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<span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roaring_Twenties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roaring_Twenties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Roaring Twenties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roaring_Twenties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Great Depression</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Great_Depression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Great Depression subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_rise_of_fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rise_of_fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The rise of fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rise_of_fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empire_of_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire_of_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Empire of Japan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Empire_of_Japan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Empire of Japan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Empire_of_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan_seizes_Manchuria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_seizes_Manchuria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Japan seizes Manchuria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_seizes_Manchuria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_the_conquest_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_the_conquest_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Towards the conquest of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_the_conquest_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain_and_British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain_and_British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Great Britain and British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain_and_British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>French Empire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_Empire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle French Empire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-French_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolt_in_North_Africa_against_Spain_and_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_in_North_Africa_against_Spain_and_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Revolt in North Africa against Spain and France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_in_North_Africa_against_Spain_and_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weimar_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Weimar Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_era,_1933–1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_era,_1933–1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Nazi era, 1933–1939</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_era,_1933–1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Regional patterns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_patterns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional patterns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Balkans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_an_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_an_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>End of an era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_an_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Timelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Interwar period</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فترة ما بين الحربين العالميتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فترة ما بين الحربين العالميتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodu_d%27enteguerres" title="Periodu d'enteguerres – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Periodu d'enteguerres" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Інтэрбелум – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інтэрбелум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Период между световните войни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Период между световните войни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADode_d%27entreguerres" title="Període d'entreguerres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Període d'entreguerres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meziv%C3%A1le%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_obdob%C3%AD" title="Meziválečné období – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Meziválečné období" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_cyfnod_rhwng_y_rhyfeloedd" title="Y cyfnod rhwng y rhyfeloedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y cyfnod rhwng y rhyfeloedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellemkrigstiden" title="Mellemkrigstiden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mellemkrigstiden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwischenkriegszeit" title="Zwischenkriegszeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwischenkriegszeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5dadevaheline_periood" title="Sõdadevaheline periood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõdadevaheline periood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μεσοπόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσοπόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_de_entreguerras" title="Período de entreguerras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Período de entreguerras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermilita_periodo" title="Intermilita periodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Intermilita periodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrarteko_garaia" title="Gerrarteko garaia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerrarteko garaia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دوره میان‌دوجنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره میان‌دوجنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entre-deux-guerres" title="Entre-deux-guerres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Entre-deux-guerres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynterbellum" title="Ynterbellum – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynterbellum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_de_entreguerras" title="Período de entreguerras – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Período de entreguerras" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B0%84%EA%B8%B0" title="전간기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전간기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ինտերբելում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինտերբելում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="विश्वयुद्धों के मध्य की अवधि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्वयुद्धों के मध्य की अवधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91ura%C4%87e" title="Međuraće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međuraće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_antarperang" title="Periode antarperang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Periode antarperang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millistr%C3%AD%C3%B0s%C3%A1rin" title="Millistríðsárin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Millistríðsárin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_interbellico" title="Periodo interbellico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periodo interbellico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="בין שתי מלחמות העולם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בין שתי מלחמות העולם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Интербеллум – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Интербеллум" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starpkaru_periods" title="Starpkaru periods – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starpkaru periods" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ABschekrichsz%C3%A4it" title="Tëschekrichszäit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tëschekrichszäit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpukaris" title="Tarpukaris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarpukaris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbellum" title="Interbellum – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Interbellum" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbellum" title="Interbellum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Interbellum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E9%96%93%E6%9C%9F" title="戦間期 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戦間期" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellomkrigstiden" title="Mellomkrigstiden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mellomkrigstiden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellomkrigstida" title="Mellomkrigstida – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mellomkrigstida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A1" title="ਇੰਟਰਵਾਰ ਪੀਰੀਅਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਟਰਵਾਰ ਪੀਰੀਅਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بین جنگ دور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بین جنگ دور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87" title="د دواړونړیوالو جګړو تر منځ موده – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د دواړونړیوالو جګړو تر منځ موده" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwudziestolecie_mi%C4%99dzywojenne_(historia_powszechna)" title="Dwudziestolecie międzywojenne (historia powszechna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dwudziestolecie międzywojenne (historia powszechna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_entreguerras" title="Período entreguerras – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Período entreguerras" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perioada_interbelic%C4%83" title="Perioada interbelică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perioada interbelică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Межвоенный период – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Межвоенный период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periudha_mes_dy_luft%C3%ABrave_bot%C3%ABrore" title="Periudha mes dy luftërave botërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Periudha mes dy luftërave botërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Interwar period" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzivojnov%C3%A9_obdobie" title="Medzivojnové obdobie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzivojnové obdobie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Међуратни период – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међуратни период" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91uratni_period" title="Međuratni period – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međuratni period" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmansotien_v%C3%A4linen_aika" title="Maailmansotien välinen aika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maailmansotien välinen aika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellankrigstiden" title="Mellankrigstiden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mellankrigstiden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="สมัยระหว่างสงคราม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยระหว่างสงคราม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ki_sava%C5%9F_aras%C4%B1_d%C3%B6nem" title="İki savaş arası dönem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İki savaş arası dönem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Міжвоєнний період – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжвоєнний період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بین جنگ دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بین جنگ دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giai_%C4%91o%E1%BA%A1n_gi%E1%BB%AFa_hai_cu%E1%BB%99c_chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh" title="Giai đoạn giữa hai cuộc chiến tranh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giai đoạn giữa hai cuộc chiến tranh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E9%96%93%E6%9C%9F" title="戰間期 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="戰間期" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%98%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="战间期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="战间期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q154611#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1918–1939 period between the World Wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Between the wars" redirects here. For other subjects, see <a href="/wiki/Between_the_Wars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Between the Wars (disambiguation)">Between the Wars (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> of Portugal established in 1933.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Interwar_period" title="Talk:Interwar period">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Europe with numbered locations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg/400px-Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg/600px-Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg/800px-Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3299" data-file-height="2913" /></a><figcaption> The <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i> printed this map on 9 November 1919, of the armed conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe in 1919, one year after World War I had ended:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states#Interwar_period_and_independence,_1918–1940" title="Baltic states">Baltic States War of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Army</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Yudenich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/North_Russia_intervention" title="North Russia intervention">North Russia intervention</a></li><li>White Army of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak: Siberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Denikin: White Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Petliura: Ukrainian directorate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesia plebiscite">Silesia</a> tension between the Poles and Germans.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Romanian occupation of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a> seizes Fiume, creates the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Italian Regency of Carnaro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania during World War I">Promiscuous</a> fighting in Albania</li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlankMap-World-1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BlankMap-World-1921.png/296px-BlankMap-World-1921.png" decoding="async" width="296" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BlankMap-World-1921.png/444px-BlankMap-World-1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BlankMap-World-1921.png/592px-BlankMap-World-1921.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Boundaries in 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the 20th century">history of the 20th century</a>, the <b>interwar period</b> (or <b>interbellum</b>) lasted from 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>November 1918 to 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>September 1939 (20<span class="nowrap"> </span>years, 9<span class="nowrap"> </span>months, 21<span class="nowrap"> </span>days) – from the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (WWI) to the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (WWII). It was relatively short, yet featured many social, political, military, and economic changes throughout the world. Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>, a time of <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">economic mobility</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>. <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">electric lighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, and more became common among populations in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">first world</a>. The era's indulgences were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies. </p><p>Politically, the era coincided with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, starting in Russia with the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, at the end of WWI, and ended with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, particularly in Germany and Italy. China was in the midst of a half-century of instability and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and many warlords. The empires of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a>, and others faced challenges as <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> was increasingly viewed negatively and independence movements emerged in many <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a>; in Europe, after protracted low-level fighting <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">most of Ireland became independent.</a> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empires</a> were dismantled, with the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonies</a> redistributed among the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>, chiefly Britain and France. The western parts of the Russian Empire, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> became independent nations in their own right, and <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">chose to reunify</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>. </p><p>In Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> managed to regain control of Belarus and Ukraine, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, forming the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a> gained independence. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, countries in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> nationalised many foreign companies (most of which belonged to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) in a bid to strengthen their own economies. The territorial ambitions of the Soviets,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese, Italians, and Germans led to the expansion of their domains. </p><p>Militarily, the period would see a markedly rapid advance in technology which, alongside lessons learned from WWI, would catalyze new strategic and tactical innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the period would largely see a continuation of the development of the technologies pioneered in WWI, debates emerged as to the most effective use of these advancements.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On land, discussions focused on how <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armoured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">mechanized</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motorized_infantry" title="Motorized infantry">motorized</a> forces should be employed, particularly in-relation to the 'traditional' branches of the <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">regular infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse cavalry">horse cavalry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the air, the question of allocating <a href="/wiki/Air_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Air forces">air forces</a> to <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> versus dedicating such forces to frontline <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> was the primary contention, with some arguing that <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor</a> development was outpacing <a href="/wiki/Bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombers">bombers</a>, and others maintaining that "<a href="/wiki/The_bomber_will_always_get_through" title="The bomber will always get through">the bomber will always get through</a>." In the <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval</a> sphere, the primary question was whether <a href="/wiki/Battleships" class="mw-redirect" title="Battleships">battleships</a> would maintain their dominance of the seas or be rendered virtually obsolete by <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">naval aviation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military deliberations and controversies characteristic of the interwar period would ultimately find resolution via the events of WWII,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which served as a foundation for many of the tenets, <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">doctrines</a>, and strategies of <a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">modern warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the innovations of WWI and the interwar period would see a shift away from 'traditional' <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front-based warfare</a> and towards a significantly more mobile, mechanized, and <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric</a> form of combat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turmoil_in_Europe">Turmoil in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Turmoil in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_interwar_economy" title="European interwar economy">European interwar economy</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_in_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Europe_in_1923.jpg/310px-Europe_in_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Europe_in_1923.jpg/465px-Europe_in_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Europe_in_1923.jpg/620px-Europe_in_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7097" data-file-height="5456" /></a><figcaption>Map of Europe in 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of Compiègne</a> on 11 November 1918 that ended World War I, the years 1918–1924 were marked by turmoil as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> continued to rage on, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> struggled to recover from the devastation of the First World War and the destabilising effects of not just the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, but the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empires</a>, as well. There were numerous new or restored countries in Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, some small in size, such as <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and some larger, such as <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> gained dominance in world finance. Thus, when Germany could no longer afford war reparations to Britain, France and other former members of the <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente</a>, the Americans came up with the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a> and Wall Street invested heavily in Germany, which repaid its reparations to nations that, in turn, used the dollars to pay off their war debts to Washington. By the middle of the decade, prosperity was widespread, with the second half of the decade known as the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International relations (1919–1939)</a></div> <p>The important stages of interwar diplomacy and international relations included resolutions of wartime issues, such as reparations owed by Germany and boundaries; American involvement in European finances and disarmament projects; the expectations and failures of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the relationships of the new countries to the old; the distrustful relations of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to the capitalist world; peace and disarmament efforts; responses to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> starting in 1929; the collapse of world trade; the collapse of democratic regimes one by one; the growth of efforts at economic autarky; Japanese aggressiveness toward <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">China</a>, occupying large amounts of Chinese land, as well as <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">border disputes between the Soviet Union and Japan</a>, leading to multiple clashes along the Soviet and Japanese occupied Manchurian border; fascist diplomacy, including the aggressive moves by Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany; the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>; Italy's <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">invasion and occupation of Abyssinia (Ethiopia)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> of Germany's expansionist moves against the German-speaking nation of <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a>, the region inhabited by ethnic Germans called the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">remilitarisation of the League of Nations demilitarised zone of the German Rhineland</a> region, and the last, desperate stages of rearmament as the Second World War increasingly loomed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disarmament was a very popular public policy. However, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> played little role in this effort, with the United States and Britain taking the lead. U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a> of 1921 in determining how many capital ships each major country was allowed. The new allocations were actually followed and there were no naval races in the 1920s. Britain played a leading role in the 1927 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Naval_Conference" title="Geneva Naval Conference">Geneva Naval Conference</a> and the 1930 London Conference that led to the <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a>, which added cruisers and submarines to the list of ship allocations. However the refusal of Japan, Germany, Italy and the USSR to go along with this led to the meaningless <a href="/wiki/Second_London_Naval_Treaty" title="Second London Naval Treaty">Second London Naval Treaty</a> of 1936. Naval disarmament had collapsed and the issue became rearming for a war against Germany and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roaring_Twenties">Roaring Twenties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roaring Twenties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Twenties" title="Golden Twenties">Golden Twenties</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Fairbanks_and_Mary_Pickford_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Douglas_Fairbanks_and_Mary_Pickford_02.jpg/170px-Douglas_Fairbanks_and_Mary_Pickford_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Douglas_Fairbanks_and_Mary_Pickford_02.jpg/255px-Douglas_Fairbanks_and_Mary_Pickford_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Douglas_Fairbanks_and_Mary_Pickford_02.jpg/340px-Douglas_Fairbanks_and_Mary_Pickford_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2812" /></a><figcaption>Actors <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a> in 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> highlighted novel and highly visible social and cultural trends and innovations. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a> began and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> peaked.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a <a href="/wiki/Marcelling" title="Marcelling">Marcel wave</a>. The young women who pioneered these trends were called "<a href="/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper">flappers</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all was new: <a href="/wiki/Return_to_normalcy" title="Return to normalcy">"normalcy" returned</a> to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional wartime passions in the United States, France, and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leftist revolutions in Finland, Poland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Spain were defeated by conservatives, but succeeded in Russia, which became the base for <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> came to power under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> after threatening a <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most independent countries enacted <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> in the interwar era, including <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a> in 1917 (though <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> held out longer), <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Britain</a> in 1918, and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> in 1920. There were a few major countries that held out until after the Second World War (such as France, Switzerland, and Portugal).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Hume" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie Hume">Leslie Hume</a> argues: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The women's contribution to the war effort combined with failures of the previous systems' of Government made it more difficult than hitherto to maintain that women were, both by constitution and temperament, unfit to vote. If women could work in munitions factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth. But the vote was much more than simply a reward for war work; the point was that women's participation in the war helped to dispel the fears that surrounded women's entry into the public arena.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Europe, according to Derek Aldcroft and Steven Morewood, "Nearly all countries registered some economic progress in the 1920s and most of them managed to regain or surpass their pre-war income and production levels by the end of the decade." The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Greece did especially well, while Eastern Europe did poorly, due to the First World War and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In advanced economies the prosperity reached <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> households and many in the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> with <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">electric lighting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">appliances</a>. There was unprecedented industrial growth, accelerated consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle and culture. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes and movie stars. Major cities built large sports stadiums for the fans, in addition to palatial cinemas. The <a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">mechanisation of agriculture</a> continued apace, producing an expansion of output that lowered prices, and made many farm workers redundant. Often they moved to nearby industrial towns and cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Depression">Great Depression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Great Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone,_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg/220px-Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg/330px-Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg/440px-Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>Unemployed men outside a <a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">soup kitchen</a> opened by Chicago gangster <a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Depression</a>, 1931</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> was a severe worldwide <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">economic depression</a> that took place after 1929. The timing varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Garraty_Great_Depression_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garraty_Great_Depression-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depression originated in the United States and became worldwide news with the <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">stock market crash</a> of 29 October 1929 (known as <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Black Tuesday</a>). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Garraty_Great_Depression_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garraty_Great_Depression-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: ch 1">: ch 1 </span></sup> </p><p>The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">rich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">poor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Personal_income" title="Personal income">Personal income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">tax revenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">prices</a> dropped, while <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> plunged by more than 50%. <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment in the United States</a> rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_Bernanke_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_Bernanke-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prices fell sharply, especially for mining and agricultural commodities. Business profits fell sharply as well, with a sharp reduction in new business starts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Great_Depression" title="Cities in the Great Depression">Cities all around the world</a> were hit hard, especially those dependent on <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-USBLS_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USBLS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary sector industries</a> such as mining and logging suffered the most.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">German hyperinflation of 1923</a> and the failed <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> of that same year. The second convulsion, brought on by the worldwide depression and Germany's disastrous monetary policies, resulted in the further rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Asia, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> became an ever more assertive power, especially with regard to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_rise_of_fascism">The rise of fascism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The rise of fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_interwar_dictatorships" title="European interwar dictatorships">European interwar dictatorships</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12943,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Hitler_und_Mussolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12943%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Hitler_und_Mussolini.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12943%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Hitler_und_Mussolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12943%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Hitler_und_Mussolini.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12943%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Hitler_und_Mussolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12943%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Hitler_und_Mussolini.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12943%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Hitler_und_Mussolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Cheering crowds greet <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in Munich, 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>Democracy and prosperity largely went together in the 1920s. Economic disaster led to a distrust in the effectiveness of democracy and its collapse in much of Europe and Latin America, including the Baltic and Balkan countries, Poland, Spain, and Portugal. Powerful expansionary anti-democratic regimes emerged in Italy, Japan, and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Fascism</a> took control of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1922; as the Great Depression worsened, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> emerged victorious in Germany, fascism spread to many other countries in Europe, and also played a major role in several countries in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fascist parties sprang up, attuned to local right-wing traditions, but also possessing common features that typically included extreme militaristic nationalism, a desire for economic self-containment, threats and aggression toward neighbouring countries, oppression of minorities, a ridicule of democracy while using its techniques to mobilise an angry middle-class base, and a disgust with <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">cultural liberalism</a>. Fascists believed in power, violence, male superiority, and a "natural" hierarchy, often led by dictators such as <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. Fascism in power meant that liberalism and human rights were discarded, and individual pursuits and values were subordinated to what the party decided was best.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empire_of_Japan">Empire of Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Empire of Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese colonial empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_occupied_by_Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan">List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism in Shōwa Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/220px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/330px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/440px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Political map of the Asia-Pacific region, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>The Japanese modelled their <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">industrial economy</a> closely on the most advanced Western European models. They started with textiles, railways, and shipping, expanding to electricity and machinery. The most serious weakness was a shortage of raw materials. Industry ran short of copper, and coal became a net importer. A deep flaw in the aggressive military strategy was a heavy dependence on imports including 100 per cent of the aluminium, 85 per cent of the iron ore, and especially 79 per cent of the oil supplies. It was one thing to go to war with China or Russia, but quite another to be in conflict with the key suppliers, especially the United States, Britain, and the Netherlands, of oil and iron.<sup id="cite_ref-FairbankReischauerCraig_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FairbankReischauerCraig-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of the First World War</a> to make territorial gains. Together with the British Empire, it divided up Germany's territories scattered in the Pacific and on the <a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_China" title="Coastline of China">Chinese coast</a>; they did not amount to very much. The other Allies pushed back hard against Japan's efforts to dominate China through the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a> of 1915. Its <a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">occupation of Siberia</a> proved unproductive. Japan's wartime diplomacy and limited military action had produced few results, and at the Paris Versailles peace conference at the end of the war, Japan was frustrated in its ambitions. At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> in 1919, its <a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a> led to increasing diplomatic isolation. The 1902 alliance with Britain was not renewed in 1922 because of heavy pressure on Britain from Canada and the United States. In the 1920s Japanese diplomacy was rooted in a largely liberal democratic political system, and favoured internationalism. By 1930, however, Japan was rapidly reversing itself, rejecting democracy at home, as the Army seized more and more power, and rejecting internationalism and liberalism. By the late 1930s it had joined the Axis military alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FairbankReischauerCraig_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FairbankReischauerCraig-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 563–612, 666">: 563–612, 666 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1930, the London disarmament conference angered the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Imperial Japanese Armed Forces</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> demanded parity with the United States, Britain and France, but was rejected and the conference kept the 1921 ratios. Japan was required to scrap a <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ship</a>. Extremists assassinated Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Inukai_Tsuyoshi" title="Inukai Tsuyoshi">Inukai Tsuyoshi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/May_15_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="May 15 Incident">May 15 Incident</a> and the military took more power, leading to rapid <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhang_Xueliang_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Zhang_Xueliang_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg/220px-Zhang_Xueliang_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Zhang_Xueliang_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg/330px-Zhang_Xueliang_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Zhang_Xueliang_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg/440px-Zhang_Xueliang_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Zhang Xueliang with <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> in November 1930.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_seizes_Manchuria">Japan seizes Manchuria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Japan seizes Manchuria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a></div> <p>In September 1931, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a>—acting on its own without government approval—<a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">seized control of Manchuria</a>, an area in northeastern China that was controlled by the powerful warlord <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xueliang" title="Zhang Xueliang">Zhang Xueliang</a>. It created the puppet government of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. Britain and France effectively controlled the League of Nations, which issued the <a href="/wiki/Lytton_Report" title="Lytton Report">Lytton Report</a> in 1932, saying that Japan had genuine grievances, but it acted illegally in seizing the entire province. Japan quit the League, and Britain and France took no action. US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> announced that the United States would also not recognise Japan's conquest as legitimate. Germany welcomed Japan's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towards_the_conquest_of_China">Towards the conquest of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Towards the conquest of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/220px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/330px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/440px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Japanese march into <a href="/wiki/Zhengyangmen" title="Zhengyangmen">Zhengyangmen</a> of Beijing after capturing the city in July 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>The civilian government in Tokyo tried to minimise the Army's aggression in Manchuria, and announced it was withdrawing. On the contrary, the Army completed the conquest of Manchuria, and the civilian cabinet resigned. The political parties were divided on the issue of military expansion. Prime Minister Tsuyoshi tried to negotiate with China but was assassinated in the May 15 Incident in 1932, which ushered in an era of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">militarism</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> and supported by other right-wing societies. The IJA's nationalism ended civilian rule in Japan until after 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Army, however, was itself divided into cliques and factions with different strategic viewpoints. One faction viewed the Soviet Union as the main enemy; the other sought to build a mighty empire based in Manchuria and northern China. The Navy, while smaller and less influential, was also factionalised. Large-scale warfare, known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, began in August 1937, with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">naval and infantry attacks focused on Shanghai</a>, which quickly spread to other major cities. There were numerous <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">large-scale atrocities</a> against Chinese civilians, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing massacre">Nanjing massacre</a> in December 1937, with mass murder and mass rape. By 1939 military lines had stabilised, with Japan in control of almost all of the major Chinese cities and industrial areas. A puppet government was set up.<sup id="cite_ref-FairbankReischauerCraig_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FairbankReischauerCraig-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 589–613">: 589–613 </span></sup> In the U.S., government and public opinion—even including those who were isolationist regarding Europe—was resolutely opposed to Japan and gave strong support to China. Meanwhile, the Japanese Army fared badly in large battles with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet Red Army</a> in Mongolia at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> in summer 1939. The USSR was too powerful. Tokyo and Moscow <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">signed a nonaggression treaty in April 1941</a>, as the militarists turned their attention to the European colonies to the south which had urgently-needed oil fields.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain">Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)"><span id="Spanish_Civil_War_.281936.E2.80.931939.29"></span>Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></div> <p>To one degree or another, Spain had been unstable politically for centuries, and in 1936–1939 was wracked by one of the bloodiest civil wars of the 20th century. The real importance comes from outside countries. In Spain the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Catholic</a> elements and the army revolted against the newly elected government of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>, and full-scale civil war erupted. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany gave munitions and strong military units to the rebel <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist faction</a>, led by General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican (or "Loyalist") government</a>, was on the defensive, but it received significant help from the Soviet Union and Mexico. Led by Great Britain and France, and including the United States, most countries remained neutral and refused to provide armaments to either side. The powerful fear was that this localised conflict would escalate into a European conflagration that no one wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish Civil War was marked by numerous small battles and sieges, and many atrocities, until the Nationalists won in 1939 by overwhelming the Republican forces. The Soviet Union provided armaments but never enough to equip the heterogeneous government militias and the "<a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>" of outside <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left</a> volunteers. The civil war did not escalate into a larger conflict, but did become a worldwide ideological battleground that pitted all the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communists</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a> against <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, conservatives and fascists. Worldwide there was a decline in <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> and a growing sense that another <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world war</a> was imminent, and that it would be worth fighting for.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Britain_and_British_Empire">Great Britain and British Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Great Britain and British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/400px-British_Empire_1921.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/600px-British_Empire_1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/800px-British_Empire_1921.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The Second British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> and instead signed the 1922 <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a>, in which Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. The issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the British pride, its finance, and its trade-oriented economy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImperialConference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/220px-ImperialConference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/330px-ImperialConference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/440px-ImperialConference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> with the British and Dominion prime ministers at the <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">1926 Imperial Conference</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> strongly supported the Empire in the First World War. It expected a reward, but failed to get <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a> as the government was still kept in control of British hands and feared another rebellion like <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">that of 1857</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a> failed to satisfy demand for self-rule. Mounting tension, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>, culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Amritsar Massacre</a> in 1919. <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a> surged and centred in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy and those who viewed it with revulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mowat_12_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowat_12-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egypt had been under <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British"><i>de facto</i> British control</a> since the 1880s, despite its nominal ownership by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a> was granted <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">formal independence</a>, though it continued to be a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> following British guidance. Egypt joined the League of Nations. Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt" title="Fuad I of Egypt">King Fuad</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk</a> and their conservative allies stayed in power with lavish lifestyles thanks to an informal alliance with Britain who would protect them from both secular and Muslim radicalism.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a>, a British <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate</a> since 1920, gained official independence as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> in 1932 when <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">King Faisal</a> agreed to British terms of a military alliance and an assured flow of oil.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian Arabs</a> and increasing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Jewish settlers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a> would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine">revolted in 1936</a>. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish insurgency in Palestine">Jewish insurgency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mowat_12_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowat_12-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 269–96">: 269–96 </span></sup> </p><p>The Dominions (Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the Irish Free State) were self-governing and gained semi-independence in the World War, while Britain still controlled foreign policy and defence in all except Ireland. The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy was recognised in 1923 and formalised by the 1931 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>. The Irish Free State effectively broke all ties with Britain in 1937, leaving the Commonwealth and becoming an <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">independent republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mowat_12_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowat_12-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 373–402">: 373–402 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_Empire">French Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: French Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchEmpire1946.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FrenchEmpire1946.png/300px-FrenchEmpire1946.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FrenchEmpire1946.png/450px-FrenchEmpire1946.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FrenchEmpire1946.png/600px-FrenchEmpire1946.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption>The French Empire from 1919 to 1949.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_expo_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_expo_1937.jpg/220px-Paris_expo_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_expo_1937.jpg/330px-Paris_expo_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_expo_1937.jpg/440px-Paris_expo_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>Place de Varsovie in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">World Expo</a> in 1937 (<a href="/wiki/Agfacolor" title="Agfacolor">Agfacolor</a> photo).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar France</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></div> <p>French census statistics from 1938 show an imperial population with France at over 150 million people, outside of France itself, of 102.8 million people living on 13.5 million square kilometers. Of the total population, 64.7 million lived in Africa and 31.2 million lived in Asia; 900,000 lived in the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a> or islands in the South Pacific. The largest colonies were <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> with 26.8 million (in five separate colonies), <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> with 6.6 million, the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French protectorate in Morocco</a>, with 5.4 million, and <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> with 35.2 million in nine colonies. The total includes 1.9 million Europeans, and 350,000 "assimilated" natives.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_in_North_Africa_against_Spain_and_France">Revolt in North Africa against Spain and France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Revolt in North Africa against Spain and France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a></div> <p>The Berber independence leader <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a> (1882–1963) organised armed resistance against the Spanish and French for control of Morocco. The Spanish had faced unrest off and on from the 1890s, but in 1921, Spanish forces were massacred at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Battle of Annual</a>. El-Krim founded an independent <a href="/wiki/Rif_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Republic">Rif Republic</a> that operated until 1926, but had no international recognition. Eventually, France and Spain agreed to end the revolt. They sent in 200,000 soldiers, forcing el-Krim to surrender in 1926; he was exiled in the Pacific until 1947. Morocco was now pacified, and became the base from which <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Spanish Nationalists</a> would launch their <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a> in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany">Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar_Republic">Weimar Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0623-0502-001,_Berlin,_Tanztee_im_%22Esplanade%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0623-0502-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanztee_im_%22Esplanade%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0623-0502-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanztee_im_%22Esplanade%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0623-0502-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanztee_im_%22Esplanade%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0623-0502-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanztee_im_%22Esplanade%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0623-0502-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanztee_im_%22Esplanade%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0623-0502-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanztee_im_%22Esplanade%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Twenties" title="Golden Twenties">Golden Twenties</a>" in Berlin: a jazz band plays for a tea dance at the hotel Esplanade, 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>The humiliating peace terms in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. The Treaty stripped Germany of all of its <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">overseas colonies</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a>, and of predominantly Polish districts. The Allied armies occupied industrial sectors in western Germany including the Rhineland, and Germany was not allowed to have a real army, navy, or air force. <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a> were demanded, especially by France, involving shipments of raw materials, as well as annual payments.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district</a> (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">passive resistance</a>: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The German government printed vast quantities of paper money, causing <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation</a>, which also damaged the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">French economy</a>. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the hyperinflation caused many prudent savers to lose all the money they had saved. Weimar added new internal enemies every year, as anti-democratic <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communists</a> battled each other in the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo,_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Rapallo, 1922">Treaty of Rapallo</a>, Germany accorded the Soviet Union <i>de jure</i> recognition, and the two signatories mutually agreed to cancel all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. In October 1925 the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Locarno" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Locarno">Treaty of Locarno</a> was signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain, and Italy; it recognised Germany's borders with France and Belgium. Moreover, Britain, Italy, and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rhineland. Locarno paved the way for Germany's admission to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_era,_1933–1939"><span id="Nazi_era.2C_1933.E2.80.931939"></span>Nazi era, 1933–1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nazi era, 1933–1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes of World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></div> <p>Hitler came to power in January 1933, and inaugurated an aggressive power designed to give Germany economic and political domination across central Europe. He did not attempt to recover the lost colonies. Until August 1939, the Nazis denounced Communists and the Soviet Union as the greatest enemy, along with the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1938_Naka_yoshi_sangoku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1938_Naka_yoshi_sangoku.jpg/170px-1938_Naka_yoshi_sangoku.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1938_Naka_yoshi_sangoku.jpg/255px-1938_Naka_yoshi_sangoku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1938_Naka_yoshi_sangoku.jpg/340px-1938_Naka_yoshi_sangoku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese poster promoting the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis cooperation</a> in 1938.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hitler's diplomatic strategy in the 1930s was to make seemingly reasonable demands, threatening war if they were not met. When opponents tried to appease him, he accepted the gains that were offered, then went to the next target. That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, rejected the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Treaty">Versailles Treaty</a>, and began to rearm. Retaking the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin" title="Territory of the Saar Basin">Territory of the Saar Basin</a> in the aftermath of a <a href="/wiki/1935_Saar_status_referendum" title="1935 Saar status referendum">plebiscite</a> that favoured returning to Germany, <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">Hitler's Germany remilitarised the Rhineland</a>, formed the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> alliance with Mussolini's Italy, and sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War. <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Germany seized Austria</a>, considered to be a German state, in 1938, and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">took over Czechoslovakia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> with Britain and France. Forming a <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">non-aggression pact</a> with the Soviet Union in August 1939, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Germany invaded Poland</a> after Poland's refusal to cede the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> in September 1939. Britain and France declared war and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began – somewhat sooner than the Nazis expected or were ready for.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_Army_Warsaw_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Polish_Army_Warsaw_1939.jpg/220px-Polish_Army_Warsaw_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Polish_Army_Warsaw_1939.jpg/330px-Polish_Army_Warsaw_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Polish_Army_Warsaw_1939.jpg/440px-Polish_Army_Warsaw_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Polish Army soldier holding last remaining part of a German <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111</a> bomber shot down by Poles over Warsaw when airplane was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">killing civilians</a> in September 1939 (<a href="/wiki/Kodachrome" title="Kodachrome">Kodachrome</a> photo).</figcaption></figure> <p>After establishing the "<a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Rome-Berlin Axis</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, and signing the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> with Japan – which was joined by Italy a year later in 1937 – Hitler felt able to take the offensive in foreign policy. On 12 March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, where an <a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">attempted Nazi coup</a> had been unsuccessful in 1934. When Austrian-born Hitler entered <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, he was greeted by loud cheers. Four weeks later, 99% of Austrians voted in favour of the annexation (<a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>) of their country Austria to the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich_(1933-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Reich (1933-1945)">German Reich</a>. After Austria, Hitler turned to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, where the 3.5 million-strong <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten German</a> minority was demanding equal rights and self-government.<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_Cameron_Watt_1989_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald_Cameron_Watt_1989-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R.J._Overy,_2014_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy,_2014-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Conference</a> of September 1938, Hitler, the Italian leader Benito Mussolini, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, and French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a> agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement, in March 1939, Hitler used the smouldering quarrel between <a href="/wiki/Slovak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak people">Slovaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia as the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>. In the same month, he secured the return of <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Memel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> to Germany. Chamberlain was forced to acknowledge that his policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> towards Hitler had failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_Cameron_Watt_1989_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald_Cameron_Watt_1989-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R.J._Overy,_2014_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy,_2014-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy (1922–1943)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/220px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/330px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/440px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936.<br />Legend:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#073A09; color:white;"> </span> Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0F7612; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client states</a>;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#083A39; color:white;"> </span> Claimed territories to be annexed;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#107776; color:white;"> </span> Territories to be transformed into client states.</div> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impero_italiano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Impero_italiano.svg/220px-Impero_italiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Impero_italiano.svg/330px-Impero_italiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Impero_italiano.svg/440px-Impero_italiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Maximum extent of imperial Italy <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Pre-Second World War</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff00ff; color:black;"> </span> Captured during the Second World War</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1922, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascist</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> after the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>. Mussolini resolved the question of sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> at the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, which formalised Italian administration of both <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Dodecanese Islands</a>, in return for a payment to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the successor state to the Ottoman Empire, though he failed in an attempt to extract a mandate of a portion of Iraq from Britain. </p><p>The month following the ratification of the Treaty of Lausanne, Mussolini ordered the invasion of the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Italy">Italian press</a> supported the move, noting that Corfu had been a <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Ionian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Ionian Islands">Venetian possession</a> for four hundred years. The matter was taken by <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, where Mussolini was convinced by Britain to evacuate <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> troops, in return for reparations from Greece. The confrontation led Britain and Italy to resolve the question of <a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a> in 1924, which was merged into <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 1920s, imperial expansion became an increasingly favoured theme in Mussolini's speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst Mussolini's aims were that Italy had to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean that would be able to challenge France or Britain, as well as attain access to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Oceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-salerno_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salerno-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was elaborated on in a document he later drew up in 1939 called "The March to the Oceans", and included in the official records of a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-salerno_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salerno-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text asserted that maritime position determined a nation's independence: countries with free access to the high seas were independent; while those who lacked this, were not. Italy, which only had access to an inland sea without French and British acquiescence, was only a "semi-independent nation", and alleged to be a "prisoner in the Mediterranean":<sup id="cite_ref-salerno_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salerno-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The bars of this prison are <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Malta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. The guards of this prison are <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez</a>. Corsica is a pistol pointed at the heart of Italy; Tunisia at Sicily. Malta and Cyprus constitute a threat to all our positions in the eastern and western Mediterranean. Greece, Turkey, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a> have been ready to form a chain with Great Britain and to complete the politico-military encirclement of Italy. Thus Greece, Turkey, and Egypt must be considered vital enemies of Italy's expansion ... The aim of Italian policy, which cannot have, and does not have continental objectives of a European territorial nature except Albania, is first of all to break the bars of this prison ... Once the bars are broken, Italian policy can only have one motto—to march to the oceans.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Benito Mussolini, The March to the Oceans<sup id="cite_ref-salerno_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salerno-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the Fascist regime claimed <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and held ambitions over <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> based on the precedent of previous Roman dominance in these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalmatia and Slovenia were to be directly annexed into Italy while the remainder of the Balkans was to be transformed into Italian client states.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regime also sought to establish protective patron-client relationships with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In both 1932 and 1935, Italy demanded a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German Cameroon</a> and a free hand in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> from France in return for Italian support against Germany in the <a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burgwyn_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burgwyn-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was refused by French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a>, who was not yet sufficiently worried about the prospect of a German resurgence.<sup id="cite_ref-burgwyn_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burgwyn-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failed resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Abyssinia Crisis</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, in which Italy annexed Ethiopia to its empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Italy's stance towards Spain shifted between the 1920s and the 1930s. The Fascist regime in the 1920s held deep antagonism towards Spain due to <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a>'s pro-French foreign policy. In 1926, Mussolini began aiding the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan separatism">Catalan separatist movement</a>, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Maci%C3%A0" title="Francesc Macià">Francesc Macià</a>, against the Spanish government.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_H._Whealey_2005._P._11_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_H._Whealey_2005._P._11-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of the left-wing Republican government replacing the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spanish monarchy</a>, Spanish monarchists and fascists repeatedly approached Italy for aid in overthrowing the Republican government, in which Italy agreed to support them to establish a pro-Italian government in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_H._Whealey_2005._P._11_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_H._Whealey_2005._P._11-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1936, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> of the Nationalist faction in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> requested Italian support against the ruling Republican faction, and guaranteed that, if Italy supported the Nationalists, "future relations would be more than friendly" and that Italian support "would have permitted the influence of Rome to prevail over that of Berlin in the future politics of Spain".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy intervened in the civil war with the intention of occupying the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and creating a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy sought the control of the Balearic Islands due to its strategic position—Italy could use the islands as a base to disrupt the lines of communication between France and its <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">North African colonies</a> and between <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">British Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Malta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the victory by Franco and the Nationalists in the war, Allied intelligence was informed that Italy was pressuring Spain to permit an Italian occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg/220px-Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg/330px-Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg/440px-Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>Italian newspaper in Tunisia that represented Italians living in the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French protectorate of Tunisia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Great Britain signed the Anglo-Italian <a href="/wiki/Easter_Accords" title="Easter Accords">Easter Accords</a> in 1938, Mussolini and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a> issued demands for concessions in the Mediterranean by France, particularly regarding <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and the French-run <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three weeks later, Mussolini told Ciano that he intended for an Italian takeover of Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini professed that Italy would only be able to "breathe easily" if it had acquired a contiguous colonial domain in Africa from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, and when ten million Italians had settled in them.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, Italy demanded a <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> in the Suez Canal in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>, specifically demanding that the French-dominated <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Company">Suez Canal Company</a> accept an Italian representative on its board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-LIFE_1938._Pp._23_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIFE_1938._Pp._23-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy opposed the French monopoly over the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> because, under the French-dominated Suez Canal Company, all merchant traffic to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> colony was forced to pay tolls on entering the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-LIFE_1938._Pp._23_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIFE_1938._Pp._23-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albanian Prime Minister and President <a href="/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog I of Albania">Ahmet Zogu</a>, who had, in 1928, proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/King_of_Albania" title="King of Albania">King of Albania</a>, failed to create a stable state.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanian society was deeply divided by religion and language, with a border dispute with Greece and an undeveloped, rural economy. In 1939, Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">invaded and annexed Albania</a> as a separate kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the Italian crown. Italy had long built strong links with the Albanian leadership and considered it firmly within its sphere of influence. Mussolini wanted a spectacular success over a smaller neighbour to match Germany's <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexation of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. Italian King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a> took the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Albania" title="King of Albania">Albanian crown</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">fascist government</a> under <a href="/wiki/Shefqet_V%C3%ABrlaci" title="Shefqet Vërlaci">Shefqet Vërlaci</a> was established.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_patterns">Regional patterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regional patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkans">Balkans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Balkans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Great Depression</a> destabilised the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>. The early 1930s were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes. In several instances, the Romanian government violently repressed strikes and riots, notably the 1929 miners' strike in <a href="/wiki/Valea_Jiului" class="mw-redirect" title="Valea Jiului">Valea Jiului</a> and the strike in the <a href="/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba" title="Grivița">Grivița</a> railroad workshops. In the mid-1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romanian economy</a> recovered and the industry grew significantly, although about 80% of Romanians were still employed in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Romania" title="Agriculture in Romania">agriculture</a>. French economic and political influence was predominant in the early 1920s but then Germany became more dominant, especially in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog I of Albania">Zog I</a> introduced new civil codes, constitutional changes and attempted <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Albania" title="Land reform in Albania">land reforms</a>, the latter which was largely unsuccessful due to the inadequacy of the <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">country's banking system</a> that could not deal with advanced reformist transactions. Albania's reliance on Italy also grew as Italians exercised control over nearly every Albanian official through money and patronage, breeding a colonial-like mentality.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerwarth_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerwarth-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnic integration and assimilation was a major problem faced by the newly formed post-World War I Balkan states, which were compounded by historical differences. In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> for instance, its most influential element was the pre-war <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> but also integrated states like Slovenia and Croatia, which were part of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. With new territories came varying legal systems, social structures and political structures. Social and economic development rates also varied as for example Slovenia and Croatia was far more advanced economically than Kosovo and Macedonia, which had substantial <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Albanians_in_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Albanians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Albanian populations that faced persecution</a>. Redistribution of land led to social instability, with estate seizures generally benefiting Slavic Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerwarth_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerwarth-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States launched <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">minor interventions</a> into Latin America. These included military presence in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Cuba</a>, Panama with the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Haiti</a> (1915–1935), <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">Dominican Republic</a> (1916–1924), and <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> (1912–1933). The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> began to specialise in long-term military occupation of these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Latin_America" title="Great Depression in Latin America">Great Depression</a> posed a great challenge to the region. The collapse of the world economy meant that the demand for raw materials drastically declined, undermining many of the economies of Latin America. Intellectuals and government leaders in Latin America turned their backs on the older economic policies and turned toward <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Import substitution industrialisation">import substitution industrialisation</a>. The goal was to create self-sufficient economies, which would have their own industrial sectors and large middle classes and which would be immune to the fluctuations of the global economy. Despite the potential threats to United States commercial interests, the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt administration</a> (1933–1945) understood that the United States could not wholly oppose import substitution. Roosevelt implemented a <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbour policy</a> and allowed the nationalisation of some American companies in Latin America. Mexican President <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a> <a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_expropriation" title="Mexican oil expropriation">nationalised American oil companies</a>, out of which he created <a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a>. Cárdenas also oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">redistribution of a quantity of land</a>, fulfilling the hopes of many since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> was also repealed, freeing Cuba from legal and official interference of the United States in its politics. The Second World War also brought the United States and most Latin American nations together, with Argentina the main hold out.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the interwar period, United States policy makers continued to be concerned over German influence in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-Goebels_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goebels-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Penny2017_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penny2017-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some analysts grossly exaggerated the influence of Germans in South America even after the First World War when German influence somewhat declined.<sup id="cite_ref-Penny2017_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penny2017-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carlos2011_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlos2011-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the influence of United States grew all-over the Americas Germany concentrated its foreign policy efforts in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> countries where US influence was weaker and larger German communities were at place.<sup id="cite_ref-Goebels_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goebels-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contrary ideals of <i><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">indigenismo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanismo">hispanismo</a></i> held sway among intellectuals in <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Spanish-speaking America</a> during the interwar period. In Argentina the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gaucho</a></i> genre flourished. A rejection of "Western universalist" influences was in vogue across Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-Goebels_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goebels-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This last tendency was in part inspired by the translation into Spanish of the book <i><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the West">Decline of the West</a></i> in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Goebels_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goebels-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sports became increasingly popular, drawing enthusiastic fans to large stadiums.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) worked to encourage Olympic ideals and participation. Following the 1922 Latin American Games in Rio de Janeiro, the IOC helped to establish national Olympic committees and prepare for future competition. In Brazil, however, sporting and political rivalries slowed progress as opposing factions fought for control of <a href="/wiki/International_sport" title="International sport">international sport</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a> in Paris and the <a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928 Summer Olympics</a> in Amsterdam had greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English and Scottish engineers had brought futebol (soccer) to Brazil in the late 19th century. The International Committee of the YMCA of North America and the Playground Association of America played major roles in training coaches.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the globe after 1912, the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale de Football Association">Fédération Internationale de Football Association</a> (FIFA) played the chief role in the transformation of association football into a global game, working with national and regional organisations, and setting up the rules and customs, and establishing championships such as the World Cup.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_amxy46c9d2d4p7c1uukuyke665zzrk2"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/WWII" coords="574,128,639,152" title="WWII" alt="WWII" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/WWI" coords="238,128,296,152" title="WWI" alt="WWI" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Machine_Age" coords="294,81,406,105" title="Machine Age" alt="Machine Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Great_Depression" coords="445,34,550,58" title="Great Depression" alt="Great Depression" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" coords="330,34,421,58" title="Roaring Twenties" alt="Roaring Twenties" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_amxy46c9d2d4p7c1uukuyke665zzrk2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/amxy46c9d2d4p7c1uukuyke665zzrk2.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_an_era">End of an era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: End of an era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The interwar period ended in September 1939 with the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> and the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Overy-2016_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overy-2016-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz age">Jazz age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International relations (1919–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_interwar_dictatorships" title="European interwar dictatorships">European interwar dictatorships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar United States">Interwar United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbellum_Generation" title="Interbellum Generation">Interbellum Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">Greatest Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar Poland">Interwar Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar Belgium">Interwar Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion" title="1920s in Western fashion">1920s in Western fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1930%E2%80%9345_in_Western_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1930–45 in Western fashion">1930–45 in Western fashion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_interwar_economy" title="European interwar economy">European interwar economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Causes of the Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Great_Depression" title="Cities in the Great Depression">Cities in the Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_during_the_Great_Depression" title="Entertainment during the Great Depression">Entertainment during the Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Timeline of the Great Depression">Timeline of the Great Depression</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse:_Never-Ending_War_1918%E2%80%931926" title="Apocalypse: Never-Ending War 1918–1926">Apocalypse: Never-Ending War 1918–1926</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timelines">Timelines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Timelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of the 20th century">Timeline of the 20th century</a>, since 1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_preceding_World_War_II" title="Timeline of events preceding World War II">Timeline of events preceding World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Events preceding World War II in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Events preceding World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>For a guide to the reliable sources see Jacobson (1983).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSimonds1919" class="citation news cs1">Simonds, Frank H. (9 November 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-11-09/ed-1/seq-26/">"A Year After the Armistice—The Unsettled Disputes"</a>. <i>New-York Tribune</i>. p. 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109153518/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-11-09/ed-1/seq-26/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&rft.atitle=A+Year+After+the+Armistice%E2%80%94The+Unsettled+Disputes&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1919-11-09&rft.aulast=Simonds&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030214%2F1919-11-09%2Fed-1%2Fseq-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511014822/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/invasion-poland-september-1939">"Invasion of Poland, September 1939"</a>. The National WWII Museum. 17 October 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/invasion-poland-september-1939">the original</a> on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>The result was the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 23 [1939]… the crucial part of the agreement… reshaped the map of Central Europe… Bessarabia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and eastern Poland would become part of Stalin's sphere of influence…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invasion+of+Poland%2C+September+1939&rft.pub=The+National+WWII+Museum&rft.date=2023-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Finvasion-poland-september-1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/military-aircraft/Interwar-developments">"Military aircraft - Interwar, Developments, Technology | Britannica"</a>. 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+aircraft+-+Interwar%2C+Developments%2C+Technology+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fmilitary-aircraft%2FInterwar-developments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thestrategybridge.org/the-bridge/2018/2/28/interwar-airpower-grand-strategy-and-military-innovation-germany-vs-great-britain">"Interwar Airpower, Grand Strategy, and Military Innovation: Germany vs. Great Britain"</a>. 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interwar+Airpower%2C+Grand+Strategy%2C+and+Military+Innovation%3A+Germany+vs.+Great+Britain&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthestrategybridge.org%2Fthe-bridge%2F2018%2F2%2F28%2Finterwar-airpower-grand-strategy-and-military-innovation-germany-vs-great-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1996" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Williamson (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/military-innovation-in-the-interwar-period/armored-warfare-the-british-french-and-german-experiences/03DE45DCEB84DDD97B199F782B94A04C">"Armored warfare: The British, French, and German experiences"</a>. <i>Military Innovation in the Interwar Period</i>. pp. 6–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511601019.002">10.1017/CBO9780511601019.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55241-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55241-7"><bdi>978-0-521-55241-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armored+warfare%3A+The+British%2C+French%2C+and+German+experiences&rft.btitle=Military+Innovation+in+the+Interwar+Period&rft.pages=6-49&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511601019.002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55241-7&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fmilitary-innovation-in-the-interwar-period%2Farmored-warfare-the-british-french-and-german-experiences%2F03DE45DCEB84DDD97B199F782B94A04C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Carter, Daniel S. (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/33688/64634986-MIT.pdf?sequence=2"><i>Innovation, Wargaming, and the Development of Armored Warfare</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (M. Poli. Sci. thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Innovation%2C+Wargaming%2C+and+the+Development+of+Armored+Warfare&rft.degree=M.+Poli.+Sci.&rft.inst=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F33688%2F64634986-MIT.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2019/december/incubate-innovation-aviation-lessons-interwar-period">"Incubate Innovation: Aviation Lessons from the Interwar Period"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incubate+Innovation%3A+Aviation+Lessons+from+the+Interwar+Period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F2019%2Fdecember%2Fincubate-innovation-aviation-lessons-interwar-period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1998/february/innovation-interwar-years">"Innovation for the Interwar Years"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Innovation+for+the+Interwar+Years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fproceedings%2F1998%2Ffebruary%2Finnovation-interwar-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/great-debate">"The Great Debate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Debate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fgreat-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.usc.edu/impact-of-world-war-i-shaping-the-modern-world/">"How did WWI reshape the modern world?"</a>. 9 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+did+WWI+reshape+the+modern+world%3F&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.usc.edu%2Fimpact-of-world-war-i-shaping-the-modern-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchraderSchebera1988" class="citation book cs1">Schrader, Bärbel; Schebera, Jürgen (1988). <i>The "Golden" Twenties: Art and Literature in the Weimar Republic</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04144-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04144-6"><bdi>0-300-04144-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Golden%22+Twenties%3A+Art+and+Literature+in+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-300-04144-6&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A4rbel&rft.au=Schebera%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2001" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Allan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlw30T44PS0C&pg=PA58"><i>The Modern World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-913425-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-913425-1"><bdi>0-19-913425-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191122034250/https://books.google.com/books?id=vlw30T44PS0C&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+World&rft.pages=52-58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-913425-1&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvlw30T44PS0C%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich2003" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Norman (2003). <i>Great Power Diplomacy Since 1914</i>. Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp. 70–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-052266-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-052266-9"><bdi>0-07-052266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Power+Diplomacy+Since+1914&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=70-248&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-07-052266-9&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1958" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Raymond G. (1958). "The "Yardstick" and Naval Disarmament in the 1920's". <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 441–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1889320">10.2307/1889320</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1889320">1889320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+%22Yardstick%22+and+Naval+Disarmament+in+the+1920%27s&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=441-463&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1889320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1889320%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Raymond+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKercher1993" class="citation journal cs1">McKercher, B. J. C. (1993). "The politics of naval arms limitation in Britain in the 1920s". <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 35–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592299308405895">10.1080/09592299308405895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+and+Statecraft&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+naval+arms+limitation+in+Britain+in+the+1920s&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=35-59&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592299308405895&rft.aulast=McKercher&rft.aufirst=B.+J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1999" class="citation book cs1">Blake, Jody (1999). <i>Le Tumulte Noir: modernist art and popular entertainment in jazz-age Paris, 1900–1930</i>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02339-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02339-2"><bdi>0-271-02339-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Tumulte+Noir%3A+modernist+art+and+popular+entertainment+in+jazz-age+Paris%2C+1900%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-271-02339-2&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Jody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2009" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Alastair (2009). <i>Art Deco Complete: The Definitive Guide to the Decorative Arts of the 1920s and 1930s</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23855-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23855-4"><bdi>978-0-500-23855-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+Deco+Complete%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+the+Decorative+Arts+of+the+1920s+and+1930s&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23855-4&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1999" class="citation journal cs1">Price, S (1999). "What made the twenties roar?". <i>Scholastic Update</i>. <b>131</b> (10): 3–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholastic+Update&rft.atitle=What+made+the+twenties+roar%3F&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier1975" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Charles D. (1975). <i>Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade After World War I</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05220-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05220-4"><bdi>0-691-05220-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recasting+Bourgeois+Europe%3A+Stabilization+in+France%2C+Germany%2C+and+Italy+in+the+Decade+After+World+War+I&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-691-05220-4&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Martel2011" class="citation book cs1">Gordon Martel, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZglcJuJWrYC&pg=PT449"><i>A Companion to Europe 1900–1945</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 449–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444391671" title="Special:BookSources/9781444391671"><bdi>9781444391671</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219183128/https://books.google.com/books?id=UZglcJuJWrYC&pg=PT449">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Europe+1900%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=449-50&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444391671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZglcJuJWrYC%26pg%3DPT449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamish_Macdonald1998" class="citation book cs1">Hamish Macdonald (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=221W9vKkWrcC&pg=PT20"><i>Mussolini and Italian Fascism</i></a>. Nelson Thornes. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748733866" title="Special:BookSources/9780748733866"><bdi>9780748733866</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215113844/https://books.google.com/books?id=221W9vKkWrcC&pg=PT20">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+and+Italian+Fascism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780748733866&rft.au=Hamish+Macdonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D221W9vKkWrcC%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrick_BaileyJames_Peoples2013" class="citation book cs1">Garrick Bailey; James Peoples (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VcWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208"><i>Essentials of Cultural Anthropology</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1285415550" title="Special:BookSources/978-1285415550"><bdi>978-1285415550</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219181638/https://books.google.com/books?id=7VcWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Cultural+Anthropology&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1285415550&rft.au=Garrick+Bailey&rft.au=James+Peoples&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7VcWAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Hume2016" class="citation book cs1">Leslie Hume (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1TlCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT281"><i>The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies 1897–1914</i></a>. Routledge. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317213260" title="Special:BookSources/9781317213260"><bdi>9781317213260</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219180620/https://books.google.com/books?id=K1TlCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT281">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Union+of+Women%27s+Suffrage+Societies+1897%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317213260&rft.au=Leslie+Hume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK1TlCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Howard_AldcroftSteven_Morewood2013" class="citation book cs1">Derek Howard Aldcroft; Steven Morewood (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3tlP_6nKCcC&pg=PA44"><i>The European Economy Since 1914</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 44, 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415438896" title="Special:BookSources/9780415438896"><bdi>9780415438896</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219175316/https://books.google.com/books?id=s3tlP_6nKCcC&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Economy+Since+1914&rft.pages=44%2C+46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415438896&rft.au=Derek+Howard+Aldcroft&rft.au=Steven+Morewood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds3tlP_6nKCcC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garraty_Great_Depression-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garraty_Great_Depression_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garraty_Great_Depression_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarraty1986" class="citation book cs1">Garraty, John A. (1986). <i>The Great Depression</i>. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-136903-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-136903-8"><bdi>0-15-136903-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Depression&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-15-136903-8&rft.aulast=Garraty&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuhigg2008" class="citation news cs1">Duhigg, Charles (23 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/23/weekinreview/23duhigg.html">"Depression, You Say? Check Those Safety Nets"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301125622/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/23/weekinreview/23duhigg.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Depression%2C+You+Say%3F+Check+Those+Safety+Nets&rft.date=2008-03-23&rft.aulast=Duhigg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F23%2Fweekinreview%2F23duhigg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowenstein2015" class="citation news cs1">Lowenstein, Roger (14 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/book-review-hall-of-mirrors-by-barry-eichengreen-1421192283?autologin=y">"Economic History Repeating"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119090910/https://www.wsj.com/articles/book-review-hall-of-mirrors-by-barry-eichengreen-1421192283?autologin=y">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Economic+History+Repeating&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft.aulast=Lowenstein&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fbook-review-hall-of-mirrors-by-barry-eichengreen-1421192283%3Fautologin%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank_Bernanke-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_Bernanke_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankBernanke2007" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007). <i>Principles of Macroeconomics</i> (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-319397-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-319397-7"><bdi>978-0-07-319397-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Macroeconomics&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2FIrwin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-07-319397-7&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Bernanke%2C+Ben+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USBLS-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USBLS_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/data/">"Commodity Data"</a>. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603140110/https://www.bls.gov/data/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodity+Data&rft.pub=US+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fdata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane,_Willard_W.1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willard_Cochrane" title="Willard Cochrane">Cochrane, Willard W.</a> (1958). <i>Farm Prices, Myth and Reality</i>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farm+Prices%2C+Myth+and+Reality&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Cochrane%2C+Willard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"World Economic Survey 1932–33". <i><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></i>: 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=League+of+Nations&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Survey+1932%E2%80%9333&rft.pages=43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1947" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Broadus (1947). <i>Depression Decade</i>. New York: Rinehart. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/179092">179092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Depression+Decade&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rinehart&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F179092&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Broadus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1976" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Sally (1976). <i>The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918–1933</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-40635-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-40635-5"><bdi>0-312-40635-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illusion+of+Peace%3A+International+Relations+in+Europe%2C+1918%E2%80%931933&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-312-40635-5&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowat1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/C._L._Mowat" title="C. L. Mowat">Mowat, C. L.</a>, ed. 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Routledge. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-73830-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-73830-9"><bdi>978-0-415-73830-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+1930s%3A+The+International+Decade&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-415-73830-9&rft.aulast=Matera&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Kent%2C+Susan+Kingsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1995" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1995). <i>A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-14870-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-14870-X"><bdi>0-299-14870-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-299-14870-X&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucy2015" class="citation book cs1">Soucy, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism/Common-characteristics-of-fascist-movements">"Fascism"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025142743/https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism/Common-characteristics-of-fascist-movements">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fascism&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Soucy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ffascism%2FCommon-characteristics-of-fascist-movements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FairbankReischauerCraig-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FairbankReischauerCraig_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FairbankReischauerCraig_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FairbankReischauerCraig_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbankReischauerCraig1965" class="citation book cs1">Fairbank, John K.; Reischauer, Edwin O.; Craig, Albert M. 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Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 501–4. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13613258">13613258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+The+Modern+Transformation&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=501-4&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13613258&rft.aulast=Fairbank&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft.au=Reischauer%2C+Edwin+O.&rft.au=Craig%2C+Albert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_W._Doerr1998" class="citation book cs1">Paul W. Doerr (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zumqs15aTfwC&pg=PA120"><i>British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719046728" title="Special:BookSources/9780719046728"><bdi>9780719046728</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117110339/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zumqs15aTfwC&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780719046728&rft.au=Paul+W.+Doerr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZumqs15aTfwC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, David Wen-wei (2003). "The Western Powers and Japan's Aggression in China: The League of Nations and 'The Lytton Report'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>American Journal of Chinese Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 43–63. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44288722">44288722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Chinese+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Western+Powers+and+Japan%27s+Aggression+in+China%3A+The+League+of+Nations+and+%27The+Lytton+Report%27&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-63&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44288722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=David+Wen-wei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamamuro2006" class="citation book cs1">Yamamuro, Shin'ichi (2006). <i>Manchuria under Japanese Dominion</i>. U. of Pennsylvania Press;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchuria+under+Japanese+Dominion&rft.pub=U.+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Yamamuro&rft.aufirst=Shin%27ichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span> online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Review". <i>Journal of Japanese Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 109–114. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjjs.2008.0027">10.1353/jjs.2008.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146638943">146638943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Review&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-114&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjjs.2008.0027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146638943%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman2013" class="citation book cs1">Huffman, James L. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWLhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143"><i>Modern Japan: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism</i></a>. Routledge. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-63490-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-63490-2"><bdi>978-1-135-63490-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213140338/https://books.google.com/books?id=YWLhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Japan%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Nationalism&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-63490-2&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWLhAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeis1960" class="citation book cs1">Feis, Herbert (1960). <i>The Road to Pearl Harbor: The Coming of the War Between the United States and Japan</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 8–150. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/394264">394264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Pearl+Harbor%3A+The+Coming+of+the+War+Between+the+United+States+and+Japan&rft.pages=8-150&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F394264&rft.aulast=Feis&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1970" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1970). <i>The Spanish Revolution</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 262–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-00124-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-00124-8"><bdi>0-297-00124-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Revolution&rft.pages=262-76&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-297-00124-8&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (2001). <i>The Spanish Civil War</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75515-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-75515-2"><bdi>0-375-75515-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-375-75515-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1984" class="citation book cs1">Carr, E. H. (1984). <i>The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53550-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-53550-2"><bdi>0-394-53550-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comintern+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-394-53550-2&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhealey2005" class="citation book cs1">Whealey, Robert H. (2005). <i>Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939</i>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-9139-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-9139-4"><bdi>0-8131-9139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Spain%3A+The+Nazi+Role+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936-1939&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8131-9139-4&rft.aulast=Whealey&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownLouis1999" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Judith; Louis, Wm Roger, eds. (1999). <i>The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century</i>. pp. 1–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire%3A+Volume+IV%3A+The+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=1-46&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1996" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Stephen J. (1996). <i>Aspects of British Political History, 1914–1995</i>. Psychology Press. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13102-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13102-2"><bdi>0-415-13102-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+British+Political+History%2C+1914%E2%80%931995&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-13102-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis2006" class="citation book cs1">Louis, William Roger (2006). <i>Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization</i>. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. pp. 294–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-347-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-347-0"><bdi>1-84511-347-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez+and+Decolonization&rft.pages=294-305&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84511-347-0&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=William+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowRay2006" class="citation book cs1">Low, Donald Anthony; Ray, Rajat Kanta (2006). <i>Congress and the Raj: Facets of the Indian Struggle, 1917–47</i>. Oxford UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-568367-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-568367-6"><bdi>0-19-568367-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress+and+the+Raj%3A+Facets+of+the+Indian+Struggle%2C+1917%E2%80%9347&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-568367-6&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Donald+Anthony&rft.au=Ray%2C+Rajat+Kanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayer1991" class="citation journal cs1">Sayer, Derek (1991). "British reaction to the Amritsar massacre 1919–1920". <i>Past & Present</i> (131): 130–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F131.1.130">10.1093/past/131.1.130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=British+reaction+to+the+Amritsar+massacre+1919%E2%80%931920&rft.issue=131&rft.pages=130-64&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F131.1.130&rft.aulast=Sayer&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mowat_12-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mowat_12_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mowat_12_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mowat_12_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowat1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._L._Mowat" title="C. L. Mowat">Mowat, C. L.</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/iB_CMH/12#page/n3/mode/1up"><i>The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945</i></a> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History%2C+Vol.+12%3A+The+Shifting+Balance+of+World+Forces%2C+1898%E2%80%931945&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Mowat&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FiB_CMH%2F12%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span> – 25 chapters; 845 pp</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeave1970" class="citation book cs1">McLeave, Hugh (1970). <i>The Last Pharaoh: Farouk of Egypt</i>. New York: McCall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8415-0020-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8415-0020-7"><bdi>0-8415-0020-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Pharaoh%3A+Farouk+of+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McCall&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8415-0020-7&rft.aulast=McLeave&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Gaury1961" class="citation book cs1">De Gaury, Gerald (1961). <i>Three Kings in Baghdad, 1921–1958</i>. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/399044">399044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Kings+in+Baghdad%2C+1921%E2%80%931958&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F399044&rft.aulast=De+Gaury&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulliet2010" class="citation book cs1">Bulliet, Richard (2010). <i>The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Vol. 2: Since 1500</i>. et al. (5th ed Cengage Learning ed.). Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439084755" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439084755"><bdi>978-1439084755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+and+Its+Peoples%3A+A+Global+History.+Vol.+2%3A+Since+1500&rft.edition=5th+ed+Cengage+Learning&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1439084755&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span> excerpt pp. 774–845</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Ingram Priestley, <i>France overseas: a study of modern imperialism</i> (1938) pp 440–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/irweb/sd2008/dd/excel/sd2008_t1_fm.xls">"Tableau 1 – évolution générale de la situation démographique"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tableau+1+%E2%80%93+%C3%A9volution+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+la+situation+d%C3%A9mographique&rft.au=INSEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fppp%2Fbases-de-donnees%2Firweb%2Fsd2008%2Fdd%2Fexcel%2Fsd2008_t1_fm.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistique_générale_de_la_France" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Statistique générale de la France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projetbabel.org/gl/cog49d.htm">"Code Officiel Géographique – La IIIe République (1919–1940)"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+Officiel+G%C3%A9ographique+%E2%80%93+La+IIIe+R%C3%A9publique+%281919%E2%80%931940%29&rft.au=Statistique+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+la+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojetbabel.org%2Fgl%2Fcog49d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Mikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&pg=PA15"><i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843361" title="Special:BookSources/9781598843361"><bdi>9781598843361</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160622142436/https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781598843361&rft.au=Alexander+Mikaberidze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjQfo3a1eVMC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1990" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian, ed. (1990). <i>Weimar: Why did German Democracy Fail?</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-04470-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-04470-4"><bdi>0-312-04470-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weimar%3A+Why+did+German+Democracy+Fail%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-312-04470-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz2013" class="citation book cs1">Weitz, Eric D. (2013). <i>Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15796-2"><bdi>978-0-691-15796-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weimar+Germany%3A+Promise+and+Tragedy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15796-2&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElz2009" class="citation book cs1">Elz, Wolfgang (2009). "Foreign policy". In McElligott, Anthony (ed.). <i>Weimar Germany</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928007-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928007-0"><bdi>978-0-19-928007-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+policy&rft.btitle=Weimar+Germany&rft.pages=50-77&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928007-0&rft.aulast=Elz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard J. Evans, <i>The Coming of the Third Reich</i> (2005) and Evans, <i>The Third Reich in Power</i> (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard L. Weinberg, <i>Hitler's foreign policy 1933–1939: The road to World War II.</i> (2013), Originally published in two volumes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donald_Cameron_Watt_1989-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_Cameron_Watt_1989_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_Cameron_Watt_1989_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Cameron Watt, <i>How war came: the immediate origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939</i> (1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R.J._Overy,_2014-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R.J._Overy,_2014_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R.J._Overy,_2014_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.J. Overy, <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i> (2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, pp. 191–199<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1981" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Dennis Mack (1981). <i>Mussolini</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78005-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-78005-0"><bdi>0-297-78005-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-297-78005-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dennis+Mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salerno-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salerno_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salerno_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salerno_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salerno_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalerno2002" class="citation book cs1">Salerno, Reynolds Mathewson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vitalcrossroadsm00sale/page/106"><i>Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3772-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3772-5"><bdi>0-8014-3772-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vital+Crossroads%3A+Mediterranean+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+1935%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8014-3772-5&rft.aulast=Salerno&rft.aufirst=Reynolds+Mathewson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvitalcrossroadsm00sale%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries1998" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). <i>A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change</i>. London: Routledge. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16111-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16111-8"><bdi>0-415-16111-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+Crisis+and+Change&rft.place=London&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-16111-8&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillettMurray2010" class="citation book cs1">Millett, Allan R.; Murray, Williamson (2010). <i>Military Effectiveness</i>. Vol. 2 (New ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Effectiveness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=184&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Millett&rft.aufirst=Allan+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+Williamson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burgwyn-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burgwyn_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burgwyn_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgwyn1997" class="citation book cs1">Burgwyn, James H. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNHxISN-dmQC&pg=PA68"><i>Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940</i></a>. Praeger. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94877-1"><bdi>978-0-275-94877-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209191350/https://books.google.com/books?id=PNHxISN-dmQC&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Interwar+Period%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94877-1&rft.aulast=Burgwyn&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNHxISN-dmQC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_H._Whealey_2005._P._11-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_H._Whealey_2005._P._11_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_H._Whealey_2005._P._11_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhealey2005" class="citation book cs1">Whealey, Robert H. (2005). <i>Hitler And Spain: The Nazi Role In The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939</i> (Paperback ed.). Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-9139-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-9139-4"><bdi>0-8131-9139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+And+Spain%3A+The+Nazi+Role+In+The+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8131-9139-4&rft.aulast=Whealey&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfourPreston1999" class="citation book cs1">Balfour, Sebastian; Preston, Paul (1999). <i>Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century</i>. London: Routledge. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18078-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18078-3"><bdi>0-415-18078-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+the+Great+Powers+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-18078-3&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Preston%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2009" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, R. J. B. (2009). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Fascism</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Fascism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=R.+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMearsheimer2003" class="citation book cs1">Mearsheimer, John J. (2003). <i>The Tragedy of Great Power Politics</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32396-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32396-X"><bdi>0-393-32396-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Great+Power+Politics&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-393-32396-X&rft.aulast=Mearsheimer&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Road to Oran: Anglo-Franch Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940</i>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Oran%3A+Anglo-Franch+Naval+Relations%2C+September+1939+%E2%80%93+July+1940&rft.pages=24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalerno2002" class="citation book cs1">Salerno, Reynolds Mathewson (2002). <i>Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940</i>. Cornell University. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3772-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3772-5"><bdi>0-8014-3772-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vital+Crossroads%3A+Mediterranean+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+1935%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8014-3772-5&rft.aulast=Salerno&rft.aufirst=Reynolds+Mathewson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LIFE_1938._Pp._23-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LIFE_1938._Pp._23_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LIFE_1938._Pp._23_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"French Army breaks a one-day strike and stands on guard against a land-hungry Italy". <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>. 19 December 1938. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=French+Army+breaks+a+one-day+strike+and+stands+on+guard+against+a+land-hungry+Italy&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1938-12-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomes2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tomes, Jason (2001). "The Throne of Zog". <i>History Today</i>. <b>51</b> (9): 45–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Throne+of+Zog&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=45-51&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Tomes&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1999" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Bernd J. (1999). <i>Albania at War, 1939–1945</i>. Purdue UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55753-141-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55753-141-2"><bdi>1-55753-141-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+at+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Purdue+UP&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55753-141-2&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Bernd+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoisington1971" class="citation journal cs1">Hoisington, William A. Jr. (1971). "The Struggle for Economic Influence in Southeastern Europe: The French Failure in Romania, 1940". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 468–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F240652">10.1086/240652</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1878564">1878564</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144182598">144182598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+for+Economic+Influence+in+Southeastern+Europe%3A+The+French+Failure+in+Romania%2C+1940&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=468-482&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144182598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1878564%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F240652&rft.aulast=Hoisington&rft.aufirst=William+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerwarth-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerwarth_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerwarth_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerwarth2007" class="citation book cs1">Gerwarth, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts4SDAAAQBAJ"><i>Twisted Paths: Europe 1914–1945</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 242–261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-8185-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-8185-5"><bdi>978-0-1992-8185-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417234641/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts4SDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twisted+Paths%3A+Europe+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=242-261&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-8185-5&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTs4SDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lester D. Langley, <i>The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934</i> (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulmer-Thomas2003" class="citation book cs1">Bulmer-Thomas, Victor (2003). <i>The Economic History of Latin America since Independence</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53274-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-53274-4"><bdi>0-521-53274-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+History+of+Latin+America+since+Independence&rft.pages=189-231&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-53274-4&rft.aulast=Bulmer-Thomas&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goebels-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goebels_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goebels_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goebels_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goebels_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Goebel, Michael (2009). "Decentring the German Spirit: The Weimar Republic's Cultural Relations with Latin America". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a></i>. <b>44</b> (2): 221–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009408101249">10.1177/0022009408101249</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145309305">145309305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Decentring+the+German+Spirit%3A+The+Weimar+Republic%27s+Cultural+Relations+with+Latin+America&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-245&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009408101249&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145309305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Goebel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penny2017-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penny2017_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penny2017_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny2017" class="citation journal cs1">Penny, H. Glenn (2017). "Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period". <i><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Studies_in_Society_and_History" title="Comparative Studies in Society and History">Comparative Studies in Society and History</a></i>. <b>59</b> (3): 519–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417517000159">10.1017/S0010417517000159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149372568">149372568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Material+Connections%3A+German+Schools%2C+Things%2C+and+Soft+Power+in+Argentina+and+Chile+from+the+1880s+through+the+Interwar+Period&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=519-549&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417517000159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149372568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=H.+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlos2011-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carlos2011_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanhueza2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanhueza, Carlos (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.iai.spk-berlin.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/Document_derivate_00000510/BIA%20146%20Sanhueza.pdf">"El debate sobre "el embrujamiento alemán" y el papel de la ciencia alemana hacia fines del siglo XIX en Chile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ideas viajeras y sus objetos. El intercambio científico entre Alemania y América austral. Madrid–Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana–Vervuert</i> (in Spanish). pp. 29–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+debate+sobre+%22el+embrujamiento+alem%C3%A1n%22+y+el+papel+de+la+ciencia+alemana+hacia+fines+del+siglo+XIX+en+Chile&rft.btitle=Ideas+viajeras+y+sus+objetos.+El+intercambio+cient%C3%ADfico+entre+Alemania+y+Am%C3%A9rica+austral.+Madrid%E2%80%93Frankfurt+am+Main%3A+Iberoamericana%E2%80%93Vervuert&rft.pages=29-40&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sanhueza&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.iai.spk-berlin.de%2Fservlets%2FMCRFileNodeServlet%2FDocument_derivate_00000510%2FBIA%2520146%2520Sanhueza.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheinin2015" class="citation book cs1">Sheinin, David M. K., ed. (2015). <i>Sports Culture in Latin American History</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6337-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6337-0"><bdi>978-0-8229-6337-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+Culture+in+Latin+American+History&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-6337-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres2006" class="citation journal cs1">Torres, Cesar R. (2006). "The Latin American 'Olympic Explosion' of the 1920s: causes and consequences". <i>International Journal of the History of Sport</i>. <b>23</b> (7): 1088–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523360600832320">10.1080/09523360600832320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144085742">144085742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+History+of+Sport&rft.atitle=The+Latin+American+%27Olympic+Explosion%27+of+the+1920s%3A+causes+and+consequences&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1088-111&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09523360600832320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144085742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Cesar+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuedes2011" class="citation journal cs1">Guedes, Claudia (2011). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Changing the cultural landscape': English engineers, American missionaries, and the YMCA bring sports to Brazil–the 1870s to the 1930s". <i>International Journal of the History of Sport</i>. <b>28</b> (17): 2594–608. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523367.2011.627200">10.1080/09523367.2011.627200</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161584922">161584922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+History+of+Sport&rft.atitle=%27Changing+the+cultural+landscape%27%3A+English+engineers%2C+American+missionaries%2C+and+the+YMCA+bring+sports+to+Brazil%E2%80%93the+1870s+to+the+1930s&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=2594-608&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09523367.2011.627200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161584922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Guedes&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietschy2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dietschy, Paul (2013). "Making football global? FIFA, Europe, and the non-European football world, 1912–74". <i>Journal of Global History</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 279–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022813000223">10.1017/S1740022813000223</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162747279">162747279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+History&rft.atitle=Making+football+global%3F+FIFA%2C+Europe%2C+and+the+non-European+football+world%2C+1912%E2%80%9374&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=279-298&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1740022813000223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162747279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dietschy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overy-2016-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Overy-2016_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, R J</a> (2015) [1st pub. 2010:Longman]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=phthPgAACAAJ"><i>The Inter-war Crisis, 1919–1939</i></a> (2nd revised ed.). London, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1381-379-36" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1381-379-36"><bdi>978-1-1381-379-36</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949747872">949747872</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inter-war+Crisis%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949747872&rft.isbn=978-1-1381-379-36&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=R+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DphthPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Jacobson, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1864590">Is there a New International History of the 1920s?</a>". <i>American Historical Review</i> 88.3 (1983): 617–645. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103225109/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1864590">Archived</a> 3 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/harperencycloped00morr" class="extiw" title="iarchive:harperencycloped00morr">Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present</a></i> (1970)</li> <li>Albrecht-Carrié, René. <i>A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna</i> (1958), 736pp; a basic introduction, 1815–1955 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000albr_b4c1">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, and Jeremy Mitchell, eds. <i>Authoritarianism and democracy in Europe, 1919–39: Comparative Analyses</i> (Springer, 2002).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheri_Berman" title="Sheri Berman">Berman, Sheri</a>. <i>The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe</i> (Harvard UP, 2009).</li> <li>Bowman, Isaiah. <i>The New World: Problems in Political Geography</i> (4th ed. 1928) sophisticated global coverage; 215 maps; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newworldproblem00bowmgoog">online</a></li> <li>Brendon, Piers. <i>The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s</i> (2000) a comprehensive global political history; 816pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Dark-Valley-Panorama-1930s/dp/0375408819/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Cambon, Jules, ed <i>The Foreign Policy of the Powers</i> (1935) Essays by experts that cover France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.130997">Online free</a></li> <li>Clark, Linda Darus, ed. <i>Interwar America: 1920–1940: Primary Sources in U.S. History</i> (2001)</li> <li>Cohrs, Patrick O. "The First ‘Real’ Peace Settlements after the First World War: Britain, the United States and the Accords of London and Locarno, 1923–1925." <i>Contemporary European History</i> 12.1 (2003): 1-31.</li> <li>Costigliola, Frank C. <i>Awkward dominion: American political, economic, and cultural relations with Europe, 1919–1933</i> (Cornell University Press, 2018).</li></ul> <ul><li>Dailey, Andy, and David G. Williamson. (2012) <i>Peacemaking, Peacekeeping: International Relations 1918–36</i> (2012) 244 pp; textbook, heavily illustrated with diagrams and contemporary photographs and colour posters.</li> <li>Doumanis, Nicholas, ed. <i>The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945</i> (Oxford UP, 2016).</li> <li>Duus, Peter, ed., <i>The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6, The Twentieth Century</i> (1989) pp 53–153, 217–340. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-history-of-japan/4D00F02EF55AC774AD0F5BD8D1887BD4">online</a></li> <li>Feinstein, Charles H., Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo. <i>The World Economy Between the World Wars</i> (Oxford UP, 2008), a standard scholarly survey.</li> <li>Freeman, Robert. <i>The InterWar Years (1919–1939)</i> (2014), brief survey</li> <li>Frieden, Jeff. "Sectoral conflict and foreign economic policy, 1914–1940". <i>International Organization</i> 42.1 (1988): 59-90; focus on US policy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002081830000713X">10.1017/S002081830000713X</a>.</li> <li>Garraty, John A. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/greatdepressioni0000garr/page/n7/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:greatdepressioni0000garr/page/n7/mode/2up">The Great Depression: An Inquiry into the Causes, Course, and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen-1930s, As Seen by Contemporaries</a></i> (1986).</li> <li>Gathorne-Hardy, Geoffrey Malcolm. <i>A Short History of International Affairs, 1920 to 1934</i> (Oxford UP, 1952).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenville2000" class="citation book cs1">Grenville, J. A. S. (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_the_20th_Century" title="A History of the World in the 20th Century">A History of the World in the Twentieth Century</a></i>. pp. 77–254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=77-254&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Grenville&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28J%20A%20S%20Grenville%29">Online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Grift, Liesbeth van de, and Amalia Ribi Forclaz, eds. <i>Governing the Rural in Interwar Europe</i> (2017)</li> <li>Grossman, Mark ed. <i>Encyclopedia of the Interwar Years: From 1919 to 1939</i> (2000).</li> <li>Hasluck, E. L. <i>Foreign Affairs 1919 to 1937</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1938).</li> <li>Hicks, John D. <i>Republican Ascendancy, 1921–1933</i> (1960) for USA <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia800302.us.archive.org/23/items/republicanascend001161mbp/republicanascend001161mbp.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm1994" class="citation book cs1">Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1994). <i>The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Extremes%3A+A+History+of+the+World%2C+1914%E2%80%931991&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span> – a view from the Left.</li> <li>Kaser, M. C. and E. A. Radice, eds. <i>The Economic History of Eastern Europe 1919–1975: Volume II: Interwar Policy, The War, and Reconstruction</i> (1987)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Keylor, William R. (2001). <i>The Twentieth-Century World: An International History</i> (4th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twentieth-Century+World%3A+An+International+History&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Keylor&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Koshar, Rudy. <i>Splintered Classes: Politics and the Lower Middle Classes in Interwar Europe</i> (1990).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKynaston2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kynaston" title="David Kynaston">Kynaston, David</a> (2017). <i>Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. pp. 290–376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408868560" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408868560"><bdi>978-1408868560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Till+Time%27s+Last+Sand%3A+A+History+of+the+Bank+of+England%2C+1694%E2%80%932013&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=290-376&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1408868560&rft.aulast=Kynaston&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Luebbert, Gregory M. <i>Liberalism, Fascism, Or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe</i> (Oxford UP, 1991).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2002" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Sally (2002). <i>The Ebbing of European Ascendancy: An International History of the World 1914–1945</i>. Oxford UP. pp. 121–342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ebbing+of+European+Ascendancy%3A+An+International+History+of+the+World+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=121-342&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Matera, Marc, and Susan Kingsley Kent. <i>The Global 1930s: The International Decade</i> (Routledge, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gkqDwAAQBAJ">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazower1997" class="citation cs2">Mazower, Mark (1997), "Minorities and the League of Nations in interwar Europe", <i>Daedalus</i>, <b>126</b> (2): 47–63, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027428">20027428</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=Minorities+and+the+League+of+Nations+in+interwar+Europe&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=47-63&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20027428%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mazower&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltzer2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_H._Meltzer" title="Allan H. Meltzer">Meltzer, Allan H.</a> (2003). <i>A History of the Federal Reserve – Volume 1: 1913–1951</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 90–545. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226520001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226520001"><bdi>978-0226520001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Federal+Reserve+%E2%80%93+Volume+1%3A+1913%E2%80%931951&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=90-545&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0226520001&rft.aulast=Meltzer&rft.aufirst=Allan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowat,_C._L." class="mw-redirect" title="Mowat, C. L.">Mowat, C. L.</a> ed. (1968). <i>The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945</i> (2nd ed.). – 25 chapters by experts; 845 pp; the first edition (1960) edited by David Thompson has the same title but numerous different chapters.</li> <li>Mowat, Charles Loch. <i>Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940</i> (1955), 690pp; thorough scholarly coverage; emphasis on politics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britainbetweenwa0000mowa_f7k1/page/n8/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Murray, Williamson and Allan R. Millett, eds. <i>Military Innovation in the Interwar Period</i> (1998)</li> <li>Newman, Sarah, and Matt Houlbrook, eds. <i>The Press and Popular Culture in Interwar Europe</i> (2015)</li> <li>Overy, R. J. <i>The Inter-War Crisis 1919–1939</i> (2nd ed. 2007)</li> <li>Rothschild, Joseph. <i>East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars</i> (U of Washington Press, 2017).</li> <li>Seton-Watson, Hugh. (1945) <i>Eastern Europe Between The Wars 1918–1941</i> (1945) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.183358/2015.183358.Estern-Europe-Between-The-Wars-1918-1941.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomervell1936" class="citation book cs1">Somervell, D.C. (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176466"><i>The Reign of King George V</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+King+George+V&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Somervell&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.176466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterwar+period" class="Z3988"></span> – 550 pp; wide-ranging political, social and economic coverage of Britain, 1910–35</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_James_Sontag" title="Raymond James Sontag">Sontag, Raymond James.</a> <i>A Broken World, 1919–1939</i> (1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brokenworld1919100sont">online </a>; wide-ranging survey of European history</li> <li>Steiner, Zara. <i>The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.</li> <li>Steiner, Zara. <i>The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.</li> <li>Toynbee, A. J. <i>Survey of International Affairs 1920–1923</i> (1924) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15363">online</a>; <i>Survey of International Affairs</i> annual 1920–1937 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28affairs%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28toynbee%29">online</a>; <i>Survey of International Affairs 1924</i> (1925); <i>Survey of International Affairs 1925</i> (1926) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179756">online</a>; <i>Survey of International Affairs 1924</i> (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15364">online</a>; <i>Survey of International Affairs 1927</i> (1928) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15361">online</a>; <i>Survey of International Affairs 1928</i> (1929) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15349">online</a>; <i>Survey of International Affairs 1929</i> (1930) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15362">online</a>; <i>Survey of International Affairs 1932</i> (1933) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.16978">online</a>; <i>Survey of International Affairs 1934</i> (1935), focus on Europe, Middle East, Far East; <i>Survey of International Affairs 1936</i> (1937) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.17001">online</a></li> <li>Watt, D. C. et al., <i>A History of the World in the Twentieth Century</i> (1968) pp. 301–530.</li> <li>Wheeler-Bennett, John. <i>Munich: Prologue To Tragedy,</i> (1948) broad coverage of diplomacy of 1930s</li> <li>Zachmann, Urs Matthias. <i>Asia after Versailles: Asian Perspectives on the Paris Peace Conference and the Interwar Order, 1919–33</i> (2017)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. <i>Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present</i> (2020) free download; full coverage for major countries.</li> <li>Jacobson, Jon. "Is there a New International History of the 1920s?". <i>American Historical Review</i> 88.3 (1983): 617–645.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_James_Sontag" title="Raymond James Sontag">Sontag, Raymond James.</a> "Between the Wars". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> 29.1 (1960): 1–17, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636283">3636283</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Keith, Arthur Berridale, ed. <i>Speeches and Documents On International Affairs Vol-I</i> (1938) online free vol 1 vol 2 online free; all in English translation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/interwar.htm">wide range of diplomatic documents from many countries</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307130226/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/interwar.htm">Archived</a> 7 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mount Holyoke College edition.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Britain_1919_to_the_present">"Britain 1919 to the present"</a> Several large collections of primary sources and illustrations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/WebLinks/WebLinks-Inter-WarYears.htm">Primary source documents</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Depression" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Depression" title="Template:Great Depression"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Depression" title="Template talk:Great Depression"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Depression" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Depression"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Depression" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Great_Depression" title="Cities in the Great Depression">Effect in cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%931938" title="Recession of 1937–1938">Recession of 1937–1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Timeline of the Great Depression">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Depression in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia" title="Great Depression in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Depression in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Chile" title="Great Depression in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_France" title="Great Depression in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic#Renewed_crisis_and_decline_(1930–1933)" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_India" title="Great Depression in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Depression in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression#Japan" title="Great Depression">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Latin_America" title="Great Depression in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_Netherlands" title="Great Depression in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Depression" title="Category:Great Depression">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Depression" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Great Depression">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_expansions_and_recessions_in_the_United_States_and_Commonwealth_of_Nations_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_%E2%80%93_Commonwealth_of_Nations_recessions" title="Template:United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_%E2%80%93_Commonwealth_of_Nations_recessions" title="Template talk:United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_%E2%80%93_Commonwealth_of_Nations_recessions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_expansions_and_recessions_in_the_United_States_and_Commonwealth_of_Nations_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_expansions_in_the_United_States" title="List of economic expansions in the United States">Economic expansions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_States" title="List of recessions in the United States">recessions in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_demand" title="Aggregate demand">Aggregate demand</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aggregate_supply" title="Aggregate supply">Supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_demand" title="Effective demand">Effective demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_glut" title="General glut">General glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD%E2%80%93AS_model" title="AD–AS model">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">Overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_thrift" title="Paradox of thrift">Paradox of thrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_rigidity" title="Nominal rigidity">Price-and-wage stickiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underconsumption" title="Underconsumption">Underconsumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">Deflation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflation" title="Chronic inflation">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_dichotomy" title="Classical dichotomy">Classical dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinflation" title="Disinflation">Disinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">Money supply</a>/<a href="/wiki/Demand_for_money" title="Demand for money">demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_of_money" title="Neutrality of money">Neutrality of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_level" title="Price level">Price level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)">Real and nominal values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocity_of_money" title="Velocity of money">Velocity of money</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_expansion" title="Economic expansion">Economic expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_recovery" title="Economic recovery">Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_stagnation" title="Economic stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_expansions_in_the_United_States" title="List of economic expansions in the United States">U.S. expansions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_interest_rate" title="Nominal interest rate">Nominal interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_interest_rate" title="Real interest rate">Real interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_curve" title="Yield curve">Yield curve</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inverted_yield_curve" title="Inverted yield curve">Inverted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_sheet_recession" title="Balance sheet recession">Balance sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_recession" title="Global recession">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_recession" title="Rolling recession">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_shapes" title="Recession shapes">Shapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Stagflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">U.K. recessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_States" title="List of recessions in the United States">U.S. recessions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_(economics)" title="Shock (economics)">Shock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_shock" title="Demand shock">Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_shock" title="Supply shock">Supply</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahm_rule" title="Sahm rule">Sahm rule</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">Commercial revolution</a><br />(1000–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Slump_(15th_century)" title="Great Slump (15th century)">Great Slump</a> (1430–1490)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">Slump of 1706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Frost_of_1709" title="Great Frost of 1709">Great Frost of 1709</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a> <ul><li>1772–1774; <a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773#Effects_in_London" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773#Scotland" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">American Colonies</a></li></ul></li> <li>1785–1788</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Panic_of_1789" title="Copper Panic of 1789">Copper Panic of 1789</a>/<a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1792" title="Panic of 1792">Panic of 1792</a> (1789–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a> (1796–1799)</li> <li>1802–1804</li> <li>1807–1810</li> <li>1812</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Napoleonic_Depression" title="Post-Napoleonic Depression">Post-Napoleonic Depression</a> (1815–1821)</li> <li>1822–23</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1825" title="Panic of 1825">Panic of 1825</a> (1825–1826)</li> <li>1828–29</li> <li>1833–34</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a> (1836–1838 and 1839–1843)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Early Victorian Britain</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">Civil War-era United States</a><br />(1840–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1845–46</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1847" title="Panic of 1847">Panic of 1847</a> (1847–1848)</li> <li>1853–54</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li>1860–61</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1866" title="Panic of 1866">Panic of 1866</a> (1865–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday</a> (1869–1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a>/<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Deflation" title="The Great Deflation">Great Deflation</a> <ul><li>1873–1879; <a href="/wiki/Long_Depression#United_Kingdom" title="Long Depression">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression#United_States" title="Long Depression">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_of_1882%E2%80%931885" title="Depression of 1882–1885">Depression of 1882–1885</a></li> <li>1887–88</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baring_crisis" title="Baring crisis">Baring crisis</a> (1890–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li>1899–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1901" title="Panic of 1901">Panic of 1901</a> (1902–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a> (1907–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1910%E2%80%9311" title="Panic of 1910–11">Panic of 1910–11</a> (1910–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_1914" title="Financial crisis of 1914">Financial crisis of 1914</a> (1913–14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interwar period</a><br />(1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_I_recession" title="Post–World War I recession">Post–World War I recession</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%931921" title="Depression of 1920–1921">Depression of 1920–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li>1923–1924</li> <li>1926–1927</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li>1929–1939; <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia" title="Great Depression in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_India" title="Great Depression in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%931938" title="Recession of 1937–1938">Recession of 1937–1938</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–WWII expansion</a><br />(1945–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1949" title="Recession of 1949">Recession of 1949</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1953" title="Recession of 1953">Recession of 1953</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1958" title="Recession of 1958">Recession of 1958</a> (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1960%E2%80%931961" title="Recession of 1960–1961">Recession of 1960–1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1969%E2%80%931970" title="Recession of 1969–1970">Recession of 1969–1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Great Inflation</a><br />(1973–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession" title="1973–1975 recession">1973–1975 recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession#United_Kingdom" title="1973–1975 recession">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession#United_States" title="1973–1975 recession">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">Early 1980s recession</a> <ul><li>1980–1982; <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession#Canada" title="Early 1980s recession">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession#United_Kingdom" title="Early 1980s recession">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1980s recession in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Regression">Great Regression</a><br />(1982–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990s_United_States_boom" title="1990s United States boom">1990s United States boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">Early 1990s recession</a> <ul><li>1990–1991; <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession_in_Australia" title="Early 1990s recession in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession#Canada" title="Early 1990s recession">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession#United_Kingdom" title="Early 1990s recession">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1990s recession in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_2000s_recession" title="Early 2000s recession">Early 2000s recession</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a><br />(2007–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> <ul><li>2007–2009; <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Oceania#Australia" title="Great Recession in Oceania">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia#Bangladesh" title="Great Recession in Asia">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_Americas#Canada" title="Great Recession in the Americas">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia#India" title="Great Recession in Asia">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia#Malysia" title="Great Recession in Asia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Oceania#New_Zealand" title="Great Recession in Oceania">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia#Pakistan" title="Great Recession in Asia">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Africa" title="Great Recession in Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia#Sri_Lanka" title="Great Recession in Asia">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#United_Kingdom" title="Great Recession in Europe">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a> <ul><li>2020–2022; <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Australia" title="COVID-19 recession">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Bangladsh" title="COVID-19 recession">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Belize" title="COVID-19 recession">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Botswana" title="COVID-19 recession">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Namibia" title="COVID-19 recession">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Economic_impact" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Zambia" title="COVID-19 recession">Zambia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Financial_bubbles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Financial_bubbles" title="Template:Financial bubbles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_bubbles" title="Template talk:Financial bubbles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_bubbles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Financial bubbles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Financial_bubbles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Financial bubbles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_trend" title="Market trend">Market trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_cycle" title="Credit cycle">Credit cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrational_exuberance" title="Irrational exuberance">Irrational exuberance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-estate_bubble" title="Real-estate bubble">Real-estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_bubble" title="Stock market bubble">Stock market bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">Commercial revolution</a><br />(1000–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania</a> (1634–1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi bubble</a> (1684–1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea bubble</a> (1711–1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769" title="Bengal Bubble of 1769">Bengal Bubble of 1769</a> (1757–1769)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Mania" title="Canal Mania">Canal Mania</a> (c. 1790–c. 1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_gold_rush" title="Carolina gold rush">Carolina gold rush</a> (1802–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1810s" title="Alabama real estate bubble of the 1810s">1810s Alabama real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Gold_Rush" title="Georgia Gold Rush">Georgia Gold Rush</a> (1828–c. 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1830s" title="Chicago real estate bubble of the 1830s">1830s Chicago real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_silver_rush" title="Chilean silver rush">Chilean silver rush</a> (1830–1850)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840–1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Mania" title="Railway Mania">Railway Mania</a> (c. 1840–c. 1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_gold_rush" title="California gold rush">California gold rush</a> (1848–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlottes_Gold_Rush" title="Queen Charlottes Gold Rush">Queen Charlottes Gold Rush</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a> (1851–c. 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_gold_rush" title="New South Wales gold rush">New South Wales gold rush</a> (1851–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> (1851–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_gold_rush" title="Pike's Peak gold rush">Pike's Peak gold rush</a> (1858–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Gold_Rush" title="Rock Creek Gold Rush">Rock Creek Gold Rush</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_oil_rush" title="Pennsylvania oil rush">Pennsylvania oil rush</a> (1859–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similkameen_Gold_Rush" title="Similkameen Gold Rush">Similkameen Gold Rush</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stikine_Gold_Rush" title="Stikine Gold Rush">Stikine Gold Rush</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Colorado_River" title="Steamboats of the Colorado River">Colorado River mining boom</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago gold rush</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo Gold Rush</a> (1861–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">First Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1861–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_gold_rush" title="West Coast gold rush">West Coast gold rush</a> (1864–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Gold_Rush" title="Big Bend Gold Rush">Big Bend Gold Rush</a> (c. 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Lake_gold_rush" title="Vermilion Lake gold rush">Vermilion Lake gold rush</a> (1865–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildonan_Gold_Rush" title="Kildonan Gold Rush">Kildonan Gold Rush</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omineca_Gold_Rush" title="Omineca Gold Rush">Omineca Gold Rush</a> (1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_gold_rush" title="Lapland gold rush">1870s Lapland gold rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Gold_Rushes" title="Coromandel Gold Rushes">Coromandel Gold Rushes</a> (c. 1870–c. 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiar_Country" title="Cassiar Country">Cassiar Gold Rush</a> (c. 1870–c. 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_gold_rush" title="Black Hills gold rush">Black Hills gold rush</a> (1874–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Silver_Boom" title="Colorado Silver Boom">Colorado Silver Boom</a> (1879–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes" title="Western Australian gold rushes">Western Australian gold rushes</a> (c. 1880–c. 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_gas_boom" title="Indiana gas boom">Indiana gas boom</a> (c. 1880–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Ohio" title="Petroleum industry in Ohio">Ohio oil rush</a> (c. 1880–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_gold_rush" title="Tierra del Fuego gold rush">Tierra del Fuego gold rush</a> (1883–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayoosh_Gold_Rush" title="Cayoosh Gold Rush">Cayoosh Gold Rush</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a> (1886–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek_Gold_Rush" title="Cripple Creek Gold Rush">Cripple Creek Gold Rush</a> (c. 1890–c. 1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a> (1896–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1896–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobuk_River_Stampede" title="Kobuk River Stampede">Kobuk River Stampede</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker_gold_rush" title="Mount Baker gold rush">Mount Baker gold rush</a> (1897–c. 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">Nome Gold Rush</a> (1899–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks Gold Rush</a> (c. 1900–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1901–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_silver_rush" title="Cobalt silver rush">Cobalt silver rush</a> (1903–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1909–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interwar period</a><br />(1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s" title="Florida land boom of the 1920s">1920s Florida land boom</a> (c. 1920–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks Gold Rush</a> (1918–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1918–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_silver_rush" title="Cobalt silver rush">Cobalt silver rush</a> (1918–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1918–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakamega_gold_rush" title="Kakamega gold rush">1930s Kakamega gold rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1932–1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–WWII expansion</a><br />(1945–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1945–c. 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1945–c. 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon_bubble" title="Poseidon bubble">Poseidon bubble</a> (1969–1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">The Great Inflation</a><br />(1973–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_commodities_boom" title="1970s commodities boom">1970s commodities boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_boom" title="Mexican oil boom">Mexican oil boom</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Thursday" title="Silver Thursday">Silver Thursday</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble" title="New Zealand property bubble">New Zealand property bubble</a> (c. 1980–1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Regression">Great Regression</a><br />(1982–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble" title="New Zealand property bubble">New Zealand property bubble</a> (1982–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Spanish property bubble</a> (1985–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble</a> (1986–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> (1995–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_housing_bubble" title="Baltic states housing bubble">Baltic states housing bubble</a> (2000–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_property_bubble" title="Irish property bubble">Irish property bubble</a> (c. 2000–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a> (2000–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_property_bubble_of_2000s" title="Danish property bubble of 2000s">2000s Danish property bubble</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_bubble" title="2000s United States housing bubble">United States housing bubble</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_property_bubble" title="Romanian property bubble">Romanian property bubble</a> (2002–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_property_bubble" title="Polish property bubble">Polish property bubble</a> (2002–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_property_bubble" title="Canadian property bubble">Canadian property bubble</a> (2002–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)">Chinese property bubble</a> (2005–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_housing_bubble" title="Lebanese housing bubble">Lebanese housing bubble</a> (2005–2008)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">Chinese stock bubble of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_bubble_of_2007" title="Uranium bubble of 2007">Uranium bubble of 2007</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a><br />(2007–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a> (2008–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_housing_bubble" title="Lebanese housing bubble">Lebanese housing bubble</a> (2008–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_debt_bubble" title="Corporate debt bubble">Corporate debt bubble</a> (2008–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_property_bubble" title="Australian property bubble">Australian property bubble</a> (2010–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble" title="Cryptocurrency bubble">Cryptocurrency bubble</a> (2011–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything_bubble" title="Everything bubble">Everything bubble</a> (2020–21)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_bubble" title="Carbon bubble">Carbon bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bubble" title="Green bubble">Green bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_stock_bubble" title="Social media stock bubble">Social media stock bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn_bubble" title="Unicorn bubble">Unicorn bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">U.S. higher education bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Financial_crises" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Financial_crises" title="Template:Financial crises"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_crises" title="Template talk:Financial crises"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_crises" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Financial crises"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Financial_crises" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crises</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">Bank run</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks" title="Commodity price shocks">Commodity price shocks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Credit_crunch" title="Credit crunch">Credit crunch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Credit_cycle" title="Credit cycle">Credit cycle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">Currency crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debt_crisis" title="Debt crisis">Debt crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">Energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_contagion" title="Financial contagion">Financial contagion</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flash_crash" title="Flash crash">Flash crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">Hyperinflation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_crisis" title="Liquidity crisis">Liquidity crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accounting_liquidity" title="Accounting liquidity">Accounting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_capital" title="Liquid capital">Capital</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Funding_liquidity" title="Funding liquidity">Funding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">Market</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minsky_moment" title="Minsky moment">Minsky moment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">Stock market crash</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">1000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_33" title="Financial crisis of 33">Financial crisis of 33 CE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> (235–284 CE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">Commercial revolution</a><br />(1000–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Bullion_Famine" title="Great Bullion Famine">Great Bullion Famine</a> (c. 1400–c. 1500)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Debasement" title="The Great Debasement">The Great Debasement</a> (1544–1551)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic stock market crashes</a> (c. 1600–1760)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Kipper_und_Wipper" title="Kipper und Wipper">Kipper und Wipper</a></i> (1621–1623)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania crash</a> (1637)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea bubble crash</a> (1720)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi bubble crash</a> (1720)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_banking_crisis_of_1763" title="Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763">Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769" title="Bengal Bubble of 1769">Bengal bubble crash</a> (1769–1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic financial collapse</a> (c. 1780–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Panic_of_1789" title="Copper Panic of 1789">Copper Panic of 1789</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1792" title="Panic of 1792">Panic of 1792</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_state_bankruptcy_of_1813" title="Danish state bankruptcy of 1813">Danish state bankruptcy of 1813</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks" title="Commodity price shocks">Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks</a> (1815–1816)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1825" title="Panic of 1825">Panic of 1825</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840–1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_potato_failure" title="European potato failure">European potato failure</a> (1845–1856)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine" title="Highland Potato Famine">Highland Potato Famine</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1847" title="Panic of 1847">Panic of 1847</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1866" title="Panic of 1866">Panic of 1866</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday</a> (1869)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Bourse_crash_of_1882" title="Paris Bourse crash of 1882">Paris Bourse crash of 1882</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1884" title="Panic of 1884">Panic of 1884</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arendal_crash" title="Arendal crash">Arendal crash</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baring_crisis" title="Baring crisis">Baring crisis</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a> (1890–1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893" title="Australian banking crisis of 1893">Australian banking crisis of 1893</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1894)" title="Black Monday (1894)">Black Monday</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1896" title="Panic of 1896">Panic of 1896</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1901" title="Panic of 1901">Panic of 1901</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_rubber_stock_market_crisis" title="Shanghai rubber stock market crisis">Shanghai rubber stock market crisis</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1910%E2%80%9311" title="Panic of 1910–11">Panic of 1910–11</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_1914" title="Financial crisis of 1914">Financial crisis of 1914</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interwar period</a><br />(1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_early_Soviet_Russia" title="Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia">Early Soviet hyperinflation</a> (1917–1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic hyperinflation</a> (1921–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1930" title="Panic of 1930">Panic of 1930</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Wartime period</a><br />(1939–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Greece" title="Hyperinflation in Greece">Greek hyperinflation</a> (1941–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–WWII expansion</a><br />(1945–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_peng%C5%91#Hyperinflation" title="Hungarian pengő">Hungarian pengő hyperinflation</a> (1945–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Slide_of_1962" title="Kennedy Slide of 1962">Kennedy Slide of 1962</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963%E2%80%931965_Indonesian_hyperinflation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation (page does not exist)">1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Great Inflation</a><br />(1973–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a> (1973–1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931974_stock_market_crash" title="1973–1974 stock market crash">1973–1974 stock market crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_banking_crisis_of_1973%E2%80%931975" title="Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975">Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steel_crisis" title="Steel crisis">Steel crisis</a> (1973–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">Latin American debt crisis</a> (1975–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_sterling_crisis" title="1976 sterling crisis">1976 British currency crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil" title="Hyperinflation in Brazil">Brazilian hyperinflation</a> (1980–1982)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Regression">Great Regression</a><br />(1982–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil" title="Hyperinflation in Brazil">Brazilian hyperinflation</a> (1982–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash" title="Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash">Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_1982" title="Crisis of 1982">Chilean crisis of 1982</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_Israel_bank_stock_crisis" title="1983 Israel bank stock crisis">1983 Israel bank stock crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_(1983)" title="Black Saturday (1983)">Black Saturday (1983)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">Savings and loan crisis</a> (1986–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_economic_crisis" title="Cameroonian economic crisis">Cameroonian economic crisis</a> (1987–2000s)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" title="Black Monday (1987)">Black Monday (1987)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988%E2%80%931992_Norwegian_banking_crisis" title="1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis">1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble crash</a> (1990–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_banking_crisis" title="Rhode Island banking crisis">Rhode Island banking crisis</a> (1990–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_economic_crisis" title="1991 Indian economic crisis">1991 Indian economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_financial_crisis_1990%E2%80%931994" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden financial crisis 1990–1994">1990s Swedish financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990s_Finnish_banking_crisis" title="1990s Finnish banking crisis">1990s Finnish banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_energy_crisis_of_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian energy crisis of 1990s">1990s Armenian energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Cuban Special Period</a> (1991–2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav hyperinflation</a> (1992–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_bond_market_crisis" title="1994 bond market crisis">1994 bond market crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_1994" title="Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994">Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Mexican peso crisis</a> (1994–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/October_27,_1997,_mini-crash" title="October 27, 1997, mini-crash">October 1997 mini-crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Ecuador_economic_crisis" title="1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis">1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">1998–2002 Argentine great depression</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samba_effect" title="Samba effect">Samba effect</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble crash</a> (2000–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">9/11 stock market crash</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Turkish_economic_crisis" title="2001 Turkish economic crisis">2001 Turkish economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_American_economic_crisis_of_2002" title="South American economic crisis of 2002">South American economic crisis of 2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_downturn_of_2002" title="Stock market downturn of 2002">Stock market downturn of 2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Uruguay_banking_crisis" title="2002 Uruguay banking crisis">2002 Uruguay banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Myanmar_banking_crisis" title="2003 Myanmar banking crisis">2003 Myanmar banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a> (2003–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Argentine_energy_crisis" title="2004 Argentine energy crisis">2004 Argentine energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 Chinese stock bubble crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwean hyperinflation</a> (2007–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a><br />(2007–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_September_2008" title="Global financial crisis in September 2008">September 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_October_2008" title="Global financial crisis in October 2008">October 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_November_2008" title="Global financial crisis in November 2008">November 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_December_2008" title="Global financial crisis in December 2008">December 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_2009" title="Global financial crisis in 2009">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_market_correction" title="2000s United States housing market correction">2000s U.S. housing market correction</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_bear_market_of_2007%E2%80%932009" title="United States bear market of 2007–2009">U.S. bear market of 2007–2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 Latvian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Russia" title="Great Recession in Russia">2008–2009 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Ukrainian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis">2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">2008–2011 Irish banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Monday_Crash_2009" title="Blue Monday Crash 2009">Blue Monday Crash 2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a><br />(2009–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dubai_World" title="Dubai World">2009 Dubai debt standstill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_2009%E2%80%932010" title="Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010">Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Energy crisis in Venezuela">Energy crisis in Venezuela</a> (2010–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Syrian economic crisis</a> (2011–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_2011_stock_markets_fall" title="August 2011 stock markets fall">August 2011 stock markets fall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 Bangladesh share market scam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis" title="2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis">2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Banking_Liquidity_Crisis_of_2013" title="Chinese Banking Liquidity Crisis of 2013">2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="2013–present economic crisis in Venezuela">Venezuela economic crisis</a> (2013–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_economic_crisis" title="2014 Brazilian economic crisis">2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis" title="Puerto Rican government-debt crisis">Puerto Rican government-debt crisis</a> (2014–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_financial_crisis_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)">Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">2015 Nepal blockade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" title="2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_stock_market_selloff" title="2015–2016 stock market selloff">2015–2016 stock market selloff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Brexit stock market crash</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Venezuelan hyperinflation</a> (2016–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Sri_Lankan_fuel_crisis" title="2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis">2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghana_banking_crisis" title="Ghana banking crisis">Ghana banking crisis</a> (2017–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_economic_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93current)" title="Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)">Turkish economic crisis</a> (2018–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">Lebanese liquidity crisis</a> (2019–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis_(2019%E2%80%93present)" title="Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)">Sri Lankan economic crisis</a> (2019–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Financial market impact</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">2020 stock market crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_2020s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Early 2020s recession">Recession</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)">Chinese property sector crisis</a> (2020–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation_surge" title="2021–2023 inflation surge">2021–2023 inflation surge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Pakistani economic crisis (2022–present)">Pakistani economic crisis</a> (2022–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_stock_market_decline" title="2022 stock market decline">2022 stock market decline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="German economic crisis (2022–present)">2022–2024 German economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_United_States_banking_crisis" title="2023 United States banking crisis">2023 United States banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Egyptian_financial_crisis" title="2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis">2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_banking_crises" title="List of banking crises">List of banking crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_crises" title="List of economic crises">List of economic crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_debt_crises" title="List of sovereign debt crises">List of sovereign debt crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets" title="List of stock market crashes and bear markets">List of stock market crashes and bear markets</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_world" title="Template:Eastern world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_world" title="Template talk:Eastern world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history (Middle Ages)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle Eastern Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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