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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Sindhi_(2nd–16th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Sindhi_(2nd–16th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early Sindhi (2nd–16th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Sindhi_(2nd–16th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Sindhi_(16th–19th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Sindhi_(16th–19th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Sindhi_(16th–19th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Sindhi_(1843–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Sindhi_(1843–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern Sindhi (1843–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Sindhi_(1843–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postpositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postpositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Postpositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postpositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Case_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Case markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complex_postpositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_postpositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Complex postpositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_postpositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perso-Arabic_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perso-Arabic_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Perso-Arabic script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perso-Arabic_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devanagari_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devanagari_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Devanagari script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devanagari_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laṇḍā_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laṇḍā_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Laṇḍā scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laṇḍā_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khudabadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khudabadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Khudabadi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khudabadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khojki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khojki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Khojki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khojki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gurmukhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gurmukhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Gurmukhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gurmukhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Sindhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Sindhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Roman Sindhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Sindhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Advocacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advocacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sindhi language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिंधी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सिंधी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সিন্ধী ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সিন্ধী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_sindhi" title="Idioma sindhi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma sindhi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिन्धी भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सिन्धी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_dili" title="Sindhi dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sindhi dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سیندی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیندی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সিন্ধি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিন্ধি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Сіндхі (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіндхі (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिंधी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिंधी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Синдхи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синдхи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindeg" title="Sindeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sindeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh%C5%A1tina" title="Sindhština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sindhština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_keel" title="Sindhi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sindhi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Γλώσσα Σίντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Σίντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_sindi" title="Idioma sindi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma sindi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinda_lingvo" title="Sinda lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sinda lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان سندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_bhasa" title="Sindhi bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sindhi bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sindhi" title="Lingua sindhi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua sindhi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="સિંધી ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સિંધી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%93%9C%EC%96%B4" title="신드어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신드어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिन्धी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिन्धी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_jezik" title="Sindhi jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sindhi jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Sindhi" title="Pagsasao a Sindhi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sindh" title="Bahasa Sindh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Sindh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8_(%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Синдхи (æвзаг) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Синдхи (æвзаг)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind%C3%AD" title="Sindí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sindí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sindhi" title="Lingua sindhi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua sindhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סינדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סינדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಿಂಧಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಂಧಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სინდჰი ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინდჰი ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%90%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سِندھی زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سِندھی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisindhi" title="Kisindhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisindhi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Синдхи – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Синдхи" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Sindhuica" title="Lingua Sindhuica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Sindhuica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhu_valoda" title="Sindhu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sindhu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh%C5%B3_kalba" title="Sindhų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sindhų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szindhi_nyelv" title="Szindhi nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szindhi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिन्धी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सिन्धी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Синдски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синдски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_sindy" title="Fiteny sindy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny sindy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="സിന്ധി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിന്ധി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिंधी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिंधी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="სინდჰი (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სინდჰი (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="لغه سندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه سندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sindh" title="Bahasa Sindh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Sindh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_(taal)" title="Sindhi (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sindhi (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिन्धी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिन्धी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिन्धी भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिन्धी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E" title="シンド語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンド語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindi_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Sindi (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sindi (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5ket_sindi" title="Språket sindi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Språket sindi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_tili" title="Sindh tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sindh tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਿੰਧੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੰਧੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سندھی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سندھی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%90%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سېندي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سېندي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_sindhi" title="Lenga sindhi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga sindhi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_sindhi" title="Język sindhi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język sindhi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_sindi" title="Língua sindi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua sindi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindi_simi" title="Sindi simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sindi simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Синдхи (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синдхи (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिन्धीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सिन्धीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سندھی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سندھی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_leid" title="Sindhi leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sindhi leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sindhi language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%8C%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="سنڌي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنڌي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی سیندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سیندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Синди (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синди (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindi_jezik" title="Sindi jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sindi jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சிந்தி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிந்தி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%BB%D0%B8" title="Синдһи – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Синдһи" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="సింధీ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సింధీ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาสินธ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสินธ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಿಂಧಿ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಿಂಧಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh%C3%AE" title="Sindhî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sindhî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Синдхі (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синдхі (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سندھی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سندھی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="سىندى تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سىندى تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahsaenqdaek" title="Vahsaenqdaek – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahsaenqdaek" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Sindh" title="Tiếng Sindh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Sindh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="信德语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="信德语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Sindhi" title="Èdè Sindhi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="信德文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="信德文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1ndki" title="Sındki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sındki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="信德语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="信德语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sindhi" title="Bahasa Sindhi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_zyvon" title="Sindhi zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sindhi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33997#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-Aryan language native to Sindh</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Sindhi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="sd-Latn">Sindhī</span></span></li> <li><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سِنڌِي</span>‎</span></span></li> <li><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Deva">सिन्धी</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:200px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:15px 0 0 15px"><div style="display:table;background-color:;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 15px 15px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/92px-Sindhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/138px-Sindhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/184px-Sindhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="964" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 15px 15px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sindhi_language.svg/92px-Sindhi_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sindhi_language.svg/138px-Sindhi_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sindhi_language.svg/184px-Sindhi_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Sindhi written in Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[sɪndʱiː]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and near the border in neighbouring regions such as <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 32 million</span> (2011–2017)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages">Northwestern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Sindhi</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Naskh_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Naskh script">Naskh script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> and others<sup id="cite_ref-in_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> (provincial official)<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">India</a> (scheduled language)<sup id="cite_ref-in_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Language_Authority" title="Sindhi Language Authority">Sindhi Language Authority</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li>National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=sd">sd</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=416">snd</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/snd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:snd">snd</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sind1272">sind1272</a></code>  Sindhi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=59-AAF-f">59-AAF-f</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sindhi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/320px-Sindhi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sindhi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/480px-Sindhi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sindhi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/640px-Sindhi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The proportion of people with Sindhi as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> in each Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">District</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistan_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Pakistan Census">2017 Pakistan Census</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_99-NE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lang_Status_99-NE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_99-NE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lang_Status_99-NE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_99-NE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lang_Status_99-NE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_99-NE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Sindhi is not endangered according to the classification system of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/40px-Sindhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/60px-Sindhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/80px-Sindhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="964" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindhi text</a>, written from right to left with some letters joined.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a>, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Writing">Sindhi script</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Sindhi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SIN</span>-dee</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindhi: <span lang="sd" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سِنڌِي</span>‎</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a>)</span> or <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Deva">सिन्धी</span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>)</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[sɪndʱiː]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a> spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, where it has official status. It is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">scheduled language</a>, without any state-level official status. The main writing system is the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic script and <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> are used. </p><p>Sindhi is first attested in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-ELL_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELL-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_campaigns_in_India" title="Umayyad campaigns in India">Umayyad conquest</a> in 712 CE. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai">Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai</a> from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png/220px-Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png/330px-Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png/440px-Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Cover of a book containing the epic <a href="/wiki/Dodo_Chanesar" title="Dodo Chanesar">Dodo Chanesar</a> written in <i>Hatvanki Sindhi</i> or <a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi script</a>.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_culture" title="Category:Sindhi culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sindh_region" title="Sindh region"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/110px-Sindhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/165px-Sindhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/220px-Sindhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Identity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folklore" title="Sindhi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudesh">State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhology" title="Sindhology">Sindhology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_dynasty_of_Sindh" title="Brahmin dynasty of Sindh">Chacha dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_(caliphal_province)" title="Sind (caliphal province)">Arab Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh#Medieval_era" title="History of Sindh">Soomra-Samma rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Talpurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" title="Sind Province (1936–1955)">British rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Current Era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i>Asia</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis_in_India" title="Sindhis in India">Sindhis in India</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sindhis in Sri Lanka">Sindhis in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sindhis" title="British Sindhis">Sindhi British</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Gibraltar" title="Hinduism in Gibraltar">Sindhi Gibraltarians</a></li></ul> <p><i>North America</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Canadians" title="Sindhi Canadians">Sindhi Canadians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Oceania</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Australians" title="Sindhi Australians">Sindhi Australians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh" title="Culture of Sindh">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_clothing" title="Sindhi clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajrak" title="Ajrak">Shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Hat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Sindh" title="Folk dances of Sindh">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh#Poetry" title="Culture of Sindh">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_music" title="Sindhi music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis#Festivals" title="Sindhis">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis#Ethnicity_and_religion" title="Sindhis">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_television_channels" title="List of Sindhi-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibi" title="Sibi">Siwistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ab0000;border-bottom:1px solid #ab0000;font-size:95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png/55px-Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png/83px-Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png/110px-Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="474" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Sindh portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindhis" title="Template:Sindhis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sindhis" title="Template talk:Sindhis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <p>The name "Sindhi" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>síndhu</i>, the original name of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>) via Middle Indo-Aryan (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, secondary Prakrits, and <a href="/wiki/Apabhramsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsha">Apabhramsha</a>). 20th century Western scholars such as <a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">George Abraham Grierson</a> believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by <a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a> as being spoken in <i>Sindhu-deśa</i>, corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Sindhi_(2nd–16th_centuries)"><span id="Early_Sindhi_.282nd.E2.80.9316th_centuries.29"></span>Early Sindhi (2nd–16th centuries)</h3></div> <p>Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. Sindhi is first mentioned in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text on dramaturgy thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-ELL_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELL-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>. Much of this work is in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ginans" title="Ginans">ginans</a> (a kind of devotional hymn).<sup id="cite_ref-shackle_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shackle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_campaigns_in_India" title="Umayyad campaigns in India">Umayyad conquest of Sindh</a> in 712 CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Sindhi_(16th–19th_centuries)"><span id="Medieval_Sindhi_.2816th.E2.80.9319th_centuries.29"></span>Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)</h3></div> <p>Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> poetry, the latter in the devotional <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> tradition. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is <a href="/wiki/Qazi_Qadan" title="Qazi Qadan">Qazi Qadan</a> (1493–1551). Other early poets were <a href="/wiki/Shah_Inat_Rizvi" title="Shah Inat Rizvi">Shah Inat Rizvi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1613–1701) and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Karim_Bulri" title="Shah Abdul Karim Bulri">Shah Abdul Karim Bulri</a> (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-shackle_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shackle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as <a href="/wiki/Sassui_Punnhun" title="Sassui Punnhun">Sassui Punnhun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohni_Mahiwal" title="Sohni Mahiwal">Sohni Mahiwal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Momal_Rano" title="Momal Rano">Momal Rano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noori_Jam_Tamachi" title="Noori Jam Tamachi">Noori Jam Tamachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lilan_Chanesar" title="Lilan Chanesar">Lilan Chanesar</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-mahfil_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahfil-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest poet of Sindhi was <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai">Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai</a> (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jo_Risalo" title="Shah Jo Risalo">Shah Jo Risalo</a> by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-shackle_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shackle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by <a href="/wiki/Akhund_Azaz_Allah_Muttalawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi">Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi</a> (1747–1824) and published in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Sindhi_(1843–present)"><span id="Modern_Sindhi_.281843.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern Sindhi (1843–present)</h3></div> <p>In 1843, the <a href="/wiki/British_conquest_of_Sindh" title="British conquest of Sindh">British conquest of Sindh</a> led the region to become part of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>. Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1868, the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> assigned <i>Narayan Jagannath Vaidya</i> to replace the <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a> used in Sindhi with the <i><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi script</a></i>. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve <a href="/wiki/Martial_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial Law">Martial Laws</a> were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the development of modern Sindhi literature. </p><p>The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hashim_Thattvi" title="Muhammad Hashim Thattvi">Muhammad Hashim Thattvi</a>, one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-mahfil_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahfil-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and eventually <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi nationalism</a> in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <p>In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, where they account for 62% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in the <a href="/wiki/Kacchi_Plain" title="Kacchi Plain">Kacchi Plain</a> that encompasses the districts of <a href="/wiki/Lasbela_District" title="Lasbela District">Lasbela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hub_District" title="Hub District">Hub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kachhi_District" title="Kachhi District">Kachhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibi_District" title="Sibi District">Sibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohbatpur_District" title="Sohbatpur District">Sohbatpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jafarabad_District" title="Jafarabad District">Jafarabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhal_Magsi_District" title="Jhal Magsi District">Jhal Magsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usta_Muhammad_District" title="Usta Muhammad District">Usta Muhammad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasirabad_District" title="Nasirabad District">Nasirabad</a>. </p><p>In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in the following states: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>2011 Census Statistics (India Total: 2,772,264)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> </td> <td>1,184,024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> </td> <td>723,748 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajashtan</a> </td> <td>386,569 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> </td> <td>245,161 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chattisgarh</a> </td> <td>93,424 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi (NCT)</a> </td> <td>31,177 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> </td> <td>28,952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> </td> <td>19,646 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td>16,954 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td>11,299 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td>8,448 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td>7,828 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> </td> <td>2,863 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td>2,338 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> </td> <td>2,227 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> </td> <td>1,701 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> </td> <td>1,658 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </td> <td>1,251 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> </td> <td>754 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> </td> <td>656 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Nagar</a> <p>and <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Diu</a> </p> </td> <td>894 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> </td> <td>236 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> </td> <td>134 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> </td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> </td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> </td> <td>62 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2></div> <p>Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sardar_Ali_Shah" title="Syed Sardar Ali Shah">Syed Sardar Ali Shah</a>, and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindhi is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">occasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">'Mother Language Day</a>' in 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh" title="Provincial Assembly of Sindh">Sindh Assembly</a> under Culture minister <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sardar_Ali_Shah" title="Syed Sardar Ali Shah">Sardar Ali Shah</a>, passed a <a href="/wiki/Unanimity" title="Unanimity">unanimous</a> <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(logic)" title="Resolution (logic)">resolution</a> to extend the use of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> to <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary</a> level<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increase the <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a> of Sindhi as a <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. </p><p>The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, <a href="/wiki/Sindh_TV" title="Sindh TV">Sindh TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awaz_Television_Network" title="Awaz Television Network">Awaz Television Network</a>, Mehran TV, and <a href="/wiki/Dharti_TV" title="Dharti TV">Dharti TV</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_dialects_of_Sindhi_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_dialects_of_Sindhi_language.png/220px-The_dialects_of_Sindhi_language.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_dialects_of_Sindhi_language.png/330px-The_dialects_of_Sindhi_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_dialects_of_Sindhi_language.png/440px-The_dialects_of_Sindhi_language.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>The dialects of Sindhi language shown on map.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> at some places with neighboring languages such as <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>. Some of the documented dialects of Sindhi are:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lsi_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lsi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Vicholi</b>: The prestige dialect spoken around <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a> and central Sindh (the <i>Vicholo</i> region). The literary standard of Sindhi is based on this dialect.</li> <li><b>Uttaradi:</b> The dialect of northern Sindh (<i>Uttaru</i>, meaning "north"), with minor differences in <a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikarpur_District" title="Shikarpur District">Shikarpur</a> and in parts of <a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kandiaro_Tehsil" title="Kandiaro Tehsil">Kandiaro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lari_dialect_(Sindhi)" title="Lari dialect (Sindhi)">Lari</a></b>: The dialect of southern Sindh (<i>Lāṛu</i>) spoken around areas like <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thatta_District" title="Thatta District">Thatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sujawal_District" title="Sujawal District">Sujawal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tando_Muhammad_Khan_District" title="Tando Muhammad Khan District">Tando Muhammad Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badin_District" title="Badin District">Badin</a> districts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraiki_(Sindhi_dialect)" title="Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)"><b>Siroli</b>/<b>Siraiki</b></a> or <b>Ubheji</b>: The dialect of northernmost Sindh (<i>Siro</i>, meaning "head").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle2007114_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle2007114-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in <a href="/wiki/Jacobabad_District" title="Jacobabad District">Jacobabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmore_District" title="Kashmore District">Kashmore</a> districts, it has little similarity with the <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki language</a> of South Punjab<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lasi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasi dialect">Lasi</a></b>: The dialect of <a href="/wiki/Lasbela_District" title="Lasbela District">Lasbela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hub_District" title="Hub District">Hub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gwadar_District" title="Gwadar District">Gwadar</a> districts in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>.</li> <li><b>Firaqi Sindhi:</b> The dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Kacchi_Plain" title="Kacchi Plain">Kachhi plains</a> the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thareli" title="Thareli">Thareli</a>:</b> also called Tharechi dialect, spoken in north eastern <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar</a> Desert of Sindh, called Nara desert (Achhro thar), but mainly spoken in the western part of <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_district" title="Jaisalmer district">Jaisalmer</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, India by many Sindhi Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Bhili" title="Sindhi Bhili">Sindhi Bhili</a>:</b> It is a dialect spoken in Sindh by the Sindhi <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Meghwars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi Meghwars">Meghwars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Bhils" title="Sindhi Bhils">Bheels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindhi Bhil is known to have many old Sindhi words, which were lost after Arabic, Persian, and Chaghatai influence.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The variety of Sindhi spoken by Sindhi Hindus who emigrated to India is known as Dukslinu Sindhi. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a> are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Sindhi dialects Comparison<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Vicholi </th> <th>Lari </th> <th>Uttaradi </th> <th>Lasi </th> <th>Kutchi<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Dhatki </th></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>Aao(n) </td> <td>Aao(n) </td> <td>Mā(n) </td> <td>Ã </td> <td>Aau(n) </td> <td>Hu(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>My </td> <td>Muhnjo </td> <td>Mujo </td> <td>Mānjo/Māhjo </td> <td>Mojo/Mājo </td> <td>Mujo </td> <td>Mānjo/Māhyo </td></tr> <tr> <td>You "Sin, plu" (formal) </td> <td>Awha(n)/Awhee(n) <p>Tawha(n)/Tawhee(n) </p> </td> <td>Aa(n)/Aei(n) </td> <td>Taha(n)/Taa(n)/ <p>Tahee(n)/Taee(n) </p> </td> <td>Awa(n)/Ai(n) </td> <td>Aa(n)/Ai(n) </td> <td>Awha/Ahee(n)/ Aween </td></tr> <tr> <td>To me </td> <td>Mukhe </td> <td>Muke </td> <td>Mānkhe </td> <td>Mukh </td> <td>Muke </td> <td>Mina </td></tr> <tr> <td>We </td> <td>Asee(n) </td> <td>Asee(n), Pān </td> <td>Asā(n) </td> <td>Asee(n) </td> <td>Asee(n), Pān </td> <td>Asee(n), Asā(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>What </td> <td>Chha/Kahirō </td> <td>Kujjāro/Kujja </td> <td>Chha/Shha </td> <td>Chho </td> <td>Kuro </td> <td>Kee </td></tr> <tr> <td>Why </td> <td>Chho </td> <td>Ko </td> <td>Chho/Shho </td> <td>Chhela </td> <td>Kolāi/Kurelāe </td> <td>Kayla </td></tr> <tr> <td>How </td> <td>Kiya(n) </td> <td>Kei(n) </td> <td>Kiya(n) </td> <td> </td> <td>Kee(n) </td> <td>Kiya(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>No </td> <td>Na, Kōna, Kōn </td> <td>Nā(n), Kīna </td> <td>Na, Kōna, Kāna, Kon, Kān </td> <td>Nā(n), Ma </td> <td>Nā </td> <td>Nā, Ni, Ko, Kon, Ma </td></tr> <tr> <td>Legs (plural, fem) </td> <td>Tangu(n), Jjanghu(n) </td> <td>Tangu(n), Jjangu(n) </td> <td>Tangā(n), Jjanghā(n) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foot </td> <td>Pair </td> <td>Pair/Pagg/Pagulo </td> <td>Pair </td> <td>Pair </td> <td>Pag </td> <td>Pagg, Pair </td></tr> <tr> <td>Far </td> <td>Pare </td> <td>Ddoor </td> <td>Pare/Parte </td> <td>Ddor </td> <td>Chhete </td> <td>Ddor </td></tr> <tr> <td>Near </td> <td>Vejhō </td> <td>Vejo/Ōdō/Ōdirō/Ore </td> <td>Vejhō/Vejhe/Orte </td> <td>Ōddō </td> <td>Wat, bājūme </td> <td>Nerro </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good/Excellent </td> <td>Sutho, Chaṅō </td> <td>Khāso/Sutho/Thhāuko </td> <td>Sutho, Bhalo, Chango </td> <td>Khāsho </td> <td>Khāso, Laat </td> <td>Sutho, Phutro, Thhāuko </td></tr> <tr> <td>High </td> <td>Utāho </td> <td>Ucho </td> <td>Mathe </td> <td>Ucho </td> <td>Ucho </td> <td>Uncho </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silver </td> <td>Rupo </td> <td>Chādi/Rupo </td> <td>Chāndi </td> <td>Rupo </td> <td>Rupo </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Father </td> <td>Piu </td> <td>Pay/Abo/Aba/Ada </td> <td>Pee/Babo/Pirhe(n) </td> <td>Pe </td> <td>Pe, Bapa, Ada </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wife </td> <td>Joe/Gharwāri </td> <td>Joe/Wani/Kuwār </td> <td>Zaal/Gharwāri </td> <td>Zaal </td> <td>Vahu/Vau </td> <td>Ddosi, Luggai </td></tr> <tr> <td>Man </td> <td>Mardu </td> <td>Māņu/Mārū/Mard <p>/Murs/Musālu </p> </td> <td>Mānhu/Musālo/Bhāi <p>/Kāko/Hamra </p> </td> <td>Mānhu </td> <td>Māḍū/Mārū </td> <td>Mārū </td></tr> <tr> <td>Woman </td> <td>Aurat </td> <td>Zāla/ōrat/ōlath </td> <td>Māi/Ran </td> <td>Zāla </td> <td>Bāeḍi/Bāyaḍī </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Child/Baby </td> <td>Bbār/Ningar/Bbālak </td> <td>Bbār/Ningar/Gabhur/ <p>Bacho/Kako </p> </td> <td>Bbār/Bacho/Adro/ <p>Phar (animal) </p> </td> <td>Gabhar </td> <td>Bār/Gabhar </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daughter </td> <td>Dhiu/Niyāni </td> <td>Dia/Niyāni/Kañā </td> <td>Dhee/Adri </td> <td>Dhia </td> <td>Dhi </td> <td>Dikri </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sun </td> <td>Siju </td> <td>Sij, Sūrij </td> <td>Sijhu </td> <td>Siju </td> <td>Sūraj </td> <td>Sūraj </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sunlight </td> <td> </td> <td>Kārro </td> <td>Oosa </td> <td> </td> <td>Tarko </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cat </td> <td>Billi </td> <td>Bili/Pusani </td> <td>Billi </td> <td>Phushini </td> <td>Minni </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rain </td> <td>Barsāt/Mee(n)h <p>/Bārish </p> </td> <td>Varsāt/Mee(n)/Mai(n) </td> <td>Barsāt/Mee(n)hu </td> <td> </td> <td>Varsāt </td> <td>Meh, Maiwla </td></tr> <tr> <td>And </td> <td>Aēi(n) </td> <td>Ãū(n)/Ãē(n)/Nē </td> <td>Aēi(n)/Aū(n)/Aen </td> <td>Ãē/Or </td> <td>Nē/Anē </td> <td>A'e(n)/Ān </td></tr> <tr> <td>Also </td> <td>Pin/Bhi </td> <td>Pin, Bee </td> <td>Bu/Pun </td> <td> </td> <td>Pin/Pan </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Is </td> <td>Āhe </td> <td>Āye </td> <td>Aa/Āhe/Hai </td> <td>Āhe/Āye </td> <td>Āye </td> <td>Āhe/Āh/Āye/Hai </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fire </td> <td>Bāhe </td> <td>Bāē/āgg/jjērō </td> <td>Bāhe/Bāh </td> <td>Jjērō </td> <td>Jirō/lagāņō/āg </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water </td> <td>Pāņī </td> <td>Pāņī/Jal </td> <td>Pāņī </td> <td>Pāņī </td> <td>Pāņī/Jal </td> <td>Pāņī </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where </td> <td>Kithē </td> <td>Kithē </td> <td>Kithē, Kāthe, Kehda, Kāday, Kādah, Kidah, Kithrē </td> <td>Kith </td> <td>Kithē </td> <td>Kith </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sleep </td> <td>Nindr(a) </td> <td>Nind(a) </td> <td>Nindr(a) </td> <td>Nind </td> <td>Ninder </td> <td>Oongh </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slap </td> <td>Thaparr/Chammāt </td> <td>Tārr </td> <td>Chamātu/Chapātu/ <p>Lapātu/Thapu </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>To Wash </td> <td>Dhoain(u) </td> <td>Dhun(u) </td> <td>Dhoain(u)/Dhuan(u)/ <p>Dhowan(u) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Dhuwan(u)/ <p>Dhoon(u) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Will write (Masc) </td> <td>Likhandum, Likhandus </td> <td>Likhados </td> <td>Likhdum, Likhdus </td> <td>Likhdosī </td> <td> </td> <td>Likhsā(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I Went </td> <td>Aao(n) Vius </td> <td>Aao(n) Vēs </td> <td>Ma(n) Vayus (m)/ Vayas (f) </td> <td>Ã viosī </td> <td> </td> <td>Hu Gios </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <p>Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindhi has 46 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> and 10 <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">retroflex flap</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral approximant">lateral approximant</a> /l/ have <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voiced</a> counterparts. The language also features four <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosives</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Sindhi consonants<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 90%;"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">(Alveolo-)<br />Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small> <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">م</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ن</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڻ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڃ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڱ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy</a></small> </th> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mʱ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مهہ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nʱ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نهہ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɳʱ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڻهہ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پ</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ب</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ت</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">د</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٽ</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڊ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چ</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ج</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪ</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">گ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy</a></small> </th> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڦ</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʱ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڀ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪ʰ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٿ</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d̪ʱ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڌ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʰ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٺ</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɖʱ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڍ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕʰ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇ</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʑʱ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جهہ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ک</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡʱ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">گهہ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></small> </th> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڏ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڄ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڳ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></small> </th> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ف</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ز</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ش</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خ</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">غ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھ ه</span>‎</span></span></span></td> <td style="border-left:none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ل</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ي</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy</a></small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lʱ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لهہ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڙ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy</a></small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right:none;"></td> <td style="border-left:none;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɽʱ</span> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڙهہ</span>‎</span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> The retroflex consonants are <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar">postalveolar</a> and do not involve curling back of the tip of the tongue,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENihalani1974207_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENihalani1974207-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so they could be transcribed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̠,<span class="wrap"> </span>t̠ʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d̠,<span class="wrap"> </span>d̠ʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>n̠<span class="wrap"> </span>n̠ʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɾ̠<span class="wrap"> </span>ɾ̠ʱ]</span> in phonetic transcription. The affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑʱ/</span> are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> is similar, or truly palatal.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> is realized as labiovelar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> or labiodental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋ]</span> in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sindhi_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Sindhi_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sindhi_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Sindhi_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sindhi_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Sindhi_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The vowel phonemes of Sindhi on a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel chart">vowel chart</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>The vowels are modal length <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>æ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> and short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ə/</span>. Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pət̪o/<span class="wrap"> </span>[pət̪ˑoː]</span> 'leaf' vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɑt̪o/<span class="wrap"> </span>[pɑːt̪oː]</span> 'worn'. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3></div> <p>Sindhi nouns distinguish two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> (masculine and feminine), two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> (singular and plural), and five <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This is a similar paradigm to <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a>. Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined from its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, <i>-o</i> stems are masculine and <i>-a</i> stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender. </p><p>The different paradigms are listed below with examples.<sup id="cite_ref-jetley_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jetley-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in the singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes <i>-ā̃</i> / <i>-aū̃</i> / <i>-ū̃</i> (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ablative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABL</abbr>) and <i>-i</i> (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr> </th> <th colspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2">Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="vocative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VOC</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="vocative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VOC</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <th><i>I</i> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِرو</span>‎<br /><i>chokiro</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِرا</span>‎<br /><i>chokirā</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري</span>‎<br /><i>chokire</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِرا</span>‎<br /><i>chokirā</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِرا / ڇوڪِرَ</span>‎<br /><i>chokirā</i> / <i>chokira</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِرَنِ</span>‎<br /><i>chokirani</i> </td> <td>boy </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>II</i> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻارُ</span>‎<br /><i>ɓāru</i> </td> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻارَ</span>‎<br /><i>ɓāra</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻارو / ٻارَ</span>‎<br /><i>ɓāra</i> / <i>ɓāro</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻارَنِ</span>‎<br /><i>ɓārani</i> </td> <td>child </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>III</i> </th> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ساٿِي</span>‎<br /><i>sāthī</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ساٿِيءَ</span>‎<br /><i>sāthīa</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ساٿِي</span>‎<br /><i>sāthī</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ساٿيئَرو</span>‎<br /><i>sāthīaro</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ساٿيَنِ</span>‎<br /><i>sāthyani</i> </td> <td>companion </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">رَھاڪُو</span>‎<br /><i>rahākū</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">رَھاڪُوءَ</span>‎<br /><i>rahākūa</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">رَھاڪُو</span>‎<br /><i>rahākū</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">رَھاڪُئو</span>‎<br /><i>rahākuo</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">رَھاڪُنِ</span>‎<br /><i>rahākuni</i> </td> <td>inhabitant </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>IV</i> </th> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">راجا</span>‎<br /><i>rājā</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">راجا / راجائتو </span>‎<br /><i>rājā</i> / <i>rājāito</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">راجائُنِ </span>‎<br /><i>rājāuni</i> </td> <td>king </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سيٺُ</span>‎<br /><i>seṭhu</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سيٺَ </span>‎<br /><i>seṭha</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سيٺَنِ </span>‎<br /><i>seṭhani</i> </td> <td>merchant </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2"><i>I</i> </th> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زالَ</span>‎<br /><i>zāla</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زالُون</span>‎<br /><i>zālū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">زالُنِ</span>‎<br /><i>zāluni</i> </td> <td>woman, wife </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَسُ</span>‎<br /><i>sasu</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَسُون</span>‎<br /><i>sasū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَسُنِ</span>‎<br /><i>sasuni</i> </td> <td>mother-in-law </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><i>II</i> </th> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دَوا</span>‎<br /><i>davā</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دَوائُون</span>‎<br /><i>davāū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دَوائُنِ</span>‎<br /><i>davāuni</i> </td> <td>medicine </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">راتِ</span>‎<br /><i>rāti</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">راتيُون</span>‎<br /><i>rātyū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">راتيُنِ</span>‎<br /><i>rātyuni</i> </td> <td>night </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هوٽَل</span>‎<br /><i>hoṭal</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هوٽَلُون</span>‎<br /><i>hoṭalū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هوٽَلُنِ</span>‎<br /><i>hoṭaluni</i> </td> <td>hotel </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>III</i> </th> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڳَئُون</span>‎<br /><i>ɠaū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڳَئُونَ</span>‎<br /><i>ɠaū̃a</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڳَئُون</span>‎<br /><i>ɠaū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڳَئُونِ</span>‎<br /><i>ɠaūni</i> </td> <td>cow </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>IV</i> </th> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نَدِي</span>‎<br /><i>nadī</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نَدِيءَ</span>‎<br /><i>nadīa</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نَديُون</span>‎<br /><i>nadyū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نَديُنِ</span>‎<br /><i>nadyuni</i> </td> <td>river </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in <i>-r-</i> in the plural. These are the masculine nouns <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڀاءُ</span>‎ <i>bhāu</i> "brother", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پِيءُ</span>‎ <i>pīu</i> "father", and the feminine nouns <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڌِيءَ</span>‎ <i>dhīa</i> "daughter", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نُونھَن</span>‎ <i>nū̃hã</i> "daughter-in-law", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڀيڻَ</span>‎ <i>bheṇa</i> "sister", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ماءُ</span>‎ <i>māu</i> "mother", and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جوءِ</span>‎ <i>joi</i> "wife".<sup id="cite_ref-jetley_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jetley-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr> </th> <th colspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2">Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="vocative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VOC</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="vocative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VOC</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڀاءُ</span>‎<br /><i>bhāu</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڀائُرُ / ڀائُرَ</span>‎<br /><i>bhāuru</i> / <i>bhāura</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڀائُرَ / ڀائُرو</span>‎<br /><i>bhāura</i> / <i>bhāuro</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڀائُرَنِ / ڀائُنِ</span>‎<br /><i>bhāurani</i> / <i>bhāuni</i> </td> <td>brother </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڌِيءَ / ڌِيءُ</span>‎<br /><i>dhīa</i> / <i>dhīu</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڌِيئَرُ / ڌِيئَرُون / ڌِيئُون</span>‎<br /><i>dhīaru</i> / <i>dhīarū̃</i> / <i>dhīū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڌِيئَرُنِ / ڌِيئُنِ</span>‎<br /><i>dhīaruni</i> / <i>dhīuni</i> </td> <td>daughter </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4></div> <p>Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a>. These decline in the nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو <i>jo</i> for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed below.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhubchandani2003_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhubchandani2003-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sindhi1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindhi1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مَان</span>‎ / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">آئُون</span>‎<br /><i>mā̃</i> / <i>āū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تُون</span>‎<br /><i>tū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَسِين</span>‎<br /><i>asī̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَوِھِين</span>‎<br /><i>tavhī̃</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُون</span>‎<br /><i>mū̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تو</span>‎<br /><i>to</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَسَان</span>‎<br /><i>asā̃</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَوِھَان</span>‎<br /><i>tavhā̃</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مُنھِنجو</span>‎<br /><i>mũhinjo</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تُنھِنجو</span>‎<br /><i>tũhinjo</i> </td> <td colspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪو</span>‎ <i>ko</i> "someone" are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھَرڪو</span>‎ <i>har-ko</i> "everyone", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَڀڪو</span>‎ <i>sabh-ko</i> "all of them", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جيڪو</span>‎ <i>je-ko</i> "whoever" (relative), and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تيڪو</span>‎ <i>te-ko</i> "that one" (correlative).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhubchandani2003_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhubchandani2003-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Third-person pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Demonstratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstratives">Demonstrative</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative pronoun">Interrogative</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Correlative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlative pronoun">Correlative</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Unmarked </th> <th colspan="2">Specific </th> <th colspan="2">Present </th> <th rowspan="2">Indefinite </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="proximal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="proximal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="proximal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھِي</span>‎<br /><i>hī</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھُو</span>‎<br /><i>hū</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اِھو</span>‎<br /><i>iho</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اُھو</span>‎<br /><i>uho</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اِجهو</span>‎<br /><i>ijho</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اوجهو</span>‎<br /><i>ojho</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪو</span>‎<br /><i>ko</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪيرُ</span>‎<br /><i>keru</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جو</span>‎<br /><i>jo</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سو</span>‎<br /><i>so</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھِيءَ</span>‎<br /><i>hīa</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھُوءَ</span>‎<br /><i>hūa</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اِھَا</span>‎<br /><i>ihā</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اُھَا</span>‎<br /><i>uhā</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اِجَها</span>‎<br /><i>ijhā</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اوجَها</span>‎<br /><i>ojhā</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪَا</span>‎<br /><i>kā</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪيرَ</span>‎<br /><i>kera</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جَا</span>‎<br /><i>jā</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَا</span>‎<br /><i>sā</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھِنَ</span>‎<br /><i>hina</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھُنَ</span>‎<br /><i>huna</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اِنهين</span>‎<br /><i>inhẽ</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اُنهين</span>‎<br /><i>unhẽ</i> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪَنْھِن</span>‎<br /><i>kãhĩ</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جَنْھِن</span>‎<br /><i>jãhĩ</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَنْھِن</span>‎<br /><i>tãhĩ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھِي</span>‎<br /><i>hī</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھُو</span>‎<br /><i>hū</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اِھي</span>‎<br /><i>ihe</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اُھي</span>‎<br /><i>uhe</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اِجهي</span>‎<br /><i>ijhe</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اوجهي</span>‎<br /><i>ojhe</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪي</span>‎<br /><i>ke</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪيرَ</span>‎<br /><i>kera</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي</span>‎<br /><i>je</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سي</span>‎<br /><i>se</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھِنَنِ</span>‎<br /><i>hinani</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھُنَنِ</span>‎<br /><i>hunani</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اِنَهنِ</span>‎<br /><i>inhani</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اُنَهنِ</span>‎<br /><i>unhani</i> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪِنِ</span>‎<br /><i>kini</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جِنِ</span>‎<br /><i>jini</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تنِ</span>‎<br /><i>tini</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Num. </th> <th colspan="2">Cardinal </th></tr> <tr> <th>0 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻُڙِي</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">ɓuṛi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هِڪُ</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">hiku</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻَہ</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">ɓa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٽِي</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">ṭī</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چَارِ</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">cāri</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پَنج</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">pañja</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇَھَہ</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">chaha</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَتَ</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">sata</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَٺَ</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">aṭha</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نَوَ</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">nava</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Num. </th> <th colspan="2">Cardinal </th></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڏَھَہ</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">ɗaha</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">يَارَنھَن</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">yārãhã</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻَارَھَن</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">ɓārahã</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تيرَھَن</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">terahã</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چوڏَھَن</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">coɗahã</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پَندرَھَن</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">pandrahã</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سورَھَن</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">sorahã</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَترَھَن</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">satrahã</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اَرِڙَھَن / اَٺَارَھَن</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">ariṛahã / aṭhārahã</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <td><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اُڻوِيھَہ</span>‎</span></span></td> <td><span title="Sindhi-language romanization"><i lang="sd-Latn">uṇvīha</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postpositions">Postpositions</h3></div> <p>Most nominal relations (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Theta_role" title="Theta role">semantic role</a> of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a> marker کي <i>khe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-trumpp_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trumpp-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The postpositions are divided into <b>case markers</b>, which directly follow the noun, and <b>complex postpositions</b>, which combine with a case marker (usually the genitive جو <i>jo</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case_markers">Case markers</h4></div> <p>The case markers are listed below.<sup id="cite_ref-trumpp_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trumpp-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 399">: 399 </span></sup> </p><p>The postpositions with the suffix <i>-o</i> decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِرو جو پِيءُ</span>‎ <i>chokiro j-o pīu</i> "the boy's father" but <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِر جِي مَاءُ</span>‎ <i>chokiro j-ī māu</i> "the boy's mother". </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Case markers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Marker</th> <th>Example</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></td> <td>—</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِرو</span>‎<br /><i>chokiro</i></td> <td>the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کي</span>‎<br /><i>khe</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري کي</span>‎<br /><i>chokire khe</i> </td> <td>the boy<br />to the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جو</span>‎<br /><i>j-o</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري جو</span>‎<br /><i>chokire jo</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">of the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَندو</span>‎<br /><i>sand-o</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري سَندو</span>‎<br /><i>chokire sando</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سُڌو</span>‎<br /><i>sudh-o</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري سُڌو</span>‎<br /><i>chokire sudho</i></td> <td>along with the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَان</span>‎<br /><i>sā̃</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري سَان</span>‎<br /><i>chokire sā̃</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">with the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سَاڻُ</span>‎<br /><i>sāṇu</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري سَاڻُ</span>‎<br /><i>chokire sāṇu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">۾</span>‎<br /><i>mẽ</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري ۾</span>‎<br /><i>chokire mẽ</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">in the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مَنجِهہ</span>‎<br /><i>manjhi</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري مَنجِهہ</span>‎<br /><i>chokire manjhi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تي</span>‎<br /><i>te</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري تي</span>‎<br /><i>chokire te</i></td> <td>on the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وَٽِ</span>‎<br /><i>vaṭi</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري وَٽِ</span>‎<br /><i>chokire vaṭi</i></td> <td>near the boy<br />the boy has... </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orientative_case" title="Orientative case">Orientative</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڏَانھَن</span>‎<br /><i>ḍā̃hã</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَن</span>‎<br /><i>chokire ḍā̃hã</i></td> <td>towards the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَائيِن</span>‎<br /><i>tāī̃</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري تَائيِن</span>‎<br /><i>chokire tāī̃</i></td> <td>up to the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ل</span>‎اءِ<br /><i>lāi</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري لاءِ</span>‎<br /><i>chokire lāi</i></td> <td>for the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semblative_case" title="Semblative case">Semblative</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وَانگُرُ</span>‎<br /><i>vānguru</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري وَانگُرُ</span>‎<br /><i>chokire vānguru</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">like the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جَھْڙو</span>‎<br /><i>jahṛ-o</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري جَھْڙو</span>‎<br /><i>chokire jahṛo</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative case</a> markers formed from the spatial postpositions and the ablative ending <i>-ā̃</i>. These indicate complex motion such as "from inside of".<sup id="cite_ref-trumpp_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trumpp-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 400">: 400 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ablative case markers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Marker</th> <th>Example</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کَان</span>‎<br /><i>khā̃</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري کَان</span>‎<br /><i>chokire khā̃</i></td> <td>from the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مَان</span>‎<br /><i>mā̃</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري مَان</span>‎<br /><i>chokire mā̃</i></td> <td>from inside the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَان</span>‎<br /><i>tā̃</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري تَان</span>‎<br /><i>chokire tā̃</i></td> <td>from upon the boy </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڏَانھَان</span>‎<br /><i>ḍā̃hā̃</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَان</span>‎<br /><i>chokire ḍā̃hā̃</i></td> <td>from the direction of the boy </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Finally, some case markers are found in medieval Sindhi literature and/or modern poetic Sindhi, and otherwise not used in standard speech. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Obsolete/rare case markers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Marker</th> <th>Example</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪَني</span>‎<br /><i>kane</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇوڪِري ڪَني</span>‎<br /><i>chokire kane</i></td> <td>to/near the boy </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complex_postpositions">Complex postpositions</h4></div> <p>The complex postpositions are formed with a case marker, usually the genitive but sometimes the ablative. Many are listed below.<sup id="cite_ref-trumpp_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trumpp-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 405">: 405 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sindhi</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي اَڳيَان</span>‎</td> <td><i>je aɠyā̃</i></td> <td>"ahead of, before"; <a href="/wiki/Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">apudessive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي اَندَرِ</span>‎</td> <td><i>je andari</i></td> <td>"inside of"; <a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي بَدِرَان</span>‎</td> <td><i>je badirā̃</i></td> <td>"instead of, in place of" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي بَرَابَر</span>‎</td> <td><i>je barābar</i></td> <td>"equal to" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي ٻَاھَرَان</span>‎</td> <td><i>je ɓāharā̃</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">"outside of" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کَان ٻَاھَرِ</span>‎</td> <td><i>khā̃ ɓāhari</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي باري ۾</span>‎</td> <td><i>je bāre mẽ</i></td> <td>"about, concerning" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي چَوڌَارِي</span>‎</td> <td><i>je caudhārī</i></td> <td>"around" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي ھيٺَان</span>‎</td> <td><i>je heṭhā̃</i></td> <td>"below, under" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي ڪَري</span>‎</td> <td><i>je kare</i></td> <td>"for, on account of" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي لَاءِ</span>‎</td> <td><i>je lāi</i></td> <td>"for" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي مَٿَان</span>‎</td> <td><i>je mathā̃</i></td> <td>"above, on top of, upon" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کَان پَري</span>‎</td> <td><i>khā̃ pare</i></td> <td>"far from" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي پَارِ</span>‎</td> <td><i>je pāri</i></td> <td>"across, on the other side of" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي پَاسي</span>‎</td> <td><i>je pāse</i></td> <td>"on the side of, near" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کَان پوءِ</span>‎</td> <td><i>khā̃ poi</i></td> <td>"after" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي پُٺيَان</span>‎</td> <td><i>je puṭhyā̃</i></td> <td>"behind" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي سَامهون</span>‎</td> <td><i>je sāmhõ</i></td> <td>"in front of, facing" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کَان سِوَاءِ</span>‎</td> <td><i>khā̃ sivāi</i></td> <td>"besides, apart from" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي وَاسطي</span>‎</td> <td><i>je vāste</i></td> <td>"for the sake of, on account of" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي ويجهو</span>‎</td> <td><i>je vejho</i></td> <td>"near"; <a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">adessive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي وِچِ ۾</span>‎</td> <td><i>je vici mẽ</i></td> <td>"between, among" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي خَاطِرِ</span>‎</td> <td><i>je xātiri</i></td> <td>"for the sake of" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي خِلَافِ</span>‎</td> <td><i>je xilāfi</i></td> <td>"against" </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جي ذَرِيعي</span>‎</td> <td><i>je zarī'e</i></td> <td>"via, through"; <a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">perlative</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3></div> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Bux_Baloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabi Bux Baloch">Nabi Bux Baloch</a>, most Sindhi vocabulary is from ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. However, owing to the influence of the Persian language over the subcontinent, Sindhi has adapted many words from Persian and Arabic. It has also borrowed from English and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is slightly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, with more borrowed <a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">tatsam</a> Sanskrit elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole2001652–653Khubchandani2003624–625_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2001652–653Khubchandani2003624–625-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2></div> <p>Sindhis in Pakistan use a version of the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a> with new letters adapted to Sindhi phonology, while in India a greater variety of scripts are in use, including <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> and <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Laṇḍā">Laṇḍā</a> scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Abul_Hassan_Sagheer_Sindhi" title="Abul Hassan Sagheer Sindhi">Abul-Hasan as-Sindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhubchandani2003633_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhubchandani2003633-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole2001648_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2001648-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perso-Arabic_script">Perso-Arabic script</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi alphabet">Sindhi alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ٻ">ٻ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ڀ">ڀ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ٿ">ٿ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ٽ">ٽ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ٺ">ٺ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%84" title="ڄ">ڄ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%DB%81" title="جهہ">جهہ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ڃ">ڃ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ڇ (page does not exist)">ڇ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ڌ">ڌ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ڏ">ڏ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ڊ">ڊ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ڍ">ڍ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ڙ">ڙ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ڦ">ڦ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ڪ">ڪ</a> <a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%93" title="Khē">ک</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">گ</a> <a href="/wiki/Gueh" title="Gueh">ڳ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%87%DB%81" title="گهہ">گهہ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%B1" title="ڱ">ڱ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ڻ">ڻ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ھ">ھ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a> </span></span></span></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <hr />Extended <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numeration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template talk:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/British_raj" class="mw-redirect" title="British raj">British raj</a>, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> and eighteen new letters (<big><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ</span>‎</span></span></big>) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi. </p><p>Below table presents Sindhi Perso-Arabic alphabet. Letters shaded in yellow are solely used in writing of loanwords, and the phoneme they represent are also represented by other letters in the alphabet. Letters and digraphs shaded in green aren't usually considered as part of the base alphabet. They are either commonly used digraphs representing aspirated consonants, or are <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligatures</a> serving a grammatical function. These ligatures include the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">۽</span>‎, which is pronounced as [ãĩ̯] and represents <i>and</i>, and the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">۾</span>‎, which is pronounced as [mẽ] and it creates a locative relationship between words. </p> <table class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"> <caption>Sindhi alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Perso-Arabic<br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ب</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڀ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ت</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٿ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perso-Arabic<br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٽ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٺ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ث</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">پ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ج</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڄ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perso-Arabic<br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جهہ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">d͡ʑʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڃ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڇ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ɕʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ح</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perso-Arabic<br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">د</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڌ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڏ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڊ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڍ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ذ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perso-Arabic<br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڙ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڙهہ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ɽʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ز</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ژ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perso-Arabic<br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ش</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ص</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ض</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ط</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perso-Arabic<br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">غ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ف</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڦ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ق</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڪ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ک</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perso-Arabic<br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">گ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڳ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">گهہ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڱ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ل</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لهہ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">lʱ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perso-Arabic<br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">م</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مهہ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">mʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ن</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">◌̃</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نهہ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">nʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڻ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڻهہ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ɳʰ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perso-Arabic<br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھ</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هـ ه</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـہ ہ</span>‎</span><br />[ə]/[əʰ]/[∅] </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ء</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ي</span>‎</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perso-Arabic<br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">۽</span>‎</span><br />[ãĩ̯] </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">۾</span>‎</span><br />[mẽ] </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The orthography of the letter <i>hāʾ</i> in Sindhi, especially as it comes to typing as opposed to handwriting, has been a source of confusion for many. Especially because whereas in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a>, there exists one single letter for <i>hāʾ</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a>, the letter has diverged into two distinct variants: <i><a href="/wiki/Gol_he" title="Gol he">gol he</a></i> ("round he") and <i>do-cašmi he</i> ("two-eyed he"). The former is written is written round and zigzagged as "<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہـ ـہـ ـہ ہ</span>", and can impart the "h" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span>) sound anywhere in a word, or the long "a" or the "e" vowels (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>) at the end of a word. The latter is written in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop) (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ھ</span>) , in order to be used in digraphs and to create the aspirate consonants. </p><p>For most aspirated consonants, Sindhi relies on unique letters as opposed to the Urdu practice of digraphs. However, this doesn't apply to all aspirated consoants. Some are still written as digraphs. The letter <i>hāʾ</i> is also used in Sindhi to represent the sound [h] in native Sindhi words, in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and to represent vowels (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əʰ/</span>) at the end of the word. The notations and conventions in Sindhi are different from either Persian or Arabic and from Urdu. Given the variety of the types of <i>hāʾ</i> across these languages for which <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters have been designed, in order for the letters to be displayed correctly when typing, a correct and consistent convention needs to be followed. The following table will present these in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Unicode</a> </th> <th colspan="4">Letter or Digraphs </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Note </th> <th rowspan="2">Examples </th></tr> <tr class="static-row-header"> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th> <th>Isolated </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ھ">U+06BE</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـھ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـھـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھ</span>‎ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">دو<span style="color: red;">ھَ</span>⹁ <span style="color: red;">ھُ</span>و⹁ م<span style="color: red;">ھ</span>ينن⹁ وي<span style="color: red;">ھُ</span></span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ه">U+0647</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـه</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـهـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ه</span>‎ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td>Used for borrowed words </td> <td style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">وحد<span style="color: red;">هُ</span> لا⹁ والل<span style="color: red;">ه</span></span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ج">U+062C</a> +<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ه">U+0647</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـجهہ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـجهـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جهـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جهہ</span>‎ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">d͡ʑʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td>In <i>isolated</i> and <i>final</i> positions, an extra <i>hāʾ</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـہ</span>‎ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ہ">U+06C1</a>) is added </td> <td style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻا<span style="color: red;">جَهہ</span>⹁ اُ<span style="color: red;">جِه</span>ي⹁ من<span style="color: red;">جه</span>ان⹁ ڪُ<span style="color: red;">جهہ</span></span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:گ">U+06AF</a> +<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ه">U+0647</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـگهہ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـگهـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">گهـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">گهہ</span>‎ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a>]</span> </td> <td>In <i>isolated</i> and <i>final</i> positions, an extra <i>hāʾ</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـہ</span>‎ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ہ">U+06C1</a>) is added </td> <td style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><span style="color: red;">گهہ</span>⹁ <span style="color: red;">گه</span>وٽُ⹁ <span style="color: red;">گه</span>ڻ<span style="color: red;">گُه</span>رون⹁ س<span style="color: red;">گهہ</span></span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%87" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ه">U+0647</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـهہ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـهـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl">- </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl">- </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">◌ʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td>Forming part of digraph for representation of other aspirated consonants ([ɽʰ], [lʱ], [mʰ], [nʰ], [ɳʰ]). In <i>isolated</i> and <i>final</i> positions, an extra <i>hāʾ</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـہ</span>‎ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ہ">U+06C1</a>) is added </td> <td style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٻن<span style="color: red;">ه</span>ي⹁ ٿال<span style="color: red;">هہ</span></span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ہ">U+06C1</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـہ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl">- </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl">- </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ہ</span>‎ </td> <td>[ə] / [əʰ] / [∅] </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ن<span style="color: red;">ہ</span></span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The punctuation of Sindhi Perso-Arabic script differs slightly from that of <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a>. Namely, instead of using the typical <i>inverted comma</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">،</span>‎ [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%8C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:،">U+060C</a>]) common in these mentioned alphabet, a <i>reversed comma</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">⹁</span>‎ [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B9%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:⹁">U+2E41</a>]) is used. Although many documents do indeed incorrectly use Urdu punctuations.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable plain-row-headers"> <caption>Comparison of Punctuations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Full Stop</th> <th>Comma</th> <th>‌ Semicolon </th></tr> <tr class="letters-teal"> <th scope="row">Sindhi </th> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">.</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">⹁</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">⁏</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr class="letters-orange"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> </th> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">۔</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">،</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">؛</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr class="letters-red"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </th> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">.</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">،</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">؛</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_alphabet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sindhi_alphabet.png/220px-Sindhi_alphabet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sindhi_alphabet.png/330px-Sindhi_alphabet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sindhi_alphabet.png/440px-Sindhi_alphabet.png 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Farsi (perso-Arabic) or Shikarpuri Sindhi.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devanagari_script">Devanagari script</h3></div> <p>In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devanagari was seen as the most practical option for Sindhi language in India.<sup id="cite_ref-in_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritical</a> bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dots</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Nukta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukta">nukta</a></i> are used to form other additional consonants. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">अ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">आ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">इ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ई</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">उ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऊ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ए</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऐ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ओ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">औ</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">क</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ख</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ख़</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ग</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ॻ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ग़</span></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">घ</span></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ङ</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɠ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡʱ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">च</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">छ</span></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ज</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ॼ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ज़</span></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">झ</span></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ञ</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ɕ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ɕʰ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡ʑʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʄ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡ʑ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ट</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ठ</span></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ड</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ॾ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ड़</span></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ढ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ढ़</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ण</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʰ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɖ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɗ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɽ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɖʱ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɽʱ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɳ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">त</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">थ</span></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">द</span></span> </th> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ध</span></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">न</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʱ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">प</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">फ</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">फ़</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ब</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ॿ</span></span> </th> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">भ</span></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">म</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɓ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʱ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">य</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">र</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ल</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">व</span></span> </th> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʋ</span> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">श</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ष</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">स</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ह</span></span> </th> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laṇḍā_scripts"><span id="La.E1.B9.87.E1.B8.8D.C4.81_scripts"></span>Laṇḍā scripts</h3></div> <p>Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khojki" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojki">Khojki</a>, and the Khudabadi script were used historically to write Sindhi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khudabadi">Khudabadi</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:white;">Khudabadi<br /><i>or</i> Sindhi<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Sind</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(318)</span>, Khudawadi, Sindhi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Khudawadi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U112B0.pdf">U+112B0–U+112FF</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated. </p><p>The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader community until the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-sindhiscript_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindhiscript-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowel_1_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Vowel_1_a.svg/17px-Vowel_1_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Vowel_1_a.svg/26px-Vowel_1_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Vowel_1_a.svg/34px-Vowel_1_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="578" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowel_2_aa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Vowel_2_aa.svg/21px-Vowel_2_aa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Vowel_2_aa.svg/32px-Vowel_2_aa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Vowel_2_aa.svg/42px-Vowel_2_aa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="436" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowel_3_i.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vowel_3_i.svg/15px-Vowel_3_i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vowel_3_i.svg/23px-Vowel_3_i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vowel_3_i.svg/30px-Vowel_3_i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="804" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowel_4_ii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vowel_4_ii.svg/22px-Vowel_4_ii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vowel_4_ii.svg/33px-Vowel_4_ii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vowel_4_ii.svg/44px-Vowel_4_ii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="669" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowel_5_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vowel_5_u.svg/14px-Vowel_5_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vowel_5_u.svg/21px-Vowel_5_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vowel_5_u.svg/28px-Vowel_5_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowel_6_uu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vowel_6_uu.svg/13px-Vowel_6_uu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vowel_6_uu.svg/20px-Vowel_6_uu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vowel_6_uu.svg/26px-Vowel_6_uu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="953" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowel_7_e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vowel_7_e.svg/16px-Vowel_7_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vowel_7_e.svg/24px-Vowel_7_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vowel_7_e.svg/32px-Vowel_7_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowel_8_ai.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vowel_8_ai.svg/16px-Vowel_8_ai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vowel_8_ai.svg/24px-Vowel_8_ai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vowel_8_ai.svg/32px-Vowel_8_ai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="861" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowel_9_o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vowel_9_o.svg/16px-Vowel_9_o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vowel_9_o.svg/24px-Vowel_9_o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vowel_9_o.svg/32px-Vowel_9_o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="788" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowel_10_au.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vowel_10_au.svg/16px-Vowel_10_au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vowel_10_au.svg/24px-Vowel_10_au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vowel_10_au.svg/32px-Vowel_10_au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_1_ka.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Consonant_1_ka.svg/15px-Consonant_1_ka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Consonant_1_ka.svg/23px-Consonant_1_ka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Consonant_1_ka.svg/30px-Consonant_1_ka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="668" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_2_kha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Consonant_2_kha.svg/12px-Consonant_2_kha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Consonant_2_kha.svg/18px-Consonant_2_kha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Consonant_2_kha.svg/24px-Consonant_2_kha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="944" /></a></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_3_ga.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Consonant_3_ga.svg/15px-Consonant_3_ga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Consonant_3_ga.svg/23px-Consonant_3_ga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Consonant_3_ga.svg/30px-Consonant_3_ga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="854" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_4_gga.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Consonant_4_gga.svg/14px-Consonant_4_gga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Consonant_4_gga.svg/21px-Consonant_4_gga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Consonant_4_gga.svg/28px-Consonant_4_gga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="803" /></a></span> </th> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_5_gha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Consonant_5_gha.svg/14px-Consonant_5_gha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Consonant_5_gha.svg/21px-Consonant_5_gha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Consonant_5_gha.svg/28px-Consonant_5_gha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="869" /></a></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_6_nga.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Consonant_6_nga.svg/14px-Consonant_6_nga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Consonant_6_nga.svg/21px-Consonant_6_nga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Consonant_6_nga.svg/28px-Consonant_6_nga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="808" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɠ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡʱ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_7_ca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Consonant_7_ca.svg/14px-Consonant_7_ca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Consonant_7_ca.svg/21px-Consonant_7_ca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Consonant_7_ca.svg/28px-Consonant_7_ca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="865" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_8_cha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Consonant_8_cha.svg/15px-Consonant_8_cha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Consonant_8_cha.svg/23px-Consonant_8_cha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Consonant_8_cha.svg/30px-Consonant_8_cha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="624" /></a></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_9_ja.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Consonant_9_ja.svg/13px-Consonant_9_ja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Consonant_9_ja.svg/20px-Consonant_9_ja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Consonant_9_ja.svg/26px-Consonant_9_ja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="661" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_10_jja.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Consonant_10_jja.svg/20px-Consonant_10_jja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Consonant_10_jja.svg/30px-Consonant_10_jja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Consonant_10_jja.svg/40px-Consonant_10_jja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="516" /></a></span> </th> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_11_jha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Consonant_11_jha.svg/14px-Consonant_11_jha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Consonant_11_jha.svg/21px-Consonant_11_jha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Consonant_11_jha.svg/28px-Consonant_11_jha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_12_nya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Consonant_12_nya.svg/12px-Consonant_12_nya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Consonant_12_nya.svg/18px-Consonant_12_nya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Consonant_12_nya.svg/24px-Consonant_12_nya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="765" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">cʰ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɟ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʄ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɟʱ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_13_tta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Consonant_13_tta.svg/13px-Consonant_13_tta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Consonant_13_tta.svg/20px-Consonant_13_tta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Consonant_13_tta.svg/26px-Consonant_13_tta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="789" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_14_ttha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Consonant_14_ttha.svg/13px-Consonant_14_ttha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Consonant_14_ttha.svg/20px-Consonant_14_ttha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Consonant_14_ttha.svg/26px-Consonant_14_ttha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="846" /></a></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_15_dda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Consonant_15_dda.svg/13px-Consonant_15_dda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Consonant_15_dda.svg/20px-Consonant_15_dda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Consonant_15_dda.svg/26px-Consonant_15_dda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="759" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_16_ddda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Consonant_16_ddda.svg/13px-Consonant_16_ddda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Consonant_16_ddda.svg/20px-Consonant_16_ddda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Consonant_16_ddda.svg/26px-Consonant_16_ddda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="770" /></a></span> </th> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_18_ddha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Consonant_18_ddha.svg/13px-Consonant_18_ddha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Consonant_18_ddha.svg/20px-Consonant_18_ddha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Consonant_18_ddha.svg/26px-Consonant_18_ddha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="830" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_17_rra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Consonant_17_rra.svg/13px-Consonant_17_rra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Consonant_17_rra.svg/20px-Consonant_17_rra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Consonant_17_rra.svg/26px-Consonant_17_rra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="844" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_19_nna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Consonant_19_nna.svg/13px-Consonant_19_nna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Consonant_19_nna.svg/20px-Consonant_19_nna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Consonant_19_nna.svg/26px-Consonant_19_nna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="839" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʰ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɖ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɗ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɽ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ṛ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɳ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_20_ta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Consonant_20_ta.svg/14px-Consonant_20_ta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Consonant_20_ta.svg/21px-Consonant_20_ta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Consonant_20_ta.svg/28px-Consonant_20_ta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="856" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_21_tha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Consonant_21_tha.svg/14px-Consonant_21_tha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Consonant_21_tha.svg/21px-Consonant_21_tha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Consonant_21_tha.svg/28px-Consonant_21_tha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="764" /></a></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_22_da.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Consonant_22_da.svg/14px-Consonant_22_da.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Consonant_22_da.svg/21px-Consonant_22_da.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Consonant_22_da.svg/28px-Consonant_22_da.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="703" /></a></span> </th> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_23_dha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Consonant_23_dha.svg/14px-Consonant_23_dha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Consonant_23_dha.svg/21px-Consonant_23_dha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Consonant_23_dha.svg/28px-Consonant_23_dha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="744" /></a></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_24_na.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Consonant_24_na.svg/14px-Consonant_24_na.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Consonant_24_na.svg/21px-Consonant_24_na.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Consonant_24_na.svg/28px-Consonant_24_na.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="463" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʱ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_25_pa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Consonant_25_pa.svg/14px-Consonant_25_pa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Consonant_25_pa.svg/21px-Consonant_25_pa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Consonant_25_pa.svg/28px-Consonant_25_pa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_26_pha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Consonant_26_pha.svg/14px-Consonant_26_pha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Consonant_26_pha.svg/21px-Consonant_26_pha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Consonant_26_pha.svg/28px-Consonant_26_pha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="871" /></a></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_27_ba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Consonant_27_ba.svg/20px-Consonant_27_ba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Consonant_27_ba.svg/30px-Consonant_27_ba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Consonant_27_ba.svg/40px-Consonant_27_ba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="539" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_28_bba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Consonant_28_bba.svg/17px-Consonant_28_bba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Consonant_28_bba.svg/26px-Consonant_28_bba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Consonant_28_bba.svg/34px-Consonant_28_bba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1006" /></a></span> </th> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_29_bha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Consonant_29_bha.svg/20px-Consonant_29_bha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Consonant_29_bha.svg/30px-Consonant_29_bha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Consonant_29_bha.svg/40px-Consonant_29_bha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="624" /></a></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_30_ma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Consonant_30_ma.svg/13px-Consonant_30_ma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Consonant_30_ma.svg/20px-Consonant_30_ma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Consonant_30_ma.svg/26px-Consonant_30_ma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɓ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʱ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_31_ya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Consonant_31_ya.svg/16px-Consonant_31_ya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Consonant_31_ya.svg/24px-Consonant_31_ya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Consonant_31_ya.svg/32px-Consonant_31_ya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="551" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_32_ra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Consonant_32_ra.svg/10px-Consonant_32_ra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Consonant_32_ra.svg/15px-Consonant_32_ra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Consonant_32_ra.svg/20px-Consonant_32_ra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1015" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_33_la.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Consonant_33_la.svg/15px-Consonant_33_la.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Consonant_33_la.svg/23px-Consonant_33_la.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Consonant_33_la.svg/30px-Consonant_33_la.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="674" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_34_va.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Consonant_34_va.svg/14px-Consonant_34_va.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Consonant_34_va.svg/21px-Consonant_34_va.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Consonant_34_va.svg/28px-Consonant_34_va.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </th> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʋ</span> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_35_sha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Consonant_35_sha.svg/17px-Consonant_35_sha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Consonant_35_sha.svg/26px-Consonant_35_sha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Consonant_35_sha.svg/34px-Consonant_35_sha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="608" /></a></span> </th> <th> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_36_sa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Consonant_36_sa.svg/14px-Consonant_36_sa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Consonant_36_sa.svg/21px-Consonant_36_sa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Consonant_36_sa.svg/28px-Consonant_36_sa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="674" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consonant_37_ha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Consonant_37_ha.svg/14px-Consonant_37_ha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Consonant_37_ha.svg/21px-Consonant_37_ha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Consonant_37_ha.svg/28px-Consonant_37_ha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="878" /></a></span> </th> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khojki">Khojki</h4></div> <p>Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</h4></div> <p>The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in India by Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-sindhiscript_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindhiscript-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Sindhi">Roman Sindhi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Sindhi" title="Romanisation of Sindhi">Romanisation of Sindhi</a></div> <p>The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1972_Sindhi_Language_Bill" title="1972 Sindhi Language Bill">1972 Sindhi Language Bill</a></div><p>In 1972, an bill was passed by the provincial assembly of Sindh which saw Sindhi, given official status thus becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">provincial language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> to have its own official status. </p><ul><li>Sindhi language was made the official language of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> according to <a href="/wiki/1972_Sindhi_Language_Bill" title="1972 Sindhi Language Bill">Language Bill</a>.</li> <li>All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the bill.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3></div> <p>By 2001, <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Majid_Bhurgri" title="Abdul-Majid Bhurgri">Abdul-Majid Bhurgri</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode-based Software in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> Sindhi script which afterwards became the basis for the communicated use by Sindhi speakers around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Google introduced the first automated translator for Sindhi language.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on in 2023 an offline support was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Which was followed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Translator" title="Microsoft Translator">Microsoft Translator</a> strengthening support in May of same year.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi script</a> of the Sindhi language was added to <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, However as of now the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Sindhi_Language_Bill" title="1972 Sindhi Language Bill">1972 Sindhi Language Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Sindhology" title="Institute of Sindhology">Institute of Sindhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi Transliteration">Sindhi Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Languages with official status in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_films" title="List of Sindhi-language films">List of Sindhi-language films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_languages_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial languages of Pakistan">Provincial languages of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi poetry">Sindhi poetry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In less commonly used scripts: <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Guru">ਸਿੰਧੀ</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>), <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Khoj">𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Khojki" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojki">Khojki</a>), <span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd-Sind">𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Khudabadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khudabadi">Khudabadi</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the number of people who identified their mother-tongue as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like <a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-in-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-in_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-in_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-in_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+on+Sunday&rft.atitle=The+language+link&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft.aulast=Memon&rft.aufirst=Naseer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftns.thenews.com.pk%2Fdeclaring-major-languages-as-national-languages%2F%23.U0oQ-VWSygQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevesque2021" class="citation journal cs1">Levesque, Julien (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/joss/1/1/article-p1_1.xml?language=en">"Beyond Success or Failure: Sindhi Nationalism and the Social Construction of the "Idea of Sindh"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of Sindhi Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 1–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F26670925-bja10001">10.1163/26670925-bja10001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246560343">246560343</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sindhi+Studies&rft.atitle=Beyond+Success+or+Failure%3A+Sindhi+Nationalism+and+the+Social+Construction+of+the+%22Idea+of+Sindh%22&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F26670925-bja10001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246560343%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Levesque&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjoss%2F1%2F1%2Farticle-p1_1.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language">"Sindhi language | Britannica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sindhi+language+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F545670%2FSindhi-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447">"CCI defers approval of census results until elections"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. 28 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=CCI+defers+approval+of+census+results+until+elections&rft.date=2018-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1410447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span> The numbers have been calculate based on the percentages and the population totals. For example, the figure of 30.26 million is calculated from the reported 14.57% for the speakers of Sindhi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Registrar_General_&_Census_Commissioner,_India" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191">"C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memeraki+Retail+and+Tech+Pvt+Ltd.&rft.atitle=The+Sweet+Language+of+Kutch&rft.date=2022-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memeraki.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2Fthe-language-of-kutch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/sindhi/">"Sindhi Language - Structure, Writing & Alphabet - MustGo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sindhi+Language+-+Structure%2C+Writing+%26+Alphabet+-+MustGo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mustgo.com%2Fworldlanguages%2Fsindhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazaZahidRaza" class="citation web cs1">Raza, Sarfraz; Zahid, Agha Furrukh; Raza, Usman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uogenglish.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/sindhi-phonemic-inventory.pdf">"Phonemic Inventory of Sindhi and Acoustic Analysis of Voiced Implosives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>uogenglish.files.wordpress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uogenglish.files.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=Phonemic+Inventory+of+Sindhi+and+Acoustic+Analysis+of+Voiced+Implosives&rft.aulast=Raza&rft.aufirst=Sarfraz&rft.au=Zahid%2C+Agha+Furrukh&rft.au=Raza%2C+Usman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuogenglish.files.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F07%2Fsindhi-phonemic-inventory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association</i> (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNihalani1995" class="citation journal cs1">Nihalani, Paroo (December 1, 1995). "Illustration of the IPA – Sindhi". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 95–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005235">10.1017/S0025100300005235</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249410954">249410954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Illustration+of+the+IPA+%E2%80%93+Sindhi&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-98&rft.date=1995-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300005235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249410954%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nihalani&rft.aufirst=Paroo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENihalani1974207-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENihalani1974207_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNihalani1974">Nihalani (1974)</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The IPA <i>Handbook</i> uses the symbols <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c,<span class="wrap"> </span>cʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɟ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɟʱ</span>, but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83)</a> confirm a transcription of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̠ɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t̠ɕʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d̠ʑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d̠ʑʱ]</span> and further remarks that "<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʄ/</span> is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jetley-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jetley_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jetley_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJetley1964" class="citation thesis cs1">Jetley, Murlidhar Kishinchand (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/145755"><i>Morphology of Sindhi: A descriptive analysis of Vicholi, the standard Sindhi dialect</i></a> (Thesis). Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute Pune. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F145755">10603/145755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Morphology+of+Sindhi%3A+A+descriptive+analysis+of+Vicholi%2C+the+standard+Sindhi+dialect&rft.inst=Deccan+College+Post+Graduate+and+Research+Institute+Pune&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F145755&rft.aulast=Jetley&rft.aufirst=Murlidhar+Kishinchand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fhandle%2F10603%2F145755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhubchandani2003-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhubchandani2003_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhubchandani2003_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhubchandani2003">Khubchandani (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sindhi1-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sindhi1_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241028182548/http://lisindia.ciil.org/Sindhi/sindhi_struct.html">"Structure of Sindhi Language"</a>. <i>Central Institute of Indian Languages</i>. India Mysore. April 21, 2024. 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London: Trübner and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+of+the+Sindhi+language&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+and+Co.&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Trumpp&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammarofsindhil00trum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2001652–653Khubchandani2003624–625-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole2001652–653Khubchandani2003624–625_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole2001">Cole (2001)</a>, pp. 652–653; <a href="#CITEREFKhubchandani2003">Khubchandani (2003)</a>, pp. 624–625.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNair2018" class="citation web cs1">Nair, Manoj R. 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"Lingual Articulation of Stops in Sindhi". <i>Phonetica</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 197–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000259489">10.1159/000259489</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1423-0321">1423-0321</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4424983">4424983</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3325314">3325314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonetica&rft.atitle=Lingual+Articulation+of+Stops+in+Sindhi&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=197-212&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=1423-0321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3325314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4424983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000259489&rft.aulast=Nihalani&rft.aufirst=Paroo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddleton_and_Brown2010" class="citation book cs1">Addleton and Brown (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828112103/http://doorlightpubs.com/Doorlight/Sindhi.html"><i>Sindhi: An Introductory Course for English Speakers</i></a>. South Hadley: Doorlight Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doorlightpubs.com/Doorlight/Sindhi.html">the original</a> on 2010-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindhi%3A+An+Introductory+Course+for+English+Speakers&rft.place=South+Hadley&rft.pub=Doorlight+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Addleton+and+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoorlightpubs.com%2FDoorlight%2FSindhi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBughio2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bughio, M. Qasim (January–June 2006). Maniscalco, Fabio Maniscalco (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webjournal.unior.it">"The Diachronic Sociolinguistic Situation in Sindh"</a>. <i>Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony</i>. <b>1</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Web+Journal+on+Cultural+Patrimony&rft.atitle=The+Diachronic+Sociolinguistic+Situation+in+Sindh&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2006-01%2F2006-06&rft.aulast=Bughio&rft.aufirst=M.+Qasim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webjournal.unior.it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2001" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Jennifer S (2001). "Sindhi". In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.). <i>Facts About the World's Languages</i>. H W Wilson. pp. 647–653. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8242-0970-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8242-0970-2"><bdi>0-8242-0970-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sindhi&rft.btitle=Facts+About+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.pages=647-653&rft.pub=H+W+Wilson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8242-0970-2&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>International Phonetic Association</i>. Cambridge University Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63751-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63751-1"><bdi>0-521-63751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-63751-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhubchandani2003" class="citation book cs1">Khubchandani, Lachman M (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581">"Sindhi"</a>. In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Routledge. pp. 622–658. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sindhi&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=622-658&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Khubchandani&rft.aufirst=Lachman+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPR2OlbTbdkC%26q%3Dindo-aryan%2Blanguages%26pg%3DPA581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle2007" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, Christopher (2007). "Pakistan". In Simpson, Andrew (ed.). <i>Language and national identity in Asia</i>. Oxford linguistics Y. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922648-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922648-1"><bdi>978-0-19-922648-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan&rft.btitle=Language+and+national+identity+in+Asia&rft.series=Oxford+linguistics+Y&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922648-1&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumpp1872" class="citation book cs1">Trumpp, Ernest (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum"><i>Grammar of the Sindhi Language</i></a>. London: Trübner and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0100-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0100-9"><bdi>81-206-0100-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+of+the+Sindhi+Language&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+and+Co&rft.date=1872&rft.isbn=81-206-0100-9&rft.aulast=Trumpp&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammarofsindhil00trum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra2013" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, R. M (2013). "Persian in Sindh". <i>The rise, growth, and decline of Indo-Persian literature</i> (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Iran Culture House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909254259">909254259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+in+Sindh&rft.btitle=The+rise%2C+growth%2C+and+decline+of+Indo-Persian+literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Iran+Culture+House&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909254259&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=R.+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sd:"> Sindhi edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sindhi_phrasebook#Q33997" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sindhi phrasebook">Sindhi phrasebook</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sindhi_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sindhi_and_Lahnda" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sindhi and Lahnda">Sindhi language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sindhila.org/">Sindhi Language Authority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijunoon.com/sindhi/">Sindhi Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150831155410/http://www.sindhilanguage.com/">All about Sindhi language and culture</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived August 31, 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/mewaram/">Mewaram's 1910 Sindhi-English dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sindhi_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindhi_language" title="Template:Sindhi language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sindhi_language" title="Template talk:Sindhi language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhi_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhi language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sindhi_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindhi language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Bhurgri_Institute_of_Language_Engineering" title="Abdul Majid Bhurgri Institute of Language Engineering">Abdul Majid Bhurgri Institute of Language Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Language_Authority" title="Sindhi Language Authority">Sindhi Language Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Sindhi_speakers" title="States of India by Sindhi speakers">States of India by Sindhi speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi poetry">Poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_poets" title="List of Sindhi-language poets">List of poets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Adabi_Board" title="Sindhi Adabi Board">Sindhi Adabi Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-language_media" title="Sindhi-language media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Cinema</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_films" title="List of Sindhi-language films">List of films</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folklore" title="Sindhi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_music" title="Sindhi music">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_singers" title="List of Sindhi singers">List of singers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_television_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sindhi television channels">List of television channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhology" title="Sindhology">Sindhology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Wikipedia" title="Sindhi Wikipedia">Sindhi Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">administrative unit</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Badeshi language">Badeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha-mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamviri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamviri dialect">Kamviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekhani dialect">Shekhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristani_dialect" title="Waziristani dialect">Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabutra_language" title="Kabutra language">Kabutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaya_language" title="Bhaya language">Bhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_language" title="Jogi language">Jogi</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Pakistani Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_in_Pakistan" title="Hindi in Pakistan">Pakistani Hindi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li>Circassian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li>Tatar (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li> <li>Pamir (<a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Writing_system">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li>Shina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Fulfulde" title="Nigerian Fulfulde">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjemi" title="Anjemi">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_script" title="Category:Arabic script">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sindh&#124;link=Sindh_Province_of_Sindh_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindh_topics" title="Template:Sindh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sindh_topics" title="Template talk:Sindh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sindh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sindh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sindh&#124;link=Sindh_Province_of_Sindh_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh"><img alt="Sindh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">Sindhu kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahir_of_Aror" title="Dahir of Aror">Brahman dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ab-ul-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ab-ul-Islam">Muslim caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty">Soomra dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samma_dynasty" title="Samma dynasty">Samma dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty" title="Kalhora dynasty">Kalhora dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpur" title="Talpur">Talpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" title="Sind Province (1936–1955)">British period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_heritage_sites_in_Sindh" title="List of cultural heritage sites in Sindh">Cultural heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">Government</a> <br /> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Sindh" title="Category:Politics of Sindh">politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh" title="Provincial Assembly of Sindh">Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sindh" title="Chief Minister of Sindh">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sindh" title="Governor of Sindh">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Archives" title="Sindh Archives">Sindh Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commissioners_and_governors_of_Sind_(British_India)" title="List of commissioners and governors of Sind (British India)">Commissioners of Sind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutto_family" title="Bhutto family">Bhutto family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Police" title="Sindh Police">Sindh Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_High_Court" title="Sindh High Court">Sindh High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Information_Department" title="Sindh Information Department">Sindh Information Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Coastal_Development_Authority" title="Sindh Coastal Development Authority">Sindh Coastal Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sindh" title="Economy of Sindh">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh" title="Culture of Sindh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_workies" title="Sindhi workies">Sindh workies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajrak" title="Ajrak">Ajrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Sindhi Cultural Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_people" title="List of Sindhi people">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Sindhi diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi nationalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindhi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Adabi_Board" title="Sindhi Adabi Board">Sindhi Adabi Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhology" title="Sindhology">Sindhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi poetry">Sindhi poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_poets" title="List of Sindhi-language poets">Sindhi poets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folklore" title="Sindhi folklore">Sindhi folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folk_tales" title="Sindhi folk tales">Sindhi folk tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_bhagat" title="Sindhi bhagat">Sindhi bhagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassui_Punnhun" title="Sassui Punnhun">Sassui Punnhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_music" title="Sindhi music">Sindhi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Sindhi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_films" title="List of Sindhi-language films">List of Sindhi-language films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-language_media" title="Sindhi-language media">Sindhi media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_tribes" title="Category:Sindhi tribes">Sindhi tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Sindhi Hindu festivals">List of Sindhi Hindu festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sindh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sindh_by_population" title="List of cities in Sindh by population">List of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan#Sindh" title="Districts of Pakistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Sindh" title="List of tehsils of Sindh">List of talukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sindh" title="Climate of Sindh">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Karachi" title="Climate of Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hyderabad,_Sindh" title="Climate of Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nawabshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Nawabshah">Nawabshah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Sindh" title="Fauna of Sindh">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Places_of_historical_interest_in_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of historical interest in Sindh">Historical places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karachi" title="Education in Karachi">Education in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Sindhology" title="Institute of Sindhology">Institute of Sindhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sindh" title="University of Sindh">UoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">UoK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Madressatul_Islam_University" title="Sindh Madressatul Islam University">SMIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehran_University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology" title="Mehran University of Engineering & Technology">MUET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Sindh_Medical_University" title="Jinnah Sindh Medical University">JSMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_University_of_Medical_%26_Health_Sciences" title="Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences">LUMHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Agriculture_University" title="Sindh Agriculture University">SAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Museum" title="Sindh Museum">Sindh Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_cricket_team" title="Sindh cricket team">Sindh cricket team</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Premier_League" title="Sindh Premier League">Domestic league</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakhra" title="Malakhra">Malakhra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Flora & fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sindhi" title="Red Sindhi">Red Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sindhi media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-language_media" title="Sindhi-language media">Sindhi-language media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sindhi websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Wikipedia" title="Sindhi Wikipedia">Sindhi Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Sindhiana" title="Encyclopedia Sindhiana">Encyclopedia Sindhiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sindh" title="Tourism in Sindh">Sindh tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Sindh Tourism Development Corporation">Sindh Tourism Development Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33997#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sindhi language"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85122803">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sindhī (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12452665w">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sindhī (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12452665w">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571190">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546152905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sindhi_language&oldid=1257545666">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sindhi_language&oldid=1257545666</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_language" title="Category:Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northwestern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan 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7.06% 191.535 44 Template:Cite_web"," 6.46% 175.241 136 Template:IPA"," 6.44% 174.608 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.90% 160.047 2 Template:Flatlist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.486","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22782387,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFANI2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAddleton_and_Brown2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustinAustin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBughio2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChopra2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhazi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmaili2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyengarParchani2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJetley1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhubchandani2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanguage_and_Politics_in_Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevesque2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajeed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasica1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMemon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNair2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNihalani1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNihalani1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Registrar_General_\u0026amp;_Census_Commissioner,_India\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPakistanToday2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaniker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRazaZahidRaza\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShackle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqui2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStories2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeam2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrumpp1872\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWadhwani1981\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Arabic script\"] = 1,\n [\"Arabic-script sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 44,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"E19\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Gcl\"] = 45,\n [\"IPA\"] = 136,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 41,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 77,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-Aryan languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writing system\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 126,\n [\"Languages of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Linguistic Survey of India\"] = 1,\n [\"N/a\"] = 3,\n [\"Naskh\"] = 112,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Not to be confused with\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 46,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 3,\n [\"Red\"] = 18,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"SOWL\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Arabic\"] = 252,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnmp\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 2,\n [\"Sindh topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Sindhi language\"] = 1,\n [\"Sindhis\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 3,\n [\"Transl\"] = 21,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","17.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","15.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","13.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","10.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gcodepoint_init","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","40","2.5"],["validateData 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