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<li id="toc-In_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In Turkey </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Turkey-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Turkey subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Causes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_and_concealment_of_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_and_concealment_of_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Destruction and concealment of evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_and_concealment_of_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Turkish historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations_of_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Foreign relations of Turkey </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations_of_Turkey-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign relations of Turkey subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations_of_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denialism_in_academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denialism_in_academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Denialism in academia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denialism_in_academia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Denialism in academia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Denialism_in_academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_integrity_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_integrity_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Academic integrity controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_integrity_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examination_of_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examination_of_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Examination of claims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examination_of_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Consequences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Consequences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Chapters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Armenian genocide denial</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="إنكار الإبادة الجماعية للأرمن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنكار الإبادة الجماعية للأرمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%81_%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BA%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան Ժխտում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հայոց Ցեղասպանութեան Ժխտում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erm%C9%99ni_soyq%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_inkar%C4%B1" title="Erməni soyqırımının inkarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erməni soyqırımının inkarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Адмаўленне генацыду армян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адмаўленне генацыду армян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Отричане на арменския геноцид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отричане на арменския геноцид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negaci%C3%B3_del_genocidi_armeni" title="Negació del genocidi armeni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Negació del genocidi armeni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leugnung_des_V%C3%B6lkermords_an_den_Armeniern" title="Leugnung des Völkermords an den Armeniern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leugnung des Völkermords an den Armeniern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Άρνηση της γενοκτονίας των Αρμενίων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άρνηση της γενοκτονίας των Αρμενίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacionismo_del_genocidio_armenio" title="Negacionismo del genocidio armenio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Negacionismo del genocidio armenio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="انکار نسل‌کشی ارمنی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انکار نسل‌کشی ارمنی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gation_du_g%C3%A9nocide_arm%C3%A9nien" title="Négation du génocide arménien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Négation du génocide arménien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%81_%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հայոց ցեղասպանության ժխտում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայոց ցեղասպանության ժխտում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poricanje_genocida_nad_Armencima" title="Poricanje genocida nad Armencima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poricanje genocida nad Armencima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyangkalan_genosida_Armenia" title="Penyangkalan genosida Armenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyangkalan genosida Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negazionismo_del_genocidio_armeno" title="Negazionismo del genocidio armeno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Negazionismo del genocidio armeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הכחשת רצח העם הארמני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכחשת רצח העם הארמני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90" title="სომხების გენოციდის უარყოფა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომხების გენოციდის უარყოფა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enkara_n%C3%AEjadkujiya_ermeniyan" title="Înkara nîjadkujiya ermeniyan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Înkara nîjadkujiya ermeniyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benektelse_av_folkemordet_p%C3%A5_armenerne" title="Benektelse av folkemordet på armenerne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benektelse av folkemordet på armenerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arman_genotsidini_inkor_etish" title="Arman genotsidini inkor etish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arman genotsidini inkor etish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacionismo_do_genoc%C3%ADdio_arm%C3%AAnio" title="Negacionismo do genocídio armênio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Negacionismo do genocídio armênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Отрицание геноцида армян – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отрицание геноцида армян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Armenian genocide denial" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenialaisten_kansanmurhan_kielt%C3%A4minen" title="Armenialaisten kansanmurhan kieltäminen – Finnish" lang="fi" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fringe theory that the Armenian genocide did not occur</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg/240px-IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg/360px-IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg/480px-IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum" title="Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum">Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum</a> promotes the false view that Armenians committed genocide against Turks, rather than vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-Igdir-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Armenian genocide denial is the <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">negationist</a> claim that the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and its ruling party, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP), did not <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">commit genocide against its Armenian citizens</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>—a crime <a href="/wiki/Witnesses_and_testimonies_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide">documented in a large body of evidence</a> and affirmed by the vast majority of scholars.<a href="#cite_note-evidence-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-academic_consensus-3">[3]</a> The perpetrators <a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">denied the genocide</a> as they carried it out, claiming that <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians in the Ottoman Empire</a> were resettled for military reasons, not exterminated. In its aftermath, incriminating documents were systematically destroyed. Denial has been the policy of every government of the Ottoman Empire's <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>, as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_genocide_denial&action=edit">[update]</a>. Borrowing arguments used by the CUP to <a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">justify its actions</a>, Armenian genocide denial rests on the assumption that the deportation of Armenians was a legitimate state action in response to a real or perceived Armenian uprising that threatened the empire's existence during wartime. Deniers assert the CUP intended to resettle Armenians, not kill them. They claim the death toll is exaggerated or attribute the deaths to other factors, such as a purported <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>, disease, bad weather, rogue local officials, or bands of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> and outlaws. The historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Ronald Grigor Suny</a> summarizes the main argument as "there was no genocide, and the Armenians were to blame for it".<a href="#cite_note-Sunyintro-4">[4]</a> A critical reason for denial is that the genocide enabled the establishment of a Turkish nation-state; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_recognition" title="Armenian genocide recognition">recognizing it</a> would contradict Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Founding_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myths">founding myths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-foundational_violence-5">[5]</a> Since the 1920s, Turkey has worked to prevent recognition or even mention of the genocide in other countries. It has spent millions of dollars on lobbying, created research institutes, and used intimidation and threats. Denial affects Turkey's domestic policies and is taught in Turkish schools; some Turkish citizens who acknowledge the genocide have faced prosecution for "<a href="/wiki/Insulting_Turkishness" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulting Turkishness">insulting Turkishness</a>". Turkey's century-long effort to deny the genocide sets it apart from other historical cases of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-unique_denial-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Turkey relations">a close ally of Turkey</a>, also denies the genocide and campaigns against its recognition internationally. Most Turkish citizens and political parties support Turkey's denial policy. Scholars argue that Armenian genocide denial has set the tone for the government's attitude towards minorities, and has contributed to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">violence against Kurds</a> in Turkey. A 2014 poll of 1,500 people conducted by EDAM, a Turkish think tank, found that nine percent of Turkish citizens recognize the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirelEriksson202011-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians in the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of the now-destroyed Arakelots Monastery showing a stone wall and the tops of several buildings behind it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg/220px-Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg/330px-Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg/440px-Armenian_monastery_of_s_apostles_in_moush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arakelots_Monastery" title="Arakelots Monastery">Arakelots Monastery</a>, built in the 4th century, looted in 1915, later destroyed<a href="#cite_note-Maranci-9">[9]</a></figcaption></figure> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> is documented since the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_century_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth century BC">sixth century BC</a>, almost two millennia before <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkish presence in the area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015xiv-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> effectively treated Armenians and other non-Muslims as <a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-class citizens">second-class citizens</a> under Islamic rule, even after the nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms intended to equalize their status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny201526–27,_43–44-12">[12]</a> By the 1890s, Armenians faced <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced conversions">forced conversions</a> to Islam and increasing land seizures, which led a handful to join revolutionary parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (ARF, also known as Dashnaktsutyun).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015105-13">[13]</a> In the mid-1890s, state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> killed at least 100,000 Armenians, and in 1909, the authorities failed to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a>, which resulted in the death of some 17,000 Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian201111,_71-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015129,_170–171-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015204,_206-16">[16]</a> The Ottoman authorities denied any responsibility for these massacres, accusing Western powers of meddling and Armenians of provocation, while presenting Muslims as the main victims and failing to punish the perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015127–129,_133,_170–171-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek201562,_150-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maksudyan-19">[19]</a> These same tropes of denial would be employed later to deny the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Maksudyan-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015246–247-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP) came to power in two coups <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">in 1908</a> and <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">in 1913</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015154–155,_189-21">[21]</a> In the meantime, the Ottoman Empire lost almost all of its European territory in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>; the CUP blamed Christian treachery for this defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015184–185-22">[22]</a> Hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muslim refugees</a> fled to Anatolia as a result of the wars; many were resettled in the <a href="/wiki/Six_Vilayets" title="Six Vilayets">Armenian-populated eastern provinces</a> and harbored resentment against Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011137-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015185-24">[24]</a> In August 1914, CUP representatives appeared at an <a href="/wiki/Armenian_congress_at_Erzurum" title="Armenian congress at Erzurum">ARF conference</a> demanding that in the event of war with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the ARF incite <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Armenians">Russian Armenians</a> to intervene on the Ottoman side. The ARF declined, instead declaring that Armenians should fight for the countries in which they were citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015223–224-25">[25]</a> In October 1914, the Ottoman Empire <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">entered World War I</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015218-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_genocide">Armenian genocide</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Armenian genocide in 1915"><img alt="map showing locations where Armenians were killed, deportation routes, and transit centers, as well as locations of Armenian resistance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg/800px-Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg/1200px-Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg/1600px-Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2574" data-file-height="1264" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Genocide_Map-en.svg" title="File:Armenian Genocide Map-en.svg"> </a></div>Map of the Armenian genocide in 1915</div></div></div> During the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">invasion of Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian territory</a> in late 1914, Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Paramilitaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitaries">paramilitaries</a> massacred local Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015243–244-27">[27]</a> A few Ottoman Armenian soldiers defected to Russia—seized upon by both the CUP and later deniers as evidence of Armenian treachery—but the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_volunteers" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian volunteers">Armenian volunteers</a> in the Russian army were mostly Russian Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003277-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014217-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015236-30">[30]</a> Massacres turned into genocide following the catastrophic Ottoman defeat by Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a> (January 1915), which was blamed on Armenian treachery. Armenian soldiers and officers were removed from their posts pursuant to a 25 February order issued by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">Minister of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015243–244-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018225-31">[31]</a> In the minds of the Ottoman leaders, isolated incidents of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian resistance">Armenian resistance</a> were taken as evidence of a general insurrection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015244–245-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bodies of dozens of Armenians in a field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/220px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/330px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/440px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>The corpses of Armenians beside a road, a common sight along deportation routes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2018158-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> In mid-April, after Ottoman leaders had decided to commit genocide,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Armenians barricaded themselves in the eastern city of <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015256–257-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">defense of Van</a> served as a pretext for anti-Armenian actions at the time and remains a crucial element in works that seek to deny or <a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">justify</a> the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016109-36">[36]</a> On 24 April, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Sunday">hundreds of Armenian intellectuals were arrested</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Systematic deportation of Armenians began, given a cover of legitimacy by the 27 May <a href="/wiki/Tehcir_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehcir Law">deportation law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a> guarded the deportation convoys consisting mostly of women, children, and the elderly who were subject to <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rape during the Armenian genocide">systematic rape</a> and massacres. Their destination was the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>, where those who survived the <a href="/wiki/Death_marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches">death marches</a> were left to die of starvation or disease in makeshift camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003274-37">[37]</a> Deportation was only carried out in the areas away from active fighting; near the front lines, Armenians were massacred outright.<a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-38">[38]</a> The leaders of the CUP ordered the deportations, with interior minister <a href="/wiki/Talat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Talat Pasha">Talat Pasha</a>, aware that he was sending the Armenians to their deaths, taking a leading role.<a href="#cite_note-awareness-39">[39]</a> In a cable dated 13 July 1915, Talat stated that "the aim of the Armenian deportations is the final solution of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Question">Armenian Question</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadrianAkçam201118-40">[40]</a> Historians estimate that 1.5 to 2 million Armenians lived in the Ottoman Empire in 1915, of whom 800,000 to 1.2 million were deported during the genocide. In 1916, a wave of massacres targeted the surviving Armenians in Syria; by the end of the year, only 200,000 were still alive.<a href="#cite_note-Morris-41">[41]</a> An estimated 100,000 to 200,000 women and children were integrated into Muslim families through such methods as <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a>, adoption and conversion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkmekçioğlu20164-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012289–290,_331-43">[43]</a> The state <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_of_Armenian_properties_in_Turkey" title="Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey">confiscated</a> and redistributed property belonging to murdered or deported Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b105–106-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012341-45">[45]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Russian occupation of eastern Anatolia</a>, Russian and Armenian forces massacred as many as 60,000 Muslims. Making a <a href="/wiki/False_equivalence" title="False equivalence">false equivalence</a> between these killings and the genocide is a central argument of denial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015250-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012814_fn._102-47">[47]</a> The genocide is documented extensively in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_archives" title="Ottoman archives">Ottoman archives</a>, documents collected by foreign diplomats (including those from neutral countries and Ottoman allies), <a href="/wiki/Witnesses_and_testimonies_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide">eyewitness reports</a> by Armenian survivors and Western missionaries, and the proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_courts-martial_of_1919%E2%80%931920" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish courts-martial of 1919–1920">Ottoman Special Military Tribunals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-evidence-2">[2]</a> Talat Pasha kept <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha%27s_Black_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaat Pasha's Black Book">his own statistical record</a>, which revealed a massive discrepancy between the number of Armenians deported in 1915 and those surviving in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal201551–52-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018a189–190-49">[49]</a> The vast majority of non-Turkish scholars accept the genocide as a historical fact, and an increasing number of Turkish historians are also acknowledging and studying the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-academic_consensus-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> is the minimization of an event established as genocide, either by denying the facts or by denying the intent of the perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-denial-50">[50]</a> Denial was present from the outset as an integral part of the Armenian genocide, which was perpetrated under the guise of resettlement.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mamigonian61-52">[52]</a> Denial emerged because of the Ottoman desire to maintain <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">American neutrality in the war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany in World War I">German financial and military support</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam20183-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_massacre_victims_in_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of dead people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Photo_of_massacre_victims_in_Turkey.jpg/220px-Photo_of_massacre_victims_in_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Photo_of_massacre_victims_in_Turkey.jpg/330px-Photo_of_massacre_victims_in_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Photo_of_massacre_victims_in_Turkey.jpg/440px-Photo_of_massacre_victims_in_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>In the 1916 book The Armenian Aspirations and Revolutionary Movements, many photographs claimed to depict Armenian atrocities against Muslims, such as this one, were published.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></figcaption></figure> In May 1915, Russia, Britain, and France sent a <a href="/wiki/May_1915_Triple_Entente_declaration" title="May 1915 Triple Entente declaration">diplomatic communiqué</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman government</a> condemning the Ottoman "<a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>" and threatening to hold accountable any Ottoman officials who were responsible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016170-55">[55]</a> The Ottoman government denied that massacres of Armenians had occurred, and said that Armenians colluded with the enemy, while asserting that national sovereignty allowed them to take measures against the Armenians. It also alleged that Armenians had massacred Muslims and accused the Allies of committing war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016171–172-56">[56]</a> In early 1916, the Ottoman government published a two-volume work titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Armenian_Aspirations_and_Revolutionary_Movements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Armenian Aspirations and Revolutionary Movements (page does not exist)">The Armenian Aspirations and Revolutionary Movements</a>, denying it had tried to exterminate the Armenian people.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> At the time, little credence was given to such statements internationally,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015229-58">[58]</a> but some Muslims, previously ashamed by crimes against Armenians, changed their mind in response to propaganda about atrocities allegedly committed by Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015248–249-59">[59]</a> The themes of genocide denial that originated during the war were later recycled in Turkey's denial of the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Mamigonian61-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015229-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_nationalist_movement">Turkish nationalist movement</h3></div> The Armenian genocide itself played a key role in the destruction of the Ottoman Empire and the foundation of the Turkish republic.<a href="#cite_note-foundational_violence-5">[5]</a> The destruction of the Christian middle class, and redistribution of their properties, enabled the creation of a new Muslim/Turkish bourgeoisie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011810-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012361–362-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012813-62">[62]</a> There was significant continuity between the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey, and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> was the successor of the Committee of Union and Progress that carried out the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zurcher308-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish nationalist movement">Turkish nationalist movement</a> depended on support from those who had perpetrated the genocide or enriched themselves from it, creating an incentive for silence.<a href="#cite_note-Zurcher316-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Denial and minimization of wartime atrocities was crucial to the formation of a Turkish nationalist consensus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018385–386-67">[67]</a> Following the genocide, many survivors sought an Armenian state in eastern Anatolia; warfare between Turkish nationalists and Armenians was fierce, atrocities being committed on both sides. Later political demands and Armenian killings of Muslims have often been used to retroactively justify the 1915 genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Ekm7-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010376–377-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> granted Armenians a large territory in eastern Anatolia, but this provision was never implemented because of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish invasion of Armenia">Turkish invasion of Armenia</a> in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015340–341-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005101–102-71">[71]</a> Turkish troops conducted massacres of Armenian survivors in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> and killed around 200,000 Armenians following the invasion of the Caucasus and the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>; thus, historian <a href="/wiki/Rouben_Paul_Adalian" title="Rouben Paul Adalian">Rouben Paul Adalian</a> has argued that "<a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal">Mustafa Kemal</a> [the leader of the Turkish nationalist movement] completed what Talaat and Enver had started in 1915."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012818-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018319–320-74">[74]</a> The Ottoman government in Constantinople <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Special_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Special Military Tribunal">held courts-martial</a> of a handful of perpetrators in 1919 to appease Western powers. Even so, the evidence was sabotaged, and many perpetrators were encouraged to escape to the interior. The reality of state-sponsored mass killing was not denied, but many circles of society considered it necessary and justified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011810–811-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek201145–46-76">[76]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">British Foreign Office</a> report stated, "not one Turk in a thousand can conceive that there might be a Turk who deserves to be hanged for the killing of Christians."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012816-77">[77]</a> Kemal repeatedly accused Armenians of plotting the extermination of Muslims in Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010378–380-78">[78]</a> He contrasted the "murderous Armenians" to Turks, portrayed as a completely innocent and oppressed nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010371-79">[79]</a> In 1919, Kemal defended the Ottoman government's policies towards Christians, saying "Whatever has befallen the non-Muslim elements living in our country, is the result of the policies of separatism they pursued in a savage manner, when they allowed themselves to be made tools of foreign intrigues and abused their privileges."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer202079-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZürcher2011312-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Turkey">In Turkey</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes">Causes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talaat_Pasha_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the stone Monument of Liberty in Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Talaat_Pasha_grave.jpg/180px-Talaat_Pasha_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Talaat_Pasha_grave.jpg/270px-Talaat_Pasha_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Talaat_Pasha_grave.jpg/360px-Talaat_Pasha_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Talat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Talat Pasha">Talat Pasha</a>, the architect of the genocide, was buried in 1943 at the <a href="/wiki/Monument_of_Liberty,_Istanbul" title="Monument of Liberty, Istanbul">Monument of Liberty, Istanbul</a>, as a national hero.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018419-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015267-83">[83]</a></figcaption></figure> Historian <a href="/wiki/Erik-Jan_Z%C3%BCrcher" title="Erik-Jan Zürcher">Erik-Jan Zürcher</a> argues that, since the Turkish nationalist movement depended on the support of a broad coalition of actors that benefitted from the genocide, it was impossible to break with the past.<a href="#cite_note-Zurcher316-65">[65]</a> From the founding of the republic, the genocide has been viewed as a necessity and <a href="/wiki/Raison_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Raison d'état">raison d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAybak201614-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xi-85">[85]</a> Many of the main perpetrators, including Talat Pasha, were hailed as national heroes of Turkey; many schools, streets, and mosques are still named after them.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Those convicted and sentenced to death by the postwar tribunal for crimes against Armenians, such as <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet Kemal">Mehmet Kemal</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Behramzade_Nusret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behramzade Nusret (page does not exist)">Behramzade Nusret</a>, were proclaimed national and glorious martyrs and their families were rewarded by the state with confiscated Armenian properties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012816-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011811-87">[87]</a> Turkish historian <a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Taner Akçam</a> states that, "It's not easy for a nation to call its founding fathers murderers and thieves."<a href="#cite_note-Arango-88">[88]</a> Kieser and other historians argue that "the single most important reason for this inability to accept culpability is the centrality of the Armenian massacres for the formation of the Turkish nation-state."<a href="#cite_note-foundational_violence-5">[5]</a> Turkish historian <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_G%C3%BCrp%C4%B1nar" title="Doğan Gürpınar">Doğan Gürpınar</a> says that acknowledging the genocide would bring into question the foundational assumptions of the Turkish nation-state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013420-89">[89]</a> One factor in explaining denial is <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome" title="Sèvres syndrome">Sèvres syndrome</a>, a popular belief that Turkey is besieged by implacable enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilali201329-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b106-91">[91]</a> Despite the unlikelihood that recognition would lead to any territorial changes, many Turkish officials believe that genocide recognition is part of a plot to partition Turkey or extract other <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_reparations" title="Armenian genocide reparations">reparations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b107-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xii-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012799-94">[94]</a> Acknowledgement of the genocide is perceived by the state as a threat to Turkey's <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>, and Turks who do so are seen as traitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xi._"-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2016224–225-96">[96]</a> During his fieldwork in an Anatolian village in the 1980s, anthropologist <a href="/wiki/The_Pedagogical_State" title="The Pedagogical State">Sam Kaplan</a> found that "a visceral fear of Armenians returning ... and reclaiming their lands still gripped local imagination".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_and_concealment_of_evidence">Destruction and concealment of evidence</h3></div> An edict of the Ottoman government banned foreigners from taking photographs of Armenian refugees or the corpses that accumulated on the sides of the roads on which death marches were carried out. Violators were threatened with arrest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2018157-98">[98]</a> Strictly enforced censorship laws prevented Armenian survivors from publishing memoirs, prohibiting "any publication at odds with the general policies of the state".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201813-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZürcher2011316-100">[100]</a> Those who acknowledge the genocide have been prosecuted under laws against "<a href="/wiki/Insulting_Turkishness" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulting Turkishness">insulting Turkishness</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xii-93">[93]</a> Talat Pasha had decreed that "everything must be done to abolish even the word 'Armenia' in Turkey".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016173-101">[101]</a> In the postwar Turkish republic, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_cultural_heritage_in_Turkey" title="Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey">Armenian cultural heritage</a> has been subject to systematic destruction in an attempt to eradicate the Armenian presence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian201565-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016173-101">[101]</a> On 5 January 1916, Enver Pasha ordered all place names of Greek, Armenian, or Bulgarian origin to be changed, a policy <a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical name changes in Turkey">fully implemented in the later republic</a>, continuing into the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass graves">Mass graves</a> of genocide victims have also been destroyed, although many still exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÜngör2014165–166-104">[104]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">1918 armistice</a>, incriminating documents in the Ottoman archives were systematically destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal201554-105">[105]</a> The records of the postwar courts-martial in Constantinople have also disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam20126-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam20188-107">[107]</a> Recognizing that some archival documents supported its position, the Turkish government announced that the archives relevant to the "Armenian question" would be opened in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473-108">[108]</a> According to Turkish historian <a href="/wiki/Halil_Berktay" title="Halil Berktay">Halil Berktay</a>, diplomat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuri_Birgi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuri Birgi (page does not exist)">Nuri Birgi</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharrem_Nuri_Birgi" class="extiw" title="tr:Muharrem Nuri Birgi">tr</a>] conducted a second purge of the archives at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018a205-109">[109]</a> The archives were officially opened in 1989,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473-108">[108]</a> but in practice, some archives remained sealed, and access to other archives was restricted to scholars sympathetic to the official Turkish narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003259-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473–474-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_historiography">Turkish historiography</h3></div> In Mustafa Kemal's 1927 <a href="/wiki/Nutuk" title="Nutuk">Nutuk</a> speech, which was the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist historiography</a>, the tactics of silence and denial are employed to deal with violence against Armenians. As in his other speeches, he presents Turks as innocent of any wrongdoing and as victims of horrific Armenian atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer202082-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek201143–44-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010384–386,_390-114">[114]</a> For decades, Turkish historiography ignored the Armenian genocide. One of the early exceptions was the genocide perpetrator <a href="/wiki/Esat_Uras" title="Esat Uras">Esat Uras</a>, who published The Armenians in History and the Armenian Question in 1950. Uras's book, probably written in response to post–World War II Soviet territorial claims, was a novel synthesis of earlier arguments deployed by the CUP during the war, and linked wartime denial with the "official narrative" on the genocide developed in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201563-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2016219–220-116">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trends_in_official_and_quasi-official_publications_on_the_Armenian_question,_1950%E2%80%932005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph showing the bibliographies on the Armenian question created by Turkish governmental institutions and think tanks in five-year increments from 1950 to 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Trends_in_official_and_quasi-official_publications_on_the_Armenian_question%2C_1950%E2%80%932005.jpg/290px-Trends_in_official_and_quasi-official_publications_on_the_Armenian_question%2C_1950%E2%80%932005.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Trends_in_official_and_quasi-official_publications_on_the_Armenian_question%2C_1950%E2%80%932005.jpg/435px-Trends_in_official_and_quasi-official_publications_on_the_Armenian_question%2C_1950%E2%80%932005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Trends_in_official_and_quasi-official_publications_on_the_Armenian_question%2C_1950%E2%80%932005.jpg/580px-Trends_in_official_and_quasi-official_publications_on_the_Armenian_question%2C_1950%E2%80%932005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Number of official or quasi-official publications on the "Armenian question"</figcaption></figure> In the 1980s, following Armenian efforts for recognition of the genocide and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_diplomats_assassinated_by_Armenian_militant_organisations" title="List of Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations">wave of assassinations by Armenian militants</a>, Turkey began to present an official narrative of the "Armenian question", which it framed as an issue of contemporary terrorism rather than historical genocide. Retired diplomats were recruited to write denialist works, completed without professional methodology or ethical standards and based on cherry-picking archival information favorable to Turks and unfavorable to Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020116–117-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek201144-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayraktar2015802-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)" title="Council of Higher Education (Turkey)">Council of Higher Education</a> was set up in 1981 by the <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Turkish coup">Turkish military junta</a>, and has been instrumental in cementing "an alternative, 'national' scholarship with its own reference system", according to Gürpınar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013423-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473-108">[108]</a> Besides academic research, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkkaya_Ata%C3%B6v" title="Türkkaya Ataöv">Türkkaya Ataöv</a> taught the first university course on the "Armenian question" in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473-108">[108]</a> By the twenty-first century, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a>, known for publications upholding the official position of the Turkish government, had as one of its main functions the countering of genocide claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip2020153-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013421-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015293-123">[123]</a> Around 1990, <a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Taner Akçam</a>, working in Germany, was the first Turkish historian to acknowledge and study the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> During the 1990s, private universities began to be established in Turkey, enabling challenges to state-sponsored views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015468-125">[125]</a> In 2005, academics at three Turkish universities organized <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Armenians_During_the_Decline_of_the_Empire" title="Ottoman Armenians During the Decline of the Empire">an academic conference dealing with the genocide</a>. Scheduled to be held in May 2005, the conference was suspended following a campaign of intimidation, but eventually held in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2009942-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayraktar2015804–805-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013419–420-128">[128]</a> The conference represented the first major challenge to Turkey's founding myths in the public discourse of the country<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013419–420-128">[128]</a> and resulted in the creation of an alternative, non-denialist historiography by elite academics in Istanbul and Ankara, in parallel to an ongoing denialist historiography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013420,_422,_424-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErbal2015786–787-130">[130]</a> Turkish academics who accept and study the genocide as fact have been subjected to death threats and prosecution for insulting Turkishness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2015182-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Western scholars generally ignore the Turkish denialist historiography because they consider its methods unscholarly—especially the selective use of sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek20152._"-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErbal2015786-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> Turkish schools, public or private, are required to use history textbooks approved by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Turkey)">Ministry of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkmekçioğlu2016xii-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek201563–64-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The state uses this monopoly to increase support for the official denialist position,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek201563–64-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b105-139">[139]</a> vilifying Armenians and presenting them as enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAybak201613-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip2020186._"-141">[141]</a> For decades, these textbooks did not mention Armenians as part of Ottoman history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian201564-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2016234-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b104-144">[144]</a> Since the 1980s, textbooks discuss the "events of 1915", but deflect the blame from the Ottoman government to other actors. They accuse imperialist powers of manipulating the Armenians to undermine the empire, and allege that the Armenians committed treason or presented a threat. Some textbooks admit that deportations occurred and Armenians died, but present this action as necessary and justified. Since 2005, textbooks have accused Armenians of perpetrating genocide against Turkish Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2016234-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b104,_116–117-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilali201319–20-146">[146]</a> In 2003, students in each grade level were instructed to write essays refuting the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b115-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_protest_against_Armenian_genocide_claims_in_Istanbul_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of people walking on a street protesting against Armenian claims of genocide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_protest_against_Armenian_genocide_claims_in_Istanbul_1.jpg/240px-A_protest_against_Armenian_genocide_claims_in_Istanbul_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_protest_against_Armenian_genocide_claims_in_Istanbul_1.jpg/360px-A_protest_against_Armenian_genocide_claims_in_Istanbul_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_protest_against_Armenian_genocide_claims_in_Istanbul_1.jpg/480px-A_protest_against_Armenian_genocide_claims_in_Istanbul_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>A protest against <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_recognition" title="Armenian genocide recognition">Armenian genocide recognition</a> on the <a href="/wiki/100th_anniversary_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide">100th anniversary</a> on <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a>, Istanbul</figcaption></figure> For decades, the genocide was a taboo subject in Turkish society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilali201319-148">[148]</a> Göçek states that it is the interaction between state and society that makes denial so persistent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek20154,_10-149">[149]</a> Besides the Turkish state, Turkish intellectuals and civil society have also denied the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErbal201252-150">[150]</a> Turkish fiction dealing with the genocide typically denies it, while claiming the fictional narrative is based on true events.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Noting many people in eastern Turkey have passed down memories of the event, genocide scholar <a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Uğur Ümit Üngör</a> says that "the Turkish government is denying a genocide that its own population remembers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÜngör2014147-152">[152]</a> The Turkish state and most of society have engaged in similar silencing regarding other ethnic persecutions and human rights violations in the Ottoman Empire and Republican Turkey against Greeks, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevis">Alevis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016170-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip202095-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErbal2015785-154">[154]</a> Most Turks support the state's policies with regard to genocide denial. Some admit that massacres occurred but regard them as justified responses to Armenian treachery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirelEriksson20209-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek20151-156">[156]</a> Many still consider Armenians to be a <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ekm7-68">[68]</a> According to Halil Karaveli, "the word [genocide] incites strong, emotional reactions among Turks from all walks of society and of every ideological inclination".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Turkish–Armenian journalist <a href="/wiki/Hrant_Dink" title="Hrant Dink">Hrant Dink</a> was outspoken in his advocacy for facing historical truths to achieve a better society and reconciliation between ethnic groups. He was prosecuted for insulting Turkishness and was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink" title="Assassination of Hrant Dink">assassinated in 2007</a> by a Turkish ultranationalist.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In 2013, a study sampling Turkish university students in the United States found that 65% agreed with the official view that Armenian deaths occurred as a result of "inter-communal warfare" and that another 10% blamed Armenians for causing the violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilali201325,_28-160">[160]</a> A 2014 survey found that only 9% of Turkish citizens thought their government should recognize the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirelEriksson202011-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> Many believe that such an acknowledgement is imposed by Armenians and foreign powers with no benefit to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015477-161">[161]</a> Many Kurds, who themselves have suffered political repression in Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_recognition_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Kurdish recognition of the Armenian genocide">have recognized and condemned the genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2015273–275-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip2020162–163-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> The Islamic conservative <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP) came to power in 2002<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip202060-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018a203–204-165">[165]</a> and took an approach to history that was critical of both the CUP and the <a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">early Republican era</a>. This position initially led to some liberalization and a wider range of views that could be expressed in the public sphere. The AKP presented its approach to the "events of 1915" as an alternative to genocide denial and genocide recognition, by emphasizing shared suffering.<a href="#cite_note-Gurp425-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Over time, and especially since the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup">2016 failed coup</a>, the AKP government became increasingly authoritarian; political repression and censorship has made it more difficult to discuss controversial topics such as the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip202060–61,_84-168">[168]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_genocide_denial&action=edit">[update]</a>, all major political parties in Turkey, except the pro-Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> (HDP), as well as many pro- and anti-government media and civil society organizations, support denial. Both government and opposition parties have strongly opposed genocide recognition in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip202087,_163-169">[169]</a> No Turkish government has admitted what happened to the Armenians was a crime, let alone a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2008121-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2015305-172">[172]</a> On 24 April 2019, president <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> tweeted, "The relocation of the Armenian gangs and their supporters ... was the most reasonable action that could be taken in such a period".<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations_of_Turkey">Foreign relations of Turkey</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_recognition" title="Armenian genocide recognition">Armenian genocide recognition</a></div> Turkish efforts to project its genocide denial overseas date to the 1920s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201562-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016174-175">[175]</a> or, alternately, to the genocide itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005208-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016163–164-177">[177]</a> Turkey's century-long effort to deny the Armenian genocide sets this genocide apart from others in history. According to genocide scholar Roger W. Smith, "In no other instance has a government gone to such extreme lengths to deny that a massive genocide took place."<a href="#cite_note-unique_denial-6">[6]</a> Central to Turkey's ability to deny the genocide and counter its recognition is the country's strategic position in the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> alliance with the West, and membership of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20156-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Aharon2019345-179">[179]</a> Historians have described the role of other countries in enabling Turkey's genocide denial as a form of collusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian201380-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005207-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018a207-182">[182]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923</a>, Turkish representatives repeated the version of Armenian history that had been developed during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016172-183">[183]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> annulled the previous Treaty of Sèvres which had mandated the <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Ottoman_war_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals">prosecution of Ottoman war criminals</a> and the restoration of property to Christian survivors. Instead, Lausanne granted <a href="/wiki/Impunity" title="Impunity">impunity</a> to all perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012812–813-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Turkish military coup">1980 Turkish military coup</a>, Turkey developed more institutionalized ways of countering genocide claims. In 1981, the foreign ministry established a dedicated office (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0stihbarat_ve_Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma_Genel_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İstihbarat ve Araştırma Genel Müdürlüğü (page does not exist)">İAGM</a>) specifically to promote Turkey's view of the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a470–471-186">[186]</a> In 2001, a further centralization created the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Coordinate_the_Struggle_with_the_Baseless_Genocide_Claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee to Coordinate the Struggle with the Baseless Genocide Claims">Committee to Coordinate the Struggle with the Baseless Genocide Claims</a> (ASİMKK). The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Armenian_Research" title="Institute for Armenian Research">Institute for Armenian Research</a>, a think tank which focuses exclusively on the Armenian issue, was created in 2001 following the French Parliament's recognition of the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a477–478-187">[187]</a> ASİMKK disbanded after the <a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017 Turkish constitutional referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-civilnet-188">[188]</a> According to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Levon_Chorbajian" title="Levon Chorbajian">Levon Chorbajian</a>, Turkey's "<a href="/wiki/Modus_operandi" title="Modus operandi">modus operandi</a> remains consistent throughout and seeks maximalist positions, offers no compromise though sometimes hints at it, and employs intimidation and threats."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016178-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20156-178">[178]</a> Motivated by <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">belief in a global Jewish conspiracy</a>, the Turkish foreign ministry has recruited Turkish Jews to participate in denialist efforts. Turkish Jewish leaders helped defeat resolutions recognizing the genocide, and avoid mentioning it at academic conferences and in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust museums">Holocaust museums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer202021,_145-190">[190]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_genocide_denial&action=edit">[update]</a>, Turkey spends millions of dollars each year lobbying against the genocide's recognition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek20152-191">[191]</a> Akçam stated in 2020 that Turkey has definitively lost the information war over the Armenian genocide on both the academic and diplomatic fronts, its official narrative being treated like ordinary <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">denialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-civilnet-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Germany and the Armenian genocide">Germany and the Armenian genocide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ein_Zeugnis_f%C3%BCr_Talaat_Pasha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ein_Zeugnis_f%C3%BCr_Talaat_Pasha.png/170px-Ein_Zeugnis_f%C3%BCr_Talaat_Pasha.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ein_Zeugnis_f%C3%BCr_Talaat_Pasha.png/255px-Ein_Zeugnis_f%C3%BCr_Talaat_Pasha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ein_Zeugnis_f%C3%BCr_Talaat_Pasha.png/340px-Ein_Zeugnis_f%C3%BCr_Talaat_Pasha.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption>"A Tribute for Talaat Pasha" by German general <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Bronsart_von_Schellendorf" title="Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorf">Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorf</a>, published in <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a> on 24 July 1921<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016277–279-192">[192]</a></figcaption></figure> From 1915 to 1918, Germany and the Ottoman Empire undertook "joint propaganda efforts of denial."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser201821-193">[193]</a> German newspapers repeated the Ottoman government's denial of committing atrocities and stories of alleged Armenian treachery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016185-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2011206-195">[195]</a> The government censorship handbook mandated strict limits on speech about Armenians, although penalties for violations were light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2011206–207-196">[196]</a> On 11 January 1916, socialist deputy <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a> raised the issue of the Armenian genocide in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a>, receiving the reply that the Ottoman government "has been forced, due to the seditious machinations of our enemies, to transfer the Armenian population of certain areas, and to assign them new places of residence." Laughter interrupted Liebknecht's follow-up questions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2011210-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016150–151-198">[198]</a> During the 1921 trial of <a href="/wiki/Soghomon_Tehlirian" title="Soghomon Tehlirian">Soghomon Tehlirian</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Talat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Talat Pasha">assassination of Talat Pasha</a>, so much evidence was revealed that denial became untenable. German nationalists instead portrayed what they acknowledged as the intentional extermination of the Armenian people as justified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016293-199">[199]</a> In March 2006, Turkish nationalist groups organized two rallies in Berlin intended to commemorate "the murder of Talat Pasha" and protest "the lie of genocide." German politicians criticized the march, and turnout was low.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> voted to recognize the Armenian genocide in 2016, Turkish media harshly criticized the resolution and eleven deputies of <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turkish origin</a> received police protection because of death threats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip202097,_163-201">[201]</a> Germany's large Turkish community has been cited as a reason why the government hesitated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Aharon2019343-202">[202]</a> and Turkish organizations lobbied against the resolution and organized demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="United States recognition of the Armenian genocide">United States recognition of the Armenian genocide</a></div> Historian <a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Donald Bloxham</a> states that, "In a very real sense, 'genocide denial' was accepted and furthered by the United States government before the term genocide had even been coined."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham200644-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuciyan201585-205">[205]</a> In interwar Turkey, prominent American diplomats like <a href="/wiki/Mark_L._Bristol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark L. Bristol">Mark L. Bristol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grew" title="Joseph Grew">Joseph Grew</a> endorsed the Turkish nationalist view that the Armenian genocide was a war against the forces of imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuciyan201585-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham200641-206">[206]</a> In 1922, before receiving the <a href="/wiki/Chester_concession" title="Chester concession">Chester concession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colby_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Colby Chester">Colby Chester</a> argued that Christians of Anatolia were not massacred; his writing exhibited many of the themes of later genocide denial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016175-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham200642-208">[208]</a> In the 1930s, the Turkish embassy <a href="/wiki/The_Forty_Days_of_Musa_Dagh#Objections_and_obstructions_of_initial_attempts" title="The Forty Days of Musa Dagh">scuttled a planned film adaptation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a>'s popular novel <a href="/wiki/The_Forty_Days_of_Musa_Dagh" title="The Forty Days of Musa Dagh">The Forty Days of Musa Dagh</a> by the American company <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a>, threatening a boycott of American films. Turkish embassies, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a>, shot down attempts to revive the film in the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham200644-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016177–178-209">[209]</a> Turkey began political lobbying around 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Mamigonian2013-210">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Elekda%C4%9F" title="Şükrü Elekdağ">Şükrü Elekdağ</a>, Turkish ambassador to the United States from 1979 to 1989, worked aggressively to counter the trend of Armenian genocide recognition by courting academics, business interests, and Jewish groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a474-211">[211]</a> Committee members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> reported Elekdağ told them that the safety of Jews in Turkey was not guaranteed if the museum covered the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020124-212">[212]</a> Under his tenure, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Turkish_Studies" title="Institute of Turkish Studies">Institute of Turkish Studies</a> (ITS) was set up, funded by $3 million from Turkey, and the country spent $1 million annually on <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a474-211">[211]</a> In 2000, Elekdağ complained ITS had "lost its function and its effectiveness."<a href="#cite_note-Mamigonian2013-210">[210]</a> Turkey threatened to cut off the United States' access to key air bases in Turkey, were it to recognize the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20156-178">[178]</a> In 2007, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congressional</a> resolution for genocide recognition failed because of Turkish pressure. Opponents of the bill said a genocide had taken place, but argued against formal recognition to preserve good relations with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201566-213">[213]</a> Each year since 1994, the United States president has issued a commemorative message on 24 April. Turkey has sometimes made concessions to keep the president from using the word "genocide".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek20152-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> In 2019, both houses of Congress passed resolutions formally recognizing the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Aharon2019345-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020296-215">[215]</a> On 24 April 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Remembrance_Day" title="Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day">Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> referred to the events as "genocide" in a statement released by the White House.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> Human rights lawyer <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson" title="Geoffrey Robertson">Geoffrey Robertson</a> charged that around 2000, "genocide denial had entrenched itself in the Eastern Department [of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> (FCO)] ... to such an extent that it was briefing ministers with a bare-faced disregard for readily ascertainable facts", such as its own records from the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson201675–76,_81-217">[217]</a> In 2006, in response to a debate initiated by MP <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Pound">Steven Pound</a>, a representative of the FCO said the United Kingdom did not recognize the genocide because "the evidence is not sufficiently unequivocal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson201677-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Israel–Turkey relations">Israel–Turkey relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Israel relations">Azerbaijan–Israel relations</a></div> According to historians <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%B1fat_Bali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rıfat Bali (page does not exist)">Rıfat Bali</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%B1fat_Bali" class="extiw" title="de:Rıfat Bali">de</a>; <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%B1fat_Bali" class="extiw" title="tr:Rıfat Bali">tr</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Marc_David_Baer" title="Marc David Baer">Marc David Baer</a>, Armenian genocide denial was the most important factor in the normalization of <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Israel–Turkey relations">Israel–Turkey relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020145-219">[219]</a> The 1982 <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_the_Holocaust_and_Genocide" title="International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide">International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide</a>, which took place in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, included six presentations on the Armenian genocide. Turkey threatened that if the conference was held, it would close its borders to Jewish refugees from Iran and Syria, putting their lives in danger. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Foreign Ministry">Israeli Foreign Ministry</a> joined the ultimately unsuccessful effort to cancel the conference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Aharon2015646–648-220">[220]</a> In April 2001, a Turkish newspaper quoted foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> as saying, "We reject attempts to create a similarity between <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and the Armenian allegations. Nothing similar to the Holocaust occurred. It is a tragedy what the Armenians went through, but not a genocide."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003124-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Aharon2015638-222">[222]</a> According to Charny and Auron, this statement crossed the line into active denial of the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003128-223">[223]</a> Scholar Eldad Ben Aharon considers that Peres simply made explicit what had been Israel's policy since 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Aharon2015638-222">[222]</a> Israel–Turkey relations deteriorated in the late 2010s, but Israel's relations with Azerbaijan are close and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Israel_International_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azerbaijan–Israel International Association (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan–Israel International Association</a> has lobbied against recognition of the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Aharon2019366–367,_369-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denialism_in_academia">Denialism in academia</h2></div> Until the twenty-first century, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_studies" title="Ottoman studies">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish studies">Turkish studies</a> marginalized the killings of Armenians, which many academics portrayed as a wartime measure justified by emergency and avoided discussing in depth. These fields have long enjoyed close institutional links with the Turkish state. Statements by these academics were cited to further the Turkish denial agenda.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Historians who recognized the genocide feared professional retaliation for expressing their views.<a href="#cite_note-Watenpaugh-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-jadaliyya-227">[227]</a> The methodology of denial has been compared to the tactics of the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">tobacco industry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming denial">global warming denial</a>: funding of biased research, creating a smokescreen of doubt, and thereby <a href="/wiki/Manufactured_controversy" title="Manufactured controversy">manufacturing a controversy</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020208-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201563–64-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron20039–10-230">[230]</a> where there is no genuine academic dispute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2008241-231">[231]</a> Beginning in the 1980s, the Turkish government has funded research institutes to prevent recognition of the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020129-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron200347-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mamigonian2013-210">[210]</a> On 19 May 1985, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> ran an advertisement from the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Turkish_American_Associations" title="Assembly of Turkish American Associations">Assembly of Turkish American Associations</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201567-234">[234]</a> in which 69 academics—most of the professors of Ottoman history working in the United States at the time—called on Congress not to adopt the resolution on the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenstat201424–25-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020xi-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003226–227-237">[237]</a> Many of the signatories received research grants funded by the Turkish government, and a majority were not specialists on the late Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Hovanisian224-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Psychological_Satisfaction_of_Denials-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heath_Lowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath Lowry">Heath Lowry</a>, director of the Institute of Turkish Studies, helped secure the signatures; for his efforts, Lowry received the Foundation for the Promotion and Recognition of Turkey Prize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020130-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003226–227-237">[237]</a> Over the next decade, Turkey funded six chairs of Ottoman and Turkish studies to counter recognition of the genocide; Lowry was appointed to one of the chairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020130-240">[240]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Keith_David_Watenpaugh" title="Keith David Watenpaugh">Keith David Watenpaugh</a>, the resolution had "a terrible and lasting influence on the rising generation of scholars."<a href="#cite_note-Watenpaugh-226">[226]</a> In 2000, Elekdağ admitted the statement had become useless because none of the original signatories besides <a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(American_historian)" title="Justin McCarthy (American historian)">Justin McCarthy</a> would agree to sign another, similar declaration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201567-234">[234]</a> More recent academic denialism in the United States has focused on an alleged Armenian uprising, said to justify the persecution of Armenians as a legitimate <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015375-241">[241]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> opened its "Turkish Studies Project", funded by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Coalition_of_America" title="Turkish Coalition of America">Turkish Coalition of America</a> (TCA) and led by <a href="/wiki/M._Hakan_Yavuz" title="M. Hakan Yavuz">M. Hakan Yavuz</a>, with Elekdağ on the advisory board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015234-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201567-234">[234]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a> has published several books denying the genocide,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015375-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015234-242">[242]</a> beginning with <a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Guenter Lewy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Armenian_Massacres_in_Ottoman_Turkey" title="The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey">The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey</a> (2006). Lewy's book had been rejected by eleven publishers and, according to Marc Mamigonian, became "one of the key texts of modern denial".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015232-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201568-244">[244]</a> TCA has also provided financial support to several authors including McCarthy, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gunter" title="Michael Gunter">Michael Gunter</a>, Yücel Güçlü, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Erickson" title="Edward J. Erickson">Edward J. Erickson</a> for writing books that deny the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015234-242">[242]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a>, of recent deniers in academia, almost all have connections to Turkey and those with Turkish citizenship have all worked for the Turkish foreign ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015243-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_integrity_controversies">Academic integrity controversies</h3></div> Many scholars consider it unethical for academics to deny the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-jadaliyya-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Beyond that, there have been several controversies about <a href="/wiki/Academic_integrity" title="Academic integrity">academic integrity</a> relating to denial of the genocide. In 1990, psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Robert Jay Lifton</a> received a letter from <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCzhet_Kandemir" title="Nüzhet Kandemir">Nüzhet Kandemir</a>, Turkish ambassador to the United States, questioning references to the Armenian genocide in one of Lifton's books. The ambassador inadvertently included a draft of a letter from Lowry advising the ambassador on how to prevent mention of the Armenian genocide in scholarly works. Lowry was later named Atatürk Professor of Ottoman Studies at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, which the Turkish government had endowed with a $750,000 grant. His actions were described as "subversion of scholarship";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_''et_al.''19952,_''passim''-247">[247]</a> he later said it was a mistake to have written the letter.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In 2006, Ottomanist historian <a href="/wiki/Donald_Quataert" title="Donald Quataert">Donald Quataert</a>—one of the 69 signatories of the 1985 statement to the United States Congress<a href="#cite_note-Erbal784-249">[249]</a>—reviewed <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game_of_Genocide" title="The Great Game of Genocide">The Great Game of Genocide</a>, a book about the Armenian genocide, agreeing that "genocide" was the right word to use;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert2006251–252-250">[250]</a> the article challenged what Quataert termed "the Ottomanist <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wall_of_silence" class="extiw" title="wikt:wall of silence">wall of silence</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert2006250-251">[251]</a> on the issue.<a href="#cite_note-Erbal784-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gutman168-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenstat201425-253">[253]</a> Weeks later, he resigned as chairman of the board of directors of the Institute of Turkish Studies after Turkish officials threatened that if he did not retract his statements, the institute's funding would be withdrawn. Several members of the board resigned and both the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Studies_Association" title="Middle East Studies Association">Middle East Studies Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Studies_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Studies Association">Turkish Studies Association</a> criticized the violation of Quataert's <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Erbal784-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gutman168-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenstat201425–26-254">[254]</a> In a lecture he delivered in June 2011, Akçam stated that a Turkish foreign ministry official told him that the Turkish government was offering money to academics in the United States for denial of the genocide, noting the coincidence between what his source said and Gunter's book Armenian History and the Question of Genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Asbarez-255">[255]</a> Hovannisian believes that books denying the genocide are published because of flaws in <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> leading to "a strong linkage among several mutually sympathetic reviewers" without submitting the books to academics who would point out errors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015244-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examination_of_claims">Examination of claims</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></div> The official Turkish view is based on the belief that the Armenian genocide was a legitimate state action and therefore cannot be challenged on legal or moral grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012451-257">[257]</a> Publications from this point of view share many of the basic facts with non-denialist histories, but differ in their interpretation and emphases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015xii-258">[258]</a> In line with the CUP's justification of its actions, denialist works portray Armenians as an existential threat to the empire in a time of war, while rejecting the CUP's intent to exterminate the Armenian people. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Ronald Grigor Suny</a> summarizes the main denialist argument as, "There was no genocide, and the Armenians were to blame for it."<a href="#cite_note-Sunyintro-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016167-259">[259]</a> Denialist works portray Armenians as terrorists and secessionists,<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> shifting the blame from the CUP to the Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201572-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015243–244-262">[262]</a> According to this logic, the deportations of Armenian civilians was a justified and proportionate response to Armenian treachery, either real or as perceived by the Ottoman authorities.<a href="#cite_note-HovannisianErickson-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2009941-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014209-265">[265]</a> Proponents cite the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">military necessity</a> and attribute <a href="/wiki/Collective_guilt" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective guilt">collective guilt</a> to all Armenians for the military resistance of some, despite the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">law of war</a> criminalizes the deliberate killing of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Deaths are blamed on factors beyond the control of the Ottoman authorities, such as weather, disease, or rogue local officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2001801-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015231-269">[269]</a> The role of the Special Organization is denied<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2008128–131-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012410–423-271">[271]</a> and massacres are instead blamed on Kurds,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011810-60">[60]</a> "brigands", and "armed gangs" that supposedly operated outside the control of the central government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012417-272">[272]</a> Other arguments include: <ul><li>That there was a "<a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>" or generalized Armenian uprising planned by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (ARF) in collusion with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014208.-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003276-274">[274]</a> Neither Ottoman archives nor other sources support this hypothesis, as admitted by one proponent of this theory, Edward Erickson.<a href="#cite_note-HovannisianErickson-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-civil_war-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018237-276">[276]</a></li> <li>That the number of Armenians who died was 300,000 or fewer, perhaps no more than 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2001803–804-277">[277]</a> Bloxham sees this as part of a more general theme of deliberately understating the Armenian presence in the Ottoman Empire to undermine any demands for autonomy or independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005208–209-278">[278]</a></li> <li>That certain groups of Armenians were spared, which proponents argue proves there was no systematic effort to exterminate the Armenian people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012399-279">[279]</a> Some have falsely claimed that Catholic and Protestant Armenians and the families of Armenian soldiers serving in the Ottoman Army were not deported.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012374–377-280">[280]</a> The survival of the Armenians of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> and Constantinople—planned by the CUP but only partially carried out because of German pressure—is also cited to deny that the CUP leadership had genocidal intent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012399–400,_407,_409-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003275-282">[282]</a></li> <li>False assertions that the Ottoman rulers took actions to safeguard Armenian lives and property during their deportation, and prosecuted 1,397 people for harming Armenians during the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015238-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012373-284">[284]</a></li> <li>That many of the sources cited by historians of the genocide are unreliable or forged, including the accounts of Armenian survivors and Western diplomats<a href="#cite_note-evidence-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akcam11-285">[285]</a> and the records of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_courts-martial_of_1919%E2%80%931920" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish courts-martial of 1919–1920">Ottoman Special Military Tribunal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2008113,_126–128-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201810–11-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELattanzi201888–89-288">[288]</a> to the point that the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministerial_Ottoman_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministerial Ottoman Archive">Prime Ministerial Ottoman Archive</a> is considered the only reliable source.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xxii-289">[289]</a></li> <li>The assertion that Turks are incapable of committing genocide, an argument often supported by exaggerated claims of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Ottoman and Turkish benevolence towards Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer20201–2,_183–185,_293-290">[290]</a> At an official ceremony to commemorate the Holocaust in 2014, Turkish foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu" title="Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu">Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu</a> claimed that, in contrast to Christian Europe, "There is no trace of genocide in our history."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer20201,_207–208-291">[291]</a> During a visit to Sudan in 2006, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> denied there had been a <a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a> because "a Muslim cannot commit genocide".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014208-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a></li> <li>That claims of genocide stem from a prejudiced, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Turkish">anti-Turkish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> worldview.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015234-242">[242]</a></li> <li>At the extreme end of denialist claims is that it is not Turks who committed genocide against Armenians but vice versa, as articulated by the <a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum" title="Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum">Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Igdir-1">[1]</a></li></ul> Denial of the Armenian genocide is compared frequently to <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> because of similar tactics of misrepresenting evidence, false equivalence, claiming that atrocities were invented by <a href="/wiki/War_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="War propaganda">war propaganda</a> and that powerful lobbies manufacture genocide allegations for their own profit, subsuming one-sided systematic extermination into war deaths, and shifting blame from the perpetrators to the victims of genocide. Both forms of <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">negationism</a> share the goal of rehabilitating the ideologies which brought genocide about.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005208-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2008133-294">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2></div> According to former <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) judge <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Lattanzi" title="Flavia Lattanzi">Flavia Lattanzi</a>, the present Turkish government's "denial of past Ottoman and Turkish authorities' wrongdoings is a new violation of international law".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELattanzi2018100-295">[295]</a> Some European countries have adopted laws to criminalize denial of the genocide;<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> such laws are controversial, opponents arguing that they erode <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtür20192–3-297">[297]</a> In 1993, French newspapers printed several interviews with British-American historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> in which he argued there was no Armenian genocide because the Armenians brought their fate upon themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020140–141-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003228-299">[299]</a> A French state prosecutor brought criminal proceedings against him for these statements under the <a href="/wiki/Gayssot_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayssot Law">Gayssot Law</a>. The prosecution failed, as the court determined that the law did not apply to events before World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003228–229-300">[300]</a> In a 1995 civil proceeding brought by three Armenian genocide survivors, a French court censured Lewis' remarks under Article 1382 of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of France">Civil Code</a> and fined him one franc, and ordering the publication of the judgment at Lewis' cost in <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. The court ruled that while Lewis has the right to his views, their expression harmed a third party and that "it is only by hiding elements which go against his thesis that the defendant was able to state there was no 'serious proof' of the Armenian Genocide".<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020141-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003230-303">[303]</a> In March 2007, a Swiss court found <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a>, a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talat_Pasha_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talat Pasha Committee (page does not exist)">Talat Pasha Committee</a> (named after the main perpetrator of the genocide),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtür20195–6-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-Belavusau-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201822–23-306">[306]</a> guilty under the Swiss law that outlawed genocide denial. Perinçek appealed; in December,<a href="#cite_note-:0-307">[307]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Swiss Supreme Court</a> confirmed his sentence.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-307">[307]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> (ECtHR) overturned the verdict in <a href="/wiki/Perin%C3%A7ek_v._Switzerland" title="Perinçek v. Switzerland">Perinçek v. Switzerland</a> on freedom of speech grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Belavusau2016-309">[309]</a> Since the ECtHR has ruled that member states may criminalize Holocaust denial, the verdict has been criticized for creating a <a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">double standard</a> between the Holocaust and other genocides, along with failure to acknowledge <a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Armenianism">anti-Armenianism</a> as a motivation for genocide denial.<a href="#cite_note-Belavusau-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Although the court did not rule on whether the events of 1915 constituted genocide, several <a href="/wiki/Separate_opinion" title="Separate opinion">separate opinions</a> recognized the genocide as a historical fact.<a href="#cite_note-Belavusau2016-309">[309]</a> Perinçek misrepresented the verdict by saying, "We put an end to the genocide lie."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtür20198-312">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%C3%A7ocuk_cenaze_t%C3%B6reni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a funeral procession for a baby killed in the Şırnak clashes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%C3%A7ocuk_cenaze_t%C3%B6reni.jpg/220px-%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%C3%A7ocuk_cenaze_t%C3%B6reni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%C3%A7ocuk_cenaze_t%C3%B6reni.jpg/330px-%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%C3%A7ocuk_cenaze_t%C3%B6reni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%C3%A7ocuk_cenaze_t%C3%B6reni.jpg/440px-%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%C3%A7ocuk_cenaze_t%C3%B6reni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Funeral of a baby killed in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_clashes_(2015%E2%80%9316)" class="mw-redirect" title="Şırnak clashes (2015–16)">Şırnak clashes</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> Kieser, Göçek, and Cheterian state that ongoing denial prevents Turkey from achieving a full democracy including <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, and that this denial fosters state repression of minority groups in Turkey, especially Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> Akçam says that genocide denial "rationaliz[es] the violent persecution of religious and ethnic minorities" and desensitizes the population to future episodes of <a href="/wiki/Mass_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass violence">mass violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xxvi–xxvii-314">[314]</a> Until the Turkish state acknowledges genocide, he argues, "there is a potential there, always, that it can do it again".<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vicken_Cheterian" title="Vicken Cheterian">Vicken Cheterian</a> says that genocide denial "pollutes the <a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">political culture</a> of entire societies, where violence and threats become part of a political exercise degrading basic rights and democratic practice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b899-316">[316]</a> When recognizing the Armenian genocide in April 2015, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> added, "concealing or denying evil is like allowing a wound to keep bleeding without bandaging it".<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> Denial has also affected Armenians, particularly those who live in Turkey. Historian Talin Suciyan states that the Armenian genocide and its denial "led to a series of other policies that perpetuated the process by liquidating their properties, silencing and marginalising the survivors, and normalising all forms of violence against them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuciyan201516-318">[318]</a> According to an article in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Aggression,_Maltreatment_%26_Trauma" title="Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma">Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma</a>, "[d]enial prevents healing of the wounds inflicted by genocide, and constitutes an attack on the collective identity and national cultural continuity of the victimized people".<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> Göçek argues "the lack of acknowledgement literally prevents the wounds opened by past violence to ever heal".<a href="#cite_note-Gocek-320">[320]</a> The activities of Armenian militant groups in the 1970s and 1980s, like the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Commandos_of_the_Armenian_Genocide" title="Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide">Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide</a>, was caused partly by the failure of peaceful efforts to elicit Turkish acknowledgement of the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2015127–128-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2018110-322">[322]</a> Some historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Ihrig" title="Stefan Ihrig">Stefan Ihrig</a>, have argued that impunity for the perpetrators of the Armenian genocide, as well as silence or justification from bystanders of the crime, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">emboldened</a> the perpetrators of the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016353–354-323">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Aharon2019343-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Armenia–Turkey relations">Armenia–Turkey relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_relations" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan relations">Armenia–Azerbaijan relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_Humanity_by_Mehmet_Aksoy_in_Kars,_Turkey_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Monument_to_Humanity_by_Mehmet_Aksoy_in_Kars%2C_Turkey_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Monument_to_Humanity_by_Mehmet_Aksoy_in_Kars%2C_Turkey_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Monument_to_Humanity_by_Mehmet_Aksoy_in_Kars%2C_Turkey_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Monument_to_Humanity_by_Mehmet_Aksoy_in_Kars%2C_Turkey_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Monument_to_Humanity_by_Mehmet_Aksoy_in_Kars%2C_Turkey_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Monument_to_Humanity_by_Mehmet_Aksoy_in_Kars%2C_Turkey_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="1115" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Humanity" title="Monument to Humanity">Monument to Humanity</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Aksoy_(sculptor)" title="Mehmet Aksoy (sculptor)">Mehmet Aksoy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kars,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars, Turkey">Kars, Turkey</a>. Intended to commemorate all war victims, it was erected without input from the Armenian community.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a></figcaption></figure> Turkey closed its border with Armenia in 1993, following the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> between Armenia and Turkic-speaking Azerbaijan. The closed border harms the economies of Armenia and eastern Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek20152-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> Although Armenia was willing to normalize relations without preconditions, Turkey demanded that the Armenian side abandon all support for the recognition efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b892-326">[326]</a> There have been two major attempts at Turkish-Armenian reconciliation—the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armenian_Reconciliation_Commission" title="Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission">Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission</a> (2000–2004) and the <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Protocols" title="Zurich Protocols">Zurich Protocols</a> (2009)—both of which failed partly because of the controversy over the Armenian genocide. In both cases, the mediators did their best to sideline historical disputes, which proved impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2018211-327">[327]</a> Armenian diaspora groups opposed both initiatives and especially a historical commission to investigate what they considered established facts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2015212,_229–230-328">[328]</a> Bloxham asserts that since "denial has always been accompanied by rhetoric of Armenian treachery, aggression, criminality, and territorial ambition, it actually enunciates an ongoing if latent threat of Turkish 'revenge'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005234-329">[329]</a> Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a>, Azerbaijan has adopted Turkey's genocide denial and worked to promote it internationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Aharon2019346–347-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b886-331">[331]</a> The Armenian genocide is also widely denied by Azerbaijani civil society.<a href="#cite_note-Sanjian-332">[332]</a> Many Armenians saw a connection between the genocide and later anti-Armenian violence like the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" title="Sumgait pogrom">Sumgait pogrom</a>, though the connection between the Karabakh conflict and the Armenian genocide is mostly made by Azerbaijani elites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b887-333">[333]</a> Azerbaijani nationalists accused Armenians of staging the Sumgait pogrom and other anti-Armenian pogroms, similar to the Turkish discourse on the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b893–894-334">[334]</a> Azerbaijan state propaganda claims that the Armenians have perpetrated a genocide against <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azeris</a> over two centuries, a genocide that includes the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> (1813), the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> (1828), <a href="/wiki/Baku_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku Commune">Baku Commune</a>, the January 1990 <a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">deployment of Soviet troops to Baku</a> (following the <a href="/wiki/Baku_pogrom" title="Baku pogrom">massacres of Armenians in Baku</a>), and especially the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Khojali_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojali massacre">Khojali massacre</a>. According to this propaganda, Armenians committed "the real genocide" and are accused of killing or deporting as many as 2 million Azeris throughout this period.<a href="#cite_note-Sanjian-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b895–896-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel201057–58-336">[336]</a> Following Azerbaijan, Turkey and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a> have lobbied for recognition of the Khojali massacre as a genocide to downplay the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel201059–60-337">[337]</a> Azerbaijan sees any country that recognizes the Armenian genocide as an enemy and has even threatened sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b898–899-338">[338]</a> Cheterian argues that the "unresolved historic legacy of the 1915 genocide" helped cause the Karabakh conflict and prevent its resolution, while "the ultimate crime itself continues to serve simultaneously as a model and as a threat, as well as a source of existential fear".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b887-333">[333]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Igdir-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Igdir_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Igdir_1-1">b</a> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarchandPerrier2015" class="citation book cs1">Marchand, Laure; Perrier, Guillaume (2015). Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide. <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's Press">McGill-Queen's Press</a>. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9720-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-9720-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Iğdır genocide monument is the ultimate caricature of the Turkish government's policy of denying the 1915 genocide by rewriting history and transforming victims into guilty parties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+and+the+Armenian+Ghost%3A+On+the+Trail+of+the+Genocide&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-9720-4&rft.aulast=Marchand&rft.aufirst=Laure&rft.au=Perrier%2C+Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2001">Hovannisian 2001</a>, p. 803. "... the unbending attitude of the Ankara government, in 1995 of a multi-volume work of the prime ministry's state archives titled Armenian Atrocities in the Caucasus and Anatolia According to Archival Documents. The purpose of the publication is not only to reiterate all previous denials but also to demonstrate that it was in fact the Turkish people who were the victims of a genocide perpetrated by the Armenians."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCheterian2015">Cheterian 2015</a>, pp. 65–66. "Some of the proponents of this official narrative have even gone so far as to claim that the Armenians were the real aggressors, and that Muslim losses were greater than those of the Armenians."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2016">Gürpınar 2016</a>, p. 234. "Maintaining that 'the best defence is a good offence', the new strategy involved accusing Armenians in response for perpetrating genocide against the Turks. The violence committed by the Armenian committees under the Russian occupation of Eastern Anatolia and massacring of tens of thousands of Muslims (Turks and Kurds) in revenge killings in 1916–17 was extravagantly displayed, magnified and decontextualized."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-evidence-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDadrian2003">Dadrian 2003</a>, pp. 270–271; <a href="#CITEREFChorbajian2016">Chorbajian 2016</a>, p. 168; <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFIhrig2016">Ihrig 2016</a>, pp. 10–11. "While some have gone to great lengths to 'prove" that similar American reports are not credible, especially the memoirs of American ambassador Henry Morgenthau Sr., and allege that, of course, the Entente countries produced only war propaganda, nothing of the sort can be said about the German sources ... After all, they were already afraid of the very negative repercussions these events would have for Germany during and after the war. What reason could they possibly have had to forge such potentially self-incriminating reports, almost on a daily basis, for months?"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2016">Gürpınar 2016</a>, p. 234. "Contrary to the 'selected naivety' of the first part of the 'Turkish thesis', here, a 'deliberate ignorance' is essential. Armenian 'counter-evidence' such as highly comprehensive and also poignant consular reports and dispatches are to be omitted and dismissed as sheer propaganda without responding to the question of why the diplomats falsified the truth."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018a">Cheterian 2018a</a>, p. 189. "As the deportations and the massacres were taking place, representatives of global powers, diplomats, scholars, and eyewitnesses were also documenting them, and all parties knew that those events were organized by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) with the aim to exterminate Ottoman Armenians ..."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-academic_consensus-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academic_consensus_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-academic_consensus_3-1">b</a> Academic consensus: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxham2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/determinants-armenian-genocide-donald-bloxham/e/10.4324/9780203786994-3">"Determinants of the Armenian Genocide"</a>. Looking Backward, Moving Forward. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 23–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203786994-3">10.4324/9780203786994-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-78699-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-78699-4"><bdi>978-0-203-78699-4</bdi></a>. <q>Despite growing scholarly consensus on the fact of the Armenian Genocide ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=Looking+Backward%2C+Moving+Forward&rft.pages=23-50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203786994-3&rft.isbn=978-0-203-78699-4&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fdeterminants-armenian-genocide-donald-bloxham%2Fe%2F10.4324%2F9780203786994-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSuny2009">Suny 2009</a>, p. 935. "Overwhelmingly, since 2000, publications by non-Armenian academic historians, political scientists, and sociologists ... have seen 1915 as one of the classic cases of ethnic cleansing and genocide. And, even more significantly, they have been joined by a number of scholars in Turkey or of Turkish ancestry ..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 1. "The Western scholarly community is almost in full agreement that what happened to the forcefully deported Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire in 1915 was genocide ..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSmith2015">Smith 2015</a>, p. 5. "Virtually all American scholars recognize the [Armenian] genocide ..."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaycock2016" class="citation journal cs1">Laycock, Jo (2016). "The Great Catastrophe". <a href="/wiki/Patterns_of_Prejudice" title="Patterns of Prejudice">Patterns of Prejudice</a>. 50 (3): 311–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2016.1195548">10.1080/0031322X.2016.1195548</a>. <q>... important developments in the historical research on the genocide over the last fifteen years ... have left no room for doubt that the treatment of the Ottoman Armenians constituted genocide according to the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=The+Great+Catastrophe&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-313&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2016.1195548&rft.aulast=Laycock&rft.aufirst=Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasbarianÖktem2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kasbarian, Sossie; <a href="/wiki/Kerem_%C3%96ktem" title="Kerem Öktem">Öktem, Kerem</a> (2016). "One Hundred Years Later: the Personal, the Political and the Historical in Four New Books on the Armenian Genocide". Caucasus Survey. 4 (1): 92–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23761199.2015.1129787">10.1080/23761199.2015.1129787</a>. <q>... the denialist position has been largely discredited in the international academy. Recent scholarship has overwhelmingly validated the Armenian Genocide ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caucasus+Survey&rft.atitle=One+Hundred+Years+Later%3A+the+Personal%2C+the+Political+and+the+Historical+in+Four+New+Books+on+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92-104&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23761199.2015.1129787&rft.aulast=Kasbarian&rft.aufirst=Sossie&rft.au=%C3%96ktem%2C+Kerem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116221446/https://www.civilnet.am/news/2020/07/09/Taner-Ak%C3%A7am-T%C3%BCrkiye%E2%80%99nin-soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m-konusunda-her-bak%C4%B1mdan-izole-oldu%C4%9Funu-s%C3%B6yleyebiliriz/389527">"Taner Akçam: Türkiye'nin, soykırım konusunda her bakımdan izole olduğunu söyleyebiliriz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CivilNet" class="mw-redirect" title="CivilNet">CivilNet</a> (in Turkish). 9 July 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilnet.am/news/2020/07/09/Taner-Ak%C3%A7am-T%C3%BCrkiye%E2%80%99nin-soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m-konusunda-her-bak%C4%B1mdan-izole-oldu%C4%9Funu-s%C3%B6yleyebiliriz/389527">the original</a> on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CivilNet&rft.atitle=Taner+Ak%C3%A7am%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin%2C+soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m+konusunda+her+bak%C4%B1mdan+izole+oldu%C4%9Funu+s%C3%B6yleyebiliriz&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilnet.am%2Fnews%2F2020%2F07%2F09%2FTaner-Ak%25C3%25A7am-T%25C3%25BCrkiye%25E2%2580%2599nin-soyk%25C4%25B1r%25C4%25B1m-konusunda-her-bak%25C4%25B1mdan-izole-oldu%25C4%259Funu-s%25C3%25B6yleyebiliriz%2F389527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunyintro-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sunyintro_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunyintro_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. xii–xiii. "The Turkish state and those few historians who reject the notion of genocide have argued that the tragedy was the result of a reasonable and understandable response of a government to a rebellious and seditious population in time of war and mortal danger to the state's survival ... There was no genocide, and the Armenians were to blame for it. They were rebellious, seditious subjects who presented a danger to the empire and got what they deserved ... Still—the denialists claim—despite the existential threat posed by the Armenians and their Russian allies to the survival of the empire, there was no intention or effort by the Young Turk regime to eliminate the Armenians as a people." </li> <li id="cite_note-foundational_violence-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foundational_violence_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundational_violence_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundational_violence_5-2">c</a> Foundational violence: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBloxham2005">Bloxham 2005</a>, p. 111. "The Armenian genocide provided the emblematic and central violence of Ottoman Turkey's transition into a modernizing nation state. The genocide and accompanying expropriations were intrinsic to the development of the Turkish Republic in the form in which it appeared in 1924."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKévorkian2011">Kévorkian 2011</a>, p. 810. "This chapter of the history treated here [the trials] clearly illustrates the incapacity of the great majority to consider these acts punishable crimes; it confronts us with a self-justifying discourse that persists in our own day, a kind of denial of the "original sin," the act that gave birth to the Turkish nation, regenerated and re-centered in a purified space."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 19. "... what makes 1915–17 genocidal both then and since is, I argue, closely connected to its being a foundational violence in the constitution of the Turkish republic ... the independence of Turkey emerged in direct opposition to the possible independence of Armenia; such coeval origins eliminated the possibility of acknowledging the past violence that had taken place only a couple years earlier on the one hand, and instead nurtured the tendency to systemically remove traces of Armenian existence on the other."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. 349, 365. "The Armenian Genocide was a central event in the last stages of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the foundational crime that along with the ethnic cleansing and population exchanges of the Anatolian Greeks made possible the formation of an ethnonational Turkish republic ... The connection between ethnic cleansing or genocide and the legitimacy of the national state underlies the desperate efforts to deny or distort the history of the nation and the state's genesis."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieserÖktemReinkowski2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser">Kieser, Hans-Lukas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kerem_%C3%96ktem" title="Kerem Öktem">Öktem, Kerem</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Reinkowski" title="Maurus Reinkowski">Reinkowski, Maurus</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/world-war-i-and-the-end-of-the-ottomans-from-the-balkan-wars-to-the-armenian-genocide/introduction-world-war-i-and-the-end-of-the-ottomans-from-the-balkan-wars-to-the-armenian-genocide?from=search">"Introduction"</a>. World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-744-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-744-2"><bdi>978-0-85772-744-2</bdi></a>. <q>We are of the firm opinion, strengthened by the contributions in this volume, that the single most important reason for this inability to accept culpability is the centrality of the Armenian massacres for the formation of the Turkish nation-state. The deeper collective psychology within which this sentiment rests assumes that any move toward acknowledging culpability will put the very foundations of the Turkish nation-state at risk and will lead to its steady demise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=World+War+I+and+the+End+of+the+Ottomans%3A+From+the+Balkan+Wars+to+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-744-2&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft.au=%C3%96ktem%2C+Kerem&rft.au=Reinkowski%2C+Maurus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsburycollections.com%2Fbook%2Fworld-war-i-and-the-end-of-the-ottomans-from-the-balkan-wars-to-the-armenian-genocide%2Fintroduction-world-war-i-and-the-end-of-the-ottomans-from-the-balkan-wars-to-the-armenian-genocide%3Ffrom%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFChorbajian2016">Chorbajian 2016</a>, p. 169. "As this applies to the Armenians, their physical extermination, violent assimilation, and erasure from memory represent a significant continuity in the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey. The planning and implementation of the Armenian Genocide as an act of commission (1915–22) and omission (1923–present) constitute the final act of the Ottoman Empire and the start of a process of Turkification that defines the Turkish Republic a century later."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-unique_denial-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unique_denial_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unique_denial_6-1">b</a> Distinctiveness of Turkish denial efforts: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Roger W. (2006). "The Significance of the Armenian Genocide after Ninety Years". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (2): i–iv. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2FG614-6623-M16G-3648">10.3138/G614-6623-M16G-3648</a>. <q>The Armenian Genocide, in fact, illuminates with special clarity the dangers inherent in the political manipulation of truth through distortion, denial, intimidation, and economic blackmail. In no other instance has a government gone to such extreme lengths to deny that a massive genocide took place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+the+Armenian+Genocide+after+Ninety+Years&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=i-iv&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2FG614-6623-M16G-3648&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roger+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFAvedian2013">Avedian 2013</a>, p. 79. "Nonetheless, if there is one aspect which makes the Armenian case to stand out, if not unique, is its denial. The Armenian genocide is by far the case which is systematically and officially denied by a state ..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2018">Akçam 2018</a>, pp. 2–3. "Turkish denialism in regard to the events of the First World War is perhaps the most successful example of how the well-organized, deliberate, and systematic spreading of falsehoods can play an important role in the field of public debate ... If every case of genocide can be understood as possessing its own unique character, then the Armenian case is unique among genocides in the long-standing efforts to deny its historicity, and to thereby hide the truths surrounding it."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatz2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Tatz" title="Colin Tatz">Tatz, Colin</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nd91DwAAQBAJ&q=Armenian+genocide+Turkey+lobbying&pg=PA68">"Why is the Armenian Genocide not as well known?"</a>. In Bartrop, Paul R. (ed.). Modern Genocide: Analyzing the Controversies and Issues. ABC-CLIO. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6468-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6468-1"><bdi>978-1-4408-6468-1</bdi></a>. <q>Uniquely, the entire apparatus of a nation-state has been put to work to amend, ameliorate, deflect, defuse, deny, equivocate, justify, obfuscate, or simply omit the events. No other nation in history has so aggressively sought the suppression of a slice of its history, threatening everything from breaking off diplomatic or trade relations, to closure of air bases, to removal of entries on the subject in international encyclopedias.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+is+the+Armenian+Genocide+not+as+well+known%3F&rft.btitle=Modern+Genocide%3A+Analyzing+the+Controversies+and+Issues&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6468-1&rft.aulast=Tatz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnd91DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DArmenian%2Bgenocide%2BTurkey%2Blobbying%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirelEriksson202011-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemirelEriksson202011_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemirelEriksson202011_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirelEriksson2020">Demirel & Eriksson 2020</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010935/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Jan-13/283961-only-9-percent-of-turks-say-armenian-killings-genocide-poll.ashx">"Only 9 Percent of Turks say Armenian Killings Genocide: Poll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Lebanon)" title="The Daily Star (Lebanon)">The Daily Star</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a>. 13 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Jan-13/283961-only-9-percent-of-turks-say-armenian-killings-genocide-poll.ashx">the original</a> on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Only+9+Percent+of+Turks+say+Armenian+Killings+Genocide%3A+Poll&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2015%2FJan-13%2F283961-only-9-percent-of-turks-say-armenian-killings-genocide-poll.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maranci-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Maranci_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaranci2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Maranci" title="Christina Maranci">Maranci, Christina</a> (2002). "The Art and Architecture of Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a> (ed.). Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush. Mazda Press. pp. 120–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-136-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-136-0"><bdi>978-1-56859-136-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+Baghesh%2FBitlis+and+Taron%2FMush&rft.btitle=Armenian+Baghesh%2FBitlis+and+Taron%2FMush&rft.pages=120-122&rft.pub=Mazda+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-136-0&rft.aulast=Maranci&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (1993). Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. 3, 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20773-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20773-9"><bdi>978-0-253-20773-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+Toward+Ararat%3A+Armenia+in+Modern+History&rft.pages=3%2C+30&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20773-9&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015xiv-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015xiv_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny201526–27,_43–44-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny201526–27,_43–44_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. 26–27, 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015105-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015105_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian201111,_71-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian201111,_71_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKévorkian2011">Kévorkian 2011</a>, pp. 11, 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015129,_170–171-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015129,_170–171_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. 129, 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015204,_206-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015204,_206_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, pp. 204, 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015127–129,_133,_170–171-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015127–129,_133,_170–171_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. 127–129, 133, 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek201562,_150-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek201562,_150_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, pp. 62, 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maksudyan-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maksudyan_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maksudyan_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaksudyan2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nazan_Maksudyan" title="Nazan Maksudyan">Maksudyan, Nazan</a> (2019). ""This Is a Man's World?": On Fathers and Architects". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 21 (4): 540–544 [542]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1613816">10.1080/14623528.2019.1613816</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>. <q>Turkish nationalists were following the pattern that was firmly established after the Hamidian massacres, though new research might take the chronology of unpunished crimes and denial further back to the first half of the nineteenth century. In each and every case of violence against the non-Muslims, the first reaction of the state – even though the regime changed, along with the involved actors – was denial.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=%22This+Is+a+Man%27s+World%3F%22%3A+On+Fathers+and+Architects&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=540-544+542&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1613816&rft.issn=1462-3528&rft.aulast=Maksudyan&rft.aufirst=Nazan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015246–247-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015246–247_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, pp. 246–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015154–155,_189-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015154–155,_189_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. 154–155, 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015184–185-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015184–185_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. 184–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011137-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011137_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKévorkian2011">Kévorkian 2011</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015185-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015185_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015223–224-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015223–224_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. 223–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015218-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015218_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015243–244-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015243–244_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015243–244_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. 243–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003277-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003277_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDadrian2003">Dadrian 2003</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014217-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014217_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaligian2014">Kaligian 2014</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015236-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015236_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018225-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser2018225_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKieser2018">Kieser 2018</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015244–245-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015244–245_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. 244–245. "Any incident of Armenian resistance, any discovery of a cache of arms, was transformed into a vision of a coordinated widespread Armenian insurrection ... Deportations ostensibly taken for military reasons rapidly radicalized monstrously into an opportunity to rid Anatolia once and for all of those peoples perceived to be an imminent existential threat to the future of the empire." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2018158-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2018158_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2018">Akçam 2018</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2019" class="citation journal cs1">Akçam, Taner (2019). "When Was the Decision to Annihilate the Armenians Taken?". Journal of Genocide Research. 21 (4): 457–480 [457]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1630893">10.1080/14623528.2019.1630893</a>. <q>Most scholars placed the possible date(s) for a final decision at the end of March (or beginning of April).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=When+Was+the+Decision+to+Annihilate+the+Armenians+Taken%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=457-480+457&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1630893&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015256–257-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015256–257_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016109-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016109_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIhrig2016">Ihrig 2016</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003274-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003274_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDadrian2003">Dadrian 2003</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaiser-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser2010" class="citation book cs1">Kaiser, Hilmar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199232116-e-19">"Genocide at the Twilight of the Ottoman Empire"</a>. In Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923211-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923211-6"><bdi>978-0-19-923211-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Armenian deportations were not the result of an Armenian rebellion. On the contrary, Armenians were deported when no danger of outside interference existed. Thus Armenians near front lines were often slaughtered on the spot and not deported. The deportations were not a security measure against rebellions but depended on their absence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genocide+at+the+Twilight+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923211-6&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Hilmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199232116.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199232116-e-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-awareness-39"><a href="#cite_ref-awareness_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2009">Suny 2009</a>, p. 945. "A newly minted doctor of history, Fuat Dündar, showed with his careful reading of Ottoman archival documents how the deportations had been organized and carried out by the Turkish authorities, and—most shocking of all—that Minister of the Interior Talat, the chief initiator, had been aware that sending people to the Syrian desert outpost of Der Zor meant certain death." <a href="#CITEREFDadrian2003">Dadrian 2003</a>, p. 275. "As diplomat after diplomat from allied Germany and Austria (as well as American Ambassador to Turkey Henry Morgenthau) repeatedly averred, by dispatching the victim population to these deserts the Turks were dispatching them to death and ruination. Even the Chief of Staff of the Ottoman Fourth Army in control of these areas in his memoirs debunked and ridiculed the pretense of 'relocation.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadrianAkçam201118-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadrianAkçam201118_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDadrianAkçam2011">Dadrian & Akçam 2011</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dror_Ze%27evi" title="Dror Ze'evi">Ze'evi, Dror</a> (2019). <a href="/wiki/The_Thirty-Year_Genocide" title="The Thirty-Year Genocide">The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6"><bdi>978-0-674-91645-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide%3A+Turkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-674-91645-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%27evi%2C+Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkmekçioğlu20164-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkmekçioğlu20164_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEkmekçioğlu2016">Ekmekçioğlu 2016</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012289–290,_331-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012289–290,_331_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 289–290, 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b105–106-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b105–106_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2010b">Dixon 2010b</a>, pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012341-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012341_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 341. "On the basis of existing Interior Ministry Papers from the period, it can confidently be asserted that the goal of the CUP was not the resettlement of Anatolia's Armenian population and their just compensation for the property and possessions that they were forced to leave behind. Rather, the confiscation and subsequent use of Armenian property clearly demonstrated that Unionist government policy was intended to completely deprive the Armenians of all possibility of continued existence." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015250-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015250_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 250. "This false equation of the Armenian violence with the Turkish one whitewashed the disparity between two sufferings, conveniently overlooking two factors. The two sufferings were much different in scale; the violence the Muslims suffered in the east led to the deaths of at most 60,000 Muslims, yet the collective violence the CUP perpetrated led to the deaths of at least 800,000 Armenians." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012814_fn._102-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012814_fn._102_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvedian2012">Avedian 2012</a>, p. 814 fn. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal201551–52-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal201551–52_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2015">de Waal 2015</a>, pp. 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018a189–190-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2018a189–190_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018a">Cheterian 2018a</a>, pp. 189–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-denial-50"><a href="#cite_ref-denial_50-0">^</a> Definitions of denial: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2015">Hovannisian 2015</a>, p. 244. "This essay follows the general usage of the term denial to mean assertions that an event understood as genocide (typically founded on extensive analysis of evidence by reputable experts) is in fact not genocide, whether by representing the events as something else or claiming that the core events in question did not occur at all."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSmith2015">Smith 2015</a>, p. 6. "In many ways, the Turkish arguments have remained the same: denial of the facts, of responsibility, of the significance of what took place, and that the term genocide applies ... the goal of denial is to create a new reality (denial as construction) with both "sides" engaged in an unending debate in which a consensus will never arrive and for which there will be a need for unending research to establish the facts."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 13. "The denial ultimately includes and excludes certain elements to create a semblance of the truth; indeed, this quality of "half-truth" makes denial rigorous. The half-truth highlights the elements that favor the interests of the perpetrators while silencing, dismissing, or subverting those factors that undermine perpetrator interests by revealing clues leading to the inherent collective violence."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFIhrig2016">Ihrig 2016</a>, p. 12. "Denialism here denotes an approach that rejects the charge of genocide (against the Young Turks), mostly by denying intent and minimizing the extent of the atrocities."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 63. "... even though their intent all along had been destruction, [the Young Turks] presented it to the public as Armenian "migration" to safe places. This constituted the most egregious Young Turk denial." <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2015">Hovannisian 2015</a>, p. 229. "It may be inaccurate to say that denial is the last phase of genocide, as has been posited by Israel Charny and others, including this writer himself, for denial has been present from the very outset, even as the process was initiated and carried forward toward the desired end." <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2018">Akçam 2018</a>, p. 3. "... the denial of the Armenian Genocide began not in the wake of the massacres but was an intrinsic part of the plan itself. The deporting of the Armenians from their homeland to the Syrian deserts and their elimination, both on the route and at their final destinations, were performed under the guise of a decision to resettle them." <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018a">Cheterian 2018a</a>, p. 195. "Ottoman Turks exterminated their victims in secret. They pretended to displace them from warzones for their own safety, and great care was taken to communicate orders of massacres in secretive, coded messages. Oblivion begins there, an intrinsic part of the crime itself." <a href="#CITEREFBloxham2005">Bloxham 2005</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFAvedian2013">Avedian 2013</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mamigonian61-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mamigonian61_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mamigonian61_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMamigonian2015">Mamigonian 2015</a>, pp. 61–62. "Denial of the Armenian Genocide began concurrently with and was a part of the Committee of Union and Progress's (CUP) execution of it. As the Ottoman Armenian population was massacred and deported, the Ottoman leadership constructed a narrative that, subjected to occasional revisions and refinements, remains in place today ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam20183-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam20183_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2018">Akçam 2018</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundar2010" class="citation book cs1">Dundar, Fuat (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vdKDwAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Armenian+Aspirations+and+Revolutionary+Movements%22&pg=PT132">Crime of Numbers: The Role of Statistics in the Armenian Question (1878–1918)</a>. Routledge. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-52503-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-52503-9"><bdi>978-1-351-52503-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+of+Numbers%3A+The+Role+of+Statistics+in+the+Armenian+Question+%281878%E2%80%931918%29&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-351-52503-9&rft.aulast=Dundar&rft.aufirst=Fuat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6vdKDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BArmenian%2BAspirations%2Band%2BRevolutionary%2BMovements%2522%26pg%3DPT132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016170-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016170_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016170_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChorbajian2016">Chorbajian 2016</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016171–172-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016171–172_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChorbajian2016">Chorbajian 2016</a>, pp. 171–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarnava2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrekos_Varnava" title="Andrekos Varnava">Varnava, Andrekos</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol10/iss1/13">"Book Review: Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789–2009"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a>. 10 (1): 121–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.10.1.1403">10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-0359">1911-0359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Denial+of+Violence%3A+Ottoman+Past%2C+Turkish+Present+and+Collective+Violence+against+the+Armenians%2C+1789%E2%80%932009&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-123&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1911-9933.10.1.1403&rft.issn=1911-0359&rft.aulast=Varnava&rft.aufirst=Andrekos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol10%2Fiss1%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015229-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015229_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015229_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2015">Hovannisian 2015</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015248–249-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015248–249_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, pp. 248–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011810-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011810_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011810_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKévorkian2011">Kévorkian 2011</a>, p. 810. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012361–362-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012361–362_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 361–362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012813-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012813_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvedian2012">Avedian 2012</a>, p. 813. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/2583#ftn1">"Geographies of Nationalism and Violence: Rethinking Young Turk 'Social Engineering'"</a>. European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.2583">10.4000/ejts.2583</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1773-0546">1773-0546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Turkish+Studies.+Social+Sciences+on+Contemporary+Turkey&rft.atitle=Geographies+of+Nationalism+and+Violence%3A+Rethinking+Young+Turk+%27Social+Engineering%27&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fejts.2583&rft.issn=1773-0546&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fejts%2F2583%23ftn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zurcher308-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher308_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZürcher2011">Zürcher 2011</a>, p. 308. "In ideological terms there is thus a great deal of continuity between the periods of 1912–1918 and 1918–1923. This should come as no surprise ... the cadres of the national resistance movement almost without exception consisted of former Unionists, who had been shaped by their shared experience of the previous decade." </li> <li id="cite_note-Zurcher316-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher316_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher316_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZürcher2011">Zürcher 2011</a>, p. 316. "Many of the people in central positions of power (Şükrü Kaya, Kazım Özalp, Abdülhalik Renda, Kılıç Ali) had been personally involved in the massacres, but besides that, the ruling elite as a whole depended on a coalition with provincial notables, landlords, and tribal chiefs, who had profited immensely from the departure of the Armenians and the Greeks. It was what Fatma Müge Göçek has called an unspoken "devil's bargain." A serious attempt to distance the republic from the genocide could have destabilized the ruling coalition on which the state depended for its stability." </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvedian2012">Avedian 2012</a>, p. 806; <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2015">Cheterian 2015</a>, p. 155; <a href="#CITEREFBaer2020">Baer 2020</a>, p. 83; <a href="#CITEREFDixon2010a">Dixon 2010a</a>, p. 468. "Many contemporary scholars emphasise that this official narrative [on the Armenian Genocide] is largely shaped by continuities and constraints inherited from the founding of the Republic. In particular, they highlight the striking continuities among political elites from the Young Turk through the Republican periods, the concentrated interests of a small group of business and political elites whose wealth can be traced back to confiscated Armenian assets, and the homogenising and Turkifying nature of Turkish national identity." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018385–386-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser2018385–386_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKieser2018">Kieser 2018</a>, pp. 385–386. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekm7-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ekm7_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekm7_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEkmekçioğlu2016">Ekmekçioğlu 2016</a>, p. 7. "Even though the putative mass Armenian "betrayal" happened after the Young Turks acted on their plan to eradicate Armenianness, Turkish nationalist narratives have used Armenians' 'collaboration with the enemy' and secessionist agenda during the postwar occupation years as a justification for the 1915 'deportations'." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010376–377-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010376–377_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUlgen2010">Ulgen 2010</a>, pp. 376–377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015340–341-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015340–341_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, pp. 340–341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005101–102-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005101–102_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBloxham2005">Bloxham 2005</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdalian1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rouben_Paul_Adalian" title="Rouben Paul Adalian">Adalian, Rouben Paul</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armenian-genocide.org/kemal.html">"Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal"</a>. In Charny, Israel W. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Genocide: A–H. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-928-1"><bdi>978-0-87436-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ataturk%2C+Mustafa+Kemal&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genocide%3A+A%E2%80%93H&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-928-1&rft.aulast=Adalian&rft.aufirst=Rouben+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2Fkemal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012818-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012818_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvedian2012">Avedian 2012</a>, p. 818. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018319–320-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser2018319–320_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKieser2018">Kieser 2018</a>, pp. 319–320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011810–811-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011810–811_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKévorkian2011">Kévorkian 2011</a>, pp. 810–811. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek201145–46-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek201145–46_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2011">Göçek 2011</a>, pp. 45–46. "First, none of these works, originally penned around the time of the events of 1915, question the occurrence of the Armenian "massacres" ("genocide" did not yet exist as a term) ... The later ones, increasingly imbued with protonationalist sentiments, view the committed crimes as a duty necessary for the establishment and preservation of a Turkish fatherland." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012816-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012816_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012816_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvedian2012">Avedian 2012</a>, p. 816. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010378–380-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010378–380_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUlgen2010">Ulgen 2010</a>, pp. 378–380. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010371-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010371_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUlgen2010">Ulgen 2010</a>, p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer202079-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer202079_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer2020">Baer 2020</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZürcher2011312-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZürcher2011312_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZürcher2011">Zürcher 2011</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018419-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser2018419_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKieser2018">Kieser 2018</a>, p. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015267-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015267_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAybak201614-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAybak201614_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAybak2016">Aybak 2016</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xi-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xi_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tessa_Hofmann" title="Tessa Hofmann">Hofmann, Tessa</a> (2016). "Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks, and a Century of Genocide by Vicken Cheterian". Histoire sociale/Social history. 49 (100): 662–664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhis.2016.0046">10.1353/his.2016.0046</a>. <q>The foundation of the Turkish republic and the CUP's genocide perpetrators are to this day commemorated with pride. Mosques, schools and kindergartens, boulevards and public squares in Turkey continue to bear the name of high ranking perpetrators.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+sociale%2FSocial+history&rft.atitle=Open+Wounds%3A+Armenians%2C+Turks%2C+and+a+Century+of+Genocide+by+Vicken+Cheterian&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=100&rft.pages=662-664&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhis.2016.0046&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> <a href="#CITEREFKieser2018">Kieser 2018</a>, p. xii. "[Talat Pasha's] legacy is present in powerful patterns of government and political thought, as well as in the name of many streets, schools, and mosques dedicated to him in and outside Turkey ... In the eyes of his admirers in Turkey today, and throughout the twentieth century, he was a great statesman, skillful revolutionary, and farsighted founding father ..." <a href="#CITEREFAvedian2012">Avedian 2012</a>, p. 816. "Talaat and Cemal, both sentenced to the death in absentia for their key involvement in the Armenian massacres and war crimes, were given posthumous state burials in Turkey, and were elevated to the rank of national heroes." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011811-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKévorkian2011811_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKévorkian2011">Kévorkian 2011</a>, p. 811. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arango-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Arango_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArango2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Arango" title="Tim Arango">Arango, Tim</a> (16 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/world/europe/turkeys-century-of-denial-about-an-armenian-genocide.html">"A Century After Armenian Genocide, Turkey's Denial Only Deepens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416141644/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/world/europe/turkeys-century-of-denial-about-an-armenian-genocide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Century+After+Armenian+Genocide%2C+Turkey%27s+Denial+Only+Deepens&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft.aulast=Arango&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkeys-century-of-denial-about-an-armenian-genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013420-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013420_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2013">Gürpınar 2013</a>, p. 420. "... the official narrative on the Armenian massacres constituted one of the principal pillars of the regime of truth of the Turkish state. Culpability for these massacres would incur enormous moral liability; tarnish the self-styled claim to national innocence, benevolence and self-reputation of the Turkish state and the Turkish people; and blemish the course of Turkish history. Apparently, this would also be tantamount to casting doubt on the credibility of the foundational axioms of Kemalism and the Turkish nation-state." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilali201329-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilali201329_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilali2013">Bilali 2013</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b106-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b106_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2010b">Dixon 2010b</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b107-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b107_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2010b">Dixon 2010b</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xii-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xii_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xii_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012799-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian2012799_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvedian2012">Avedian 2012</a>, p. 799. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xi._"-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xi._"_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. xi. "'National security' not only explained and justified the traumatic events of the past but would also support the construction of genocide denial in the future. Thereafter, an open and frank discussion of history would be perceived as a subversive act aimed at partitioning the state. Well into the new millennium, Turkish citizens who demanded an honest historical accounting were still being treated as national security risks, branded as traitors to the homeland or dupes of hostile foreign powers, and targeted with threats." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2016224–225-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2016224–225_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2016">Gürpınar 2016</a>, pp. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2018" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Jennifer M. (2018). <a href="/wiki/Dark_Pasts" title="Dark Pasts">Dark Pasts: Changing the State's Story in Turkey and Japan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-3025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-3025-2"><bdi>978-1-5017-3025-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Pasts%3A+Changing+the+State%27s+Story+in+Turkey+and+Japan&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-3025-2&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2018157-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2018157_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2018">Akçam 2018</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201813-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201813_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirdjian2018">Demirdjian 2018</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZürcher2011316-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZürcher2011316_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZürcher2011">Zürcher 2011</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016173-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016173_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016173_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChorbajian2016">Chorbajian 2016</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian201565-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian201565_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2015">Cheterian 2015</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 54–55; <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2015">Cheterian 2015</a>, pp. 64–65; <a href="#CITEREFChorbajian2016">Chorbajian 2016</a>, p. 174; <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2008">MacDonald 2008</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÜngör2014165–166-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÜngör2014165–166_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÜngör2014">Üngör 2014</a>, pp. 165–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal201554-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal201554_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2015">de Waal 2015</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam20126-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam20126_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam20188-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam20188_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2018">Akçam 2018</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473_108-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2010a">Dixon 2010a</a>, p. 473. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018a205-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2018a205_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018a">Cheterian 2018a</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003259-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuron2003259_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuron2003">Auron 2003</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473–474-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010a473–474_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2010a">Dixon 2010a</a>, pp. 473–474. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer202082-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer202082_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer2020">Baer 2020</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek201143–44-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek201143–44_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2011">Göçek 2011</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010384–386,_390-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlgen2010384–386,_390_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUlgen2010">Ulgen 2010</a>, pp. 384–386, 390. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201563-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201563_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMamigonian2015">Mamigonian 2015</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2016219–220-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2016219–220_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2016">Gürpınar 2016</a>, pp. 219–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020116–117-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer2020116–117_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer2020">Baer 2020</a>, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek201144-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek201144_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2011">Göçek 2011</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayraktar2015802-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayraktar2015802_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayraktar2015">Bayraktar 2015</a>, p. 802. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013423-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013423_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2013">Gürpınar 2013</a>, p. 423. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip2020153-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalip2020153_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalip2020">Galip 2020</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013421-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013421_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2013">Gürpınar 2013</a>, p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015293-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015293_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2015">de Waal 2015</a>, p. 182; <a href="#CITEREFSuny2009">Suny 2009</a>, p. 938; <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2015">Cheterian 2015</a>, pp. 140–141; <a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2013">Gürpınar 2013</a>, p. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015468-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015468_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 468. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2009942-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2009942_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2009">Suny 2009</a>, p. 942. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayraktar2015804–805-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayraktar2015804–805_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayraktar2015">Bayraktar 2015</a>, pp. 804–805. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013419–420-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013419–420_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013419–420_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2013">Gürpınar 2013</a>, pp. 419–420. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013420,_422,_424-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2013420,_422,_424_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2013">Gürpınar 2013</a>, pp. 420, 422, 424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErbal2015786–787-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErbal2015786–787_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErbal2015">Erbal 2015</a>, pp. 786–787. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2015182-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2015182_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2015">de Waal 2015</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2005" class="citation news cs1">Freely, Maureen (23 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/23/books.turkey">"'I Stand by My Words. And Even More, I Stand by My Right to Say Them ...'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27I+Stand+by+My+Words.+And+Even+More%2C+I+Stand+by+My+Right+to+Say+Them%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E...%27&rft.date=2005-10-23&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Foct%2F23%2Fbooks.turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek20152._"-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek20152._"_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 2. "Because of this partial use of sources, the Western scholarly community finds the ensuing Turkish official discourse unscientific, propagandistic, and rhetorical and therefore does not address or engage it." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErbal2015786-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErbal2015786_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErbal2015">Erbal 2015</a>, p. 786. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkmekçioğlu2016xii-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkmekçioğlu2016xii_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEkmekçioğlu2016">Ekmekçioğlu 2016</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek201563–64-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek201563–64_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek201563–64_136-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKale2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kale, Yeliz (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr/index.php/ilk/article/view/1655">"The Opinions of Author Related to Trade Books Published for Students in History Teaching"</a>. Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi. 7 (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2147-0626">2147-0626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tarih+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+ve+Sanat+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&rft.atitle=The+Opinions+of+Author+Related+to+Trade+Books+Published+for+Students+in+History+Teaching&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2147-0626&rft.aulast=Kale&rft.aufirst=Yeliz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr%2Findex.php%2Filk%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Some private schools and to a lesser extent some state schools also use alternative textbooks which are not approved by Ministry of Education.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b105-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b105_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2010b">Dixon 2010b</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAybak201613-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAybak201613_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAybak2016">Aybak 2016</a>, p. 13. "This officially distributed educational material reconstructs the history in line with the denial policies of the government portraying the Armenians as backstabbers and betrayers, who are portrayed as a threat to the sovereignty and identity of modern Turkey. The demonization of the Armenians in Turkish education is a prevailing occurrence that is underwritten by the government to reinforce the denial discourse." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip2020186._"-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalip2020186._"_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalip2020">Galip 2020</a>, p. 186. "Additionally, for instance, the racism and language of hatred in officially approved school textbooks is very intense. These books still show Armenians as the enemies, so it would be necessary for these books to be amended ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian201564-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian201564_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2015">Cheterian 2015</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2016234-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2016234_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2016234_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2016">Gürpınar 2016</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b104-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b104_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2010b">Dixon 2010b</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b104,_116–117-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b104,_116–117_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2010b">Dixon 2010b</a>, pp. 104, 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilali201319–20-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilali201319–20_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilali2013">Bilali 2013</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b115-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2010b115_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2010b">Dixon 2010b</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilali201319-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilali201319_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilali2013">Bilali 2013</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek20154,_10-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek20154,_10_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, pp. 4, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErbal201252-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErbal201252_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErbal2012">Erbal 2012</a>, p. 52. "Turkish civil society and the academic and intellectual establishment within that civil society have also been either actively in denial or in some cases in service of a denialist state agenda or standing passively silent – another form of denial – for over 90 years." </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalip2019" class="citation journal cs1">Galip, Özlem Belçim (2019). "The Armenian Genocide and Armenian Identity in Modern Turkish Novels". Turkish Studies. 20 (1): 92–119 [99]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683849.2018.1439383">10.1080/14683849.2018.1439383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+and+Armenian+Identity+in+Modern+Turkish+Novels&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92-119+99&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683849.2018.1439383&rft.aulast=Galip&rft.aufirst=%C3%96zlem+Bel%C3%A7im&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÜngör2014147-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÜngör2014147_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÜngör2014">Üngör 2014</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip202095-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalip202095_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalip2020">Galip 2020</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErbal2015785-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErbal2015785_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErbal2015">Erbal 2015</a>, p. 785. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirelEriksson20209-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemirelEriksson20209_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirelEriksson2020">Demirel & Eriksson 2020</a>, p. 9. "Turkish people['s] ... narratives were based on the idea that Armenians were the perpetrators and that the Turks were the 'real' victims ... the dominant Turkish response is a rejection of genocide allegations. The massacres, when admitted, are justified by the Turkish narrative of an alleged Armenian betrayal and the slaughter of Turks by Armenians. Losses during the exile are excused via a narrative of disease, and the attacks of rogue gangs." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek20151-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek20151_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaraveli2018" class="citation book cs1">Karaveli, Halil (2018). Why Turkey is Authoritarian: From Atatürk to Erdoğan. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3756-2"><bdi>978-0-7453-3756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Turkey+is+Authoritarian%3A+From+Atat%C3%BCrk+to+Erdo%C4%9Fan&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-3756-2&rft.aulast=Karaveli&rft.aufirst=Halil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOranlı2021" class="citation journal cs1">Oranlı, Imge (2021). "Epistemic Injustice from Afar: Rethinking the Denial of Armenian Genocide". 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Patterns of Prejudice. 48 (2): 115–120 [115–116]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2014.910893">10.1080/0031322X.2014.910893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Armenians%2C+Turks+and+Kurds+beyond+denial%3A+an+introduction&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-120+115-116&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2014.910893&rft.aulast=Kasbarian&rft.aufirst=Sossie&rft.au=%C3%96ktem%2C+Kerem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilali201325,_28-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilali201325,_28_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilali2013">Bilali 2013</a>, pp. 25, 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015477-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek2015477_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 477. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2015273–275-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2015273–275_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2015">Cheterian 2015</a>, pp. 273–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip2020162–163-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalip2020162–163_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalip2020">Galip 2020</a>, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip202060-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalip202060_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalip2020">Galip 2020</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018a203–204-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2018a203–204_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018a">Cheterian 2018a</a>, pp. 203–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurp425-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Gurp425_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2013">Gürpınar 2013</a>, pp. 425–426. "Official state policy remains stringently denialist even though slight twists such as the incorporation/introduction of some rhetorical innovations and the development of a new, more relaxed language that emphasizes the sufferings of 'both sides' have been introduced, thereby trivializing Armenian suffering." </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalabiyik2018" class="citation journal cs1">Palabiyik, Mustafa Serdar (2018). "Politicization of Recent Turkish History: (Ab)use of History as a Political Discourse in Turkey". Turkish Studies. 19 (2): 240–263 [254–255]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683849.2017.1408414">10.1080/14683849.2017.1408414</a>. <q>... unlike the CHP, some AKP sympathizers blamed the Unionist mentality for what had happened in 1915 to the Ottoman Armenians by labeling it as an inhumane incident or a crime against humanity; but similar to the CHP, they were hesitant to recognize 'this relocation' as genocide. This was presented as the third way between genocide denialism and genocide recognition. Davutoğlu labeled it as 'the common grief approach' that focused on the cumulative sufferings of the Ottoman peoples during World War I ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Studies&rft.atitle=Politicization+of+Recent+Turkish+History%3A+%28Ab%29use+of+History+as+a+Political+Discourse+in+Turkey&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-263+254-255&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683849.2017.1408414&rft.aulast=Palabiyik&rft.aufirst=Mustafa+Serdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip202060–61,_84-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalip202060–61,_84_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalip2020">Galip 2020</a>, pp. 60–61, 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalip202087,_163-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalip202087,_163_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalip2020">Galip 2020</a>, pp. 87, 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouradian2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mouradian, Khatchig (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/reviews/5117018/mouradian-dixon-dark-pasts-changing-states-story-turkey-and-japan">"Mouradian on Dixon, 'Dark Pasts: Changing the State's Story in Turkey and Japan'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/H-Net" title="H-Net">H-Net</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H-Net&rft.atitle=Mouradian+on+Dixon%2C+%27Dark+Pasts%3A+Changing+the+State%27s+Story+in+Turkey+and+Japan%27&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Mouradian&rft.aufirst=Khatchig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetworks.h-net.org%2Fnode%2F28443%2Freviews%2F5117018%2Fmouradian-dixon-dark-pasts-changing-states-story-turkey-and-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2008121-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2008121_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2008">Akçam 2008</a>, p. 121. "... the Turkish state ... posits that the situation under review here does not warrant the use of the term 'crime'; even though there were some deaths, a state has the right to resort to such an operation." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2015305-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2015305_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2015">Cheterian 2015</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoc2019" class="citation news cs1">Koc, Cagan (24 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-24/erdogan-says-deporting-armenians-was-appropriate-at-the-time">"Erdogan Says Deporting Armenians Was 'Appropriate' at the Time"</a>. Bloomberg.com. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilnet.am/news/2020/07/09/Taner-Ak%C3%A7am-T%C3%BCrkiye%E2%80%99nin-soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m-konusunda-her-bak%C4%B1mdan-izole-oldu%C4%9Funu-s%C3%B6yleyebiliriz/389527">the original</a> on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CivilNet&rft.atitle=Taner+Ak%C3%A7am%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin%2C+soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m+konusunda+her+bak%C4%B1mdan+izole+oldu%C4%9Funu+s%C3%B6yleyebiliriz&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilnet.am%2Fnews%2F2020%2F07%2F09%2FTaner-Ak%25C3%25A7am-T%25C3%25BCrkiye%25E2%2580%2599nin-soyk%25C4%25B1r%25C4%25B1m-konusunda-her-bak%25C4%25B1mdan-izole-oldu%25C4%259Funu-s%25C3%25B6yleyebiliriz%2F389527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016178-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016178_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChorbajian2016">Chorbajian 2016</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer202021,_145-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer202021,_145_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer2020">Baer 2020</a>, pp. 21, 145. "The turn to Jews as lobbyists on Turkey's behalf was based not only on the old myth of Turkish–Jewish friendship, but also on the anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Jews control world governments, finance, and media." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGöçek20152-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek20152_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek20152_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGöçek20152_191-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016277–279-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016277–279_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIhrig2016">Ihrig 2016</a>, pp. 277–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser201821-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser201821_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKieser2018">Kieser 2018</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016185-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016185_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIhrig2016">Ihrig 2016</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2011206-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2011206_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2011">Anderson 2011</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2011206–207-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2011206–207_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2011">Anderson 2011</a>, pp. 206–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2011210-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2011210_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2011">Anderson 2011</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016150–151-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016150–151_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIhrig2016">Ihrig 2016</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016293-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016293_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIhrig2016">Ihrig 2016</a>, p. 293. "... while the mood and the overwhelming evidence were such that genocide could no longer be denied, many nationalist papers now both accepted the charge of genocide against the Turks and justified it at the very same time." </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleck2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fleck, André (2014). Machtfaktor Diaspora?: Armenische Interessenvertretung in Deutschland [Diaspora Power Broker? 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Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Armenian+National+Institute&rft.atitle=U.S.+Presidential+Statements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2Fcurrent_category.4%2Faffirmation_list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020296-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer2020296_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer2020">Baer 2020</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/24/statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-armenian-remembrance-day/">"Statement by President Joe Biden on Armenian Remembrance Day"</a>. The White House. 24 April 2021. 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IDEA. 6 (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1272">0019-1272</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ideajournal.com/articles.php?id=27">the original</a> on 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IDEA&rft.atitle=The+Psychological+Satisfaction+of+Denials+of+the+Holocaust+or+Other+Genocides+by+Non-Extremists+or+Bigots%2C+and+Even+by+Known+Scholars&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2001-07-17&rft.issn=0019-1272&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ideajournal.com%2Farticles.php%3Fid%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020130-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer2020130_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer2020130_240-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer2020">Baer 2020</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015375-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015375_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015375_241-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015234-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015234_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015234_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015234_242-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015234_242-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2015">Hovannisian 2015</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015232-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015232_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2015">Hovannisian 2015</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201568-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201568_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMamigonian2015">Mamigonian 2015</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015243-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015243_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2015">Hovannisian 2015</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith_et_al.1995">Smith et al. 1995</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFErbal2015">Erbal 2015</a>, pp. 783–784; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatenpaugh,_Keith_David2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_David_Watenpaugh" title="Keith David Watenpaugh">Watenpaugh, Keith David</a> (2007). "A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of the Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (IJMES 38 [2006]: 598–601)". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a>. 39 (3): 512–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743807070869">10.1017/S0020743807070869</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30069561">30069561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Response+to+Michael+Gunter%27s+Review+of+the+Armenian+Massacres+in+Ottoman+Turkey%3A+A+Disputed+Genocide+%28IJMES+38+%26%2391%3B2006%26%2393%3B%3A+598%E2%80%93601%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=512-514&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743807070869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30069561%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Watenpaugh%2C+Keith+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjöberg2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Sj%C3%B6berg_(historian)" title="Erik Sjöberg (historian)">Sjöberg, Erik</a> (2016). The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-326-2"><bdi>978-1-78533-326-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Greek+Genocide%3A+Contested+Memories+of+the+Ottoman+Greek+Catastrophe&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-326-2&rft.aulast=Sj%C3%B6berg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_''et_al.''19952,_''passim''-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_''et_al.''19952,_''passim''_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith_et_al.1995">Smith et al. 1995</a>, p. 2, passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonan1996" class="citation news cs1">Honan, William H. (22 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/22/nyregion/princeton-is-accused-of-fronting-for-the-turkish-government.html">"Princeton Is Accused of Fronting For the Turkish Government"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Princeton+Is+Accused+of+Fronting+For+the+Turkish+Government&rft.date=1996-05-22&rft.aulast=Honan&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F05%2F22%2Fnyregion%2Fprinceton-is-accused-of-fronting-for-the-turkish-government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erbal784-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erbal784_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erbal784_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erbal784_249-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFErbal2015">Erbal 2015</a>, p. 784. "Quataert spoke out. For this he paid the price by being forced to leave his position as chair of the board of the Institute of Turkish Studies." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert2006251–252-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuataert2006251–252_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuataert2006">Quataert 2006</a>, pp. 251–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert2006250-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuataert2006250_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuataert2006">Quataert 2006</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutman168-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gutman168_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutman168_252-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman2015">Gutman 2015</a>, p. 168. "Shortly after its publication, Quataert resigned as chairman of the Institute of Turkish Studies after the Turkish government threatened to revoke the Institute's funding if he did not retract his use of the word genocide." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenstat201425-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEissenstat201425_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEissenstat2014">Eissenstat 2014</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissenstat201425–26-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEissenstat201425–26_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEissenstat2014">Eissenstat 2014</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Asbarez-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Asbarez_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassounian2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harut_Sassounian" title="Harut Sassounian">Sassounian, Harut</a> (12 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718210643/http://asbarez.com/96992/prof-akcam-reveals-turkish-plan-to-pay-scholars-to-deny-the-armenian-genocide/">"Prof. Akcam Reveals Turkish Plan to Pay Scholars to Deny the Armenian Genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asbarez" title="Asbarez">Asbarez</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asbarez.com/96992/prof-akcam-reveals-turkish-plan-to-pay-scholars-to-deny-the-armenian-genocide/">the original</a> on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asbarez&rft.atitle=Prof.+Akcam+Reveals+Turkish+Plan+to+Pay+Scholars+to+Deny+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft.aulast=Sassounian&rft.aufirst=Harut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2F96992%2Fprof-akcam-reveals-turkish-plan-to-pay-scholars-to-deny-the-armenian-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015244-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015244_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2015">Hovannisian 2015</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012451-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012451_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 451. "What must be understood is that the thesis known in Turkey as the 'official version' ... takes as its starting point the assumption that the events of 1915 were derived from governmental actions that were, in essence, within the bounds of what are considered normal and legal actions for a state entity and cannot therefore be explained through a recourse to criminality or criminal law. According to this assumption, under certain conditions a government or a state can resort to actions such as 'forcible deportation,' even if they result in the deaths of its own citizens, and there are no moral or legal grounds upon which such actions can be faulted." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015xii-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015xii_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2015">Suny 2015</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016167-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChorbajian2016167_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChorbajian2016">Chorbajian 2016</a>, p. 167. "Denial of the Armenian Genocide, therefore, consists of a two-pronged complementary, yet also contradictory, argument we can call 'They Brought It on Themselves and It Never Happened'." </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2013" class="citation journal cs1">Akçam, Taner (2013). "Let the Arguments Begin!". Journal of Genocide Research. 15 (4): 496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2013.856095">10.1080/14623528.2013.856095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Let+the+Arguments+Begin%21&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=496&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2013.856095&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201572-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamigonian201572_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMamigonian2015">Mamigonian 2015</a>, p. 72. "Thus, each author offers excuses for the actions of the CUP leadership while shifting partial blame onto the victims themselves and, in the process, creates a new criterion for the victims of genocide: the need to be 'wholly innocent'." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015243–244-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015243–244_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2015">Hovannisian 2015</a>, pp. 243–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-HovannisianErickson-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HovannisianErickson_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HovannisianErickson_263-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2015">Hovannisian 2015</a>, pp. 242–243. "Pointing to a number of sequential Armenian uprisings in 1915, [Erickson] concedes, 'It is true, to date, no historian has been able to produce authentic evidence of a coordinated Armenian master plan for revolution'." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2009941-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2009941_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny2009">Suny 2009</a>, p. 941. "What appears in the sources to have been the Turks' panic and paranoia at an imagined danger from their Armenian subjects has metastasized in the hands of apologists into justification for state-ordered murder." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014209-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014209_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaligian2014">Kaligian 2014</a>, p. 209. "One of the key arguments made by genocide deniers is that the deportations, and whatever 'unfortunate excesses' occurred during them, were not part of a plan of extermination but rather a response to an Armenian rebellion in the eastern provinces in collaboration with Russia." </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (2013). "Genocide vs. Security: a False Opposition". Journal of Genocide Research. 15 (4): 463–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2013.856095">10.1080/14623528.2013.856095</a>. <q>This is a telling slip; Lewy is talking about 'the Armenians' as if the defenceless women and children who comprised the deportation columns were vicariously responsible for Armenian rebels in other parts of the country. The collective guilt accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking. It fails to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, on which international humanitarian law has been insisting for over a hundred years now.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Genocide+vs.+Security%3A+a+False+Opposition&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=463-509&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2013.856095&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=A.+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson" title="Geoffrey Robertson">Robertson, Geoffrey</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqmrBAAAQBAJ&q=%22in+war+can+never+justify+the+deliberate+killing+of+civilians%22&pg=PT99">An Inconvenient Genocide: Who Now Remembers the Armenians?</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biteback_Publishing" title="Biteback Publishing">Biteback Publishing</a>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-822-9"><bdi>978-1-84954-822-9</bdi></a>. <q>'Necessity' in war can never justify the deliberate killing of civilians: if they are suspected of treason or loyalty to the enemy they may be detained or interned, or prosecuted, but not sent on marches from which they are expected not to return.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inconvenient+Genocide%3A+Who+Now+Remembers+the+Armenians%3F&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Biteback+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84954-822-9&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAqmrBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522in%2Bwar%2Bcan%2Bnever%2Bjustify%2Bthe%2Bdeliberate%2Bkilling%2Bof%2Bcivilians%2522%26pg%3DPT99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2001801-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2001801_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2001">Hovannisian 2001</a>, p. 801. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015231-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015231_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2015">Hovannisian 2015</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2008128–131-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2008128–131_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2008">Akçam 2008</a>, pp. 128–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012410–423-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012410–423_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 410–423. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012417-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012417_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014208.-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014208._273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaligian2014">Kaligian 2014</a>, p. 208. "Deniers claim the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) fomented a rebellion, but they elide the fact that Turkey's ruling party tried to recruit the ARF to form a fifth column behind Russian lines ... [They] base their positions on a book by Esat Uras, a perpetrator of the genocide, which created the template for denial." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003276-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003276_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDadrian2003">Dadrian 2003</a>, p. 276. "An integral part of this argument of civil war is the assertion of "Armenian rebellion" for which purpose the four major Armenian uprisings, <a href="/wiki/Shabin-Karahisar_uprising" title="Shabin-Karahisar uprising">Shabin Karahisar</a> (June 6–July 4, 1915), <a href="/wiki/Musa_Dagh" title="Musa Dagh">Musa Dagh</a> (July 30 – September 1915), <a href="/wiki/Urfa_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Urfa uprising">Urfa</a> (September 29–October 23, 1915), and especially that of Van in the April 20–May 17, 1915 period, are cited as proof positive. Yet, without exception these uprisings were improvised last-ditch attempts to ward off imminent deportation and destruction. Without exception they were all local, very limited, and above all, highly defensive initiatives; as such they were ultimately doomed to failure." </li> <li id="cite_note-civil_war-275"><a href="#cite_ref-civil_war_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 228. "The following discussion will also address such unfounded appraisals as, 'the events of 1915 were in fact a civil war between the Armenians and Turks.' Not a single top secret document at the highest levels of the state makes the slightest allusion to a civil war or 'intercommunal warfare'. On the contrary, Ottoman documents show that Armenian areas were evacuated under tight government control." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018237-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser2018237_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKieser2018">Kieser 2018</a>, p. 237. "Sources from observers on the ground, as well as published Ottoman army sources from the provinces during spring 1915, do not support the claim of a general uprising." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2001803–804-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2001803–804_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2001">Hovannisian 2001</a>, pp. 803–804. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005208–209-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005208–209_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBloxham2005">Bloxham 2005</a>, pp. 208–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012399-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012399_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012374–377-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012374–377_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 374–377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012399–400,_407,_409-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012399–400,_407,_409_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 399–400, 407, 409. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003275-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadrian2003275_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDadrian2003">Dadrian 2003</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015238-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian2015238_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovannisian2015">Hovannisian 2015</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012373-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012373_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-Akcam11-285"><a href="#cite_ref-Akcam11_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2018">Akçam 2018</a>, p. 11. "On one hand, there are successive Turkish governments that have destroyed any and all evidence that would show the events of 1915 to have been a systematic program of annihilation; this has included all of the case files from the post-war trials of the Unionists (1919–1921) ... On the other hand, there is the chorus of historians who reiterate the line that, in the absence of solid, reliable documentary evidence—in other words, 'smoking guns' from the Ottoman archives or elsewhere—proving otherwise, there can be no objective claim of a government-sponsored genocide against the Armenians ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2008113,_126–128-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2008113,_126–128_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2008">Akçam 2008</a>, pp. 113, 126–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201810–11-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201810–11_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirdjian2018">Demirdjian 2018</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELattanzi201888–89-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELattanzi201888–89_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLattanzi2018">Lattanzi 2018</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xxii-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xxii_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. xxii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer20201–2,_183–185,_293-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer20201–2,_183–185,_293_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer2020">Baer 2020</a>, pp. 1–2, 183–185, 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer20201,_207–208-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer20201,_207–208_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer2020">Baer 2020</a>, pp. 1, 207–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014208-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaligian2014208_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaligian2014">Kaligian 2014</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibairdian2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Libaridian" title="Gerard Libaridian">Libairdian, Gerard</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkishpolicy.com/article/608/erdogan-and-his-armenian-problem-spring-2013">"Erdoğan and His Armenian Problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Policy_Quarterly" title="Turkish Policy Quarterly">Turkish Policy Quarterly</a>. 12 (1): 57. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1303-5754">1303-5754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Policy+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Erdo%C4%9Fan+and+His+Armenian+Problem&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1303-5754&rft.aulast=Libairdian&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fturkishpolicy.com%2Farticle%2F608%2Ferdogan-and-his-armenian-problem-spring-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2008133-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2008133_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2008">MacDonald 2008</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELattanzi2018100-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELattanzi2018100_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLattanzi2018">Lattanzi 2018</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/armenia">"Holocaust & Genocide Education | Armenia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_College_of_Liberal_Arts" title="University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts">University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423150540/https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/armenia">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+%26+Genocide+Education+%7C+Armenia&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+College+of+Liberal+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcla.umn.edu%2Fchgs%2Fholocaust-genocide-education%2Fresource-guides%2Farmenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtür20192–3-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErtür20192–3_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErtür2019">Ertür 2019</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020140–141-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer2020140–141_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer2020">Baer 2020</a>, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003228-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuron2003228_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuron2003">Auron 2003</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003228–229-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuron2003228–229_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuron2003">Auron 2003</a>, pp. 228–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.240/current_category.76/affirmation_detail.html">"Paris, France, Court of First Instance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Institute" title="Armenian National Institute">Armenian National Institute</a>. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Armenian+National+Institute&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+France%2C+Court+of+First+Instance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2FAffirmation.240%2Fcurrent_category.76%2Faffirmation_detail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2020141-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer2020141_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer2020">Baer 2020</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuron2003230-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuron2003230_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuron2003">Auron 2003</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtür20195–6-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErtür20195–6_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErtür2019">Ertür 2019</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Belavusau-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belavusau_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belavusau_305-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelavusau2014" class="citation news cs1">Belavusau, Uladzislau (13 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verfassungsblog.de/armenian-genocide-v-holocaust-in-strasbourg-trivialisation-in-comparison/">"Armenian Genocide v. Holocaust in Strasbourg: Trivialisation in Comparison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verfassungsblog" title="Verfassungsblog">Verfassungsblog</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17176%2F20170201-135947">10.17176/20170201-135947</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verfassungsblog&rft.atitle=Armenian+Genocide+v.+Holocaust+in+Strasbourg%3A+Trivialisation+in+Comparison&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17176%2F20170201-135947&rft.aulast=Belavusau&rft.aufirst=Uladzislau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fverfassungsblog.de%2Farmenian-genocide-v-holocaust-in-strasbourg-trivialisation-in-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelavusau2015" class="citation news cs1">Belavusau, Uladzislau (5 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verfassungsblog.de/perincek-v-switzerland-between-freedom-of-speech-and-collective-dignity/">"Perinçek v. Switzerland: Between Freedom of Speech and Collective Dignity"</a>. Verfassungsblog. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17176%2F20170418-193718">10.17176/20170418-193718</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verfassungsblog&rft.atitle=Perin%C3%A7ek+v.+Switzerland%3A+Between+Freedom+of+Speech+and+Collective+Dignity&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17176%2F20170418-193718&rft.aulast=Belavusau&rft.aufirst=Uladzislau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fverfassungsblog.de%2Fperincek-v-switzerland-between-freedom-of-speech-and-collective-dignity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201822–23-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201822–23_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirdjian2018">Demirdjian 2018</a>, pp. 22–23. "Perincek's activities spread across a wider spectrum, including his membership in the Talat Pasha Committee, an organization considered as xenophobic and racist by the European Parliament, and established for the purpose of refuting the Armenian genocide." </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_307-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/ecthr-perincek-v-switzerland-no-2751008-2013/">"Perinçek v. Switzerland"</a>. Global Freedom of Expression. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Freedom+of+Expression&rft.atitle=Perin%C3%A7ek+v.+Switzerland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu%2Fcases%2Fecthr-perincek-v-switzerland-no-2751008-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/verurteilung-von-genozid-leugner-perincek-bestaetigt/623090">"Verurteilung von Genozid-Leugner Perincek bestätigt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swissinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Swissinfo">Swissinfo</a> (in German). 19 December 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swissinfo&rft.atitle=Verurteilung+von+Genozid-Leugner+Perincek+best%C3%A4tigt&rft.date=2007-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Fger%2Fverurteilung-von-genozid-leugner-perincek-bestaetigt%2F623090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belavusau2016-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belavusau2016_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belavusau2016_309-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelavusau2016" class="citation journal cs1">Belavusau, Uladzislau (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5305/intelegamate.55.4.0627">"Perinçek v. Switzerland (Eur. Ct. H.R.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Legal_Materials" class="mw-redirect" title="International Legal Materials">International Legal Materials</a>. 55 (4): 627–628. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7829">0020-7829</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5305/intelegamate.55.4.0627">10.5305/intelegamate.55.4.0627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Legal+Materials&rft.atitle=Perin%C3%A7ek+v.+Switzerland+%28Eur.+Ct.+H.R.%29&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=627-628&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5305%2Fintelegamate.55.4.0627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0020-7829&rft.aulast=Belavusau&rft.aufirst=Uladzislau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5305%2Fintelegamate.55.4.0627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_BrouxStaes2018" class="citation book cs1">de Broux, Pierre-Olivier; Staes, Dorothea (2018). "History Watch by the European Court of Human Rights". The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. pp. 101–119 [104]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95306-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95306-6"><bdi>978-1-349-95306-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+Watch+by+the+European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+State-Sponsored+History+After+1945&rft.pages=101-119+104&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-349-95306-6&rft.aulast=de+Broux&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Olivier&rft.au=Staes%2C+Dorothea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDella_Morte2016" class="citation news cs1">Della Morte, Gabriele (31 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qil-qdi.org/criminal-prohibition-genocide-denial-justified-perincek-case-risk-double-standard/">"When is a criminal prohibition of genocide denial justified? The Perinçek Case and the risk of a double standard"</a>. QIL QDI. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2284-2969">2284-2969</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QIL+QDI&rft.atitle=When+is+a+criminal+prohibition+of+genocide+denial+justified%3F+The+Perin%C3%A7ek+Case+and+the+risk+of+a+double+standard&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.issn=2284-2969&rft.aulast=Della+Morte&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qil-qdi.org%2Fcriminal-prohibition-genocide-denial-justified-perincek-case-risk-double-standard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtür20198-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErtür20198_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErtür2019">Ertür 2019</a>, p. 8. "The high profile of the case allowed Perinçek and his allies to claim in their media campaign that this would be the case that decides whether or not there was a genocide. The campaign was effective: the ECtHR Grand Chamber hearing was widely covered in the Turkish media as the trial that would put an end to the so-called 'hundred year-old genocide lie' ... Perinçek and his party celebrated the judgment claiming in bold PR campaigns, 'We put an end to the genocide lie'." </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKieser2018">Kieser 2018</a>, p. 294; <a href="#CITEREFGöçek2015">Göçek 2015</a>, p. 463; <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2015">Cheterian 2015</a>, pp. 176, 312; <a href="#CITEREFAvedian2018">Avedian 2018</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xxvi–xxvii-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012xxvi–xxvii_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. xxvi–xxvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/holocaust-and-human-behavior/chapter-11/genocide-denied">"Genocide Denied"</a>. Facing History and Ourselves. Retrieved 26 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facing+History+and+Ourselves&rft.atitle=Genocide+Denied&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facinghistory.org%2Fholocaust-and-human-behavior%2Fchapter-11%2Fgenocide-denied&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b899-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b899_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018b">Cheterian 2018b</a>, p. 899. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardleyArsu2015" class="citation news cs1">Yardley, Jim; Arsu, Sebnem (12 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/13/world/europe/pope-calls-killings-of-armenians-genocide-provoking-turkish-anger.html">"Pope Calls Killings of Armenians 'Genocide,' Provoking Turkish Anger"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Calls+Killings+of+Armenians+%27Genocide%2C%27+Provoking+Turkish+Anger&rft.date=2015-04-12&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Arsu%2C+Sebnem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F13%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpope-calls-killings-of-armenians-genocide-provoking-turkish-anger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuciyan201516-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuciyan201516_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuciyan2015">Suciyan 2015</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangassarian2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mangassarian, Selina L. (2016). "100 Years of Trauma: the Armenian Genocide and Intergenerational Cultural Trauma". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Aggression,_Maltreatment_%26_Trauma" title="Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma">Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma</a>. 25 (4): 371–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10926771.2015.1121191">10.1080/10926771.2015.1121191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aggression%2C+Maltreatment+%26+Trauma&rft.atitle=100+Years+of+Trauma%3A+the+Armenian+Genocide+and+Intergenerational+Cultural+Trauma&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=371-381&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10926771.2015.1121191&rft.aulast=Mangassarian&rft.aufirst=Selina+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gocek-320"><a href="#cite_ref-Gocek_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöçek2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fatma_M%C3%BCge_G%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Fatma Müge Göçek">Göçek, Fatma Müge</a> (2016). "Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide by Vicken Cheterian (review)". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Ottoman_and_Turkish_Studies_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association">Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association</a>. 3 (1): 210–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjottturstuass.3.1.19">10.2979/jottturstuass.3.1.19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2376-0702">2376-0702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Ottoman+and+Turkish+Studies+Association&rft.atitle=Open+Wounds%3A+Armenians%2C+Turks+and+a+Century+of+Genocide+by+Vicken+Cheterian+%28review%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=210-212&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fjottturstuass.3.1.19&rft.issn=2376-0702&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6%C3%A7ek&rft.aufirst=Fatma+M%C3%BCge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2015127–128-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2015127–128_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2015">Cheterian 2015</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2018110-322"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian2018110_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvedian2018">Avedian 2018</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016353–354-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2016353–354_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIhrig2016">Ihrig 2016</a>, pp. 353–354. "First, Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Armenian_reference" title="Hitler's Armenian reference">alleged words at the Obersalzberg</a>—about who "still talked" about the Armenians—might not come from a watertight source, but the statement still accurately sums up one of the major lessons the Armenian genocide must have held for the Nazis: it must have taught them that such incredible crimes could go unpunished under the cover of war, even if one lost that war. That one could "get away" with genocide must have been a great inspiration indeed ... the lack of a robust response by Christian Germany must have seemed especially significant to Hitler—for if this was its reaction to the extermination of Christian people, who would speak out against killing Jews?" </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzbek2018" class="citation journal cs1">Özbek, Egemen (2018). "The Destruction of the Monument to Humanity: Historical Conflict and Monumentalization". International Public History. 1 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fiph-2018-0011">10.1515/iph-2018-0011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Public+History&rft.atitle=The+Destruction+of+the+Monument+to+Humanity%3A+Historical+Conflict+and+Monumentalization&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fiph-2018-0011&rft.aulast=%C3%96zbek&rft.aufirst=Egemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheterian2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cheterian, Vicken (2017). "The Last Closed Border of the Cold War: Turkey–Armenia". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Borderlands_Studies" title="Journal of Borderlands Studies">Journal of Borderlands Studies</a>. 32 (1): 71–90 [76]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08865655.2016.1226927">10.1080/08865655.2016.1226927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Borderlands+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Last+Closed+Border+of+the+Cold+War%3A+Turkey%E2%80%93Armenia&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-90+76&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08865655.2016.1226927&rft.aulast=Cheterian&rft.aufirst=Vicken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b892-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b892_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018b">Cheterian 2018b</a>, p. 892. "The ANM was ready to put aside the past in order to build normal relations with neighboring Turkey. Turkey, however, was not ready to forget the 1915 genocide and its consequences: the continuous Armenian diaspora struggle for recognition and reparation. It insisted that Yerevan must surrender politically on this issue, by withholding any diplomatic support for the 'recognition campaigns' abroad before normal diplomatic relations could be established or the border opened." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian2018211-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian2018211_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvedian2018">Avedian 2018</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2015212,_229–230-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2015212,_229–230_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2015">de Waal 2015</a>, pp. 212, 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005234-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005234_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBloxham2005">Bloxham 2005</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Aharon2019346–347-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Aharon2019346–347_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen_Aharon2019">Ben Aharon 2019</a>, pp. 346–347. "Importantly, the territorial conflict between the Azeris and the Armenians over control of Nagorno-Karabakh, triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union, turned Azerbaijan into a stakeholder in the discourse on the Armenian genocide, and it led an extensive international campaign against recognition." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b886-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b886_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018b">Cheterian 2018b</a>, p. 886. "... it is not possible to understand the ongoing conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan without integrating the discourse of genocide denial produced in Turkey and adopted by Azerbaijan'. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanjian-332">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjian_332-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjian_332-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjian2008" class="citation news cs1">Sanjian, Ara (24 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianweekly.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/AW_Apr08.pdf#page=27">"Armenia and Genocide: the Growing Engagement of Azerbaijan"</a> (PDF). The Armenian Weekly. pp. 28–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Armenian+Weekly&rft.atitle=Armenia+and+Genocide%3A+the+Growing+Engagement+of+Azerbaijan&rft.pages=28-33&rft.date=2008-04-24&rft.aulast=Sanjian&rft.aufirst=Ara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianweekly.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F02%2FAW_Apr08.pdf%23page%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b887-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b887_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b887_333-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018b">Cheterian 2018b</a>, p. 887. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b893–894-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b893–894_334-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018b">Cheterian 2018b</a>, pp. 893–894. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b895–896-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b895–896_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018b">Cheterian 2018b</a>, pp. 895–896. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel201057–58-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel201057–58_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkel2010">Finkel 2010</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel201059–60-337"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel201059–60_337-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkel2010">Finkel 2010</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b898–899-338"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheterian2018b898–899_338-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheterian2018b">Cheterian 2018b</a>, pp. 898–899. "... the Azerbaijani elites' belief that the Armenian aggression of the 1980s and 1990s is a continuation of '1915'. As Armenians could not fight a stronger Turkey, they instead attacked the more vulnerable Azerbaijan. From the perspective of the Azerbaijani elite, countries that recognise the genocide of the Armenians are enemies of Azerbaijan." </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Akçam, Taner</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks%27_Crime_against_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity">The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15333-9"><bdi>978-0-691-15333-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Turks%27+Crime+against+Humanity%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15333-9&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2018" class="citation book cs1">Akçam, Taner (2018). <a href="/wiki/Killing_Orders" title="Killing Orders">Killing Orders: Talat Pasha's Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-69787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-69787-1"><bdi>978-3-319-69787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Orders%3A+Talat+Pasha%27s+Telegrams+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-69787-1&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuron2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yair_Auron" title="Yair Auron">Auron, Yair</a> (2003). The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0834-9"><bdi>978-0-7658-0834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banality+of+Denial%3A+Israel+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0834-9&rft.aulast=Auron&rft.aufirst=Yair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvedian2018" class="citation book cs1">Avedian, Vahagn (2018). Knowledge and Acknowledgement in the Politics of Memory of the Armenian Genocide. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-84515-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-84515-4"><bdi>978-0-429-84515-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+and+Acknowledgement+in+the+Politics+of+Memory+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-84515-4&rft.aulast=Avedian&rft.aufirst=Vahagn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_David_Baer" title="Marc David Baer">Baer, Marc D.</a> (2020). Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-04542-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-04542-3"><bdi>978-0-253-04542-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultanic+Saviors+and+Tolerant+Turks%3A+Writing+Ottoman+Jewish+History%2C+Denying+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-253-04542-3&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Marc+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxham2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game_of_Genocide" title="The Great Game of Genocide">The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922688-7"><bdi>978-0-19-922688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+of+Genocide%3A+Imperialism%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Destruction+of+the+Ottoman+Armenians&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922688-7&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheterian2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vicken_Cheterian" title="Vicken Cheterian">Cheterian, Vicken</a> (2015). Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide. <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">Hurst</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-458-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-458-5"><bdi>978-1-84904-458-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Wounds%3A+Armenians%2C+Turks+and+a+Century+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-458-5&rft.aulast=Cheterian&rft.aufirst=Vicken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadrianAkçam2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vahakn_Dadrian" title="Vahakn Dadrian">Dadrian, Vahakn N.</a>; Akçam, Taner (2011). Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-286-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-286-3"><bdi>978-0-85745-286-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judgment+at+Istanbul%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+Trials&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-286-3&rft.aulast=Dadrian&rft.aufirst=Vahakn+N.&rft.au=Ak%C3%A7am%2C+Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal" title="Thomas de Waal">de Waal, Thomas</a> (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935069-8"><bdi>978-0-19-935069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Catastrophe%3A+Armenians+and+Turks+in+the+Shadow+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-935069-8&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkmekçioğlu2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lerna_Ekmek%C3%A7io%C4%9Flu" title="Lerna Ekmekçioğlu">Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna</a> (2016). Recovering Armenia: The Limits of Belonging in Post-Genocide Turkey. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9706-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9706-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-9706-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+Armenia%3A+The+Limits+of+Belonging+in+Post-Genocide+Turkey&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9706-1&rft.aulast=Ekmek%C3%A7io%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Lerna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalip2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zlem_Bel%C3%A7im_Galip" title="Özlem Belçim Galip">Galip, Özlem Belçim</a> (2020). New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. the State. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-59400-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-59400-8"><bdi>978-3-030-59400-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Social+Movements+and+the+Armenian+Question+in+Turkey%3A+Civil+Society+vs.+the+State&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-59400-8&rft.aulast=Galip&rft.aufirst=%C3%96zlem+Bel%C3%A7im&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöçek2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fatma_M%C3%BCge_G%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Fatma Müge Göçek">Göçek, Fatma Müge</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Violence" title="Denial of Violence">Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789–2009</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933420-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933420-9"><bdi>978-0-19-933420-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denial+of+Violence%3A+Ottoman+Past%2C+Turkish+Present+and+Collective+Violence+Against+the+Armenians%2C+1789%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933420-9&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6%C3%A7ek&rft.aufirst=Fatma+M%C3%BCge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhrig2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Ihrig" title="Stefan Ihrig">Ihrig, Stefan</a> (2016). <a href="/wiki/Justifying_Genocide" title="Justifying Genocide">Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50479-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50479-0"><bdi>978-0-674-50479-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justifying+Genocide%3A+Germany+and+the+Armenians+from+Bismarck+to+Hitler&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-50479-0&rft.aulast=Ihrig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKévorkian2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_K%C3%A9vorkian" title="Raymond Kévorkian">Kévorkian, Raymond</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/The_Armenian_Genocide:_A_Complete_History" title="The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History">The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-930-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-930-0"><bdi>978-0-85771-930-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-930-0&rft.aulast=K%C3%A9vorkian&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser">Kieser, Hans-Lukas</a> (2018). <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha:_Father_of_Modern_Turkey,_Architect_of_Genocide" title="Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide">Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8963-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8963-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-8963-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talaat+Pasha%3A+Father+of+Modern+Turkey%2C+Architect+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8963-1&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_B._MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. MacDonald">MacDonald, David B.</a> (2008). Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide: The Holocaust and Historical Representation. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-08572-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-08572-9"><bdi>978-1-134-08572-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+Politics+in+the+Age+of+Genocide%3A+The+Holocaust+and+Historical+Representation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-08572-9&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuciyan2015" class="citation book cs1">Suciyan, Talin (2015). The Armenians in Modern Turkey: Post-Genocide Society, Politics and History. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-773-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-773-2"><bdi>978-0-85772-773-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians+in+Modern+Turkey%3A+Post-Genocide+Society%2C+Politics+and+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-773-2&rft.aulast=Suciyan&rft.aufirst=Talin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/They_Can_Live_in_the_Desert_but_Nowhere_Else" title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else">"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-6558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22They+Can+Live+in+the+Desert+but+Nowhere+Else%22%3A+A+History+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapters">Chapters</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_L._Anderson" title="Margaret L. Anderson">Anderson, Margaret Lavinia</a> (2011). "Who Still Talked about the Extermination of the Armenians?". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fatma_M%C3%BCge_G%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Fatma Müge Göçek">Göçek, Fatma Müge</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman M.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="A Question of Genocide">A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 199–217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979276-4"><bdi>978-0-19-979276-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+Still+Talked+about+the+Extermination+of+the+Armenians%3F&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Genocide%3A+Armenians+and+Turks+at+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=199-217&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979276-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Lavinia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheterian2018a" class="citation book cs1">Cheterian, Vicken (2018a). "Censorship, Indifference, Oblivion: the Armenian Genocide and Its Denial". Truth, Silence, and Violence in Emerging States. Histories of the Unspoken. Routledge. pp. 188–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-14112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-14112-3"><bdi>978-1-351-14112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Censorship%2C+Indifference%2C+Oblivion%3A+the+Armenian+Genocide+and+Its+Denial&rft.btitle=Truth%2C+Silence%2C+and+Violence+in+Emerging+States.+Histories+of+the+Unspoken&rft.pages=188-214&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-14112-3&rft.aulast=Cheterian&rft.aufirst=Vicken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChorbajian2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Levon_Chorbajian" title="Levon Chorbajian">Chorbajian, Levon</a> (2016). "'They Brought It on Themselves and It Never Happened': Denial to 1939". The Armenian Genocide Legacy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 167–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56163-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56163-3"><bdi>978-1-137-56163-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27They+Brought+It+on+Themselves+and+It+Never+Happened%27%3A+Denial+to+1939&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+Legacy&rft.pages=167-182&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56163-3&rft.aulast=Chorbajian&rft.aufirst=Levon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErbal2012" class="citation book cs1">Erbal, Ayda (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1xxswv.5">"Mea Culpas, Negotiations, Apologias: Revisiting the "Apology" of Turkish Intellectuals"</a>. Reconciliation, Civil Society, and the Politics of Memory. Transcript Verlag. pp. 51–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-1931-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-1931-7"><bdi>978-3-8376-1931-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1xxswv.5">j.ctv1xxswv.5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mea+Culpas%2C+Negotiations%2C+Apologias%3A+Revisiting+the+%22Apology%22+of+Turkish+Intellectuals&rft.btitle=Reconciliation%2C+Civil+Society%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Memory&rft.pages=51-94&rft.pub=Transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1xxswv.5%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-3-8376-1931-7&rft.aulast=Erbal&rft.aufirst=Ayda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1xxswv.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöçek2011" class="citation book cs1">Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011). "Reading Genocide: Turkish Historiography on 1915". In Suny, Ronald Grigor; Göçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="A Question of Genocide">A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 42–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979276-4"><bdi>978-0-19-979276-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+Genocide%3A+Turkish+Historiography+on+1915&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Genocide%3A+Armenians+and+Turks+at+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=42-52&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979276-4&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6%C3%A7ek&rft.aufirst=Fatma+M%C3%BCge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (2001). "Denial: The Armenian Genocide as a Prototype". Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 796–812. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-66019-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-66019-3"><bdi>978-1-349-66019-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Denial%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+as+a+Prototype&rft.btitle=Remembering+for+the+Future%3A+The+Holocaust+in+an+Age+of+Genocide&rft.pages=796-812&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-349-66019-3&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattanzi2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Lattanzi" title="Flavia Lattanzi">Lattanzi, Flavia</a> (2018). "The Armenian Massacres as the Murder of a Nation?". The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later: Open Questions and Tentative Answers in International Law. Springer International Publishing. pp. 27–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78169-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78169-3"><bdi>978-3-319-78169-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Massacres+as+the+Murder+of+a+Nation%3F&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Massacres+of+1915%E2%80%931916+a+Hundred+Years+Later%3A+Open+Questions+and+Tentative+Answers+in+International+Law&rft.pages=27-104&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-78169-3&rft.aulast=Lattanzi&rft.aufirst=Flavia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson" title="Geoffrey Robertson">Robertson, Geoffrey</a> (2016). "Armenia and the G-word: The Law and the Politics". The Armenian Genocide Legacy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 69–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56163-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56163-3"><bdi>978-1-137-56163-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenia+and+the+G-word%3A+The+Law+and+the+Politics&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+Legacy&rft.pages=69-83&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56163-3&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Jan_Z%C3%BCrcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik Jan Zürcher">Zürcher, Erik Jan</a> (2011). "Renewal and Silence: Postwar Unionist and Kemalist Rhetoric on the Armenian Genocide". In Suny, Ronald Grigor; Göçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="A Question of Genocide">A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 306–316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979276-4"><bdi>978-0-19-979276-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Renewal+and+Silence%3A+Postwar+Unionist+and+Kemalist+Rhetoric+on+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Genocide%3A+Armenians+and+Turks+at+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=306-316&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979276-4&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2008" class="citation journal cs1">Akçam, Taner (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1185&context=gsp">"Guenter Lewy's The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a>. 3 (1): 111–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fgsp.2011.0087">10.1353/gsp.2011.0087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Guenter+Lewy%27s+The+Armenian+Massacres+in+Ottoman+Turkey&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-145&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fgsp.2011.0087&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1185%26context%3Dgsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvedian2012" class="citation journal cs1">Avedian, Vahagn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs056">"State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_International_Law" title="European Journal of International Law">European Journal of International Law</a>. 23 (3): 797–820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs056">10.1093/ejil/chs056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=State+Identity%2C+Continuity%2C+and+Responsibility%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+the+Republic+of+Turkey+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=797-820&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs056&rft.aulast=Avedian&rft.aufirst=Vahagn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fejil%252Fchs056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvedian2013" class="citation journal cs1">Avedian, Vahagn (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/10c46a96-e971-4a35-8484-d647ed289b1c">"Recognition, Responsibility and Reconciliation: The Trinity of the Armenian Genocide"</a>. Europa Ethnica. 70 (3/4): 77–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24989%2F0014-2492-2013-34-77">10.24989/0014-2492-2013-34-77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-2492">0014-2492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europa+Ethnica&rft.atitle=Recognition%2C+Responsibility+and+Reconciliation%3A+The+Trinity+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=77-86&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24989%2F0014-2492-2013-34-77&rft.issn=0014-2492&rft.aulast=Avedian&rft.aufirst=Vahagn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lunduniversity.lu.se%2Flup%2Fpublication%2F10c46a96-e971-4a35-8484-d647ed289b1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAybak2016" class="citation journal cs1">Aybak, Tunç (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720151544/https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/21615/1/Geopolitics_of_Denial_Draft_13_aug_11_15.pdf">"Geopolitics of Denial: Turkish State's 'Armenian Problem'"</a> (PDF). Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 18 (2): 125–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19448953.2016.1141582">10.1080/19448953.2016.1141582</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/21615/1/Geopolitics_of_Denial_Draft_13_aug_11_15.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Balkan+and+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Geopolitics+of+Denial%3A+Turkish+State%27s+%27Armenian+Problem%27&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-144&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19448953.2016.1141582&rft.aulast=Aybak&rft.aufirst=Tun%C3%A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.mdx.ac.uk%2F21615%2F1%2FGeopolitics_of_Denial_Draft_13_aug_11_15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayraktar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bayraktar, Seyhan (2015). 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"Anatomy of Denial: Manipulating Sources and Manufacturing a Rebellion". Genocide Studies International. 8 (2): 208–223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.8.2.06">10.3138/gsi.8.2.06</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+Denial%3A+Manipulating+Sources+and+Manufacturing+a+Rebellion&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-223&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.8.2.06&rft.aulast=Kaligian&rft.aufirst=Dikran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamigonian2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mamigonian, Marc A. (2015). "Academic Denial of the Armenian Genocide in American Scholarship: Denialism as Manufactured Controversy". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 61–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.04">10.3138/gsi.9.1.04</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=Academic+Denial+of+the+Armenian+Genocide+in+American+Scholarship%3A+Denialism+as+Manufactured+Controversy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-82&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.04&rft.aulast=Mamigonian&rft.aufirst=Marc+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuataert2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Quataert" title="Donald Quataert">Quataert, Donald</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4139548">"The Massacres of Ottoman Armenians and the Writing of Ottoman History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Interdisciplinary_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Interdisciplinary History">The Journal of Interdisciplinary History</a>. 37 (2): 249–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjinh.2006.37.2.249">10.1162/jinh.2006.37.2.249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1953">0022-1953</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4139548">4139548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=The+Massacres+of+Ottoman+Armenians+and+the+Writing+of+Ottoman+History&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249-259&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0022-1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4139548%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjinh.2006.37.2.249&rft.aulast=Quataert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4139548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith_et_al.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Roger W.; <a href="/wiki/Eric_Markusen" title="Eric Markusen">Markusen, Eric</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Lifton, Robert Jay</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pen.org/professional-ethics-and-the-denial-of-armenian-genocide/">"Professional Ethics and the Denial of Armenian Genocide"</a>. Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 9 (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F9.1.1">10.1093/hgs/9.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Professional+Ethics+and+the+Denial+of+Armenian+Genocide&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F9.1.1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roger+W.&rft.au=Markusen%2C+Eric&rft.au=Lifton%2C+Robert+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Fprofessional-ethics-and-the-denial-of-armenian-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Roger W. (2015). "Introduction: The Ottoman Genocides of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.01">10.3138/gsi.9.1.01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Ottoman+Genocides+of+Armenians%2C+Assyrians%2C+and+Greeks&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.01&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roger+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2009" class="citation journal cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/114/4/930/23310">"Truth in Telling: Reconciling Realities in the Genocide of the Ottoman Armenians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a>. 114 (4): 930–946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.114.4.930">10.1086/ahr.114.4.930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Truth+in+Telling%3A+Reconciling+Realities+in+the+Genocide+of+the+Ottoman+Armenians&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=930-946&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr.114.4.930&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fahr%2Farticle%2F114%2F4%2F930%2F23310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlgen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ulgen, Fatma (2010). "Reading Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on the Armenian Genocide of 1915". <a href="/wiki/Patterns_of_Prejudice" title="Patterns of Prejudice">Patterns of Prejudice</a>. 44 (4): 369–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2010.510719">10.1080/0031322X.2010.510719</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20857578">20857578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Reading+Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk+on+the+Armenian+Genocide+of+1915&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=369-391&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2010.510719&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20857578&rft.aulast=Ulgen&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (2014). "Lost in Commemoration: the Armenian Genocide in Memory and Identity". Patterns of Prejudice. 48 (2): 147–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2014.902210">10.1080/0031322X.2014.902210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Lost+in+Commemoration%3A+the+Armenian+Genocide+in+Memory+and+Identity&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-166&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2014.902210&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeckinelgin2024" class="citation book cs1">Seckinelgin, Hakan (2024). The Armenian Genocide and Turkey: Public Memory and Institutionalized Denial. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-5363-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-5363-8"><bdi>978-0-7556-5363-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+and+Turkey%3A+Public+Memory+and+Institutionalized+Denial&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-5363-8&rft.aulast=Seckinelgin&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuranÖztan2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Turan, Ömer; Öztan, Güven Gürkan (2018). Devlet aklı ve 1915: Türkiye'de "Ermeni Meselesi" anlatısının inşası [Raison d'État and 1915: Turkey's "Armenian Question" and the Construction of Narratives] (in Turkish). İletişim Yayınları. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-05-2349-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-05-2349-6"><bdi>978-975-05-2349-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devlet+akl%C4%B1+ve+1915%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%27de+%22Ermeni+Meselesi%22+anlat%C4%B1s%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+in%C5%9Fas%C4%B1&rft.pub=%C4%B0leti%C5%9Fim+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-975-05-2349-6&rft.aulast=Turan&rft.aufirst=%C3%96mer&rft.au=%C3%96ztan%2C+G%C3%BCven+G%C3%BCrkan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+genocide+denial" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Template:Armenian genocide denial"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Template talk:Armenian genocide denial"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian genocide denial"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenian_genocide_denial" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian genocide denial</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_genocide" title="Template:Armenian genocide">template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey)" title="National Security Council (Turkey)">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS%C4%B0MKK" title="ASİMKK">Committee to Coordinate the Struggle with the Baseless Genocide Claims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Turkish_American_Associations" title="Assembly of Turkish American Associations">Assembly of Turkish American Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Coalition_of_America" title="Turkish Coalition of America">Turkish Coalition of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum" title="Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum">Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Turkish_Studies" title="Institute of Turkish Studies">Institute of Turkish Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Armenian_Research" title="Institute for Armenian Research">Institute for Armenian Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheckArmenia.com" title="FactCheckArmenia.com">FactCheckArmenia.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esat_Uras" title="Esat Uras">Esat Uras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_J._Shaw" title="Stanford J. Shaw">Stanford J. Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jak_Kamhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jak Kamhi (page does not exist)">Jak Kamhi</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jak_Kamhi" class="extiw" title="tr:Jak Kamhi">tr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bensiyon_Pinto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bensiyon Pinto (page does not exist)">Bensiyon Pinto</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensiyon_Pinto" class="extiw" title="tr:Bensiyon Pinto">tr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Erickson" title="Edward J. Erickson">Edward J. Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hala%C3%A7o%C4%9Flu" title="Yusuf Halaçoğlu">Yusuf Halaçoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Guenter Lewy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heath_Lowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath Lowry">Heath Lowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gunter" title="Michael Gunter">Michael Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dumont" title="Paul Dumont">Paul Dumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mango" title="Andrew Mango">Andrew Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Norman Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(American_historian)" title="Justin McCarthy (American historian)">Justin McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Hakan_Yavuz" title="M. Hakan Yavuz">M. Hakan Yavuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Armenian_Aspirations_and_Revolutionary_Movements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Armenian Aspirations and Revolutionary Movements (page does not exist)">The Armenian Aspirations and Revolutionary Movements</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Armenians_in_History_and_the_Armenian_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Armenians in History and the Armenian Question">The Armenians in History and the Armenian Question</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Armenian_Massacres_in_Ottoman_Turkey:_A_Disputed_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide">The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About denial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Banality_of_Denial" class="mw-redirect" title="The Banality of Denial">The Banality of Denial</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Book,_Political_Truth_or_Historical_Fact" title="The Blue Book, Political Truth or Historical Fact">The Blue Book, Political Truth or Historical Fact</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Violence" title="Denial of Violence">Denial of Violence</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Pasts" title="Dark Pasts">Dark Pasts</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Legality">Laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulting_Turkishness" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulting Turkishness">Insulting Turkishness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perin%C3%A7ek_v._Switzerland" title="Perinçek v. Switzerland">Perinçek v. Switzerland</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Conspiracy theories in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Armenian_cultural_heritage_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey">Destruction of Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">Place name changes in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_the_Holocaust_and_Genocide" title="International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide">International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink" title="Assassination of Hrant Dink">Assassination of Hrant Dink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenian_genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_genocide" title="Template:Armenian genocide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_genocide" title="Template talk:Armenian genocide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_genocide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian genocide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenian_genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians in the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_question" title="Armenian question">Armenian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Armenian_reforms" title="1914 Armenian reforms">1914 Armenian reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Greek_deportations" title="1914 Greek deportations">1914 Greek deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_congress_at_Erzurum" title="Armenian congress at Erzurum">Congress at Erzerum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genocide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_intellectuals_on_24_April_1915" title="Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915">Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Law_of_Deportation" title="Temporary Law of Deportation">Tehcir Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Hunchakian_gallows" title="20 Hunchakian gallows">20 Hunchakian gallows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_of_Armenian_properties_in_Turkey" title="Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey">Confiscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalions_(Turkey)" title="Labour battalions (Turkey)">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rape during the Armenian genocide">Mass rape</a></li> <li>Concentration camps <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_camps" title="Deir ez-Zor camps">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn_Camps" title="Ras al-Ayn Camps">Ra's al-'Ayn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_region" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_Adana" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian genocide in Adana">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_genocide_in_Aleppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenian genocide in Aleppo (page does not exist)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_genocide_in_Bitlis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 genocide in Bitlis (page does not exist)">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum#World_War_I_and_Turkish_War_of_independence" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_genocide_in_Harput&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 genocide in Harput (page does not exist)">Harput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F#Modern" title="Muş">Muş</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_genocide_in_Sivas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenian genocide in Sivas (page does not exist)">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_Trebizond" title="Armenian genocide in Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian genocide in Van">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Armenian_population" title="Ottoman Armenian population">Pre-genocide population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Casualties of the Armenian genocide">Genocide casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Post-genocide population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_survivors" title="Armenian genocide survivors">Survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorpahavak" title="Vorpahavak">Vorpahavak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Armenian militia</a></li> <li>By location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeitun_Resistance_(1915)" title="Zeitun Resistance (1915)">Zeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Dagh" title="Musa Dagh">Musa Dagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_resistance" title="Urfa resistance"> Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabin-Karahisar_uprising" title="Shabin-Karahisar uprising">Shabin-Karahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Azakh" title="Defense of Azakh">Azakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Armenians_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rescue of Armenians during the Armenian genocide">Rescue of Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_opposition_to_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Turkish opposition to the Armenian genocide">Turkish opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha"> Djemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djevdet_Bey" title="Djevdet Bey">Djevdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Reshid" title="Mehmed Reshid">Reshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahaeddin_%C5%9Eakir" title="Bahaeddin Şakir">Bahaeddin Şakir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_1915_Triple_Entente_declaration" title="May 1915 Triple Entente declaration">May 1915 Triple Entente declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Germany and the Armenian genocide">Imperial Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_coverage_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Press coverage during the Armenian genocide">Press coverage</a></li> <li>Foreign aid and relief <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_East_Foundation" title="Near East Foundation">Near East Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armenian_Relief_Committee" title="National Armenian Relief Committee">National Armenian Relief Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Ottoman_war_criminals_after_World_War_I" title="Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals after World War I">Prosecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_trials_of_1919%E2%80%931920" title="Istanbul trials of 1919–1920">Courts-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Malta exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nemesis" title="Operation Nemesis">Operation Nemesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Talaat_Pasha" title="Assassination of Talaat Pasha">Assassination of Talaat Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_culture" title="Armenian genocide in culture">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ravished Armenia (<a href="/wiki/Ravished_Armenia" title="Ravished Armenia">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravished_Armenia_(film)" title="Ravished Armenia (film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forty_Days_of_Musa_Dagh" title="The Forty Days of Musa Dagh">The Forty Days of Musa Dagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Promise_(2016_film)" title="The Promise (2016 film)">The Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_about_the_Armenian_Genocide" title="Template:Works about the Armenian Genocide">others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witnesses_and_testimonies_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide">Witnesses and testimonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_recognition" title="Armenian genocide recognition">Recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="United States recognition of the Armenian genocide">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_reparations" title="Armenian genocide reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Remembrance_Day" title="Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day">Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100th_anniversary_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide">100th anniversary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_genocide_memorials" title="List of Armenian genocide memorials">Memorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsitsernakaberd" title="Tsitsernakaberd">Tsitsernakaberd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visitors_to_Tsitsernakaberd" title="List of visitors to Tsitsernakaberd">notable visitors</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink" title="Assassination of Hrant Dink">Assassination of Hrant Dink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Armenian_reference" title="Hitler's Armenian reference">Hitler's Armenian reference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Armenia&#124;link=Armenia_Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Template:Foreign relations of Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Armenia&#124;link=Armenia_Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Foreign relations of Armenia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="Armenia–Egypt relations">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Armenia_relations" title="Argentina–Armenia relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Armenia–Brazil relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Armenia–Canada relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Chile_relations" title="Armenia–Chile relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Armenia–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Armenia–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Armenia–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_relations" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Armenia–China relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Armenia–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Armenia–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Armenia–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Armenia–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Armenia–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Armenia–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Armenia–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Armenia–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Armenia–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Armenia–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Armenia–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Armenia–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Armenia–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Armenia–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Armenia–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Armenia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Armenia–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Armenia–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Armenia–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Bulgaria_relations" title="Armenia–Bulgaria relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Croatia_relations" title="Armenia–Croatia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Cyprus_relations" title="Armenia–Cyprus relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="Armenia–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Armenia–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="Armenia–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Armenia–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Armenia–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Armenia–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Armenia–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Armenia–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Armenia–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Armenia–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Armenia–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Armenia–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Armenia–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Armenia–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Armenia–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Armenia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Australia_relations" title="Armenia–Australia relations">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Artsakh_relations" title="Armenia–Artsakh relations">Artsakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93BSEC_relations" title="Armenia–BSEC relations">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93CSTO_relations" title="Armenia–CSTO relations">CSTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Armenia–NATO relations">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Armenia and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Armenia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Armenia">Diplomatic missions of Armenia</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Armenia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Armenia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Template:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Angola–Turkey relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cameroon–Turkey relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Central African Republic–Turkey relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Chad–Turkey relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Gabon–Turkey relations">Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Burundi–Turkey relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Djibouti–Turkey relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Eritrea–Turkey relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ethiopia–Turkey relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kenya–Turkey relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Madagascar–Turkey relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malawi–Turkey relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mauritius–Turkey relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mozambique–Turkey relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Rwanda–Turkey relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Seychelles–Turkey relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Somalia–Turkey relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Sudan–Turkey relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sudan–Turkey relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tanzania–Turkey relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Turkey–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Turkey–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Turkey–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Algeria–Turkey relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Egypt–Turkey relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Libya–Turkey relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Morocco–Turkey relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tunisia–Turkey relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Namibia–Turkey relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Africa–Turkey relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Benin–Turkey relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Turkey relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cape Verde–Turkey relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Turkey relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Turkey relations">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ghana–Turkey relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guinea–Turkey relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Liberia–Turkey relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mali–Turkey relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mauritania–Turkey relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Niger–Turkey relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nigeria–Turkey relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Senegal–Turkey relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sierra Leone–Turkey relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Togo–Turkey relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–Turkey relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cuba–Turkey relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Dominican Republic–Turkey relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Haiti–Turkey relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Costa Rica–Turkey relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guatemala–Turkey relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nicaragua–Turkey relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Panama–Turkey relations">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Canada–Turkey relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mexico–Turkey relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Argentina–Turkey relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bolivia–Turkey relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Brazil–Turkey relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Chile–Turkey relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Colombia–Turkey relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ecuador–Turkey relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Paraguay–Turkey relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Peru–Turkey relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Suriname–Turkey relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Turkey–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Turkey–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Afghanistan–Turkey relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Turkey relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tajikistan–Turkey relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Turkey–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Turkey–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Japan–Turkey relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mongolia–Turkey relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="North Korea–Turkey relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Korea–Turkey relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Taiwan–Turkey relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bangladesh–Turkey relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="India–Turkey relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Maldives–Turkey relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nepal–Turkey relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Pakistan–Turkey relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sri Lanka–Turkey relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Brunei–Turkey relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cambodia–Turkey relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="East Timor–Turkey relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Indonesia–Turkey relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Laos–Turkey relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Myanmar–Turkey relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malaysia–Turkey relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Philippines–Turkey relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Singapore–Turkey relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Thailand–Turkey relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Turkey–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Armenia–Turkey relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Turkey relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bahrain–Turkey relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Georgia–Turkey relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Abkhazia–Turkey relations">Abkhazia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iran–Turkey relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iraq–Turkey relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Israel–Turkey relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Jordan–Turkey relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kuwait–Turkey relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Lebanon–Turkey relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Oman–Turkey relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Palestine–Turkey relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Qatar–Turkey relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Syria–Turkey relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Turkey–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Czech Republic–Turkey relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Hungary–Turkey relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Poland–Turkey relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Slovakia–Turkey relations">Slovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Belarus–Turkey relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bulgaria–Turkey relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Moldova–Turkey relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Romania–Turkey relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Turkey–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Denmark–Turkey relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Estonia–Turkey relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Finland–Turkey relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iceland–Turkey relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ireland–Turkey relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Latvia–Turkey relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Lithuania–Turkey relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Norway–Turkey relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sweden–Turkey relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Turkey–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Albania–Turkey relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Croatia–Turkey relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Greece–Turkey relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Italy–Turkey relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kosovo–Turkey relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malta–Turkey relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Montenegro–Turkey relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="North Macedonia–Turkey relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–Turkey relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Portugal–Turkey relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="San Marino–Turkey relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Serbia–Turkey relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Slovenia–Turkey relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Spain–Turkey relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Holy See–Turkey relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Austria–Turkey relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Belgium–Turkey relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="France–Turkey relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Germany–Turkey relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Luxembourg–Turkey relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Netherlands–Turkey relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Switzerland–Turkey relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Australia–Turkey relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="New Zealand–Turkey relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Solomon Islands–Turkey relations">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Samoa–Turkey relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tonga–Turkey relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Soviet Union–Turkey relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Turkey–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_membership_of_international_organizations" title="Turkey's membership of international organizations">International organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab League–Turkey relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Accession negotiations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_in_NATO" title="Turkey in NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_United_Nations" title="Turkey and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">Central Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact" title="Balkan Pact">First Balkan Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Second Balkan Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace Agreements and Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1926)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1926)">Treaty of Ankara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">Border with Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Bulgaria–Turkey border">Border with Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Greece–Turkey border">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Armenia–Turkey border">Border with Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Azerbaijan–Turkey border">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Georgia–Turkey border">Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">Border with Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iran–Turkey border">Border with Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">ECHR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline">Kirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus_Water_Supply_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project">Northern Cyprus pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stream" title="Blue Stream">Blue Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz%E2%80%93Ankara_pipeline" title="Tabriz–Ankara pipeline">Tabriz–Ankara pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Anatolian_gas_pipeline" title="Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline">Trans-Anatolian pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurkStream" title="TurkStream">TurkStream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Express" title="Friendship Express">Greece–Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Kars_railway" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway">Azerbaijan–Georgia–Turkey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions of Turkey">Diplomatic missions of Turkey</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions in Turkey">in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_diplomats" title="List of Turkish diplomats">Diplomatic corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_negationism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Falsification_of_history" title="Template talk:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification_of_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification of history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_negationism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_falsification" title="Knowledge falsification">Knowledge falsification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Textbook_controversies" title="Category:Textbook controversies">school textbook controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> / denial of <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killings</a> and atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Atrocities against Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs during WWII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Wikipedia controversy">Croatian Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Katyn" title="Anti-Katyn">Katyn massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre#Armenian_reactions" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing Massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_cover-up_of_Japanese_war_crimes" title="American cover-up of Japanese war crimes">U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide#Media_coverage_in_Myanmar" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holocaust" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria_victim_theory" title="Austria victim theory">Austria victim theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Clean Wehrmacht</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rommel_myth" title="Rommel myth">Rommel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Speer_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Speer myth">Speer myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italians, the good people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_syndrome" title="Vichy syndrome">Vichy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other whitewashing of governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_de_ayer" title="Cuba de ayer">Cuba de ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_myth" title="Czechoslovak myth">Czechoslovak myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_state_terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Denial of state terrorism in Argentina">Denial of state terrorism in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood_theory" title="Driftwood theory">Driftwood theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos apologism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil (page does not exist)">Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacionismo_da_ditadura_militar_brasileira" class="extiw" title="pt:Negacionismo da ditadura militar brasileira">pt</a>] / <a href="/wiki/Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Chile" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Legacy" title="Operation Legacy">Operation Legacy (UK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity" title="Allah as a lunar deity">Allah as a lunar deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiquization" title="Antiquization">Antiquization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burnings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe#Political_implications" title="Great Zimbabwe">Censorship of Great Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li> <li>Destruction of cultural heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Erased" title="The Erased">Izbrisani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT erasure">LGBT erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_sheep_to_the_slaughter" title="Like sheep to the slaughter">Like sheep to the slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_success_story" title="Cuban success story">Myth of the golden exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time hypothesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pseudohistory_Theory" title="Western Pseudohistory Theory">Western Pseudohistory Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespeare authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_losses_of_Thailand" title="Territorial losses of Thailand">Territorial losses of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azerbaijan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Falsification_of_history_in_Azerbaijan" title="Falsification of history in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Destruction of Armenian heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cemetery_in_Julfa" title="Armenian cemetery in Julfa">Cemetery in Julfa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_Armenian_heritage_in_Nakhchivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Destruction of Armenian heritage in Nakhchivan (page does not exist)">Nakhchivan</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Разрушение армянского наследия в Нахиджеване">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_on_granting_Nizami_the_status_of_the_national_poet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan">Nizami Ganjavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_Langemarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of Langemarck (page does not exist)">Myth of Langemarck</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos_von_Langemarck" class="extiw" title="de:Mythos von Langemarck">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel / Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" title="Allegations of genocide in Donbas">Allegations of genocide in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian nation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Crimean_Tatars_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Denial of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union">Denial of Crimean Tatars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Commission" title="1776 Commission">1776 Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_slaves_myth" title="Irish slaves myth">Irish slaves myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS%C4%B0MKK" title="ASİMKK">ASİMKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_the_Causes_of_the_War" title="Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War">Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODOH" class="mw-redirect" title="CODOH">CODOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Voice" title="Dalit Voice">Dalit Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheckArmenia.com" title="FactCheckArmenia.com">FactCheckArmenia.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_zur_Rechtlichen_und_Humanit%C3%A4ren_Unterst%C3%BCtzung" title="Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung">Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum" title="Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum">Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Armenian_Research" title="Institute for Armenian Research">Institute for Armenian Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeschichtliche_Forschungsstelle_Ingolstadt" title="Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt">Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Town_Betrayed" title="A Town Betrayed">A Town Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Verdade_Sufocada" title="A Verdade Sufocada">A Verdade Sufocada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverage_of_the_Hillsborough_disaster_by_The_Sun" title="Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun">Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatline_(B.o.B_song)" title="Flatline (B.o.B song)">Flatline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_og_Land" title="Folk og Land">Folk og Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Palestinian_People" title="A History of the Palestinian People">A History of the Palestinian People (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Diaries" title="Hitler Diaries">Hitler Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hoax_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Hoax of the Twentieth Century">The Hoax of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_More_Than_a_Wolf_Whistle" title="I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle">I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_%E2%80%93_istina" title="Jasenovac – istina">Jasenovac – istina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Historical_Review" title="Journal of Historical Review">Journal of Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side:_The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Nazism_and_Zionism" title="The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism">The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ottoman_Lieutenant" title="The Ottoman Lieutenant">The Ottoman Lieutenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_about_Case_Srebrenica" title="Report about Case Srebrenica">Report about Case Srebrenica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_to_Review_the_Global_Vision_of_the_Holocaust" title="International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust">International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arndt_Verlag" title="Arndt Verlag">Arndt Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.J._Fedorowicz_Publishing" title="J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing">J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munin_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Munin Verlag">Munin Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa Verlag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">Statute law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verbotsgesetz_1947" title="Verbotsgesetz 1947">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Holocaust_denial_law" title="Belgian Holocaust denial law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayssot_Act" title="Gayssot Act">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_v_Zundel" title="R v Zundel">R v Zundel</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehideux_and_Isorni_v_France" title="Lehideux and Isorni v France">Lehideux and Isorni v France</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd" title="Irving v Penguin Books Ltd">Irving v Penguin Books Ltd</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perin%C3%A7ek_v._Switzerland" title="Perinçek v. Switzerland">Perinçek v. Switzerland</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime">Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_misconception" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical misconception">Historical misconceptions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">Ash heap of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furtive_fallacy" title="Furtive fallacy">Furtive fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_navbox" title="Template talk:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egica#Legislation" title="Egica">Visigothic Jews under Egica</a> (693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Tamerlane" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Assyria</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui</a> (1533–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lameyans</a> (1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodhead%27s_Coshocton_expedition" title="Brodhead's Coshocton expedition">Coshocton Expedition</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawazi_massacre" title="Al-Jawazi massacre">al-Jawazi</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuruyuki" title="Battle of Kuruyuki">Ava Guaraní</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Duala</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungarian White Terror</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon#Kuwait" title="Bedoon">Kuwaiti Bedoon</a> (1985–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Las Anod conflict (2023–present)">Dhulbahante</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza Strip</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">20th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786536#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13609225p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13609225p">BnF data</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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[\"CITEREFBen_Aharon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBilali2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloxham2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloxham2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloxham2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharny2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheterian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheterian2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheterian2018a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheterian2018b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChorbajian2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDadrian2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDadrianAkçam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDella_Morte2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemirdjian2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemirelEriksson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon2010a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon2010b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEissenstat2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkmekçioğlu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErbal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErbal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErtür2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEubelHaselberger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleck2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreely2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalip2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalip2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöçek2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöçek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöçek2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGürpınar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGürpınar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisian1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisian2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIhrig2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKale2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaligian2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaraveli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasbarianÖktem2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasbarianÖktem2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieserÖktemReinkowski2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoc2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKévorkian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLattanzi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaycock2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibairdian2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaksudyan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMamigonian2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMamigonian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMangassarian2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaranci2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarchandPerrier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisZe\u0026#039;evi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoses2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMouradian2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOranlı2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalabiyik2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuataert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSassounian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharf1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeckinelgin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSjöberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith_et_al.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuciyan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuranÖztan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUlgen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarnava2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatenpaugh,_Keith_David2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatenpaugh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYardleyArsu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZürcher2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_BrouxStaes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Waal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Bieberstein2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzbek2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÜngör2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÜngör2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Armenian Genocide\"] = 1,\n [\"Armenian Genocide denial\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bots\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 2,\n [\"Foreign relations of Armenia\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign relations of Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Genocide topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harnvb\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 65,\n [\"Historical revisionism\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 44,\n [\"Pp-30-500\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n 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