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<li id="toc-Aegean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aegean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Aegean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aegean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Southeast Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Northern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>British Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Western Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atlantic_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlantic_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Atlantic Europe</span> </div> 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa_Tunc_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BCnd%C9%99" title="Avropa Tunc dövründə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avropa Tunc dövründə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_bronze_en_Europe" title="Âge du bronze en Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Âge du bronze en Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Perunggu_Eropa" title="Zaman Perunggu Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Perunggu Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo_in_Europa" title="Età del bronzo in Europa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Età del bronzo in Europa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronstijd_in_Europa" title="Bronstijd in Europa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bronstijd in Europa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Chalcolithic Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a></div> <p>The <b>European Bronze Age</b> is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> artifacts and the use of bronze implements. The regional <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> succeeds the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Copper Age</a> and is followed by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a>. It starts with the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Bronze Age">Aegean Bronze Age</a> in 3200 BC and spans the entire 2nd millennium BC (including the <a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottom%C3%A1ny_culture" title="Ottomány culture">Ottomány culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bronze Age">British Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argaric_culture" title="Argaric culture">Argaric culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a>), lasting until <abbr>c.</abbr> 800 BC in central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-britishmuseum1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britishmuseum1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">Arsenical bronze</a> was produced in some areas from the 4th millennium BC onwards, prior to the introduction of tin bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tin bronze foil had already been produced in southeastern Europe on a small scale in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Chalcolithic</a> era, with examples from <a href="/wiki/Plo%C4%8Dnik_(archaeological_site)" title="Pločnik (archaeological site)">Pločnik</a> in Serbia dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4650 BC</span>, as well as 14 other artefacts from <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> dated to before 4000 BC, showing that early tin bronze developed independently in Europe 1500 years before the first tin bronze alloys in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>. This bronze production lasted for c. 500 years in the Balkans but disappeared at the end of the 5th millennium, coinciding with the "<a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">collapse of large cultural complexes</a> in north-eastern Bulgaria and Thrace in the late fifth millennium BC". Tin bronzes using <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a> tin were subsequently reintroduced to the area some 1500 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-jovanov0ic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jovanov0ic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aegean">Aegean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aegean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Bronze Age">Aegean Bronze Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/220px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/330px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/440px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>Gold 'Mask of Agamemnon', <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Greece</a>, 1550 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Bronze Age">Aegean Bronze Age</a> begins around 3200 BC<sup id="cite_ref-britishmuseum1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britishmuseum1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when civilizations first established a far-ranging <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> network. This network imported <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and charcoal to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> was mined and alloyed with the tin to produce <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. Bronze objects were then exported far and wide and supported the trade. <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotopic</a> analysis of the tin in some <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> bronze objects indicates it came from as far away as <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> was well developed at this time and reached a peak of skill not exceeded until a method was discovered (or perhaps rediscovered) to determine <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> around AD 1750. </p><p>Around 1600 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">eruption of Thera</a> destroyed the site of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akrotiri_(prehistoric_site)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric site) (page does not exist)">Akrotiri</a> and damaged <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> sites in eastern <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. The further impact of this event is poorly understood.<sup id="cite_ref-ManningHandbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManningHandbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Age_End.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Age_End.svg/220px-Bronze_Age_End.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Age_End.svg/330px-Bronze_Age_End.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Age_End.svg/440px-Bronze_Age_End.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in the 15th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaeans</a> began to spread their influence throughout the Aegean and Western Anatolia. By <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450 BC</span>, the palace of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> was ruled by a Mycenaean elite who formed a hybrid Minoan-Mycenaean culture. Mycenaeans also colonized several other Aegean islands, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schofield7172_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield7172-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the Mycenaeans became the dominant power of the region, marking the beginning of the Mycenaean 'Koine' era (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κοινή</span>, common), a highly uniform culture that spread in mainland Greece and the Aegean.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mycenaean Greeks introduced several innovations in the fields of engineering, architecture and military infrastructure, while trade over vast areas of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> was essential for the Mycenaean economy. Their syllabic script, the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, offers the first written records of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> and their religion already included several deities that can be also found in the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympic Pantheon</a>. Mycenaean Greece was dominated by a warrior elite society and consisted of a network of palace states that developed rigid hierarchical, political, social and economic systems. At the head of this society was the king, known as <a href="/wiki/Wanax" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanax">wanax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Europe">Southeast Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Southeast Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Southeastern Europe">Bronze Age Southeastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Romania">Bronze Age Romania</a></div> <p>A study in the journal <a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a> from 2013 reported the discovery of a tin bronze foil from the <a href="/wiki/Plo%C4%8Dnik_(archaeological_site)" title="Pločnik (archaeological site)">Pločnik archaeological site</a> dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4650 BC</span>, as well as 14 other artefacts from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> dated to before 4000 BC, showed that early tin bronze was more common than previously thought and developed independently in Europe 1,500 years before the first tin bronze alloys in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>. The production of complex tin bronzes lasted for c. 500 years in the Balkans. The authors reported that evidence for the production of such complex bronzes disappears at the end of the 5th millennium coinciding with the "collapse of large cultural complexes in north-eastern Bulgaria and Thrace in the late fifth millennium BC". Tin bronzes using <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a> tin would be reintroduced to the area again some 1,500 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasus">Caucasus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a> was the major early Bronze Age culture in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>. Some scholars date arsenical bronze artifacts in the region as far back as the mid-4th millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1997_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1997-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg/220px-From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg/330px-From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg/440px-From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a> cultures</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">late copper age</a>/early Bronze Age culture dating to the 36th–23rd centuries BC. The culture was predominantly nomadic, with some agriculture practiced near rivers and a few hill-forts. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a>, covering several related archaeological cultures, was first to introduce <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">corded pottery</a> decorations into the steppes and showed a profuse use of the polished battle ax, providing a link to the West. Parallels with the <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo culture</a>, including provoked cranial deformations, provide a link to the East. It was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> and succeeded by the western <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>. The eastern Corded Ware culture (<a href="/wiki/Fatyanovo%E2%80%93Balanovo_culture" title="Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture">Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture</a>) gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>, where the earliest known spoked-wheel <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> have been found, dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>. The Catacomb culture in the Pontic steppe was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned Ware culture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Srubna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Srubna culture">Srubnaya culture</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> the 17th century BC</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Transylvania">Bronze Age Transylvania</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUFT_-_Leubingen_F%C3%BCrstengrab_1_Rekonstruktion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MUFT_-_Leubingen_F%C3%BCrstengrab_1_Rekonstruktion.jpg/220px-MUFT_-_Leubingen_F%C3%BCrstengrab_1_Rekonstruktion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MUFT_-_Leubingen_F%C3%BCrstengrab_1_Rekonstruktion.jpg/330px-MUFT_-_Leubingen_F%C3%BCrstengrab_1_Rekonstruktion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MUFT_-_Leubingen_F%C3%BCrstengrab_1_Rekonstruktion.jpg/439px-MUFT_-_Leubingen_F%C3%BCrstengrab_1_Rekonstruktion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Leubingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Leubingen">Leubingen</a> burial chamber<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archaeological sites">Important sites</a> include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biskupin" title="Biskupin">Biskupin</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Unstrut)" title="Nebra (Unstrut)">Nebra</a> (Germany)</li> <li>Zug-Sumpf, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vr%C3%A1ble" title="Vráble">Vráble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, the early Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice culture</a> (2300–1600 BC) includes numerous smaller groups like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Straubingen_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Straubingen culture (page does not exist)">Straubingen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adlerberg_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adlerberg culture (page does not exist)">Adlerberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatvan" title="Hatvan">Hatvan</a> cultures. Some very rich burials, such as the one located at Leubingen (today part of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda" title="Sömmerda">Sömmerda</a>) with grave gifts crafted from gold, point to an increase of social stratification already present in the Unetice culture. All in all, cemeteries of this period are rare and of small size. The Unetice culture is followed by the middle Bronze Age (1600–1200 BC) <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a>, which is characterized by inhumation burials in <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> (barrows). In the eastern Hungarian <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s" title="Körös">Körös</a> tributaries, the early Bronze Age first saw the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Makó culture">Makó culture</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Otomani_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomani culture">Otomani</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyulavars%C3%A1nd_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyulavarsánd culture (page does not exist)">Gyulavarsánd</a> cultures. </p><p>The late Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Urnfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Urnfield">Urnfield</a> culture (1300–750 BC) is characterized by cremation burials. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (1300–500 BC) that continues into the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. The Central European Bronze Age is followed by the Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> (800–450 BC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Italy">Bronze Age Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricostruzione_grafica_della_Terramara_di_Montale_(Modena),_disegno_di_Riccardo_Merlo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ricostruzione_grafica_della_Terramara_di_Montale_%28Modena%29%2C_disegno_di_Riccardo_Merlo.jpg/220px-Ricostruzione_grafica_della_Terramara_di_Montale_%28Modena%29%2C_disegno_di_Riccardo_Merlo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ricostruzione_grafica_della_Terramara_di_Montale_%28Modena%29%2C_disegno_di_Riccardo_Merlo.jpg/330px-Ricostruzione_grafica_della_Terramara_di_Montale_%28Modena%29%2C_disegno_di_Riccardo_Merlo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ricostruzione_grafica_della_Terramara_di_Montale_%28Modena%29%2C_disegno_di_Riccardo_Merlo.jpg/440px-Ricostruzione_grafica_della_Terramara_di_Montale_%28Modena%29%2C_disegno_di_Riccardo_Merlo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a> settlement</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian Bronze Age is conditionally divided into four periods: The Early Bronze Age (2300–1700 BC), the Middle Bronze Age (1700–1350 BC), the Recent Bronze Age (1350–1150 BC), the Final Bronze Age (1150–950 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the second millennium BC, the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> flourished in the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. It was a rather homogeneous culture, more than 7000 imposing stone tower-buildings known as <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a> were built by this culture all over the island, along with other types of monuments such as the megaron temples, the monumental <a href="/wiki/Giants%27_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Giants' graves">Giants' graves</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_holy_well" title="Nuragic holy well">holy well temples</a>. Sanctuaries and larger settlements were also built starting from the late second millennium BC to host these religious structures along with other structures such ritual pools, fountains and tanks, large stone roundhouses with circular benches used for the meeting of the leaders of the chiefdoms and large public areas. Bronze tools and weapons were widespread and their quality increased thanks to the contacts between the Nuragic people and Eastern Mediterranean peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cypriots</a>, the lost waxing technique was introduced to create several hundred bronze statuettes and other tools. The Nuragic civilization survived throughout the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> when the sanctuaries were still in use, stone statues were crafted and some Nuraghi were reused as temples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Europe">Northern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Northern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tollense_valley_battlefield" title="Tollense valley battlefield">Tollense valley battlefield</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%BChnenburg_bei_Watenstedt_rekonstruktion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/H%C3%BChnenburg_bei_Watenstedt_rekonstruktion.jpg/250px-H%C3%BChnenburg_bei_Watenstedt_rekonstruktion.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/H%C3%BChnenburg_bei_Watenstedt_rekonstruktion.jpg/375px-H%C3%BChnenburg_bei_Watenstedt_rekonstruktion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/H%C3%BChnenburg_bei_Watenstedt_rekonstruktion.jpg/500px-H%C3%BChnenburg_bei_Watenstedt_rekonstruktion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCnenburg_bei_Watenstedt" class="extiw" title="de:Hünenburg bei Watenstedt">Hünenburg bei Watenstedt</a>, central settlement reconstruction, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, Bronze Age cultures manufactured many distinctive and artistic artifacts. This includes <a href="/wiki/Lur" title="Lur">lur</a> horns, horned ceremonial helmets, sun discs, gold jewelry and some unexplained finds like the <a href="/wiki/Balk%C3%A5kra_Ritual_Object" title="Balkåkra Ritual Object">bronze "gong" from Balkåkra</a> in Sweden. Some linguists believe that an early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> was introduced to the area probably around 2000 BC, which eventually became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>, the last common ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>. This would fit with the apparently unbroken evolution of the Nordic Bronze Age into the most probably ethnolinguistically Germanic <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a>. </p><p>The age is divided into the periods I–VI, according to <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Montelius" title="Oscar Montelius">Oscar Montelius</a>. Period Montelius V, already belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> in other regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Isles">British Isles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somerset_cadbury_castle_modified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Somerset_cadbury_castle_modified.jpg/220px-Somerset_cadbury_castle_modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Somerset_cadbury_castle_modified.jpg/330px-Somerset_cadbury_castle_modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Somerset_cadbury_castle_modified.jpg/440px-Somerset_cadbury_castle_modified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Castle,_Somerset" title="Cadbury Castle, Somerset">Cadbury Castle</a> Late Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillfort</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from around 2100 to 700 BC. <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a> brought new people to the islands from the continent. Recent tooth enamel isotope research on bodies found in early Bronze Age graves around <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> indicate that at least some of the immigrants came from the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Beaker_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker people">Beaker people</a> displayed different behaviors from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> people and cultural change was significant. The rich <a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a> developed in southern Britain at this time. Additionally, the climate was deteriorating; where once the weather was warm and dry it became much wetter as the Bronze Age continued, forcing the population away from easily defended sites in the hills and into the fertile <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a>. Large livestock ranches developed in the lowlands which appear to have contributed to economic growth and inspired increasing forest clearances. The <a href="/wiki/Deverel%E2%80%93Rimbury_culture" title="Deverel–Rimbury culture">Deverel–Rimbury culture</a> began to emerge in the second half of the 'Middle Bronze Age' (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span>–1100 BC) to exploit these conditions. <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> was a major source of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> for much of western Europe and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> was extracted from sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Orme" title="Great Orme">Great Orme</a> mine in northern <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. Social groups appear to have been tribal but with growing complexity and hierarchies becoming apparent. </p><p>Also, the burial of dead (which until this period had usually been communal) became more individual. For example, whereas in the Neolithic a large <a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">chambered cairn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrow</a> was used to house the dead, the 'Early Bronze Age' saw people buried in individual <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrows</a> (also commonly known and marked on modern British <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> maps as Tumuli), or sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cists</a> covered with <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairns</a>. </p><p>The greatest quantities of bronze objects found in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> were discovered in <a href="/wiki/East_Cambridgeshire" title="East Cambridgeshire">East Cambridgeshire</a>, where the most important finds were done in <a href="/wiki/Isleham_Hoard" title="Isleham Hoard">Isleham</a> (more than 6500 pieces).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Mediterranean">Western Mediterranean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Bastida_6-4-13-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/La_Bastida_6-4-13-2.jpg/220px-La_Bastida_6-4-13-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/La_Bastida_6-4-13-2.jpg/330px-La_Bastida_6-4-13-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/La_Bastida_6-4-13-2.jpg/440px-La_Bastida_6-4-13-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Remains of <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bastida_de_Totana" class="extiw" title="es:La Bastida de Totana">La Bastida de Totana</a> fortified town</figcaption></figure> <p>Preceded by the Chalcolithic sites of <a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Argaric_culture" title="Argaric culture">Argaric culture</a> flourished in southeastern Iberia in from 2200 BC to 1550 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when depopulation of the area ensued along with disappearing of copper–bronze–arsenic metallurgy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarriónFuentesGonzález-SampérizSánchez-Quirante20071472_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarriónFuentesGonzález-SampérizSánchez-Quirante20071472-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most accepted model for El Argar has been that of an early state society, most particularly in terms of class division, exploitation, and coercion,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with agricultural production, maybe also human labour, controlled by the larger hilltop settlements,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2008208–209_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2008208–209-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the elite using violence in practical and ideological terms to clamp down on the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegarra_Herrero202152_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegarra_Herrero202152-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecological degradation, landscape opening, fires, pastoralism, and maybe tree cutting for mining have been suggested as reasons for the collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The culture of the <i><a href="/wiki/Motillas" title="Motillas">motillas</a></i>, developed an early system of groundwater supply plants (the so-called <i>motillas</i>) in the upper <a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana</a> basin (in Iberian Peninsula's southern <i>meseta</i>) in a context of extreme aridification in the area in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/4.2-kiloyear_event" title="4.2-kiloyear event">4.2-kiloyear climatic event</a>, which roughly coincided with the transition from the Copper Age to the Bronze Age. Increased precipitation and recovery of the water table from about 1800 BC onward should have led to the forsaking of the <i>motillas</i> (which may have flooded) and the redefinition of the relation of the inhabitants of the territory with the environment, with the development of the Iberian <i><a href="/wiki/Oppida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppida">oppida</a></i> mode of settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atlantic_Europe">Atlantic Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Atlantic Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France#The_Bronze_Age" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory of France § The Bronze Age</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia#Bronze_Age" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia § Bronze Age</a></div> <p>The Atlantic Bronze Age is a cultural complex of the Bronze Age period of approximately 1300–700 BC that includes different cultures in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Galicia" title="History of Galicia">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Ireland</a> and is marked by economic and cultural exchange that led to the high degree of cultural similarity exhibited by coastal communities, including the frequent use of stones as <a href="/wiki/Chevaux-de-frise" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevaux-de-frise">chevaux-de-frise</a>, the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Cliff_castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliff castle">cliff castles</a>, or the domestic architecture sometimes characterized by the round houses. Commercial contacts extended from <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. The period was defined by a number of distinct regional centres of metal production, unified by a regular maritime exchange of some of their products. The major centres were southern England and Ireland, north-western France, and western Iberia. </p><p>The Bronze Age in Ireland commenced in the centuries around 2000 BC when copper was alloyed with tin and used to manufacture <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballybeg_hoard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballybeg hoard (page does not exist)">Ballybeg</a> type flat axes and associated metalwork. The preceding period is known as the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> and is characterised by the production of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flat_axes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flat axes (page does not exist)">flat axes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Daggers">daggers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halberds" class="mw-redirect" title="Halberds">halberds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bradawl" title="Bradawl">awls</a> in copper. The period is divided into three phases: <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a> 2000–1500 BC; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a> 1500–1200 BC and <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> 1200–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> is also known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Burials" class="mw-redirect" title="Burials">Burials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diffusion_m%C3%A9tallurgie.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diffusion of metallurgy in Europe"><img alt="Diffusion of metallurgy in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Diffusion_m%C3%A9tallurgie.png/120px-Diffusion_m%C3%A9tallurgie.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Diffusion_m%C3%A9tallurgie.png/180px-Diffusion_m%C3%A9tallurgie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Diffusion_m%C3%A9tallurgie.png/240px-Diffusion_m%C3%A9tallurgie.png 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diffusion of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">metallurgy</a> in Europe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IE_expansion.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Steppe expansions and migrations"><img alt="Steppe expansions and migrations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/120px-IE_expansion.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/180px-IE_expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/240px-IE_expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Steppe expansions</a> and migrations</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Beaker_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Influence of the Bell Beaker culture"><img alt="Influence of the Bell Beaker culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bell_Beaker_culture.jpg/120px-Bell_Beaker_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bell_Beaker_culture.jpg/180px-Bell_Beaker_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bell_Beaker_culture.jpg/240px-Bell_Beaker_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Influence of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Bronze_Age_Europe_(simplified).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cultures of the Middle Bronze Age"><img alt="Blue : Apennine culture, Yellow : Terramare culture, Brown : Tumulus culture, Red : Atlantic Bronze Age, Green : Nordic Bronze Age, Apple green : Cultures of Unetice tradition, Gray : Balkan cultures." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Middle_Bronze_Age_Europe_%28simplified%29.jpg/100px-Middle_Bronze_Age_Europe_%28simplified%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Middle_Bronze_Age_Europe_%28simplified%29.jpg/151px-Middle_Bronze_Age_Europe_%28simplified%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Middle_Bronze_Age_Europe_%28simplified%29.jpg/201px-Middle_Bronze_Age_Europe_%28simplified%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cultures of the Middle Bronze Age </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_late_bronze_age.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Europe in the Late Bronze Age"><img alt="Europe in the Late Bronze Age" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Europe_late_bronze_age.png/120px-Europe_late_bronze_age.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Europe_late_bronze_age.png/180px-Europe_late_bronze_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Europe_late_bronze_age.png/240px-Europe_late_bronze_age.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1227" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Europe in the Late Bronze Age</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artefacts">Artefacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Artefacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvognen-00100.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trundholm sun chariot, Denmark, c. 1500 BC"><img alt="Trundholm sun chariot, Denmark, c. 1500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/120px-Solvognen-00100.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/180px-Solvognen-00100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/240px-Solvognen-00100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6088" data-file-height="4550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trundholm_sun_chariot" title="Trundholm sun chariot">Trundholm sun chariot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Denmark</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebra_disc_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nebra sky disk, Germany, 1800 BC"><img alt="Nebra sky disk, Germany, 1800 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nebra_disc_1.jpg/120px-Nebra_disc_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nebra_disc_1.jpg/180px-Nebra_disc_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nebra_disc_1.jpg/240px-Nebra_disc_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4177" data-file-height="3385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nebra_sky_disc" title="Nebra sky disc">Nebra sky disk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Germany</a>, 1800 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%B4ne_d%27Avanton,_mus%C3%A9e_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Nationales,_2010-03-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avanton gold hat, France, 1400 BC"><img alt="Avanton gold hat, France, 1400 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/C%C3%B4ne_d%27Avanton%2C_mus%C3%A9e_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Nationales%2C_2010-03-26.jpg/81px-C%C3%B4ne_d%27Avanton%2C_mus%C3%A9e_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Nationales%2C_2010-03-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/C%C3%B4ne_d%27Avanton%2C_mus%C3%A9e_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Nationales%2C_2010-03-26.jpg/122px-C%C3%B4ne_d%27Avanton%2C_mus%C3%A9e_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Nationales%2C_2010-03-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/C%C3%B4ne_d%27Avanton%2C_mus%C3%A9e_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Nationales%2C_2010-03-26.jpg/163px-C%C3%B4ne_d%27Avanton%2C_mus%C3%A9e_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Nationales%2C_2010-03-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="2913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Avanton gold hat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France#The_Bronze_Age" title="Prehistory of France">France</a>, 1400 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minoan rhyton, Crete, 1500 BC"><img alt="Minoan rhyton, Crete, 1500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg/80px-Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg/120px-Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg/160px-Zakros_bull%27s_head_rhyton_archnmus_Heraklion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minoan rhyton, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Crete</a>, 1500 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navicella_nuragica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze boat model, Sardinia, c. 1000 BC"><img alt="Bronze boat model, Sardinia, c. 1000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Navicella_nuragica.jpg/120px-Navicella_nuragica.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Navicella_nuragica.jpg/180px-Navicella_nuragica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Navicella_nuragica.jpg/240px-Navicella_nuragica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="2352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze boat model, <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Sardinia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MoldCape_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mold cape, Britain, c. 1900–1700 BC"><img alt="Mold cape, Britain, c. 1900–1700 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MoldCape_2012.JPG/120px-MoldCape_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MoldCape_2012.JPG/180px-MoldCape_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MoldCape_2012.JPG/240px-MoldCape_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mold cape, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Britain</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900–1700 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadem2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold diadem, Spain, c. 1600 BC"><img alt="Gold diadem, Spain, c. 1600 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Diadem2.jpg/120px-Diadem2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Diadem2.jpg/180px-Diadem2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Diadem2.jpg/240px-Diadem2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold diadem, <a href="/wiki/Argaric_culture" title="Argaric culture">Spain</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_Bronze_wheel_1000_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze chariot wheel, Romania, c. 1200 BC[25]"><img alt="Bronze chariot wheel, Romania, c. 1200 BC[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Romania_Bronze_wheel_1000_BC.jpg/120px-Romania_Bronze_wheel_1000_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Romania_Bronze_wheel_1000_BC.jpg/180px-Romania_Bronze_wheel_1000_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Romania_Bronze_wheel_1000_BC.jpg/240px-Romania_Bronze_wheel_1000_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3423" data-file-height="2709" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze chariot wheel, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Romania</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dupljaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cult chariot model, Serbia, c. 1300 BC"><img alt="Cult chariot model, Serbia, c. 1300 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dupljaja.jpg/90px-Dupljaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dupljaja.jpg/135px-Dupljaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dupljaja.jpg/180px-Dupljaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cult chariot model, <a href="/wiki/Encrusted_Pottery_culture" title="Encrusted Pottery culture">Serbia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_(24466600427).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceremonial bronze dirk, Netherlands, c. 1500 BC"><img alt="Ceremonial bronze dirk, Netherlands, c. 1500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg/90px-Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg/135px-Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg/180px-Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceremonial bronze dirk, <a href="/wiki/Hilversum_culture" title="Hilversum culture">Netherlands</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunula_d%27oro_e_due_dischi_d%27oro,_da_coggalbeg,_co._roscommon,_2200-1800_ac_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold lunula and discs, Ireland, c. 2200 BC"><img alt="Gold lunula and discs, Ireland, c. 2200 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lunula_d%27oro_e_due_dischi_d%27oro%2C_da_coggalbeg%2C_co._roscommon%2C_2200-1800_ac_ca.jpg/120px-Lunula_d%27oro_e_due_dischi_d%27oro%2C_da_coggalbeg%2C_co._roscommon%2C_2200-1800_ac_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lunula_d%27oro_e_due_dischi_d%27oro%2C_da_coggalbeg%2C_co._roscommon%2C_2200-1800_ac_ca.jpg/180px-Lunula_d%27oro_e_due_dischi_d%27oro%2C_da_coggalbeg%2C_co._roscommon%2C_2200-1800_ac_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lunula_d%27oro_e_due_dischi_d%27oro%2C_da_coggalbeg%2C_co._roscommon%2C_2200-1800_ac_ca.jpg/240px-Lunula_d%27oro_e_due_dischi_d%27oro%2C_da_coggalbeg%2C_co._roscommon%2C_2200-1800_ac_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4428" data-file-height="2868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold lunula and discs, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Ireland</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carts_Catacomb_GIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wagon models, Russia, c. 2100 BC"><img alt="Wagon models, Russia, c. 2100 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Carts_Catacomb_GIM.jpg/120px-Carts_Catacomb_GIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Carts_Catacomb_GIM.jpg/180px-Carts_Catacomb_GIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Carts_Catacomb_GIM.jpg/240px-Carts_Catacomb_GIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1839" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wagon models, <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Russia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2100 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_seated_harp_player_MET_gr47.100.1.R.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble figurine, Cycladic Islands, 2700 BC"><img alt="Marble figurine, Cycladic Islands, 2700 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Marble_seated_harp_player_MET_gr47.100.1.R.jpg/99px-Marble_seated_harp_player_MET_gr47.100.1.R.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Marble_seated_harp_player_MET_gr47.100.1.R.jpg/149px-Marble_seated_harp_player_MET_gr47.100.1.R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Marble_seated_harp_player_MET_gr47.100.1.R.jpg/198px-Marble_seated_harp_player_MET_gr47.100.1.R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1719" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble figurine, <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic Islands</a>, 2700 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SHM11217-22682_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze collar, Sweden, c. 1400 BC"><img alt="Bronze collar, Sweden, c. 1400 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SHM11217-22682_03.jpg/120px-SHM11217-22682_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SHM11217-22682_03.jpg/180px-SHM11217-22682_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SHM11217-22682_03.jpg/240px-SHM11217-22682_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze collar, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Sweden</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze dagger, Switzerland, c. 2000 BC"><img alt="Bronze dagger, Switzerland, c. 2000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg/120px-Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg/180px-Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg/240px-Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze dagger, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_culture" title="Rhône culture">Switzerland</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary,_Bronze_Age,_c._2500-800_BC_-_Ritual_Cauldron_-_1992.64_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze cauldron, Hungary, c. 1000 BC"><img alt="Bronze cauldron, Hungary, c. 1000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hungary%2C_Bronze_Age%2C_c._2500-800_BC_-_Ritual_Cauldron_-_1992.64_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Hungary%2C_Bronze_Age%2C_c._2500-800_BC_-_Ritual_Cauldron_-_1992.64_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hungary%2C_Bronze_Age%2C_c._2500-800_BC_-_Ritual_Cauldron_-_1992.64_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Hungary%2C_Bronze_Age%2C_c._2500-800_BC_-_Ritual_Cauldron_-_1992.64_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hungary%2C_Bronze_Age%2C_c._2500-800_BC_-_Ritual_Cauldron_-_1992.64_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Hungary%2C_Bronze_Age%2C_c._2500-800_BC_-_Ritual_Cauldron_-_1992.64_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3395" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze cauldron, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_Conquest#Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest">Hungary</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valchitran-treasure.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valchitran Treasure, Bulgaria, c. 1300 BC"><img alt="Valchitran Treasure, Bulgaria, c. 1300 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Valchitran-treasure.jpg/120px-Valchitran-treasure.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Valchitran-treasure.jpg/180px-Valchitran-treasure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Valchitran-treasure.jpg/240px-Valchitran-treasure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Valchitran_Treasure" title="Valchitran Treasure">Valchitran Treasure</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:020210828_Bronze_Age_hoard_from_Miejsce,_around_1000-900_BC,_Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w_district.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze axes & armrings, Poland, c. 1000 BC"><img alt="Bronze axes & armrings, Poland, c. 1000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/020210828_Bronze_Age_hoard_from_Miejsce%2C_around_1000-900_BC%2C_Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w_district.jpg/120px-020210828_Bronze_Age_hoard_from_Miejsce%2C_around_1000-900_BC%2C_Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w_district.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/020210828_Bronze_Age_hoard_from_Miejsce%2C_around_1000-900_BC%2C_Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w_district.jpg/180px-020210828_Bronze_Age_hoard_from_Miejsce%2C_around_1000-900_BC%2C_Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w_district.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/020210828_Bronze_Age_hoard_from_Miejsce%2C_around_1000-900_BC%2C_Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w_district.jpg/240px-020210828_Bronze_Age_hoard_from_Miejsce%2C_around_1000-900_BC%2C_Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w_district.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="2225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze axes & armrings, <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Poland</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PreistoHan_-_colier_or_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold necklace, Belgium, c. 1000 BC"><img alt="Gold necklace, Belgium, c. 1000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PreistoHan_-_colier_or_01.jpg/120px-PreistoHan_-_colier_or_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PreistoHan_-_colier_or_01.jpg/180px-PreistoHan_-_colier_or_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PreistoHan_-_colier_or_01.jpg/240px-PreistoHan_-_colier_or_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4824" data-file-height="2713" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold necklace, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Belgium</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borodinski_klad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Borodino treasure, Moldova, c. 1700 BC"><img alt="Borodino treasure, Moldova, c. 1700 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Borodinski_klad.jpg/120px-Borodinski_klad.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Borodinski_klad.jpg/180px-Borodinski_klad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Borodinski_klad.jpg/240px-Borodinski_klad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Borodino treasure, <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Moldova</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_shield,_Nynice_culture,_950_%E2%80%93_750_BC,_Museum_of_Western_Bohemia,_187871.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze shield, Czech Republic, c. 1200 BC"><img alt="Bronze shield, Czech Republic, c. 1200 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bronze_shield%2C_Nynice_culture%2C_950_%E2%80%93_750_BC%2C_Museum_of_Western_Bohemia%2C_187871.jpg/120px-Bronze_shield%2C_Nynice_culture%2C_950_%E2%80%93_750_BC%2C_Museum_of_Western_Bohemia%2C_187871.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bronze_shield%2C_Nynice_culture%2C_950_%E2%80%93_750_BC%2C_Museum_of_Western_Bohemia%2C_187871.jpg/180px-Bronze_shield%2C_Nynice_culture%2C_950_%E2%80%93_750_BC%2C_Museum_of_Western_Bohemia%2C_187871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bronze_shield%2C_Nynice_culture%2C_950_%E2%80%93_750_BC%2C_Museum_of_Western_Bohemia%2C_187871.jpg/240px-Bronze_shield%2C_Nynice_culture%2C_950_%E2%80%93_750_BC%2C_Museum_of_Western_Bohemia%2C_187871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5001" data-file-height="3334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze shield, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Czech Republic</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Bronzezeit_Schwert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze sword, Austria, c. 1300 BC"><img alt="Bronze sword, Austria, c. 1300 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Bronzezeit_Schwert.jpg/90px-Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Bronzezeit_Schwert.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Bronzezeit_Schwert.jpg/135px-Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Bronzezeit_Schwert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Bronzezeit_Schwert.jpg/180px-Linz_Schlossmuseum_-_Bronzezeit_Schwert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze sword, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Austria</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_ax_between_2100_-_1900_BC_-_near_Tivat_-_Bay_of_Kotor_-_Montenegro.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver and gold axe, Montenegro, c. 2200 BC"><img alt="Silver and gold axe, Montenegro, c. 2200 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Silver_ax_between_2100_-_1900_BC_-_near_Tivat_-_Bay_of_Kotor_-_Montenegro.png/120px-Silver_ax_between_2100_-_1900_BC_-_near_Tivat_-_Bay_of_Kotor_-_Montenegro.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Silver_ax_between_2100_-_1900_BC_-_near_Tivat_-_Bay_of_Kotor_-_Montenegro.png/180px-Silver_ax_between_2100_-_1900_BC_-_near_Tivat_-_Bay_of_Kotor_-_Montenegro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Silver_ax_between_2100_-_1900_BC_-_near_Tivat_-_Bay_of_Kotor_-_Montenegro.png/240px-Silver_ax_between_2100_-_1900_BC_-_near_Tivat_-_Bay_of_Kotor_-_Montenegro.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver and gold axe, <a href="/wiki/Vu%C4%8Dedol_culture" title="Vučedol culture">Montenegro</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R3_2_2d_eneolith_bull.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold bull figurine, North Caucasus, c. 3200 BC"><img alt="Gold bull figurine, North Caucasus, c. 3200 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/R3_2_2d_eneolith_bull.jpg/120px-R3_2_2d_eneolith_bull.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/R3_2_2d_eneolith_bull.jpg/180px-R3_2_2d_eneolith_bull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/R3_2_2d_eneolith_bull.jpg/240px-R3_2_2d_eneolith_bull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold bull figurine, <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">North Caucasus</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200 BC</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot_burial" title="Chariot burial">Chariot burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_European_hydronymy" title="Old European hydronymy">Old European hydronymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argaric_culture" title="Argaric culture">Argaric culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britishmuseum1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britishmuseum1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britishmuseum1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/cultures/europe/ancient_greece.aspx">"Ancient Greece"</a>. British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195336/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/cultures/europe/ancient_greece.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fcultures%2Feurope%2Fancient_greece.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Svend (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50247954/Arsenic_Bronze_An_archaeological_introduction_into_a_key_innovation">"Arsenic Bronze. An archaeological introduction into a key innovation"</a>. <i>Eurasia Antiqua</i>. <b>23</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Antiqua&rft.atitle=Arsenic+Bronze.+An+archaeological+introduction+into+a+key+innovation&rft.volume=23&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Svend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F50247954%2FArsenic_Bronze_An_archaeological_introduction_into_a_key_innovation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jovanov0ic-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jovanov0ic_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadivojevicRehrenKuzmanovic-CvetkovicJovanovic2013" class="citation journal cs1">Radivojevic, M; Rehren, T; Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic, J; Jovanovic, M; Northover, JP (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1420706/">"Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>6500 years ago"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>87</b> (338): 1030–1045. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X0004984X">10.1017/S0003598X0004984X</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Tainted+ores+and+the+rise+of+tin+bronzes+in+Eurasia%2C+%3Cabbr+title%3D%22circa%22%3Ec.%3C%2Fabbr%3E6500+years+ago&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=338&rft.pages=1030-1045&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X0004984X&rft.aulast=Radivojevic&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Rehren%2C+T&rft.au=Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic%2C+J&rft.au=Jovanovic%2C+M&rft.au=Northover%2C+JP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1420706%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waldman, C., & Mason, C. (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of European peoples</i>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ManningHandbook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ManningHandbook_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Manning, Stuart (2012). "Eruption of Thera/Santorini". In Cline, Eric (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 457–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199873609.013.0034">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199873609" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199873609"><bdi>978-0199873609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eruption+of+Thera%2FSantorini&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Bronze+Age+Aegean&rft.pages=457-454&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199873609.013.0034&rft.isbn=978-0199873609&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTartaron2013" class="citation book cs1">Tartaron, Thomas F. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZbqAAAAQBAJ"><i>Maritime Networks in the Mycenaean World</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107067134" title="Special:BookSources/9781107067134"><bdi>9781107067134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Networks+in+the+Mycenaean+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107067134&rft.aulast=Tartaron&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZbqAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schofield7172-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schofield7172_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, pp. 71–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2006" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Louise (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXwzT1048Z4C"><i>The Mycenaeans</i></a>. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892368679" title="Special:BookSources/9780892368679"><bdi>9780892368679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaeans&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780892368679&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXwzT1048Z4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastleden2005" class="citation book cs1">Castleden, Rodney (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kfi0dAlfJaoC"><i>The Mycenaeans</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 2, 228–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-36336-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-36336-5"><bdi>0-415-36336-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503044625/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kfi0dAlfJaoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaeans&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=2%2C+228-235&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-36336-5&rft.aulast=Castleden&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfi0dAlfJaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadivojevićRehrenKuzmanović-CvetkovićJovanović2015" class="citation journal cs1">Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo; Kuzmanović-Cvetković, Julka; Jovanović, Marija; Northover, J. Peter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1420706/1/S0003598X0004984Xa-1.pdf">"Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>87</b> (338): 1030–1045. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X0004984X">10.1017/S0003598X0004984X</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119090544/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1420706/1/S0003598X0004984Xa-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Adams (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA372"><i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 372–374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506000904/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA372">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=372-374&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997-01&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.au=Douglas+Q.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtLNY12BZvo"><i>The World of the Nebra Sky Disc: The Leubingen tumulus (Harald Meller, Halle State Museum of Prehistory, 2022)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Nebra+Sky+Disc%3A+The+Leubingen+tumulus+%28Harald+Meller%2C+Halle+State+Museum+of+Prehistory%2C+2022%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrtLNY12BZvo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-news-photo/03-june-2021-saxony-anhalt-halle-a-visitor-enters-the-model-of-the-burial-mound-of-leubingen-thuringia-in-the-exhibition-the-world-of-the-nebra-sky-disk/PAH-210603-99-851475-dpai">"Model of the burial mound of Leubingen (Thuringia) in the exhibition "The World of the Nebra Sky Disk - New Horizons" at the Landesmuseum Halle"</a>. <i>www.agefotostock.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Charles Scribner & Sons. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684806686" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684806686"><bdi>978-0684806686</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lukashevichus.info/knigi/ancient_europe_encycl_bogucki_crabtree_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Holocene environmental change in a montane region of southern Europe with a long history of human settlement". <i><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a></i>. <b>26</b>: 1472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2007.03.013">10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.03.013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Holocene+environmental+change+in+a+montane+region+of+southern+Europe+with+a+long+history+of+human+settlement&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=1472&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2007.03.013&rft.aulast=Carri%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft.au=Fuentes%2C+N.&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Samp%C3%A9riz%2C+P.&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Quirante%2C+L.&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+S.&rft.au=Andrade%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLugo_EnrichMejías2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lugo Enrich, Luis Benítez de; Mejías, Miguel (2017). "The hydrogeological and paleoclimatic factors in the Bronze Age Motillas Culture of La Mancha (Spain): the first hydraulic culture in Europe". <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology_Journal" title="Hydrogeology Journal">Hydrogeology Journal</a></i>. <b>25</b>: 1933; 1946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10040-017-1607-z">10.1007/s10040-017-1607-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12468%2F512">20.500.12468/512</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1435-0157">1435-0157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrogeology+Journal&rft.atitle=The+hydrogeological+and+paleoclimatic+factors+in+the+Bronze+Age+Motillas+Culture+of+La+Mancha+%28Spain%29%3A+the+first+hydraulic+culture+in+Europe&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=1933%3B+1946&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12468%2F512&rft.issn=1435-0157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10040-017-1607-z&rft.aulast=Lugo+Enrich&rft.aufirst=Luis+Ben%C3%ADtez+de&rft.au=Mej%C3%ADas%2C+Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waddell, J. 1998. <i>The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland</i>. Galway.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eogan, G. 1983. <i>The Hoards of the Irish Later Bronze Age</i>. Dublin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolloy2023" class="citation journal cs1">Molloy, Barry; et al. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-archaeology/article/early-chariots-and-religion-in-southeast-europe-and-the-aegean-during-the-bronze-age-a-reappraisal-of-the-dupljaja-chariot-in-context/DC2A0FC7066548E7C0FED0C9024169B3">"Early Chariots and Religion in South-East Europe and the Aegean During the Bronze Age: A Reappraisal of the Dupljaja Chariot in Context"</a>. <i>European Journal of Archaeology</i>: 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Feaa.2023.39">10.1017/eaa.2023.39</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Early+Chariots+and+Religion+in+South-East+Europe+and+the+Aegean+During+the+Bronze+Age%3A+A+Reappraisal+of+the+Dupljaja+Chariot+in+Context&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Feaa.2023.39&rft.aulast=Molloy&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Feuropean-journal-of-archaeology%2Farticle%2Fearly-chariots-and-religion-in-southeast-europe-and-the-aegean-during-the-bronze-age-a-reappraisal-of-the-dupljaja-chariot-in-context%2FDC2A0FC7066548E7C0FED0C9024169B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age_Europe&action=edit&section=18" 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href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_Tumulus_culture" title="Armorican Tumulus culture">Armorican Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">Argaric culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Late Jomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penard_Period" title="Penard Period">Penard Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture">Samus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Western_Iberian_Bronze" title="South-Western Iberian Bronze">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton-Wallington_Phase" title="Wilburton-Wallington Phase">Wilburton-Wallington Phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(North Caucasus<br />and Transcaucasia)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↓ <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" 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title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western 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href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" 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