restrictions,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> instituted by Atatürk on wearing the Islamic-style <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">head scarves</a> in government offices and schools. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_Protests" title="Republic Protests">Republic Protests</a> (Turkish: <i lang="tr">Cumhuriyet Mitingleri</i>) were a series of peaceful mass rallies that took place in the spring of 2007 in support of the <a href="/wiki/Kemalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemalist">Kemalist</a> ideals of <a href="/wiki/State_secularism" class="mw-redirect" title="State secularism">state secularism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constitutional rule that prohibits discrimination on religious grounds is taken very seriously. Turkey, as a secular country, prohibits by law the wearing of religious headcover and theo-political symbolic garments for both genders in government buildings and schools;<sup id="cite_ref-The_Islamic_veil_across_Europe_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Islamic_veil_across_Europe-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a law upheld by the Grand Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> as legitimate on 10 November 2005, in <i><a href="/wiki/Leyla_%C5%9Eahin_v._Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Leyla Şahin v. Turkey">Leyla Şahin v. Turkey</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leyla_Şahin_v._Turkey_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leyla_Şahin_v._Turkey-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strict application of secularism in Turkey has been credited for enabling women to have access to greater opportunities, compared to countries with a greater influence of religion in public affairs, in matters of education, employment, wealth as well as political, social and cultural freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also paradoxical with the Turkish secularism is the fact that <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">identity document</a> cards of Turkish citizens include the specification of the card holder's religion.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This declaration was perceived by some as representing a form of the state's surveillance over its citizens' religious choices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The mainstream <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafite</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> is entirely organized by the state, through the <i><a href="/wiki/Diyanet_%C4%B0%C5%9Fleri_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı">Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı</a></i> (Religious Affairs Directorate), which supervises all <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, educates the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a> who work in them, and approves all content for religious services and prayers. It appoints imams, who are classified as civil servants.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This micromanagement of Sunni religious practices, at times, seems much more sectarian than secular, as it violates the principle of state neutrality in religious practice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Groups that have expressed dissatisfaction with this situation include a variety of non-governmental Sunni / Hanafi groups (such as the <a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Nurcu</a> movement), whose interpretation of Islam tends to be more activist; and the non-Sunni (<a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a>), whose members tend to resent supporting the Sunni establishment with their tax money (whereas the Turkish state does not subsidize Alevi religious activities).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Atatürk's ideology of <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a> abolished the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>, removed Islam as the state religion, sharia from the legal code, and sought to banish religious interference in government affairs with the "Presidency of Religious Affairs" or <a href="/wiki/Diyanet_%C4%B0%C5%9Fleri_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı">Diyanet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diyanet.gov.tr_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diyanet.gov.tr-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a number of policies of the Turkish government are not in line with the concept of secularism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Religion is mentioned on the Turkish identity documents. The government agency known as the "Presidency of Religious Affairs" or <a href="/wiki/Diyanet_%C4%B0%C5%9Fleri_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı">Diyanet</a><sup id="cite_ref-Diyanet.gov.tr_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diyanet.gov.tr-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> draws on tax revenues collected from all Turkish citizens, but finances only <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> worship. All other religions must ensure a financially self-sustaining running and they face administrative obstacles during operation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Câferî (Ja'fari)</a> Muslims (mostly <a href="/wiki/Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris">Azeris</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a>) participate in the financing of the mosques and the salaries of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> imams, while their places of worship, which are not officially recognized by the State, do not receive any funding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Theoretically, Turkey, through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (1923), recognizes the civil, political and cultural rights of non-Muslim minorities. In practice, Turkey only recognizes <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> religious minorities without granting them all the rights mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. Alevi-Bektashi or <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Câferî</a> Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> are not recognized officially.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Situation of religions in Turkey </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion </th> <th>Estimated population </th> <th>Expropriation measures<sup id="cite_ref-la_croix_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_croix-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Official recognition through the Constitution or international treaties </th> <th>Government Financing of places of worship and religious staff </th></tr> <tr> <th>Islam – <a href="/wiki/Sunnite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnite">Sunnite</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">70 to 85% (52 to 64 million) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes through the Diyanet mentioned in the Constitution (art.136)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes through the Diyanet<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Islam">Twelver Islam</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">15 to 25% (11 to 19 million) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No. In 1826, with the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> corps, the Bektashi <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">tekke</a> (dervish convent) were closed<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-janissaire_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janissaire-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Twelver Islam – <a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">No.<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early fifteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-Persée_»_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persée_»-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the unsustainable Ottoman oppression, Alevi supported <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Shah Ismail I.</a> who had Turkmen origins. <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Shah Ismail I.</a> supporters, who wear a red cap with twelve folds in reference to the 12 Imams were called <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>. Ottomans who were Arabized and Persianized considered <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> (Alevi) as enemies because of their Turkmen origins.<sup id="cite_ref-Persée_»_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persée_»-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, <a href="/wiki/Cemevi" title="Cemevi">cemevi</a>, places of worship of Alevi-Bektashi have no official recognition. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Twelver Islam – <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Câferî</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">4% (3 million)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Twelver Islam – <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">300 to 350,000<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">20,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-la_croix_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_croix-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (1923)<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christian – <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">5,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christian – Latin <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">35,000<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christian – Greek Catholics </th> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-la_croix_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_croix-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (1923)<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christian – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> – Greek (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>) </th> <td style="text-align:right;">3,000−4,000<sup id="cite_ref-zaman_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaman-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-la_croix_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_croix-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (1923)<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christian – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Greeks">Antiochian Orthodox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch</a>) </th> <td style="text-align:right;">18,000<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christian – <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox</a> – Armenian (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>) </th> <td style="text-align:right;">57,000−80,000<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-la_croix_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_croix-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (1923)<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christian – Catholics <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Christians">Chaldean Christians</a> (Armenian) </th> <td style="text-align:right;">3,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-la_croix_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_croix-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (1923)<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christian – <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christians">Syriac</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Churches </th> <td style="text-align:right;">15,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-la_croix_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_croix-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidi</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">377 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-ovipot_49-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovipot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">No<sup id="cite_ref-obtic_47-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obtic-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>With more than 100,000 employees, the Diyanet has been described as a form of state within the state.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, with a budget of over 4.6 billion Turkish lira, the Diyanet occupied the 16th position of central government expenditure.<br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiyanetBudget2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DiyanetBudget2013.png/220px-DiyanetBudget2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DiyanetBudget2013.png/330px-DiyanetBudget2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DiyanetBudget2013.png/440px-DiyanetBudget2013.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Diyanet's budget in 2013 – Source: <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> (2013)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey">Headscarf controversy in Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Headscarf controversy in Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey" title="Headscarf controversy in Turkey">Headscarf controversy in Turkey</a></div> <p>The Turkish government had outlawed the wearing of headscarves by women who work in the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ban had applied to <a href="/wiki/Teachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers">teachers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawyers">lawyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">parliamentarians</a> and others working on state premises. The ban on headscarves in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational">educational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> institutions was expanded to cover non-state institutions. Authorities began to enforce the headscarf ban among mothers accompanying their children to <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">school</a> events or public <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pools" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimming pools">swimming pools</a>, while female <a href="/wiki/Lawyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawyers">lawyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalists">journalists</a> who refused to comply with the ban were expelled from public buildings such as <a href="/wiki/Courtroom" title="Courtroom">courtrooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In 1999, the ban on headscarves in the public sphere hit the headlines when <a href="/wiki/Merve_Kavak%C3%A7%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Merve Kavakçı">Merve Kavakçı</a>, a newly elected MP for the <a href="/wiki/Virtue_Party" title="Virtue Party">Virtue Party</a> was prevented from taking her oath in the National Assembly because she wore a headscarf. The constitutional rule that prohibits discrimination on religious grounds is taken very seriously. Turkey prohibited by law the wearing of religious headcover and theo-political symbolic garments for both genders in government buildings, schools, and universities;<sup id="cite_ref-The_Islamic_veil_across_Europe_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Islamic_veil_across_Europe-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a law that was upheld by the Grand Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> as legitimate on 10 November 2005, in <i><a href="/wiki/Leyla_%C5%9Eahin_v._Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Leyla Şahin v. Turkey">Leyla Şahin v. Turkey</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leyla_Şahin_v._Turkey_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leyla_Şahin_v._Turkey-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> has suggested the constitutional change to guarantee the right to wear a headscarf in the civil service, schools, and universities should be decided through a referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-center:1em"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f99;" colspan="4">Do you cover when going outside?<sup id="cite_ref-TESEV07p64_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TESEV07p64-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>1999</td> <td>2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td>No, I do not</td> <td>47.3%</td> <td>66.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes, I wear a headscarf</td> <td>33.4%</td> <td>18.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes, I wear a türban</td> <td>15.7%</td> <td>11.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes, I wear a <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Faf" title="Çarşaf">çarşaf</a></td> <td>3.4%</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>NI/NA</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>2.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace">Workplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Workplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Country Reports 2007, women who wore headscarves and their supporters "were disciplined or lost their jobs in the public sector" (US 11 March 2008, Sec. 2.c). <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) reports that in late 2005, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_Supreme_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrative Supreme Court (page does not exist)">Administrative Supreme Court</a> ruled that a teacher was not eligible for a promotion in her school because she wore a headscarf outside of work (Jan. 2007). An immigration counsellor at the Embassy of Canada in Ankara stated on 27 April 2005 correspondence with the Research Directorate that public servants are not permitted to wear a headscarf while on duty, but headscarved women may be <a href="/wiki/Employed" class="mw-redirect" title="Employed">employed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>. On 12 April 2005 correspondence sent to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Directorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Directorate (page does not exist)">Research Directorate</a>, a professor of political science specializing in women's issues in Turkey at <a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University" title="Boğaziçi University">Boğaziçi University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> indicated that women who wear a headscarf "could possibly be denied employment in private or <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> sectors." Conversely, some <a href="/wiki/Municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities">municipalities</a> with a more traditional constituency might attempt to hire specifically those women who wear a headscarf (Professor 12 April 2005). The professor did add, however, that headscarved women generally experience difficulty in obtaining positions as teachers, judges, lawyers, or doctors in the public service (ibid.). More recent or corroborating information on the headscarf ban in the public service could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate. </p><p>The London-based <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a> reports that while the ban is officially in place only in the public sphere, many private firms similarly avoid hiring women who wear headscarves (6 May 2007). <a href="/w/index.php?title=MERO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MERO (page does not exist)">MERO</a> notes that women who wear headscarves may have more difficulty finding a job or obtaining a desirable wage (Apr. 2008), although this could not be corroborated among the sources consulted by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Directorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Directorate (page does not exist)">Research Directorate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_care">Medical care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medical care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the New York Times, headscarves were banned inside Turkish <a href="/wiki/Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitals">hospitals</a>, and doctors could not don a headscarf on the job (6 May 2007). Nevertheless, MERO reports that under Turkey's current administration, seen by secularists to have a hidden religious agenda,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> doctors who wear headscarves have been employed in some public hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ban_lifted">Ban lifted</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ban lifted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 February 2008, Turkey's parliament approved a constitutional amendment that lifted the ban on Islamic headscarves in universities. Prior to this date, the public ban on headscarves officially extended to students on university campuses throughout Turkey. Nevertheless, according to Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007, "some faculty members permitted students to wear head coverings in class". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty notes that since the 1990s, some rectors have allowed students to wear headscarves. </p><p>On 5 June 2008, Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court">Constitutional Court</a> annulled the parliament's proposed <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">amendment</a> intended to lift the headscarf ban, ruling that removing the ban would run counter to official secularism. While the highest court's decision to uphold the headscarf ban cannot be appealed (AP 7 June 2008), the government has nevertheless indicated that it is considering adopting measures to weaken the court's authority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wearing_of_head-covering">Wearing of head-covering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wearing of head-covering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a research by the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation in 2007, around 62% of women wear the headscarf in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey's strong secularism has resulted in what have been perceived by some as strictures on the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">headscarf</a> has long been prohibited in public universities, and a constitutional amendment passed in February 2008 that permitted women to wear it on university campuses sparked considerable <a href="/wiki/Controversy" title="Controversy">controversy</a>. In addition, the armed forces have maintained a vigilant watch over Turkey's political secularism, which they affirm to be a keystone among Turkey's founding principles. The military has not left the maintenance of a secular political process to chance, however, and has intervened in politics on a number of occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Freedom of religion in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey" title="Headscarf controversy in Turkey">Headscarf controversy in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Turks" title="White Turks">White Turks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey">"Turkey"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. Central Intelligence Agency (US). 24 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/">the original</a> on 10 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Turkey&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fturkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaver" class="citation web cs1">Daver, BÜLENT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322031719/http://www.atam.gov.tr/dergi/sayi-11/secularism-in-turkey">"Secularism in Turkey"</a>. <i>Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Başkanlığı</i>. PROF. DR. BÜLENT DAVER. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>. <q>This principle, unlike in western countries, is not realized by evolutionary currents and philosophers' ideas, spread among most people throughout the century, but rather by direct and decisive action and revolutionary enthusiasm from a very small elite consisting of bureaucrats and young army officer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma+Merkezi+Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.atitle=Secularism+in+Turkey&rft.aulast=Daver&rft.aufirst=B%C3%9CLENT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atam.gov.tr%2Fdergi%2Fsayi-11%2Fsecularism-in-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖztürkSözeri" class="citation journal cs1">Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi; Sözeri, Semiha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919132327/https://www.academia.edu/36059631/Diyanet_as_a_Turkish_Foreign_Policy_Tool_Evidence_from_the_Netherlands_and_Bulgaria">"Diyanet as a Turkish Foreign Policy Tool: Evidence from the Netherlands and Bulgaria"</a>. <i>Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association</i>: 3, 5. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2008</span>. <q>Sonunda nüfuslarını 70 bine indirmeyi başardık.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taraf&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrk+Ermenisiz%2C+Ermeni+T%C3%BCrks%C3%BCz+olmaz%21&rft.date=2008-08-31&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCr&rft.aufirst=Ay%C5%9Fe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taraf.com.tr%2FYazar.asp%3Fid%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDal2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dal, Emel Parlar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZfK_OnlAiQC&q=diyanet+l%27etat+dans+l%27etat&pg=PA220"><i>La politique turque en question: entre imperfections et adaptations</i></a> (in French). 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Karaköy, İstanbul: TESEV publications. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-8112-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-8112-90-6"><bdi>978-975-8112-90-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.sabanciuniv.edu/5854/1/2007_08_Religon%2C_Society_and_Politics_in_a_Changing_Turkey.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1752230.ece">the original</a> on 27 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Head+scarves+to+topple+secular+Turkey%3F&rft.date=2007-04-23&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Farticle1752230.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2007" class="citation news cs1">Lamb, Christina (6 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727001915/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1752230.ece">"Headscarf war threatens to split Turkey"</a>. <i>Times Online</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1752230.ece">the original</a> on 27 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Online&rft.atitle=Headscarf+war+threatens+to+split+Turkey&rft.date=2007-05-06&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Farticle1752230.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark-Flory2007" class="citation news cs1">Clark-Flory, Tracy (23 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2007/04/23/headscarf/">"Head scarves to topple secular Turkey?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Head+scarves+to+topple+secular+Turkey%3F&rft.date=2007-04-23&rft.aulast=Clark-Flory&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fmwt%2Fbroadsheet%2F2007%2F04%2F23%2Fheadscarf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey">"Turkey | Location, Geography, People, Economy, Culture, & History | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 1 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Turkey+%7C+Location%2C+Geography%2C+People%2C+Economy%2C+Culture%2C+%26+History+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTurkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/the-paradox-of-turkish-secularism/The_Paradox_of_Turkish_Secularism.pdf">"The Paradox of Turkish Secularism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Özgüç Orhan</i>. Turkish Journal of Politics Vol. 4 No. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%96zg%C3%BC%C3%A7+Orhan&rft.atitle=The+Paradox+of+Turkish+Secularism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fthe-paradox-of-turkish-secularism%2FThe_Paradox_of_Turkish_Secularism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_T._Kuru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet T. Kuru (page does not exist)">Ahmet T. Kuru</a>. <i>Secularism and State Policies toward Religion The United States, France, and Turkey</i> Cambridge University Press, 2009.</li> <li>Hirschberger, Bernd / Püttmann, Friedrich. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcript-open.de/doi/10.14361/9783839468272-008">The Political Instrumentalization of the Topics of Secularism, Religious Freedom and Islamophobia in Turkey</a>". In: Hirschberger, Bernd / Voges, Katja (eds.) (2024): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcript-publishing.com/978-3-8376-6827-8/religious-freedom-and-populism/?number=978-3-8376-6827-8">Religious Freedom and Populism: The Appropriation of a Human Right and How to Counter It</a>. Bielefeld: transcript. Retrieved 30 June 2024, pp. 91-104.</li> <li>Peker, E. 2020. "<a href="//doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.48" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/ssh.2019.48">Beyond Positivism: Building Turkish Laiklik in the Transition from the Empire to the Republic (1908–38).</a>" <i>Social Science History</i></li> <li>Davison, Andrew. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/43708/summary">Turkey, a "secular" state?: The challenge of description</a>." The South Atlantic Quarterly 102.2 (2003): 333-350.</li> <li>Sevinc, K., Hood, R. W. Jr., Coleman, T. J. III, (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-10">Secularism in Turkey</a>. In Zuckerman, P., & Shook, J. R., (Eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Secularism</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>M. Hakan Yavuz, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14683857.2019.1576367">Understanding Turkish Secularism in the 21th Century: A Contextual Roadmap</a>", Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Vol. 19, No.1; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2019.1576367">https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2019.1576367</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/turkey-secularism_b_9818250">"Stop Defending Turkey's 'Secularism' — It's Been a Lie All Along"</a>. <i>Fréderike Geerdink</i>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fr%C3%A9derike+Geerdink&rft.atitle=Stop+Defending+Turkey%27s+%27Secularism%27+%E2%80%94+It%27s+Been+a+Lie+All+Along&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fturkey-secularism_b_9818250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Project page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secularism_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Template:Secularism in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Secularism in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secularism in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secularism_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secularism in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">People and<br />organisations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Esat_Bozkurt" title="Mahmut Esat Bozkurt">Mahmut Esat Bozkurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falih_R%C4%B1fk%C4%B1_Atay" title="Falih Rıfkı Atay">Falih Rıfkı Atay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Nesin" title="Aziz Nesin">Aziz Nesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammer_Aksoy" title="Muammer Aksoy">Muammer Aksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahriye_%C3%9C%C3%A7ok" title="Bahriye Üçok">Bahriye Üçok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavit_Orhan_T%C3%BCtengil" title="Cavit Orhan Tütengil">Cavit Orhan Tütengil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i" title="Abdi İpekçi">Abdi İpekçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan_Dursun" title="Turan Dursun">Turan Dursun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Taner_K%C4%B1%C5%9Flal%C4%B1" title="Ahmet Taner Kışlalı">Ahmet Taner Kışlalı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_Mumcu" title="Uğur Mumcu">Uğur Mumcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Hablemito%C4%9Flu" title="Necip Hablemitoğlu">Necip Hablemitoğlu</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/White_Turks" title="White Turks">White Turks</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Support_of_Contemporary_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Association for the Support of Contemporary Living">Association for the Support of Contemporary Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_Association_(Turkey)" title="Atheism Association (Turkey)">Atheism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrkist_Thought_Association" title="Atatürkist Thought Association">Atatürkist Thought Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Alliance_(Turkey)" title="Nation Alliance (Turkey)"> Nation Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secularism_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secularism_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Secularism in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Secularism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Secularism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Secularism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Ukraine (page does not exist)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Kosovo" title="Secularism in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secularism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secularism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Secularism in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Secularism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Bangladesh" title="Secularism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in China (page does not exist)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Egypt" title="Secularism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Secularism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iran" title="Secularism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Israel" title="Secularism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Pakistan" title="Secularism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_the_Philippines" title="Secularism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Syria" title="Secularism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Tajikistan" title="Secularism in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Taiwan" title="Secularism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularism in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" 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