CINXE.COM
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" content="text/html;charset=utf-8;"> <title data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title">*ghos-ti- | Etymology of root *ghos-ti- by etymonline</title> <meta data-react-helmet="true" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="theme-color" content="#83001d"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#83001d"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/ms-icon-144x144.png"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" property="og:description" content=""stranger, guest, host," properly "someone with whom one has reciprocal duties of… See origin and meaning of *ghos-ti-."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image" content="https://www.etymonline.com/graphics/header.jpg"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <link data-react-helmet="true" rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://www.etymonline.com/opensearch.xml" title="Etymonline Search"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="chrome-webstore-item" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/giehjnnlopapngdjbjjgddpaagoimmgl"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-57x57.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-60x60.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-72x72.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-76x76.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-114x114.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-120x120.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-144x144.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-152x152.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-180x180.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/android-icon-192x192.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/favicon-96x96.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"/><link data-react-helmet="true" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/fontawesome/css/font-awesome.min.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/style.1ca52a5f895b4c08a29e26a206c2dacb.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghos-ti-"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="en" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghos-ti-"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="zh" href="https://www.etymonline.com/cn/word/*ghos-ti-"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="de" href="https://www.etymonline.com/de/word/*ghos-ti-"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="es" href="https://www.etymonline.com/es/word/*ghos-ti-"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="fr" href="https://www.etymonline.com/fr/word/*ghos-ti-"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="it" href="https://www.etymonline.com/it/word/*ghos-ti-"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="ja" href="https://www.etymonline.com/jp/word/*ghos-ti-"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="ko" href="https://www.etymonline.com/kr/word/*ghos-ti-"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="pt" href="https://www.etymonline.com/pt/word/*ghos-ti-"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="zh-TW" href="https://www.etymonline.com/tw/word/*ghos-ti-"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="x-default" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghos-ti-"/> <style data-react-helmet="true" type="text/css">@-webkit-keyframes slideDown{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}}@keyframes slideDown{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}}@-webkit-keyframes slideUp{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes slideUp{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}}</style> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script>window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []};</script> </head> <body> <div id="root"><div data-reactroot=""><div class="container--1mazc"><div class="header header--1Mejf header__vanila--2dqaM header--top header__sticky--1w7Bc"><div class="header__vanila__container--CElq1"><div class="ant-row"><div class="ant-col-sm-17"><div class="inner--7ZeMs" data-role="header-inner"><div class="header__logo--12Lje" data-role="header-logo"><a href="/" title="Etymology"><img class="header__logo__image--2avl2" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/web/logo.png" alt="Etymology"/></a></div><div class="header__searchbar--3yKr5" data-role="header-searchbar"><div class="searchform"><form class="searchbar--3dK8Z searchbar" action="/search"><div role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-owns="react-autowhatever-1" aria-expanded="false" class="searchbar__container--2VZd7"><input type="text" value="" autoComplete="off" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="react-autowhatever-1" class="searchbar__input--3L4IY" id="search-bar-text-input" placeholder="Search" name="q" required="" autoCapitalize="off" autoCorrect="off" title="Type a word to search."/><div id="react-autowhatever-1" role="listbox"></div></div><div class="search-clear"><i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i></div><input type="submit" title="Search" value="" class="searchbar__button--3luO1"/></form></div></div></div></div><div class="ant-col-sm-6 ant-col-sm-offset-1"><div class="userInfo--3pEnp"><a class="userInfo_login--1peTS" href="/web/login?redirect_uri=%2Fword%2F*ghos-ti-" rel="nofollow">Log in</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="main main--10rAd" data-role="content-main"><div class="ant-row-flex ant-row-flex-space-around"><div class="ant-col-xs-24 ant-col-sm-24 ant-col-md-24 ant-col-lg-17"><div data-ad-container="true" class="adContainer--6CVz1 vertical"><span class="adLabel--35hfi">Advertisement</span><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top" style="min-width:728px;min-height:90px"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa"><div><div class="" style="position:relative"><h1 title="Origin and meaning of *ghos-ti-" class="word__name--TTbAA">*ghos-ti-<!-- --> </h1><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH"><p>Proto-Indo-European root meaning "stranger, guest, host," properly "someone with whom one has reciprocal duties of hospitality," representing "a mutual exchange relationship highly important to ancient Indo-European society" [Watkins]. But as strangers are potential enemies as well as guests, the word has a forked path.</p> <blockquote> The word <strong>ghos-ti-</strong> was thus the central expression of the guest-host relationship, a mutual exchange relationship highly important to ancient Indo-European society. A guest-friendship was a bond of trust between two people that was accompanied by ritualized gift-giving and created an obligation of mutual hospitality and friendship that, once established, could continue in perpetuity and be renewed years later by the same parties or their descendants. [Calvert Watkins, "American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots"] </blockquote> <p>It forms all or part of: <a href="/word/Euxine" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of Euxine " class="crossreference notranslate">Euxine</a>; <a href="/word/guest" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of guest " class="crossreference notranslate">guest</a>; <a href="/word/hospice" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of hospice " class="crossreference notranslate">hospice</a>; <a href="/word/hospitable" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of hospitable " class="crossreference notranslate">hospitable</a>; <a href="/word/hospital" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of hospital " class="crossreference notranslate">hospital</a>; <a href="/word/hospitality" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of hospitality " class="crossreference notranslate">hospitality</a>; <a href="/word/hospodar" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of hospodar " class="crossreference notranslate">hospodar</a>; <a href="/word/host#etymonline_v_14483" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of host " class="crossreference notranslate">host</a> (n.1) "person who receives guests;" <a href="/word/host#etymonline_v_14484" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of host " class="crossreference notranslate">host</a> (n.2) "multitude;" <a href="/word/hostage" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of hostage " class="crossreference notranslate">hostage</a>; <a href="/word/hostel" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of hostel " class="crossreference notranslate">hostel</a>; <a href="/word/hostile" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of hostile " class="crossreference notranslate">hostile</a>; <a href="/word/hostility" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of hostility " class="crossreference notranslate">hostility</a>; <a href="/word/hostler" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of hostler " class="crossreference notranslate">hostler</a>; <a href="/word/hotel" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of hotel " class="crossreference notranslate">hotel</a>; <a href="/word/Xenia" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of Xenia " class="crossreference notranslate">Xenia</a>; <a href="/word/xeno-" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of xeno- " class="crossreference notranslate">xeno-</a>; <a href="/word/xenon" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of xenon " class="crossreference notranslate">xenon</a>.</p> <p>It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Greek <span class="foreign notranslate">xenos</span> "guest, host, stranger;" Latin <span class="foreign notranslate">hostis</span>, in earlier use "a stranger," in classical use "an enemy," <span class="foreign notranslate">hospes</span> "host;" Old Church Slavonic <span class="foreign notranslate">gosti</span> "guest, friend," <span class="foreign notranslate">gospodi</span> "lord, master;" Old English <span class="foreign notranslate">gæst</span>, "chance comer, a stranger."</p></section><span></span></div></div></div><div class="related--32LCi"><h3 class="h3_title" title="words related to *ghos-ti-">Entries linking to <i>*ghos-ti-</i></h3><div class="related__details--2kumU"><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8"><div><a class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of Euxine" href="/word/Euxine#etymonline_v_11694">Euxine<!-- --> <span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></a><div class="word__etymology_expand--1s7tE"><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined"><div></div><p>archaic name for the Black Sea, from Latin <span class="foreign notranslate">Pontus Euxinus</span>, from Greek <span class="foreign notranslate">Pontos Euxenios</span>, literally "the hospitable sea," a euphemism for <span class="foreign notranslate">Pontos Axeinos</span>, "the inhospitable sea." From <span class="foreign notranslate">eu-</span> "good, well" (see <a href="/word/eu-" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of eu- " class="crossreference notranslate">eu-</a>) + <span class="foreign notranslate">xenos</span> "host; guest; stranger" (from PIE root <a href="/word/*ghos-ti-" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *ghos-ti- " rel="nofollow" class="crossreference notranslate">*ghos-ti-</a> "stranger, guest, host").</p> <p>According to Room, The Old Persian name for the sea was <span class="foreign notranslate">akhshaena</span>, literally "dark," probably in reference to the sudden, dangerous storms that make the sea perilous to sailors and darken its face (or perhaps in reference to the color of the water, from the sea being deep and relatively lifeless), and the Greeks took this untranslated as <span class="foreign notranslate">Pontos Axeinos</span>, which was interpreted as the similar-sounding Greek word <span class="foreign notranslate">axenos</span> "inhospitable." Thus the modern English name could reflect the Old Persian one.</p></section></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8"><div><a class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of guest" href="/word/guest#etymonline_v_14348">guest<!-- --> <!-- -->(n.)<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></a><div class="word__etymology_expand--1s7tE"><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined"><div></div><p>Old English <span class="foreign notranslate">gæst</span>, <span class="foreign notranslate">giest</span> (Anglian <span class="foreign notranslate">gest</span>) "an accidental guest, a chance comer, a stranger," from Proto-Germanic <span class="foreign notranslate">*gastiz</span> (source also of Old Frisian <span class="foreign notranslate">jest</span>, Dutch <span class="foreign notranslate">gast</span>, German <span class="foreign notranslate">Gast</span>, Gothic <span class="foreign notranslate">gasts</span> "guest," originally "stranger"), from PIE root <a href="/word/*ghos-ti-" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *ghos-ti- " rel="nofollow" class="crossreference notranslate">*ghos-ti-</a> "stranger, guest, host" (source also of Latin <span class="foreign notranslate">hostis</span>, in earlier use "a stranger," in classical use "an enemy"); the root sense, according to Watkins, probably is "someone with whom one has reciprocal duties of hospitality."</p> <p>Spelling evolution influenced by Old Norse cognate <span class="foreign notranslate">gestr</span> (the usual sound changes from the Old English word would have yielded Modern English <span class="foreign notranslate">*yest</span>). Meaning "person entertained for pay" (at an inn, etc.) is from late 13c. Old English also had <span class="foreign notranslate">cuma</span> "stranger, guest," literally "a comer." Phrase <span class="foreign notranslate">be my guest</span> in the sense of "go right ahead" first recorded 1955.</p></section></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div><ul class="related__container--22iKI"><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of hospice" href="/word/hospice"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">hospice</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of hospitable" href="/word/hospitable"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">hospitable</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of hospital" href="/word/hospital"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">hospital</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of hospitality" href="/word/hospitality"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">hospitality</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of hospodar" href="/word/hospodar"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">hospodar</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of host" href="/word/host"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">host</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of hostage" href="/word/hostage"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">hostage</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of hostel" href="/word/hostel"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">hostel</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of hostile" href="/word/hostile"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">hostile</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of hostility" href="/word/hostility"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">hostility</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of hostler" href="/word/hostler"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">hostler</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of hotel" href="/word/hotel"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">hotel</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of Xenia" href="/word/Xenia"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">Xenia</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of xenon" href="/word/xenon"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">xenon</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of xeno-" href="/word/xeno-"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">xeno-</li></a><a class="related__more--1gm0U related__word--3Si0N" href="/word/*ghos-ti-/related"><li>See all related words (<!-- -->17<!-- -->) <!-- -->></li></a></ul></div><div class="related--32LCi"><h3 class="h3_title" title="More to Explore">More to Explore</h3><div class="related__details--2kumU"><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="linked" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of hospice" href="/word/hospice"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">hospice<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">1818, "rest house for travelers," especially the houses of refuge and shelter kept by monks in the passes of the Alps, from French hospice "hospital, almshouse" (Old French ospice "hospice, shelter," also "hospitality," 13c.), from Latin hospitium "hospitable reception, entertain</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="linked" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of hospitable" href="/word/hospitable"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">hospitable<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">"kind and cordial to strangers or guests," 1560s, from French hospitable, which is formed as if from a Medieval Latin hospitabilis, from the stem of Latin hospitari "be a guest," from hospes (genitive hospitis) "guest" (see host (n.1)). The Latin adjective was hospitalis, but thi</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="linked" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of hospital" href="/word/hospital"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">hospital<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">mid-13c., "shelter for the needy," from Old French hospital, ospital "hostel, shelter, lodging" (Modern French hôpital), from Late Latin hospitale "guest-house, inn," noun use of neuter of Latin adjective hospitalis "of a guest or host" (as a noun, "a guest; the duties of hospita</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of tidings" href="/word/tidings"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">tidings<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">"occurring," both from Proto-Germanic tīdōjanan, from PIE *di-ti- "division, division of time," suffixed form of root *da...</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of tertium quid" href="/word/tertium%20quid"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">tertium quid<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">A loan-translation of Greek triton ti (Plato), used in alchemy for "unidentified element present in a combination of two...</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of dowager" href="/word/dowager"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">dowager<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">douage "dower," from douer "endow," from Latin dotare, from dos (genitive dotis) "marriage portion, dowry" (from PIE *do-ti...</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of earnest" href="/word/earnest"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">earnest<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">English noun eornost "seriousness, serious intent" (surviving only in the phrase in earnest), from Proto-Germanic *er-n-os-ti...</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="complete" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of eve" href="/word/eve"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">eve<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">c. 1200, eve "evening," especially the time between sunset and darkness, from Old English æfen, with loss of terminal -n (which, though forming part of the stem, perhaps was mistaken for an inflection), from Proto-Germanic *æbando- (source also of Old Saxon aband, Old Frisian ewn</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="complete" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of wonder" href="/word/wonder"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">wonder<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">Old English wundor "marvelous thing, miracle, object of astonishment," from Proto-Germanic *wundran (source also of Old Saxon wundar, Middle Dutch, Dutch wonder, Old High German wuntar, German wunder, Old Norse undr), of unknown origin. In Middle English it also came to mean the </section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="complete" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of brain" href="/word/brain"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">brain<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">"soft, grayish mass filling the cranial cavity of a vertebrate," in the broadest sense, "organ of consciousness and the mind," Old English brægen "brain," from Proto-Germanic *bragnan (source also of Middle Low German bregen, Old Frisian and Dutch brein), a word of uncertain orig</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div></div><div class="share-tool socialShare--223YS"><h3 title="Share *ghos-ti- to social networks" class="socialShare__title--34iP2">Share <i>*ghos-ti-</i></h3><div class="cite--1qJ-_ share-cite">‘<!-- -->cite<!-- -->’</div><a title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2F*ghos-ti-" data-social-target="Facebook" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__facebook--2fm3U fa-facebook"></a><a title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2F*ghos-ti-&text=*ghos-ti-%20%7C%20Etymology%20of%20root%20*ghos-ti-%20by%20etymonline" data-social-target="Twitter" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__twitter--1iFxf fa-twitter"></a><a title="Share on Reddit" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2F*ghos-ti-&title=*ghos-ti-%20%7C%20Etymology%20of%20root%20*ghos-ti-%20by%20etymonline" data-social-target="Reddit" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__reddit--30bBu fa-reddit"></a><a title="Share on Email" href="mailto:?subject=*ghos-ti-%20%7C%20Etymology%20of%20root%20*ghos-ti-%20by%20etymonline&body=%22stranger%2C%20guest%2C%20host%2C%22%20properly%20%22someone%20with%20whom%20one%20has%20reciprocal%20duties%20of%E2%80%A6%20See%20origin%20and%20meaning%20of%20*ghos-ti-.%0Afrom%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2F*ghos-ti-%20Find%20out%20more%20at%20etymonline.com" data-social-target="Email" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__email--3hVBm fa-email"></a><div class="cite__content--3ghsO cite-content"><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">Page URL:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghos-ti-</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">HTML Link:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly=""><a href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghos-ti-">Etymology of *ghos-ti- by etymonline</a></textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">APA style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">Harper, D. (n.d.). Etymology of *ghos-ti-. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved $(datetime), from https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghos-ti-</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">Chicago style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">Harper Douglas, “Etymology of *ghos-ti-,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed $(datetime), https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghos-ti-.</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">MLA style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">Harper, Douglas. “Etymology of *ghos-ti-.” Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghos-ti-. Accessed $(datetimeMla).</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">IEEE style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">D. Harper. “Etymology of *ghos-ti-.” Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghos-ti- (accessed $(datetime)).</textarea></div></div><p class="wordDetail__date--3r7r8">updated on September 25, 2018</p><div data-ad-container="true" class="adContainer--6CVz1 vertical" style="margin-top:1em"><span class="adLabel--35hfi">Advertisement</span><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7093273770345366" style="display:block;width:100%" data-ad-slot="7656336158" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins></div></div><div class="ant-col-xs-24 ant-col-sm-24 ant-col-md-24 ant-col-lg-6"><div data-ad-container="true" class="adContainer--6CVz1 removeAdsContainer--3mV2b horizontal"><a href="/premium?utm_source=remove_ads"><div class="removeAdsBtn--2W3KN">Remove ads ></div></a><span class="adLabel--35hfi">Advertisement</span><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right" style="min-width:300px;min-height:250px"></div></div><div class="trending__normal--2eWJF"><h3 class="h3_title">Trending words</h3><ul><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of boycott" href="/word/boycott">1<!-- -->. <!-- -->boycott</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of pike" href="/word/pike">2<!-- -->. <!-- -->pike</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of ammunition" href="/word/ammunition">3<!-- -->. <!-- -->ammunition</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of moon" href="/word/moon">4<!-- -->. <!-- -->moon</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of language" href="/word/language">5<!-- -->. <!-- -->language</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of march" href="/word/march">6<!-- -->. <!-- -->march</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of tube" href="/word/tube">7<!-- -->. <!-- -->tube</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of frank" href="/word/frank">8<!-- -->. <!-- -->frank</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of berate" href="/word/berate">9<!-- -->. <!-- -->berate</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of catholic" href="/word/catholic">10<!-- -->. <!-- -->catholic</a></li></ul></div><div class="alphabetical--2oTZG"><h3 title="words in alphabetical order" class="h3_title">Dictionary entries near <i>*ghos-ti-</i></h3><a title="Origin and meaning of ghetto" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/ghetto"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">ghetto</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of *gheu-" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/*gheu-"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">*gheu-</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of Ghibelline" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/Ghibelline"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">Ghibelline</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of *ghieh-" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/*ghieh-"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">*ghieh-</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of ghost" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/ghost"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">ghost</p></a><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2 alphabetical__active--FCYcm">*ghos-ti-</p><a title="Origin and meaning of ghostly" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/ghostly"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">ghostly</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of ghoul" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/ghoul"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">ghoul</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of ghoulish" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/ghoulish"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">ghoulish</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of *ghredh-" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/*ghredh-"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">*ghredh-</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of *ghrei-" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/*ghrei-"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">*ghrei-</p></a></div></div></div></div><div class="alphabet--3sMXd"><ul class="alphabet__inner--2NEtM"><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter A"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=a">A</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter B"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=b">B</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter C"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=c">C</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter D"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=d">D</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter E"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=e">E</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter F"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=f">F</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter G"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=g">G</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter H"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=h">H</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter I"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=i">I</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter J"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=j">J</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter K"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=k">K</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter L"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=l">L</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter M"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=m">M</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter N"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=n">N</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter O"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=o">O</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter P"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=p">P</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter Q"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=q">Q</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter R"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=r">R</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter S"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=s">S</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter T"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=t">T</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter U"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=u">U</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter V"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=v">V</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter W"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=w">W</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter X"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=x">X</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter Y"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=y">Y</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter Z"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=z">Z</a></li></ul></div><div class="footer--zLQrv"><div class="footer__info--3VNMU"><div class="footer__info_inner--1aVeV"><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">LINKS</p><a rel="" href="https://forum.etymonline.com" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Forum</a><a rel="nofollow" href="/columns/post/sources" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Full List of Sources</a><a rel="nofollow" href="/columns/post/links" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Links</a></div><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">PRODUCTS</p><a rel="nofollow" href="https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id813629612?pt=33423801&ct=etymonline_footer&mt=8" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">iOS App</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.etymonline.app&referrer=utm_source%3Detymonline_webfooter" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Android App</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/etymonline/giehjnnlopapngdjbjjgddpaagoimmgl?utm_source=link_footer" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Chrome Extension</a></div><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">ABOUT</p><a rel="nofollow" href="/columns/post/bio" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Who Did This</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.etymonline.com/columns/post/abbr" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Introduction and Explanation</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.facebook.com/etymonline?utm_source=etymonline_footer&utm_medium=link_exchange" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Follow on Facebook</a></div><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">SUPPORT</p><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=byronic106@yahoo.com&lc=US&item_name=Donation+to +Help+Keep+Etymonline+Free+and+Open&no_note=0&cn=&curency_code=USD&bn=PP-DonationsBF:btn_donateCC_LG.gif:NonHosted" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Donate with PayPal</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.redbubble.com/people/godgifu/shop?artistUserName=godgifu&collections=1692216&utm_source=etymonline_footer" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Ye Olde Swag Shoppe</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.patreon.com/etymonline?utm_source=etymonline.com&utm_campaign=footer_link&utm_medium=website" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Support on Patreon</a></div></div></div><div class="footer__link--1RSEJ footer__link_padding--1oYre"><div class="footer__link_inner--KP2Wz"><div><a href="mailto:etymonline@protonmail.com" title="Douglas Harper" rel="nofollow">© 2001-2025<!-- --> <!-- -->Douglas Harper</a><span style="color:#888"> | </span><a href="https://www.etymonline.com/legal/terms" title="Terms of Service" rel="nofollow">Terms of Service</a><span style="color:#888"> | </span><a href="https://www.etymonline.com/legal/privacy" title="Privacy Policy" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a></div><div style="position:relative"><span id="language-change" class="footer__language_label--1E9_x">English (English)<!-- --> <svg width="10" height="12" viewBox="0 0 10 12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M5 0L0 5H10L5 0ZM0 7L5 12L10 7H0Z" fill="#858585"></path></svg></span><ul id="language-selector" class="footer__language--H9nbK"><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO" style="display:none"><a href="/word/*ghos-ti-">English (English)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/cn/word/*ghos-ti-">简体中文 (Chinese)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/de/word/*ghos-ti-">Deutsch (German)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/es/word/*ghos-ti-">Español (Spanish)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/fr/word/*ghos-ti-">Français (French)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/it/word/*ghos-ti-">Italiano (Italian)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/jp/word/*ghos-ti-">日本語 (Japanese)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/kr/word/*ghos-ti-">한국어 (Korean)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/pt/word/*ghos-ti-">Português (Portuguese)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/tw/word/*ghos-ti-">繁體中文 (Chinese)</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="backtop"><div class="backtop-content"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></div></div></div></div></div> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-YGHSRMYRTV"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-YGHSRMYRTV', { 'custom_map': {'dimension1': 'UserRole'} }); gtag('event', 'user_role_set', {'UserRole': 'guest'}); </script> <script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/remove-ads-iconfont.js?t=10"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/plugins.2ad87a733ad1b7fbd7d2.js" async="true"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="text/javascript"> 'use strict';var extensionBait=document.querySelector('.extensionHint'),isChrome=navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Chrome')>-1,bannerExtension=document.querySelector('.bait'),hintClose=document.querySelector('.hint-closer');!extensionBait||!isChrome||bannerExtension||window.localStorage.getItem('etymonline-extension-installed')||window.localStorage.getItem('extension_banner_clicked')||setTimeout(function(){extensionBait.style.marginTop=0},1e3),hintClose&&hintClose.addEventListener('click',function(){extensionBait.style.marginTop='-64px',window.localStorage.setItem('extension_banner_clicked',!0)}),extensionBait&&extensionBait.addEventListener('click',function(){}); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="application/ld+json"> [{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "WebSite", "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com#website", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com", "name": "Etymonline", "alternateName": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "potentialAction": { "@type": "SearchAction", "target": "https://www.etymonline.com/search?q={search_term_string}&utm_campaign=sd&utm_medium=serp&utm_source=ds_search", "query-input": "required name=search_term_string" } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "WebPage", "name": "*ghos-ti- | Etymology of root *ghos-ti- by etymonline", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghos-ti-", "description": "stranger, guest, host, properly someone with whom one has reciprocal duties of… See origin and meaning of *ghos-ti-.", "inLanguage": "en", "isPartOf": { "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com#website" } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": ["DefinedTermSet", "Book"], "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com", "name": "Dictionary and etymology by etymonline", "description": "An online etymology dictionary providing the origin and history of English words" }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghos-ti-", "name": "*ghos-ti-", "inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.etymonline.com" }] </script><script data-react-helmet="true" >"serviceWorker"in navigator&&navigator.serviceWorker.getRegistrations().then(function(e){for(let r of e)r.unregister()});</script><script data-react-helmet="true" >googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/21669543020/pc_wd_right', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right').setTargeting("refresh", 'true').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/21669543020/pc_wd_top', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top').setTargeting("refresh", 'true').addService(googletag.pubads()); var SECONDS_TO_WAIT_AFTER_VIEWABILITY = 105; // Object to keep track of the number of refreshes per slot var slotRefreshes = {}; googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function(event) { var slot = event.slot; // Initialize the count for this slot if it's the first time if (!slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()]) { slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()] = 0; } if (slot.getTargeting("refresh").indexOf("true") > -1) { const refreshTime = Math.floor(Math.random() * 15) + SECONDS_TO_WAIT_AFTER_VIEWABILITY; // Only refresh the slot if it has been refreshed less than 3 times if (slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()] < 3) { setTimeout(function() { console.log("reload", slot.getSlotElementId()); apstag.fetchBids({ slots: [{ slotID: slot.getSlotElementId(), slotName: slot.getAdUnitPath(), sizes: slot.getSizes().map(function(size) { return [size.getWidth(), size.getHeight()]; }) }], timeout: 2e3 }, function(bids) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { apstag.setDisplayBids(); googletag.pubads().refresh([slot]); }); }); // Increment the refresh count for this slot slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()]++; }, refreshTime * 1000); } } }); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" >!function(a9,a,p,s,t,A,g){if(a[a9])return;function q(c,r){a[a9]._Q.push([c,r])}a[a9]={init:function(){q("i",arguments)},fetchBids:function(){q("f",arguments)},setDisplayBids:function(){},targetingKeys:function(){return[]},_Q:[]};A=p.createElement(s);A.async=!0;A.src=t;g=p.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];g.parentNode.insertBefore(A,g)}("apstag",window,document,"script","//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js"); apstag.init({ pubID: '7013ff7d-a08e-4dca-9729-1643e28c88b5', adServer: 'googletag' }); // Fetch bids from APS apstag.fetchBids({ slots: [{ slotID: 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right', slotName: '/21669543020/pc_wd_right', sizes: [[300, 250]] }, { slotID: 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top', slotName: '/21669543020/pc_wd_top', sizes: [[728, 90]] }], timeout: 2e3 }, function(bids) { // Set apstag targeting on googletag, then display the slots googletag.cmd.push(function(){ apstag.setDisplayBids(); googletag.pubads().refresh(); }); googletag.cmd.push(function(){ googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right'); googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top'); }); }); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="text/javascript"> $('section').click(function(e) { if(e.target.className === 'crossreference' && e.target.nodeName === 'SPAN') { location.href = window.location.origin + '/word/' + e.target.innerText } }) $('a[data-more]').hover( function() { $(this).find('.fa-chevron-right').animate({ opacity: 1 }, 100); }, function() { $(this).find('.fa-chevron-right').animate({ opacity: 0 }, 100); }) $('.word-relation-see-more').click(function(e) { $(this).css('display', 'none'); $(this).prev().css({'max-height': '100%'}); }) </script><script data-react-helmet="true" > $('.share-cite').click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass('cite-checked'); const checked = $(this).hasClass('cite-checked'); if (checked) { $('.cite-content').slideDown() } else { $('.cite-content').slideUp() } }) function selectText(element) { if (document.selection) { var range = document.body.createTextRange(); range.moveToElementText(element); range.select(); } else if (window.getSelection) { var range = document.createRange(); range.selectNodeContents(element); window.getSelection().removeAllRanges(); window.getSelection().addRange(range); } } $('.cite-textarea').click(function () { selectText($(this)[0]) }); $(document).ready(function () { const monthNames = ["January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"]; const d = new Date(), month = monthNames[d.getMonth()], day = '' + d.getDate(), year = d.getFullYear(); $(".cite-textarea").each(function (i, e) { const newText = $(this).text() .replace('$(datetime)', month + " " + day + "," + " " + year) .replace('$(datetimeMla)', day + " " + month + "," + " " + year) $(this).text(newText) }); setTimeout(() => {const hash='#'+(window.location.hash.substring(1)||'_');const offset = $(hash).offset();if (offset) $([document.documentElement, document.body]).animate({scrollTop: offset.top}, 300);}, 500); }); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="text/javascript">'use strict';function addADJS(){var b=document.createElement('script');b.src='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-7093273770345366',b.async=!0,document.body.appendChild(b)}var script=document.createElement('script');document.querySelectorAll('.adsbygoogle').forEach(function(){script.text+='(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});'});addADJS();document.body.appendChild(script);</script><script data-react-helmet="true" > $(window).on('scroll', function() { if($(this).scrollTop() > 300) { $('.backtop').show('fast') } else { $('.backtop').hide('fast') } }) $('.backtop').click(function() { $('body,html').animate({ scrollTop: 0 }, 500) }) </script> </body> </html>