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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Past habitability potential</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Past_habitability_potential-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Past habitability potential subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Past_habitability_potential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suggested_panspermia_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggested_panspermia_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Suggested panspermia events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggested_panspermia_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cataclysmic_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cataclysmic_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cataclysmic events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cataclysmic_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_habitability_of_its_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_habitability_of_its_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Present habitability of its atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present_habitability_of_its_atmosphere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Present habitability of its atmosphere subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Present_habitability_of_its_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Atmospheric conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_biomarkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_biomarkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Potential biomarkers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_biomarkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unknown_absorbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unknown_absorbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Unknown absorbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unknown_absorbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Phosphine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ALMA_Detection_of_phosphine_in_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALMA_Detection_of_phosphine_in_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>ALMA Detection of phosphine in 2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALMA_Detection_of_phosphine_in_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_measurements_of_phosphine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_measurements_of_phosphine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.2</span> <span>Other measurements of phosphine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_measurements_of_phosphine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_measurements_of_phosphine_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_measurements_of_phosphine_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.3</span> <span>Planned measurements of phosphine levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_measurements_of_phosphine_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion_between_phosphine_and_sulfur_dioxide_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion_between_phosphine_and_sulfur_dioxide_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.4</span> <span>Confusion between phosphine and sulfur dioxide lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion_between_phosphine_and_sulfur_dioxide_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculative_biochemistry_of_Venusian_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculative_biochemistry_of_Venusian_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Speculative biochemistry of Venusian life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculative_biochemistry_of_Venusian_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculative_life_cycles_of_Venusian_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculative_life_cycles_of_Venusian_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Speculative life cycles of Venusian life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculative_life_cycles_of_Venusian_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Life on Venus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="الحياة على الزهرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحياة على الزهرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_a_Venus" title="Vida a Venus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vida a Venus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leben_auf_der_Venus" title="Leben auf der Venus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leben auf der Venus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Ζωή στην Αφροδίτη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωή στην Αφροδίτη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_en_Venus" title="Vida en Venus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vida en Venus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizia_Artizarrean" title="Bizia Artizarrean – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizia Artizarrean" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زندگی در زهره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زندگی در زهره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie_sur_V%C3%A9nus" title="Vie sur Vénus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vie sur Vénus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehidupan_di_Venus" title="Kehidupan di Venus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kehidupan di Venus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_su_Venere" title="Vita su Venere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vita su Venere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89let_a_V%C3%A9nuszon" title="Élet a Vénuszon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élet a Vénuszon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidupan_di_Zuhrah" title="Hidupan di Zuhrah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidupan di Zuhrah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leven_op_Venus" title="Leven op Venus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leven op Venus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBycie_na_Wenus" title="Życie na Wenus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Życie na Wenus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_em_V%C3%A9nus" title="Vida em Vénus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vida em Vénus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Жизнь на Венере – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жизнь на Венере" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhay_sa_Venus" title="Buhay sa Venus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buhay sa Venus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สิ่งมีชีวิตบนดาวศุกร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งมีชีวิตบนดาวศุกร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Життя на Венері – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Життя на Венері" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_s%E1%BB%91ng_tr%C3%AAn_Sao_Kim" title="Sự sống trên Sao Kim – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự sống trên Sao Kim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venuspioneeruv.jpg/375px-Venuspioneeruv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venuspioneeruv.jpg/500px-Venuspioneeruv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2158" /></a><figcaption>The atmosphere of Venus as viewed in ultraviolet by the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a> in 1979. 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-Sol170%2B%2B-2.jpg/200px-MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-Sol170%2B%2B-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-Sol170%2B%2B-2.jpg/300px-MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-Sol170%2B%2B-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-Sol170%2B%2B-2.jpg/400px-MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-Sol170%2B%2B-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3819" data-file-height="4223" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is one of a series on:</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Life in the universe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_extraterrestrial_life" title="Outline of extraterrestrial life">Outline</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability_in_the_Solar_System" title="Planetary habitability in the Solar System">Planetary habitability in the Solar System</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Habitability" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Potential_habitability" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Titan" title="Life on Titan">Titan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"> Life outside the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">Potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"> Habitability of...</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_in_the_Universe" title="Template talk:Life in the Universe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_in_the_Universe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life in the Universe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The possibility of <b>life on Venus</b> is a subject of interest in <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>' proximity and similarities to <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. To date, no definitive evidence has been found of past or present <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> there. In the early 1960s, studies conducted via <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> demonstrated that the current Venusian environment is extreme compared to Earth's. Studies continue to question whether life could have existed on the planet's surface before a <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a> took hold, and whether a <a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relict</a> biosphere could persist high in the modern <a href="/wiki/Venusian_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Venusian atmosphere">Venusian atmosphere</a>. </p><p>With extreme surface temperatures reaching nearly 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F) and an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> 92 times that of Earth, the conditions on Venus make water-based life as we know it unlikely on the surface of the planet. However, a few scientists have speculated that <a href="/wiki/Thermoacidophile" title="Thermoacidophile">thermoacidophilic</a> <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophile</a> microorganisms might exist in the temperate, acidic upper layers of the Venusian atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dartnell2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dartnell2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2020, research was published that reported the presence of <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a> in the planet's atmosphere, a potential <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeoDrake_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeoDrake-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NA-20200914_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-20200914-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20200914_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200914-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, doubts have been cast on these observations.<sup id="cite_ref-Plait1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plait1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 8 February 2021, an updated status of studies considering the possible detection of <a href="/wiki/Lifeform" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeform">lifeforms</a> on Venus (via phosphine) and Mars (via <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>) was reported, though whether these gases are present is still unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20210208_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20210208-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 June 2021, NASA announced two new related missions to Venus: <i><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-0210602_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-0210602-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface_conditions">Surface conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Surface conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Observations and explorations of Venus</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg/200px-Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg/300px-Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg/400px-Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><div align="center">Venus</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Because Venus is completely covered in clouds, human knowledge of surface conditions was largely speculative until the space probe era. Until the mid-20th century, the surface environment of Venus was believed to be similar to Earth, hence it was widely believed that Venus could harbor life. In 1870, the British astronomer <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Proctor" title="Richard A. Proctor">Richard A. Proctor</a> said the existence of life on Venus was impossible near its equator,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but possible near its poles. </p><p>Microwave observations published by C. Mayer et al.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1958 indicated a high-temperature source (600 K). Strangely, millimetre-band observations made by A. D. Kuzmin indicated much lower temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two competing theories explained the unusual radio spectrum, one suggesting the high temperatures originated in the ionosphere, and another suggesting a hot planetary surface. </p><p>In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a>, the first successful <a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">mission to Venus</a>, measured the planet's temperature for the first time, and found it to be "about 500 degrees Celsius (900 degrees Fahrenheit)."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, increasingly clear evidence from various space probes showed Venus has an extreme climate, with a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> generating a constant temperature of about 500 °C (932 °F) on the surface. The atmosphere contains <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> clouds. In 1968, NASA reported that air pressure on the Venusian surface was 75 to 100 times that of Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was later revised to 92 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> almost 100 times that of Earth and similar to that of more than 1,000 m (3,300 ft) deep in Earth's oceans. In such an environment, and given the hostile characteristics of the Venusian weather, life as we know it is highly unlikely to occur. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foto_de_Venera_9.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Venera 9 returned the first image from the surface of another planet in 1975."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/800px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/1200px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Foto_de_Venera_9.png" title="File:Foto de Venera 9.png"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> returned the first image from the surface of another planet in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Past_habitability_potential">Past habitability potential</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Past habitability potential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientists have speculated that if liquid water existed on its surface before the runaway greenhouse effect heated the planet, microbial life may have formed on Venus, but it may no longer exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assuming <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">the process that delivered water to Earth</a> was common to all the planets near the habitable zone, it has been estimated that liquid water could have existed on its surface for up to 600 million years during and shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a>, which could be enough time for simple life to form, but this figure can vary from as little as a few million years to as much as a few billion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in September 2019 concluded that Venus may have had surface water and a habitable condition for around 3 billion years and may have been in this condition until 700 to 750 million years ago. If correct, this would have been an ample amount of time for the formation of life,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for microbial life to evolve to become aerial.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, there have been more studies and climate models, with different conclusions. </p><p>There has been very little analysis of Venusian surface material, so it is possible that evidence of past life, if it ever existed, could be found with a probe capable of enduring Venus's current extreme surface conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shiga_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiga-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the resurfacing of the planet in the past 500 million years<sup id="cite_ref-Strom1994_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strom1994-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> means that it is unlikely that ancient surface rocks remain, especially those containing the mineral <a href="/wiki/Tremolite" title="Tremolite">tremolite</a> which, theoretically, could have encased some <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shiga_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiga-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies reported on 26 October 2023 suggest Venus, for the first time, may have had <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> during ancient times, and, as a result, may have had a more <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable environment</a>, and possibly one capable of <a href="/wiki/Life_forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Life forms">life forms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20231026_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231026-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NA-20231026_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-20231026-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suggested_panspermia_events">Suggested panspermia events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Suggested panspermia events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been speculated that life on Venus may have come to Earth through <a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">lithopanspermia</a>, via the ejection of icy bolides that facilitated the preservation of <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular life</a> on long interplanetary voyages. "Current models indicate that Venus may have been habitable. Complex life may have evolved on the highly irradiated Venus, and transferred to Earth on asteroids. This model fits the pattern of pulses of highly developed life appearing, diversifying and going extinct with astonishing rapidity through the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> periods, and also explains the extraordinary genetic variety which appeared over this period."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory, however, is a fringe one, and is seen as being unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cataclysmic_events">Cataclysmic events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cataclysmic events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 700 and 750 million years ago, a near-global resurfacing event triggered the release of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> from rock on the planet, which transformed its climate.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, according to a study from researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">University of California, Riverside</a>, Venus would be able to support life if <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> had not altered its orbit around the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_habitability_of_its_atmosphere">Present habitability of its atmosphere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Present habitability of its atmosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheric_conditions">Atmospheric conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Atmospheric conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is little possibility of existing life near the surface of Venus, the altitudes about 50 km (31 mi) above the surface have a mild temperature, and hence there are still some opinions in favor of such a possibility in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere of Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Landis2003b_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landis2003b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was first brought forward by German physicist <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Haber" title="Heinz Haber">Heinz Haber</a> in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1967, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> and Harold Morowitz published an analysis of the issue of life on Venus in the journal <i>Nature</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the analysis of mission data from the <i><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i> missions, it was discovered that <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">carbonyl sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> were present together in the upper atmosphere. <i>Venera</i> also detected large amounts of toxic <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> just below the Venusian cloud cover.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbonyl sulfide is difficult to produce inorganically,<sup id="cite_ref-Landis2003b_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landis2003b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it can be produced by <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">volcanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seinfeld_2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seinfeld_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulfuric acid is produced in the upper atmosphere by the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">photochemical</a> action on <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, and water vapor.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The re-analysis of <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a> data in 2020 has found part of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> and all of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> spectral features are instead <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a>-related, meaning lower than thought concentration of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> and non-detection of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mogul2020_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mogul2020-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solar radiation constrains the atmospheric habitable zone to between 51 km (65 °C) and 62 km (−20 °C) altitude, within the acidic clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-Dartnell2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dartnell2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been speculated that clouds in the atmosphere of Venus could contain chemicals that can initiate forms of biological activity and have zones where photophysical and chemical conditions allow for Earth-like <a href="/wiki/Phototrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototrophy">phototrophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_biomarkers">Potential biomarkers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Potential biomarkers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unknown_absorbers">Unknown absorbers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unknown absorbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been speculated that any hypothetical microorganisms inhabiting the atmosphere, if present, could employ <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet light</a> (UV) emitted by the Sun as an energy source, which could be an explanation for the dark lines (called "unknown UV absorber") observed in the UV photographs of Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulze_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulze-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of this "unknown UV absorber" prompted Carl Sagan to publish an article in 1963 proposing the hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> in the upper atmosphere as the agent absorbing the UV light.<sup id="cite_ref-Naone2019_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naone2019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2019, astronomers reported a newly discovered long-term pattern of UV light absorbance and <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> changes in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere of Venus</a> and its weather, that is caused by "unknown absorbers" that may include unknown chemicals or even large colonies of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> high up in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-ES-20190903_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES-20190903-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TAJ-20190826_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAJ-20190826-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, astronomers reported evidence that suggests Venus is currently (within 2.5 million years from present) volcanically active, and the residue from such activity may be a potential source of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> for possible <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venusian atmosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20200109_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200109-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20200103_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20200103-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AB-20180912_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-20180912-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, it was suggested the color of "unknown UV absorber" match that of "red oil", a known substance comprising a mix of organic carbon compounds dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan2021_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan2021-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phosphine">Phosphine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phosphine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="ALMA_Detection_of_phosphine_in_2020">ALMA Detection of phosphine in 2020</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ALMA Detection of phosphine in 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research published in September 2020 indicated the detection of <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a> (PH<sub>3</sub>) in Venus's atmosphere by <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">Atacama Large Millimeter Array</a> (ALMA) telescope that was not linked to any known <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic method</a> of production present or possible under Venusian conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeoDrake_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeoDrake-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NA-20200914_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-20200914-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20200914_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200914-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the claimed detection of phosphine was disputed by several subsequent studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Snellen2020_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snellen2020-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2020_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2020-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Villanueva2021_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villanueva2021-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cordiner2022_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordiner2022-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A molecule like phosphine is not expected to persist in the Venusian atmosphere since, under the ultraviolet radiation, it will eventually react with water and carbon dioxide. PH<sub>3</sub> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> ecosystems on Earth, and may indicate life on anoxic planets.<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20200926_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20200926-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related studies suggested that the initially claimed concentration of phosphine (20 ppb) in the clouds of Venus indicated a "plausible amount of life," and further, that the typical predicted biomass densities were "several orders of magnitude lower than the average biomass density of Earth’s aerial biosphere.”<sup id="cite_ref-UT-20200920_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UT-20200920-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARX-20200917_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARX-20200917-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, no known abiotic process generates phosphine gas on terrestrial planets (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a><sup id="cite_ref-Icarus-2009_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus-2009-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in appreciable quantities. The phosphine can be generated by geological process of weathering olivine lavas containing inorganic phosphides, but this process requires an ongoing and massive <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, detectable amounts of phosphine could indicate life.<sup id="cite_ref-2020AsBio..20..235S_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020AsBio..20..235S-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciNews-20191226_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciNews-20191226-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2021, a volcanic origin was proposed for phosphine, by extrusion from the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a statement published on October 5, 2020, on the website of the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>'s commission F3 on astrobiology, the authors of the September 2020 paper about phosphine were accused of unethical behaviour and criticized for being unscientific and misleading the public.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of that commission have since distanced themselves from the IAU statement, claiming that it had been published without their knowledge or approval.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement was removed from the IAU website shortly thereafter. The IAU's media contact Lars Lindberg Christensen stated that IAU did not agree with the content of the letter, and that it had been published by a group within the F3 commission, not IAU itself.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late October 2020, the review of data processing of the data collected by both ALMA used in original publication of September 2020, and later <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell_Telescope" title="James Clerk Maxwell Telescope">James Clerk Maxwell Telescope</a> (JCMT) data, has revealed background calibration errors resulting in multiple spurious lines, including the spectral feature of phosphine. Re-analysis of data with a proper subtraction of background either does not result in the detection of the phosphine<sup id="cite_ref-Snellen2020_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snellen2020-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2020_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2020-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Villanueva2021_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villanueva2021-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or detects it with concentration of 1ppb, 20 times below original estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-Greaves2021_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greaves2021-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_PH3_spectrum,_from_the_circled_region_superimposed_on_the_continuum_image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Example_PH3_spectrum%2C_from_the_circled_region_superimposed_on_the_continuum_image.png/400px-Example_PH3_spectrum%2C_from_the_circled_region_superimposed_on_the_continuum_image.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Example_PH3_spectrum%2C_from_the_circled_region_superimposed_on_the_continuum_image.png/600px-Example_PH3_spectrum%2C_from_the_circled_region_superimposed_on_the_continuum_image.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Example_PH3_spectrum%2C_from_the_circled_region_superimposed_on_the_continuum_image.png/800px-Example_PH3_spectrum%2C_from_the_circled_region_superimposed_on_the_continuum_image.png 2x" data-file-width="3419" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Example PH<sub>3</sub> spectrum, from the circled region superimposed on the continuum image based on a re-analysis of the re-processed data.<sup id="cite_ref-Greaves2021_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greaves2021-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 November 2020, ALMA staff released a corrected version of the data used by the scientists of the original study published on 14 September. On the same day, authors of this study published a re-analysis as a <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> using the new data that concludes the planet-averaged PH<sub>3</sub> abundance to be ~7 times lower than what they detected with data of the previous ALMA processing, to likely vary by location and to be reconcilable with the JCMT detection of ~20 times this abundance if it varies substantially in time. They also respond to points raised in a critical study by Villanueva et al. that challenged their conclusions and find that so far the presence of no other compound can explain the data.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciencemag-venus_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemag-venus-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greaves2021_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greaves2021-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors reported that more advanced processing of the JCMT data was ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-Greaves2021_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greaves2021-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_measurements_of_phosphine">Other measurements of phosphine</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other measurements of phosphine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Re-analysis of the <i>in situ</i> data gathered by <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a> in 1978 has also revealed the presence of phosphine and its dissociation products in the atmosphere of Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-Mogul2020_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mogul2020-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, a further analysis detected trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, hydrogen sulfide, <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mogul2021_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mogul2021-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phosphine signal was also detected in data collected using the <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell_Telescope" title="James Clerk Maxwell Telescope">JCMT</a>, though much weaker than that found using <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plait1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plait1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020, a reanalysis of archived infrared spectrum measurement in 2015 did not reveal any phosphine in the Venusian atmosphere, placing an upper limit of phosphine volume concentration 5 parts per billion (a quarter of value measured in radio band in 2020).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the wavelength used in these observations (10 microns) would only have detected phosphine at the very top of the clouds of the atmosphere of Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-Plait1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plait1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, observations of Venus using the <a href="/wiki/Stratospheric_Observatory_for_Infrared_Astronomy" title="Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy">SOFIA</a> airborne infrared telescope failed to detect phosphine, with an upper limit on the concentration of 0.8 ppb announced for Venusian altitudes 75–110 km.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordiner2022_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordiner2022-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent reanalysis of the SOFIA data using nonstandard calibration techniques resulted in a phosphine detection at the concentration level ~ 1 ppb,<sup id="cite_ref-greaves2022_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greaves2022-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this work is yet to be peer-reviewed and therefore remains questionable. If present, phosphine appears to be more abundant in pre-morning parts of the Venusian atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-greaves2022_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greaves2022-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Planned_measurements_of_phosphine_levels">Planned measurements of phosphine levels</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Planned measurements of phosphine levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ALMA restarted 17 March 2021 after a year-long shutdown in response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and may enable further observations that could provide insights for the ongoing investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencemag-venus_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemag-venus-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-almarestart_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almarestart-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite controversies, NASA is in the beginning stages of sending a future mission to Venus. The Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy mission (<a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a>) would carry radar to view through the clouds to get new images of the surface, of much higher quality than those last photographed thirty-one years ago. The other, Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging Plus (DAVINCI+) would actually go through the atmosphere, sampling the air as it descends, to hopefully detect the phosphine.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2021, NASA announced DAVINCI+ and VERITAS would be selected from four mission concepts picked in February 2020 as part of the NASA's Discovery 2019 competition for launch in the 2028–2030 time frame.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i>, launched in 2018 to study <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, flew by Venus on October 15, 2020, and on August 10, 2021. Johannes Benkhoff, project scientist, believes <i>BepiColombo</i>'s MERTIS (Mercury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer) could possibly detect phosphine, but "we do not know if our instrument is sensitive enough".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also an ongoing long-term monitoring campaign with JCMT to study phosphine and other molecules in Venus's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Confusion_between_phosphine_and_sulfur_dioxide_lines">Confusion between phosphine and sulfur dioxide lines</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Confusion between phosphine and sulfur dioxide lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to new research announced in January 2021, the spectral line at 266.94 GHz attributed to phosphine in the clouds of Venus was more likely to have been produced by sulfur dioxide in the <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">mesosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That claim was refuted in April 2021 for being inconsistent with the available data. The detection of PH<sub>3</sub> in the Venusian atmosphere with ALMA was recovered to ~7 ppb.<sup id="cite_ref-Greaves2021_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greaves2021-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By August 2021 it was found the suspected contamination by sulfur dioxide was contributing only 10% to the tentative signal in phosphine spectral line band in ALMA spectra taken in 2019, and about 50% in ALMA spectra taken in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speculative_biochemistry_of_Venusian_life">Speculative biochemistry of Venusian life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Speculative biochemistry of Venusian life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional water-based biochemistry was claimed to be impossible in Venusian conditions. In June 2021, calculations of <a href="/wiki/Water_activity" title="Water activity">water activity</a> levels in Venusian clouds based on data from space probes showed these to be two magnitudes too low at the examined places for any known extremophile bacteria to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative calculations based on the estimation of energy costs of obtaining hydrogen in Venus conditions compared to Earth conditions indicate only minor (6.5%) additional energy expenditure during Venusian photosynthesis of glucose.<sup id="cite_ref-Bains2023_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bains2023-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2021, it was suggested that even saturated hydrocarbons are unstable in ultra-acid conditions of Venusian clouds, making cellular membranes of Venusian life concepts problematic. Instead, it was proposed that Venusian "life" may be based on self-replicating molecular components of "red oil" – a known class of substances consisting of a mixture of polycyclic carbon compounds dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan2021_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan2021-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oppositely, in September 2024 it was reported what while short-chain fatty acids are unstable in concentrated sulfuric acid, it is possible to construct their acid-stable analogs capable of bilayer membrane formation by replacing <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic</a> groups with <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, 19 of the 20 protein-making amino acids (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>) and all nucleic acids are stable under Venusian cloud conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2021, it was suggested Venusian life – as the chemically most plausible cause – may photochemically produce ammonia from available chemicals, resulting in life-bearing droplets becoming a slurry of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfite" title="Ammonium sulfite">ammonium sulfite</a> with a less acidic <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of 1. These droplets would deplete <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> in upper cloud layers as they settle down, explaining the observed distribution of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> in the atmosphere of Venus, and may make the clouds no more acidic than some extreme terrestrial environments that harbor life.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speculative_life_cycles_of_Venusian_life">Speculative life cycles of Venusian life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Speculative life cycles of Venusian life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hypothesis paper in 2020 has suggested the microbial life of Venus may have a two-stage life cycle. The metabolically active part of such a cycle would have to happen within cloud droplets to avoid a fatal loss of liquid. After such droplets grow large enough to sink under the force of gravity, organisms would fall with them into hotter lower layers and desiccate, becoming small and light enough to be raised again to the habitable layer by gravity waves at a timescale of approximately a year.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hypothesis paper in 2021 has criticized the concept above, pointing to the large stagnancy of lower haze layers in Venus making return from the haze layer to relatively habitable clouds problematic even for small particles. Instead, an in-cloud evolution model was proposed where organisms are evolving to become maximally absorptive (dark) for the given amount of biomass and the darker, solar-heated areas of cloud are kept afloat by thermal updrafts initiated by organisms itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan2021_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan2021-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, microorganisms can be kept aloft by negative <a href="/wiki/Photophoresis" title="Photophoresis">photophoresis</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Bains2023_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bains2023-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization of Venus</a> – Proposed colonization of the planet Venus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus#Proposed_missions" title="List of missions to Venus">Proposed missions to Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming of Venus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Possible life on other bodies of the Solar System</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Enceladus" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Enceladus">Life on Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Europa">Life on Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Titan" title="Life on Titan">Life on Titan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/static/science/scientific_bodies/commissions/f3/commission-f3-statement-5-october-2020.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iau.org&rft.atitle=Statement+from+Commission+F3+%28Astrobiology%29+of+the+IAU+on+Press+Reports+regarding+Detection+of+Phosphine+in+Venus&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Fscience%2Fscientific_bodies%2Fcommissions%2Ff3%2Fcommission-f3-statement-5-october-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+on+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Garrett2020" class="citation web cs1">@Mike_Garrett (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/Mike_Garrett/status/1313891539228258310">"Absolutely shocked & dismayed by this statement from the @IAU_org - as a member of IAU Com F3, I completely disagree - this is how science progresses"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Absolutely+shocked+%26+dismayed+by+this+statement+from+the+%40IAU_org+-+as+a+member+of+IAU+Com+F3%2C+I+completely+disagree+-+this+is+how+science+progresses&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.au=Mike_Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FMike_Garrett%2Fstatus%2F1313891539228258310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+on+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExoCytherean2020" class="citation web cs1">@ExoCytherean (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/ExoCytherean/status/1314053850765033473">"I'm also a member of F3 and I didn't even know about the letter until it was published this morning. How on Earth is the commission publishing statements that claim to represent its membership when they are not even consulted?"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I%27m+also+a+member+of+F3+and+I+didn%27t+even+know+about+the+letter+until+it+was+published+this+morning.+How+on+Earth+is+the+commission+publishing+statements+that+claim+to+represent+its+membership+when+they+are+not+even+consulted%3F&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.au=ExoCytherean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FExoCytherean%2Fstatus%2F1314053850765033473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+on+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmitabh_Sinha2020" class="citation news cs1">Amitabh Sinha (8 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/discovery-venus-planet-extra-terrestrial-life-attacked-astrobiologists-6715945/">"Discovery that indicated possibility of extra-terrestrial life attacked by group of astrobiologists"</a>. <i>indianexpress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11810889B">2021PNAS..11810889B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2110889118">10.1073/pnas.2110889118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8719887">8719887</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34930842">34930842</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245353905">245353905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Production+of+ammonia+makes+Venusian+clouds+habitable+and+explains+observed+cloud-level+chemical+anomalies&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=e2110889118&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8719887%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245353905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PNAS..11810889B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2112.10850&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2110889118&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34930842&rft.aulast=Bains&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Petkowski%2C+Janusz+J.&rft.au=Rimmer%2C+Paul+B.&rft.au=Seager%2C+Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8719887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+on+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/ast.2020.2244">The Venusian Lower Atmosphere Haze as a Depot for Desiccated Microbial Life: A Proposed Life Cycle for Persistence of the Venusian Aerial Biosphere</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Venus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNdy-LJWNQs">PBS Space Time: Venus May Have Life!</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Venus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venus" title="Template:Venus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venus" title="Template talk:Venus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Venus" title="Outline of Venus">Outline of Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnoid_(astrogeology)" title="Arachnoid (astrogeology)">Arachnoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Dune fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapping_of_Venus" title="Mapping of Venus">Mapping of Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Regio" title="Alpha Regio">Alpha Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria_Regio" title="Asteria Regio">Asteria Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Regio" title="Beta Regio">Beta Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovda_Regio" title="Ovda Regio">Ovda Regio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Venus" title="List of terrae on Venus">Terrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Terra" title="Aphrodite Terra">Aphrodite Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Terra" title="Ishtar Terra">Ishtar Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada_Terra" title="Lada Terra">Lada Terra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_montes_on_Venus" title="List of montes on Venus">Mountains</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">volcanoes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abeona_Mons" title="Abeona Mons">Abeona Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akna_Montes" title="Akna Montes">Akna Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anala_Mons" title="Anala Mons">Anala Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Corona" title="Artemis Corona">Artemis Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BDhet_Corona" title="Baʽhet Corona">Baʽhet Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boala_Corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Boala Corona">Boala Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciuacoatl_Mons" title="Ciuacoatl Mons">Ciuacoatl Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fand_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fand Mons">Fand Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotla_Corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotla Corona">Fotla Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_Mons" title="Gula Mons">Gula Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng-o_Corona" title="Heng-o Corona">Heng-o Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso_Tholus" title="Iaso Tholus">Iaso Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idunn_Mons" title="Idunn Mons">Idunn Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irnini_Mons" title="Irnini Mons">Irnini Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaszai_Patera" title="Jaszai Patera">Jaszai Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat_Mons" title="Maat Mons">Maat Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Montes" title="Maxwell Montes">Maxwell Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_Corona" title="Nightingale Corona">Nightingale Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onatah_Corona" title="Onatah Corona">Onatah Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozza_Mons" title="Ozza Mons">Ozza Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_Corona" title="Pavlova Corona">Pavlova Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetzalpetlatl_Corona" title="Quetzalpetlatl Corona">Quetzalpetlatl Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake_dome" title="Pancake dome">Pancake dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet_Mons" title="Renpet Mons">Renpet Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacajawea_Patera" title="Sacajawea Patera">Sacajawea Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachs_Patera" title="Sachs Patera">Sachs Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapas_Mons" title="Sapas Mons">Sapas Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalloped_margin_dome" title="Scalloped margin dome">Scalloped margin dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddons_Patera" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddons Patera">Siddons Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif_Mons" title="Sif Mons">Sif Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skadi_Mons" title="Skadi Mons">Skadi Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_Mons" title="Theia Mons">Theia Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushas_Mons" title="Ushas Mons">Ushas Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisa_Corona" title="Zisa Corona">Zisa Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coronae_on_Venus" title="List of coronae on Venus">List of coronae on Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Plains</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">plateaus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere_Planitia" title="Guinevere Planitia">Guinevere Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Planum" title="Lakshmi Planum">Lakshmi Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_Planitia" title="Sedna Planitia">Sedna Planitia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Canyons</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">valleys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikhulu_Chasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikhulu Chasma">Aikhulu Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Chasma" title="Artemis Chasma">Artemis Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltis_Vallis" title="Baltis Vallis">Baltis Vallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Chasma" title="Dali Chasma">Dali Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devana_Chasma" title="Devana Chasma">Devana Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Chasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Chasma">Diana Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganis_Chasma" title="Ganis Chasma">Ganis Chasma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Venus" title="List of craters on Venus">Craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addams_(crater)" title="Addams (crater)">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivar_(crater)" title="Adivar (crater)">Adivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnesi_(crater)" title="Agnesi (crater)">Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_(crater)" title="Alcott (crater)">Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(crater)" title="Ariadne (crater)">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(crater)" title="Aurelia (crater)">Aurelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balch_(crater)" title="Balch (crater)">Balch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_(crater)" title="Barton (crater)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_(crater)" title="Buck (crater)">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(crater)" title="Cleopatra (crater)">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunitz_(crater)" title="Cunitz (crater)">Cunitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilova_(crater)" title="Danilova (crater)">Danilova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Lalande_(crater)" title="De Lalande (crater)">De Lalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_(crater)" title="Dickinson (crater)">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goeppert-Mayer_(crater)" title="Goeppert-Mayer (crater)">Goeppert-Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golubkina_(crater)" title="Golubkina (crater)">Golubkina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimke_(crater)" title="Grimke (crater)">Grimke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_(Venusian_crater)" title="Gregory (Venusian crater)">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilbert_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilbert (crater)">Guilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(crater)" title="Isabella (crater)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_(crater)" title="Jeanne (crater)">Jeanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Celeste_(crater)" title="Maria Celeste (crater)">Maria Celeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariko_(crater)" title="Mariko (crater)">Mariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_(crater)" title="Mead (crater)">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitner_(Venusian_crater)" title="Meitner (Venusian crater)">Meitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_Ptah_(crater)" title="Merit Ptah (crater)">Merit Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(crater)" title="Mona Lisa (crater)">Mona Lisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanichi" title="Nanichi">Nanichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riley_(crater)" title="Riley (crater)">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(Venusian_crater)" title="Ruth (Venusian crater)">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefania_(crater)" title="Stefania (crater)">Stefania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_(crater)" title="Wanda (crater)">Wanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatley_(crater)" title="Wheatley (crater)">Wheatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkina_(crater)" title="Yablochkina (crater)">Yablochkina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics_of_Venus" title="Geodynamics of Venus">Geodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Venus" title="Geology of Venus">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_features_of_Venus" title="Surface features of Venus">Surface features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_snow" title="Venus snow">Venus snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venusquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Venusquake">Venusquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_Venus" title="Aspects of Venus">Aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Venus" title="Orbit of Venus">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_Venus" title="Phases of Venus">Phases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1639_transit_of_Venus" title="1639 transit of Venus">1639</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_transit_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="1761 transit of Venus">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769_transit_of_Venus_observed_from_Tahiti" title="1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_transit_of_Venus" title="1874 transit of Venus">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_transit_of_Venus" title="1882 transit of Venus">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_transit_of_Venus" title="2004 transit of Venus">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_transit_of_Venus" title="2012 transit of Venus">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus-crosser asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_trojan" title="Venus trojan">Venus trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/524522_Zoozve" title="524522 Zoozve">Zoozve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Sputnik 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> program <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">Sputnik 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">Sputnik 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">Sputnik 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">Venera 1964A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">Kosmos 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">Kosmos 167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">Kosmos 482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a> / Pioneer 12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a> / Pioneer 13</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin'en</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gravity Assists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></i> (planned)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a></i> (planned)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Atmospheric_Maneuverable_Platform" title="Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform">VAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">VISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed<br />(crewed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a> (flyby)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_mapping_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological mapping of Venus">Geological mapping of Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">Artificial objects on Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytherean" title="Cytherean">Cytherean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_in_culture" title="Venus in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_in_fiction" title="Venus in fiction">In fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith (hypothetical moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Venus" title="Category:Venus">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astrobiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrobiology" title="Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrobiology" title="Template talk:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astrobiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">Atmospheric sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomicrobiology" title="Geomicrobiology">Geomicrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">Ocean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space<br /> missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Earth orbit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">BIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17#Biological_cosmic_ray_experiment" title="Apollo 17">BIOCORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolab" title="Biolab">Biolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosatellite_program" title="Biosatellite program">Biosatellite program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_Microorganisms_in_the_Stratosphere" title="Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere">E-MIST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exobiology_Radiation_Assembly" title="Exobiology Radiation Assembly">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCROPIS" title="EuCROPIS">Eu:CROPIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility#EXOSTACK" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">EXOSTACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Lunar_lander" title="Chang'e 4">Lunar Micro Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O/OREOS" title="O/OREOS">O/OREOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OREOcube" title="OREOcube">OREOcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanpopo (mission)">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Production_System" title="Vegetable Production System">VEGGIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Mars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Comets and<br />asteroids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Heliocentric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRUIE" title="BRUIE">BRUIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEO" title="THEO">THEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled and <br />undeveloped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Institutions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Society_of_Britain" title="Astrobiology Society of Britain">Astrobiology Society of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Science_and_Technology_for_Exploring_Planets" title="Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets">Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot" title="Breakthrough Starshot">Breakthrough Starshot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Life_Detection_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Life Detection Science">Center for Life Detection Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astrobiology_Network_Association" title="European Astrobiology Network Association">European Astrobiology Network Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astrobiology_Institute" title="NASA Astrobiology Institute">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" title="Category:Astrobiology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astrobiology">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extraterrestrial_life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Template:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Template talk:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extraterrestrial_life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Events and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shergotty_meteorite" title="Shergotty meteorite">Shergotty meteorite</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhla_meteorite" title="Nakhla meteorite">Nakhla meteorite</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murchison_meteorite" title="Murchison meteorite">Murchison meteorite</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking lander biological experiments</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_77005" title="Allan Hills 77005">Allan Hills 77005</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato 000593</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI1_fossils" title="CI1 fossils">CI1 fossils</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Signals of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Misidentified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSR_B1919%2B21" title="PSR B1919+21">CP 1919</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(misidentified pulsar)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTA-102" title="CTA-102">CTA-102</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(misidentified quasar)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Stars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabby%27s_Star" title="Tabby's Star">KIC 8462852</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPIC_204278916" title="EPIC 204278916">EPIC 204278916</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVV-WIT-07" title="VVV-WIT-07">VVV-WIT-07</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_164595" title="HD 164595">HD 164595 signal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unknown origin)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SHGb02%2B14a" title="SHGb02+14a">SHGb02+14a</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(radio source)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wow!_signal" title="Wow! signal">Wow! signal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(inconclusive)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unknown origin)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLC1" title="BLC1">BLC1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(radio signal)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Life in the Universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability_in_the_Solar_System" title="Planetary habitability in the Solar System">Planetary habitability in the Solar System</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life on Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Titan" title="Life on Titan">Life on Titan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems" title="Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems">Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology#Missions" title="Astrobiology">Space missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foton-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Foton-M">Foton-M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars sample-return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_mission" title="Tanpopo mission">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">Venus In Situ Explorer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_communication" title="Interstellar communication">Interstellar<br />communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_SETI" title="Active SETI">Active SETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Telescope_Array" title="Allen Telescope Array">Allen Telescope Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_message" title="Arecibo message">Arecibo message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_SETI_Research_Center" title="Berkeley SETI Research Center">Berkeley SETI Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracewell_probe" title="Bracewell probe">Bracewell probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_with_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence">Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_Pythagorean_right_triangle_proposal" title="Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal">Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIROSETI" title="NIROSETI">NIROSETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cyclops" title="Project Cyclops">Project Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Ozma" title="Project Ozma">Project Ozma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Phoenix_(SETI)" title="Project Phoenix (SETI)">Project Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERENDIP" title="SERENDIP">SERENDIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SETI@home" title="SETI@home">SETI@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SetiQuest" title="SetiQuest">setiQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hole_(radio)" title="Water hole (radio)">Water hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Xenolinguistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged<br /> extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_pluralism" title="Cosmic pluralism">Cosmic pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_panspermia" title="Directed panspermia">Directed panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediocrity_principle" title="Mediocrity principle">Mediocrity principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a> solutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_hypothesis" title="Aestivation hypothesis">Aestivation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berserker_hypothesis" title="Berserker hypothesis">Berserker hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_forest_hypothesis" title="Dark forest hypothesis">Dark forest hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firstborn_hypothesis" title="Firstborn hypothesis">Firstborn hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Filter" title="Great Filter">Great Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart%E2%80%93Tipler_conjecture" title="Hart–Tipler conjecture">Hart–Tipler conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatastrophism" title="Neocatastrophism">Neocatastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetarium_hypothesis" title="Planetarium hypothesis">Planetarium hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis" title="Rare Earth hypothesis">Rare Earth hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_hypothesis" title="Zoo hypothesis">Zoo hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_extraterrestrial_life" title="Outline of extraterrestrial life">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroecology" title="Astroecology">Astroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Report" title="Brookings Report">Brookings Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_extraterrestrial_life_debate" title="History of the extraterrestrial life debate">History of the extraterrestrial life debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">Noogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_cultural_impact_of_extraterrestrial_contact" title="Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact">Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_Scale" title="San Marino Scale">San Marino Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">Technosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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