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id="toc-Alif_mahmūza:_أ_and_إ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alif_mahmūza:_أ_and_إ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Alif mahmūza: <span>أ</span> and <span>إ</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alif_mahmūza:_أ_and_إ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alif_mamdūda:_آ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alif_mamdūda:_آ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Alif mamdūda: <span>آ</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alif_mamdūda:_آ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alif_maqṣūrah:_ى" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alif_maqṣūrah:_ى"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Alif maqṣūrah: <span>ى</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alif_maqṣūrah:_ى-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Numeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aramaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aramaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aramaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aramaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew_alef" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_alef"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hebrew alef</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hebrew_alef-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hebrew alef subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_alef-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rabbinic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbinic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rabbinic Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbinic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yiddish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yiddish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Yiddish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yiddish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syriac_ʾalaph/olaf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac_ʾalaph/olaf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Syriac ʾalaph/olaf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac_ʾalaph/olaf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Arabian/Ge'ez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Arabian/Ge'ez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>South Arabian/Ge'ez</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Arabian/Ge'ez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_encodings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_encodings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Character encodings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_encodings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Aleph</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB" title="আলেফ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aleph" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Алеф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алеф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alef" title="Alef – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alef" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alef" title="Alef – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alef" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80lef" title="Àlef – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àlef" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alef" title="Alef – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alef" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alef" title="Alef – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alef" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%86" title="Άλεφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλεφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lef" title="Álef – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Álef" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alef" title="Alef – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alef" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleph" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%86" title="Ալեֆ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեֆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alef" title="Alef – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Alef" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alef" title="Alef – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alef" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleph" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ალეფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალეფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lef" title="Álef – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Álef" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Алеф (буква) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алеф (буква)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alef" title="Alef – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alef" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC" title="ਅਲਿਫ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਿਫ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="الف (توری) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الف (توری)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alef" title="Alef – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alef" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lefe" title="Álefe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Álefe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Алеф (слово семитских алфабета) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алеф (слово семитских алфабета)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aleph" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F" title="อาเลฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาเลฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81" title="الف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Aleph" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Aleph" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alip" title="Alip – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Alip" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15033#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First letter of many Semitic abjads</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Alef" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aleph_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aleph (disambiguation)">Aleph (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alef_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alef (disambiguation)">Alef (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the large number represented by this letter, see <a href="/wiki/Aleph_number" title="Aleph number">aleph number</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ccccff; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">Aleph <div style="float: right;"><small><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet →</a></small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385857">.mw-parser-output .script-phoenician{font-family:"Noto Sans Phoenician",sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤀</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385528">.mw-parser-output .script-aramaic{font-family:"Noto Sans Imperial Aramaic",sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡀</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009732421">.mw-parser-output .script-Syre{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrj{font-family:"Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Western"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrn{font-family:"East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern",FreeSans,Code2000}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrc{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Noto Sans Syriac Western","FreeSans","Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Segoe UI Historic","Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy",Code2000}</style><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܐ</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Phonemic representation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Position in alphabet</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Numerical value</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ccccff; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Α">Α</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_alpha" title="Latin alpha">Ɑ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">А</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">Я</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aleph</b> (or <b>alef</b> or <b>alif</b>, transliterated <a href="/wiki/%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ʾ">ʾ</a>) is the first <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_abjads" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic abjads">Semitic abjads</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> <i>ʾalif</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <i>ʾālap</i> 𐡀, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <i>ʾālef</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">North Arabian</a> 𐪑, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <i>ʾālep</i> 𐤀, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <i>ʾālap̄</i> ܐ. It also appears as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> 𐩱 and <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez</a> <i>ʾälef</i> አ. </p><p>These letters are believed to have derived from an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">Egyptian hieroglyph</a> depicting an ox's head<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Acrophony" title="Acrophony">describe the initial sound</a> of <i>*ʾalp</i>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a> word for ox<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (compare <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶלֶף</span>‎ <i>ʾelef</i>, "ox"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The Phoenician variant gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha (letter)">Greek alpha</a> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Α</span></span>), being re-interpreted to express not the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal consonant</a> but the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, and hence the <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Latin A</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">Cyrillic А</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetically</a>, <i>aleph</i> originally represented the onset of a vowel at the <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a>. In Semitic languages, this functions as a <a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">prosthetic</a> weak consonant, allowing roots with only two true consonants to be conjugated in the manner of a standard three consonant Semitic root. In most Hebrew dialects as well as Syriac, the <i>aleph</i> is an absence of a true consonant, a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>), the sound found in the catch in <i>uh<b>-</b>oh</i>. In Arabic, the <i>alif</i> represents the glottal stop pronunciation when it is the initial letter of a word. In texts with diacritical marks, the pronunciation of an <i>aleph</i> as a consonant is rarely indicated by a special marking, <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a> in Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">mappiq</a> in Tiberian Hebrew. In later Semitic languages, <i>aleph</i> could sometimes function as a <i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">mater lectionis</a></i> indicating the presence of a vowel elsewhere (usually long). When this practice began is the subject of some controversy, though it had become well established by the late stage of Old Aramaic (ca. 200 BCE). Aleph is often <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> as <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+02BE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʾ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING</span>, based on the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Spiritus_lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritus lenis">spiritus lenis</a></i> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ʼ</span></span>; for example, in the transliteration of the letter name itself, <i><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʾāleph</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>aleph</i> is derived from the West Semitic word for "<a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">ox</a>" (as in the Biblical Hebrew word Eleph (אֶלֶף) 'ox'<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and the shape of the letter derives from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a> glyph that may have been based on an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyph</a>, which depicts an ox's head.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyph</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F1.png?8f0ee" height="18" title="F1" alt="F1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-Canaanite_-_aleph.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Proto-Canaanite_-_aleph.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/20px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/30px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/40px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, the word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أليف</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">/ʔaliːf/</a> literally means 'tamed' or 'familiar', derived from the root <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ-L-F</span>, from which the verb ألِف <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔalifa/</span> means 'to be acquainted with; to be on intimate terms with'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern Hebrew, the same root <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ-L-P</span> (alef-lamed-peh) gives <i>me’ulaf</i>, the passive participle of the verb <i>le’alef</i>, meaning 'trained' (when referring to pets) or 'tamed' (when referring to wild animals). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Egyptian"><span class="anchor" id="Egyptian"></span> Ancient Egyptian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Egyptian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian#alef" title="Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian">Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian § alef</a></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1 [A]" alt="A" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: navajowhite; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid peru; padding: 0.5em">"Aleph" <br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The Egyptian "<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_vulture#In_culture" title="Egyptian vulture">vulture</a>" <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyph</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gardiner%27s_sign_list" title="Gardiner's sign list">Gardiner</a> <a href="/wiki/Vulture_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulture (hieroglyph)">G1</a>), by convention pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>) is also referred to as <i>aleph</i>, on grounds that it has traditionally been taken to represent a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>), although some recent suggestions<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tend towards an alveolar approximant (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]</span>) sound instead. Despite the name it does not correspond to an aleph in cognate Semitic words, where the single "reed" hieroglyph is found instead. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> is commonly <a href="/wiki/Transliterated" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliterated">transliterated</a> by a symbol composed of two half-rings, in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> (as of version 5.1, in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-D" title="Latin Extended-D">Latin Extended-D</a> range) encoded at <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A722</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ꜣ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF</span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A723</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꜣ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF</span>. A fallback representation is the numeral <i>3</i>, or the Middle English character <i>ȝ</i> <a href="/wiki/Yogh#In_Egyptology" title="Yogh">Yogh</a>; neither are to be preferred to the genuine Egyptological characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabic_ʾalif"><span id="Arabic_.CA.BEalif"></span>Arabic ʾalif</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arabic ʾalif"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:palegreen; color:black;;">ʾalif ألف</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal">ا</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alphabetical position</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: normal">𐤀<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>𐡀<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>𐢀 ,𐢁‎<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>ا</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Right-to-left</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Written as <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ا</span></span> or 𐪑, spelled as <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ألف</span></span> or 𐪑𐪁𐪐 and transliterated as <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif</i></span></i>, it is the first letter in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">North Arabian</a>. Together with Hebrew aleph, Greek <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Α</a> and Latin <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a>, it is descended from <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʾāleph</i></span>, from a reconstructed Proto-Canaanite <i><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʾalp</i></span></i> "ox". </p><p>Alif has the highest frequency out of all 28 letters in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_abjad" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic abjad">Arabic abjad</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Alif is also the most used letter in Arabic. </p><p>Alif is written in one of the following ways depending on its position in the word: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـا</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%; color:#AAA">ـا</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%; color:#AAA">ا</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>North Arabian </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:300%"><span style="font-size:300%; vertical-align:sub;">𐪑</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_variants">Arabic variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arabic variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alif_mahmūza:_أ_and_إ"><span id="Alif_mahm.C5.ABza:_.D8.A3_and_.D8.A5"></span>Alif mahmūza: <span style="font-size:120%">أ</span> and <span style="font-size:120%">إ</span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alif mahmūza: أ and إ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="hamzat_qaṭ‘"></span><span class="anchor" id="hamzat_qaṭ`"></span><span class="anchor" id="hamzat_qaṭ"></span> The Arabic letter was used to render either a long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> or a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>. That led to <a href="/wiki/Orthographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthographical">orthographical</a> confusion and to the introduction of the additional marking <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hamzat qaṭ‘</i></span></i> <big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ﺀ</span></span></big> to fix the problem. <a href="/wiki/Hamzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamzah">Hamza</a> is not considered a full letter in Arabic orthography: in most cases, it appears on a carrier, either a <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">wāw</i></span></i> (<big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ؤ</span></span></big>), a dotless <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">yā’</i></span></i> (<big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ئ</span></span></big>), or an alif. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">أ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـأ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%; color:#AAA">ـأ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%; color:#AAA">أ</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The choice of carrier depends on complicated orthographic rules. Alif <big><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إ أ</span></span></big> is generally the carrier if the only adjacent vowel is <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fatḥah</i></span></i>. It is the only possible carrier if hamza is the first phoneme of a word. Where alif acts as a carrier for hamza, hamza is added above the alif, or, for initial alif-<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">kasrah</i></span></i>, below it and indicates that the letter so modified is indeed a glottal stop, not a long vowel. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="hamzat_waṣl"></span><span class="anchor" id="hamzat_wasl"></span> A second type of hamza, <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hamzat waṣl</i></span></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">همزة وصل</span></span>) whose diacritic is normally omitted outside of sacred texts, occurs only as the initial letter of the <a href="/wiki/Al-" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-">definite article</a> and in some related cases. It differs from <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hamzat qaṭ‘</i></span></i> in that it is elided after a preceding vowel. Alif is always the carrier. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٱ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـٱ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%; color:#AAA">ـٱ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%; color:#AAA">ٱ</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alif_mamdūda:_آ"><span id="Alif_mamd.C5.ABda:_.D8.A2"></span>Alif mamdūda: <span style="font-size:120%">آ</span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alif mamdūda: آ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="alif_maddah"></span><span class="anchor" id="alif_madda"></span><span class="anchor" id="Alif_maddah"></span><span class="anchor" id="Alif_madda"></span> The <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Maddah" title="Arabic diacritics">maddah</a></i></span></i> is a double alif, expressing both a glottal stop and a long vowel. Essentially, it is the same as a <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أا</span></span> sequence: <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">آ</span></span> (final <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ـآ</span></span>) <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">’ā</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔaː/</span>, for example in <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">آخر</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ākhir</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔaːxir/</span> 'last'. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">آ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـآ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%; color:#AAA">ـآ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%; color:#AAA">آ</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"It has become standard for a <i>hamza</i> followed by a long ā to be written as two <i>alifs</i>, one vertical and one horizontal."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the "horizontal" alif being the <i>maddah</i> sign). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alif_maqṣūrah:_ى"><span id="Alif_maq.E1.B9.A3.C5.ABrah:_.D9.89"></span>Alif maqṣūrah: <span style="font-size:120%">ى</span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alif maqṣūrah: ى"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="alifmaqsura"></span><span class="anchor" id="alif_maqsura"></span><span class="anchor" id="Aifmasqsura"></span><span class="anchor" id="Alif_maqsura"></span> The <b><big>ى</big></b> ('limited/restricted alif', <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif maqṣūrah</i></span></i>), commonly known in Egypt as <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif layyinah</i></span></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ألف لينة</span></span>, 'flexible alif'), may appear only at the end of a word. Although it looks different from a regular <i>alif</i>, it represents the same sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>, often realized as a short vowel. When it is written, <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif maqṣūrah</i></span></i> is indistinguishable from final <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Perso-Arabic_ye" title="Yodh">ye</a></i> or Arabic <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">yā’</i></span></i> as it is written in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes elsewhere. </p><p>The letter is transliterated as <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">y</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, representing the vowel /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/. <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Alif maqsurah</i></span></i> is transliterated as <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">á</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC Romanization">ALA-LC</a>, <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ā</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN 31635</a>, <span title="ISO 233 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">à</i></span> in ISO 233-2, and <span title="ISO 233 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ỳ</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a>. </p><p>In Arabic, <i>alif maqsurah</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ى</span></span> is not used initially or medially, and it is not joinable initially or medially in any font. However, the letter is used initially and medially in the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur Arabic alphabet</a> and the Arabic-based <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz alphabet">Kyrgyz alphabet</a>, representing the vowel /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a>/: (<big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ىـ ـىـ</span>‎</big>). </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ى</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـى</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـىـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ىـ</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a vowel, the letter <i>alif maqsurah</i> can be a carrier with a <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a>. The <i>alif maqṣūrah</i> with hamza is thus written as: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـئ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـئـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئـ</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numeral">Numeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Numeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a numeral, alif stands for the number one. It may be modified as follows to represent other numbers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Modification to alif </th> <th>Number represented </th></tr> <tr> <td>One dot below </td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>One line below </td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>One line above </td> <td>1,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two dots below </td> <td>10,000,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aramaic">Aramaic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aramaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Aramaic reflex of the letter is conventionally represented with the Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">א</span></span> in typography for convenience, but the actual graphic form varied significantly over the long history and wide geographic extent of the language. Maraqten identifies three different aleph traditions in East Arabian coins: a lapidary Aramaic form that realizes it as a combination of a V-shape and a straight stroke attached to the apex, much like a Latin K; a <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> Aramaic form he calls the "elaborated X-form", essentially the same tradition as the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reflex</a>; and an extremely cursive form of two crossed oblique lines, much like a simple Latin X.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cursive Aramaic </th> <th>Lapidary Aramaic </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/20px-Aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/30px-Aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/40px-Aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapidary_Aramaic_alef.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lapidary aleph"><img alt="Lapidary aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lapidary_Aramaic_alef.png/20px-Lapidary_Aramaic_alef.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lapidary_Aramaic_alef.png/30px-Lapidary_Aramaic_alef.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lapidary_Aramaic_alef.png/40px-Lapidary_Aramaic_alef.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_alef">Hebrew alef</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hebrew alef"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"א" redirects here. For the Biblical manuscript, see <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a>.</div> <p>Hebrew spelling: <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> אָלֶף </span>‎</big> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Israeli Hebrew</a>, the letter either represents a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>) or indicates a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> (the separation of two adjacent <a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a> into distinct <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a>, with no intervening <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>). It is sometimes silent (word-finally always, word-medially sometimes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הוּא</span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hu]</span> "he", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רָאשִׁי</span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁaˈʃi]</span> "main", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רֹאשׁ</span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁoʃ]</span> "head", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רִאשׁוֹן</span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁiˈʃon]</span> "first"). The pronunciation varies in different <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipos_de_letras_durante_la_historia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tipos_de_letras_durante_la_historia.jpg/220px-Tipos_de_letras_durante_la_historia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tipos_de_letras_durante_la_historia.jpg/330px-Tipos_de_letras_durante_la_historia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tipos_de_letras_durante_la_historia.jpg/440px-Tipos_de_letras_durante_la_historia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a>, aleph represents the number 1, and when used at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew years</a>, it means 1000 (e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א'תשנ"ד</span>‎ in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">numbers</a> would be the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Calendar_date" title="Calendar date">date</a> 1754, not to be confused with 1754 CE). </p><p>Aleph, along with <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ayin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">resh</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">he</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heth (letter)">heth</a>, cannot receive a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a>. (However, there are few very rare examples of the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a> adding a dagesh or <a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">mappiq</a> to an aleph or resh. The verses of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">the Hebrew Bible</a> for which an aleph with a mappiq or dagesh appears are <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 43:26, <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 23:17, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> 33:21 and <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> 8:18.) </p><p>In Modern Hebrew, the frequency of the usage of alef, out of all the letters, is 4.94%. </p><p>Aleph is sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">mater lectionis</a> to denote a vowel, usually <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>. That use is more common in words of <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> origin, in foreign names, and some other borrowed words. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><small><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographic</a> variants</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><small>Various print fonts</small> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive<br />Hebrew</a></small> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi<br />script</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">Monospaced</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><span style="font:30pt 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'New Peninim MT', 'Taamey Frank CLM', serif;">א</span> </td> <td width="20%"><span style="font:29pt Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, sans-serif;">א</span> </td> <td width="20%"><span style="font:30pt 'Courier New', 'Miriam Fixed', 'Miriam Mono CLM', FreeMono, monospace;">א</span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/18px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/27px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/36px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alef_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/31px-Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/47px-Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/62px-Alef_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="125" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbinic_Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rabbinic Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aleph is the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a> that praises its humility in not demanding to start the Bible. (In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, the Bible begins with the second letter of the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bet</a>.) In the story, aleph is rewarded by being allowed to start the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>. (In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, the first word is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:אנוכי">anoki</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אָנֹכִי</span>‎), which starts with an aleph.) </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letter</a> aleph is <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> over breath, formed air in the universe, temperate in the year, and the <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a> in the soul. </p><p>Aleph is also the first letter of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> word <i>emet</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶמֶת</span>‎), which means <i>truth</i>. In Judaism, it was the letter aleph that was carved into the head of the <a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">golem</a> that ultimately gave it life. </p><p>Aleph also begins the three words that make up God's name in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am who I Am</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אהיה אשר אהיה</span></span>), and aleph is an important part of mystical <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> and formulas. </p><p>Aleph represents the oneness of God. The letter can be seen as being composed of an upper <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yud</a>, a lower yud, and a <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">vav</a> leaning on a diagonal. The upper yud represents the hidden and ineffable aspects of God while the lower yud represents God's revelation and presence in the world. The vav ("hook") connects the two realms. </p><p>Judaism relates aleph to the element of air, and the Scintillating Intelligence (#11) of the path between Kether and Chokmah in the Tree of the Sephiroth <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yiddish">Yiddish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yiddish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aleph is used for several orthographic purposes in native words, usually with different <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical mark">diacritical marks</a> borrowed from Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a>: </p> <ul><li>With no diacritics, aleph is silent; it is written at the beginning of words before vowels spelled with the letter <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">vov</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yud</a>. For instance, <i>oykh</i> 'also' is spelled <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">אויך</span></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">וי</span></span> represents the initial <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oj</span>], but that digraph is not permitted at the beginning of a word in Yiddish orthography, so it is preceded by a silent aleph. Some publications use a silent aleph adjacent to such vowels in the middle of a word as well when necessary to avoid ambiguity.</li> <li>An aleph with the diacritic <i><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">pasekh</a></i>, <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">אַ</span></span>, represents the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> in standard Yiddish.</li> <li>An aleph with the diacritic <i><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">komets</a></i>, <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">אָ</span></span>, represents the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span> in standard Yiddish.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">Loanwords</a> from Hebrew or Aramaic in Yiddish are spelled as they are in their language of origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syriac_ʾalaph/olaf"><span id="Syriac_.CA.BEalaph.2Folaf"></span>Syriac ʾalaph/olaf</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Syriac ʾalaph/olaf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><i>Alaph</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Eastern_alap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Syriac_Eastern_alap.svg/45px-Syriac_Eastern_alap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Syriac_Eastern_alap.svg/68px-Syriac_Eastern_alap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Syriac_Eastern_alap.svg/90px-Syriac_Eastern_alap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <i>Madnḫaya</i> alap </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Serta_alap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Syriac_Serta_alap.svg/45px-Syriac_Serta_alap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Syriac_Serta_alap.svg/68px-Syriac_Serta_alap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Syriac_Serta_alap.svg/90px-Syriac_Serta_alap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <i>Serṭo</i> olaph </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Estrangela_alap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Syriac_Estrangela_alap.svg/45px-Syriac_Estrangela_alap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Syriac_Estrangela_alap.svg/68px-Syriac_Estrangela_alap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Syriac_Estrangela_alap.svg/90px-Syriac_Estrangela_alap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <i>Esṭrangela</i> alap </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_letter_shapes_Alaph.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Syriac_letter_shapes_Alaph.PNG/500px-Syriac_letter_shapes_Alaph.PNG" decoding="async" width="500" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Syriac_letter_shapes_Alaph.PNG/750px-Syriac_letter_shapes_Alaph.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Syriac_letter_shapes_Alaph.PNG/1000px-Syriac_letter_shapes_Alaph.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="209" /></a></span> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a>, the first letter is <span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐ</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܐܵܠܲܦ</span>, alap (in eastern dialects) or olaph (in western dialects). It is used in word-initial position to mark a word beginning with a vowel, but some words beginning with <i>i</i> or <i>u</i> do not need its help, and sometimes, an initial alap/olaph is <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a>. For example, when the Syriac <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first-person</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a> <span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܐܸܢܵܐ</span></span> is in <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">enclitic</a> positions, it is pronounced <i>no/na</i> (again west/east), rather than the full form <i>eno/ana</i>. The letter occurs very regularly at the end of words, where it represents the long final vowels <i>o/a</i> or <i>e</i>. In the middle of the word, the letter represents either a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> between vowels (but West Syriac pronunciation often makes it a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">palatal approximant</a>), a long <i>i/e</i> (less commonly <i>o/a</i>) or is silent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Arabian/Ge'ez"><span id="South_Arabian.2FGe.27ez"></span>South Arabian/Ge'ez</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: South Arabian/Ge'ez"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian alphabet</a>, 𐩱 appears as the seventeenth letter of the South Arabian abjad. The letter is used to render a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez alphabet</a>, ʾälef አ appears as the thirteenth letter of its abjad. This letter is also used to render a glottal stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>South Arabian </th> <th>Ge'ez </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:300%"><span style="font-size:300%; vertical-align:sub;">𐩱</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:300%"><span style="font-size:300%; vertical-align:sub;">አ</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>, the Hebrew aleph glyph is used as the symbol to denote the <a href="/wiki/Aleph_number" title="Aleph number">aleph numbers</a>, which represent the <a href="/wiki/Cardinality" title="Cardinality">cardinality</a> of infinite sets. This notation was introduced by mathematician <a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Georg Cantor</a>. In older mathematics books, the letter aleph is often printed upside down by accident, partly because a <a href="/wiki/Monotype_Imaging" title="Monotype Imaging">Monotype</a> matrix for aleph was mistakenly constructed the wrong way up.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mapai" title="Mapai">Mapai</a> political party in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> used an aleph as its election symbol, and featured it prominently in its campaign posters.<sup id="cite_ref-Weitz_2018_p870_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weitz_2018_p870-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_encodings">Character encodings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Character encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">א</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ا</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ܐ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ࠀ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𐎀</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𐤀</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𐡀</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𐫀</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ℵ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061632564">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">HEBREW LETTER ALEF </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC LETTER ALEF </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">SAMARITAN LETTER ALAF </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">UGARITIC LETTER ALPA </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">PHOENICIAN LETTER ALF </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER ALEPH </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">MANICHAEAN LETTER ALEPH </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ALEF SYMBOL </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>1488</td> <td>U+05D0</td> <td>1575</td> <td>U+0627</td> <td>1808</td> <td>U+0710</td> <td>2048</td> <td>U+0800</td> <td>66432</td> <td>U+10380</td> <td>67840</td> <td>U+10900</td> <td>67648</td> <td>U+10840</td> <td>68288</td> <td>U+10AC0</td> <td>8501</td> <td>U+2135 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>215 144</td> <td>D7 90</td> <td>216 167</td> <td>D8 A7</td> <td>220 144</td> <td>DC 90</td> <td>224 160 128</td> <td>E0 A0 80</td> <td>240 144 142 128</td> <td>F0 90 8E 80</td> <td>240 144 164 128</td> <td>F0 90 A4 80</td> <td>240 144 161 128</td> <td>F0 90 A1 80</td> <td>240 144 171 128</td> <td>F0 90 AB 80</td> <td>226 132 181</td> <td>E2 84 B5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td> <td>1488</td> <td>05D0</td> <td>1575</td> <td>0627</td> <td>1808</td> <td>0710</td> <td>2048</td> <td>0800</td> <td>55296 57216</td> <td>D800 DF80</td> <td>55298 56576</td> <td>D802 DD00</td> <td>55298 56384</td> <td>D802 DC40</td> <td>55298 57024</td> <td>D802 DEC0</td> <td>8501</td> <td>2135 </td></tr> <tr class="template-charmap-numchr"> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&#1488;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x5D0;<wbr /></td> <td>&#1575;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x627;<wbr /></td> <td>&#1808;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x710;<wbr /></td> <td>&#2048;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x800;<wbr /></td> <td>&#66432;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x10380;<wbr /></td> <td>&#67840;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x10900;<wbr /></td> <td>&#67648;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x10840;<wbr /></td> <td>&#68288;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x10AC0;<wbr /></td> <td>&#8501;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x2135;<wbr /> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">Named character reference</a></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2">&alefsym;, &aleph; </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_right_half_ring" title="Modifier letter right half ring">ʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-">Al-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleph_number" title="Aleph number">Aleph number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Yāʼ">Arabic yāʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamzah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewtoday.com/alphabet/the-letter-alef-%d7%90/">"The Letter Aleph (א)"</a>. <i>Hebrew Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Today&rft.atitle=The+Letter+Aleph+%28%D7%90%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrewtoday.com%2Falphabet%2Fthe-letter-alef-%25d7%2590%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aleph_(letter)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aleph (letter)">Aleph (letter)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/521235.stm">"Oldest alphabet found in Egypt"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1999-11-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607101606/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/521235.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Oldest+alphabet+found+in+Egypt&rft.date=1999-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F521235.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldwasser2010" class="citation journal cs1">Goldwasser, O. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6916402">"How the Alphabet was Born from Hieroglyphs"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 40–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128183754/https://www.academia.edu/6916402">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=How+the+Alphabet+was+Born+from+Hieroglyphs.&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=40-53&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Goldwasser&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6916402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/504.htm">"Strong's Hebrew: 504. אֲלָפִים (eleph) -- cattle"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616231424/https://biblehub.com/hebrew/504.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew%3A+504.+%D7%90%D6%B2%D7%9C%D6%B8%D7%A4%D6%B4%D7%99%D7%9D+%28eleph%29+--+cattle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fhebrew%2F504.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersenFreedman1992" class="citation book cs1">Andersen, F.I.; Freedman, D.N. (1992). "Aleph as a vowel in Old Aramaic". <i>Studies in Hebrew and Aramaic Orthography</i>. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 79–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aleph+as+a+vowel+in+Old+Aramaic&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Hebrew+and+Aramaic+Orthography&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=79-90&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=F.I.&rft.au=Freedman%2C+D.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/e/a/">"Meet The Animal That Inspired The Letter A"</a>. <i>Everything After Z</i>. Dictionary.com. 2014-10-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509022716/https://www.dictionary.com/e/a/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everything+After+Z&rft.atitle=Meet+The+Animal+That+Inspired+The+Letter+A&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fe%2Fa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr" title="Hans Wehr">Wehr, Hans</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hanswehrdictiona00wehr"><i>A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: (Arabic-English)</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Urbana: Spoken Language Services. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hanswehrdictiona00wehr/page/n45">28</a>–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879500034" title="Special:BookSources/0879500034"><bdi>0879500034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+Written+Arabic%3A+%28Arabic-English%29&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=28-29&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Spoken+Language+Services&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0879500034&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhanswehrdictiona00wehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecarmeLowenstammShlonsky2000" class="citation book cs1">Lecarme, Jacqueline; Lowenstamm, Jean; Shlonsky, Ur (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sg_pdMfJbcwC&pg=PA345"><i>Research in Afroasiatic Grammar: Papers from the Third Conference on Afroasiatic Languages, Sophia Antipolis, France, 1996</i></a>. John Benjamins. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3709-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3709-3"><bdi>90-272-3709-3</bdi></a>. <q>The "aleps" problem in Old Egyptian The character of Egyptian "aleph" (transcribed Ꜣ) has always been debated by linguists and egyptologists. Even at the present we can claim surely only that Egyptian Ꜣ was often not the same as the Semitic glottal stop ɂ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+in+Afroasiatic+Grammar%3A+Papers+from+the+Third+Conference+on+Afroasiatic+Languages%2C+Sophia+Antipolis%2C+France%2C+1996&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-272-3709-3&rft.aulast=Lecarme&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Lowenstamm%2C+Jean&rft.au=Shlonsky%2C+Ur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSg_pdMfJbcwC%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider, Thomas (2003). "Etymologische Methode, die Historizität der Phoneme und das ägyptologische Transkriptionsalphabet". <i>Lingua Aegyptia: Journal of Egyptian Language Studies</i> (11): 187–199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua+Aegyptia%3A+Journal+of+Egyptian+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=Etymologische+Methode%2C+die+Historizit%C3%A4t+der+Phoneme+und+das+%C3%A4gyptologische+Transkriptionsalphabet&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=187-199&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Alan (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabicthroughqur00jone"><i>Arabic Through The Qur'an</i></a></span>. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabicthroughqur00jone/page/n21">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0946621-68-3" title="Special:BookSources/0946621-68-3"><bdi>0946621-68-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Through+The+Qur%27an&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+Islamic+Texts+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0946621-68-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabicthroughqur00jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaraqten1996" class="citation journal cs1">Maraqten, Mohammed (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1556846">"Notes on the Aramaic script of some coins from East Arabia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Archaeology_and_Epigraphy" title="Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy">Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy</a></i>. <b>7</b> (2): 304–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0471.1996.tb00107.x">10.1111/j.1600-0471.1996.tb00107.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Archaeology+and+Epigraphy&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Aramaic+script+of+some+coins+from+East+Arabia&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=304-315&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0471.1996.tb00107.x&rft.aulast=Maraqten&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1556846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinreich1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Uriel_Weinreich" title="Uriel Weinreich">Weinreich, Uriel</a> (1992). <i>College Yiddish</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO</a> Institute for Jewish Research. pp. 25–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=College+Yiddish&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25-8&rft.pub=YIVO+Institute+for+Jewish+Research&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Weinreich&rft.aufirst=Uriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwansonO'SeanSchleyer1999" class="citation cs2">Swanson, Ellen; O'Sean, Arlene Ann; Schleyer, Antoinette Tingley (1999) [1979], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pL3vAAAAIAAJ&q=aleph"><i>Mathematics into type. Copy editing and proofreading of mathematics for editorial assistants and authors</i></a> (updated ed.), Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, p. 16, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8218-0053-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8218-0053-1"><bdi>0-8218-0053-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0553111">0553111</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+into+type.+Copy+editing+and+proofreading+of+mathematics+for+editorial+assistants+and+authors&rft.place=Providence%2C+R.I.&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=updated&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8218-0053-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0553111%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=O%27Sean%2C+Arlene+Ann&rft.au=Schleyer%2C+Antoinette+Tingley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpL3vAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Daleph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weitz_2018_p870-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_2018_p870_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz2018" class="citation web cs1">Weitz, Carmel Sapir (2018-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/magazine/symbols-of-the-mapai-party-562347">"Symbols of the Mapai Party"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320162638/https://www.jpost.com/magazine/symbols-of-the-mapai-party-562347">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Symbols+of+the+Mapai+Party&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Carmel+Sapir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmagazine%2Fsymbols-of-the-mapai-party-562347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Arabic_ʼAlif"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAlif</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ǧīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dāl</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zāy</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Šīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣād</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ġayn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lām</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nūn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wāw</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yāʾ</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾIʿrāb</i></span> (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a><br />· <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hebrew_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template talk:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Northwest Semitic abjad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 125%;"> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ʾ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">b</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">g</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">d</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">h</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">w</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">z</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḥ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">ṭ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">y</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">k</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">l</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">m</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">n</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">s</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʿ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">p</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ṣ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">q</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">r</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">š</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">t</a></i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>20</td> <td>30</td> <td>40</td> <td>50</td> <td>60</td> <td>70</td> <td>80</td> <td>90</td> <td>100</td> <td>200</td> <td>300</td> <td>400 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet#Semitic_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Inscriptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleph&oldid=1258430067#Arabic">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleph&oldid=1258430067#Arabic</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phoenician_alphabet" title="Category:Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_letters" title="Category:Arabic letters">Arabic letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urdu_letters" title="Category:Urdu letters">Urdu letters</a></li><li><a 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