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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_British_Class_Survey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_British_Class_Survey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Great British Class Survey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_British_Class_Survey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1.1</span> <span>Elite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Established_middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Established_middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1.2</span> <span>Established middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Established_middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1.3</span> <span>Technical middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_affluent_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_affluent_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1.4</span> <span>New affluent workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_affluent_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_working_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_working_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1.5</span> <span>Traditional working class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_working_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergent_service_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergent_service_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1.6</span> <span>Emergent service sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergent_service_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precariat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precariat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1.7</span> <span>Precariat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precariat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informal_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informal_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Informal classifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Informal_classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Informal classifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Informal_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Underclass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underclass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Underclass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underclass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Working class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unskilled_and_semi-skilled_working_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unskilled_and_semi-skilled_working_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Unskilled and semi-skilled working class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unskilled_and_semi-skilled_working_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skilled_working_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skilled_working_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Skilled working class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skilled_working_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lower_middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Lower middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_class_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_class_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_class_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Upper middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Upper class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociolinguistics_of_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociolinguistics_of_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sociolinguistics of Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociolinguistics_of_Great_Britain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sociolinguistics of Great Britain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sociolinguistics_of_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Received_Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Received_Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Received Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Received_Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U_and_non-U" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U_and_non-U"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>U and non-U</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U_and_non-U-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_regional_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_regional_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>English regional dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_regional_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry,_aristocracy_and_social_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry,_aristocracy_and_social_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Heraldry, aristocracy and social class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry,_aristocracy_and_social_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UK_social_stereotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_social_stereotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>UK social stereotypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_social_stereotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social structure of British society</div> <p>The social structure of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> has historically been highly influenced by the concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>, which continues to affect British society today.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British society, like its European neighbours and most societies in world history, was traditionally (before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>) divided hierarchically within a system that involved the <a href="/wiki/Hereditary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary">hereditary</a> transmission of occupation, social status and political influence.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the advent of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>, this system has been in a constant state of revision, and new factors other than birth (for example, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>) are now a greater part of creating identity in Britain. </p><p>Although the country's definitions of social class vary and are highly controversial, most are influenced by factors of wealth, occupation, and education. Until the <a href="/wiki/Life_Peerages_Act_1958" title="Life Peerages Act 1958">Life Peerages Act 1958</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> was organised on a class basis, with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> representing the hereditary <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> representing everybody else. The <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a> is usually viewed as being at the top of the social class structure. </p><p>British society has experienced significant change since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, including an expansion of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Home ownership">home ownership</a>, a shift towards a <a href="/wiki/Service-dominated_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Service-dominated economy">service-dominated economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass immigration">mass immigration</a>, a changing role for women and a more <a href="/wiki/Individualistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualistic">individualistic</a> culture. These changes have had a considerable impact on the social landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-savage_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, claims that the UK has become a <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless society</a> have frequently been met with scepticism.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has shown that social status in the United Kingdom is influenced by, although separate from, social class.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This change in terminology corresponded to a general decrease in significance ascribed to hereditary characteristics, and increase in the significance of wealth and income as indicators of position in the social hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "class system" in the United Kingdom is widely studied in academia but no definition of the word <i>class</i> is universally agreed to. Some scholars may adopt the <a href="/wiki/Marxist_view_of_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist view of class">Marxist view of class</a> where persons are classified by their relationship to <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, as owners or as workers, which is the most important factor in that person's social rank. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">three-component theory of stratification</a> under which "a person’s power can be shown in the social order through their status, in the economic order through their class, and in the political order through their party.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biggest current study of social class in the United Kingdom is the <a href="/wiki/Great_British_Class_Survey" title="Great British Class Survey">Great British Class Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides these academic models, there are myriad popular explanations of class in Britain. In the work <i>Class</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jilly_Cooper" title="Jilly Cooper">Jilly Cooper</a> quotes a shopkeeper on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>: "When a woman asks for <a href="/wiki/Side_bacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Side bacon">back</a> I call her 'madam'; when she asks for <a href="/wiki/Streaky_bacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaky bacon">streaky</a> I call her 'dear'."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-5"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Social class in the United Kingdom">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The United Kingdom never experienced the sudden dispossession of the estates of the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>, which occurred in much of Europe after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> or in the early 20th century, and the British nobility, in so far as it existed as a distinct social class, integrated itself with those with new wealth derived from commercial and industrial sources more comfortably than in most of Europe. Opportunities resulting from consistent economic growth and the expanding <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> also enabled some from much poorer backgrounds (generally men who had managed to acquire some education) to rise through the class system. </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">David Cannadine</a> sees the period around 1880 as a peak after which the position of the old powerful families declined rapidly, from a number of causes, reaching a nadir in the years after the Second World War, symbolised by the widespread <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_country_houses_in_20th-century_Britain" title="Destruction of country houses in 20th-century Britain">destruction of country houses</a>. However, their wealth, if not their political power, has rebounded strongly since the 1980s, benefiting from greatly increased values of the land and fine art which many owned in quantity. </p><p>Meanwhile, the complex British middle classes had also been enjoying a long period of growth and increasing prosperity, and achieving political power at the national level to a degree unusual in Europe. They avoided the strict stratification of many Continental middle classes, and formed a large and amorphous group closely connected at their edges with both the gentry and aristocracy and the labouring classes. In particular the great financial centre of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> was open to outsiders to an unusual degree, and continually expanding and creating new employment. </p><p>The British working class, on the other hand, was not notable in Europe for prosperity,<sup id="cite_ref-PG1944_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG1944-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and early modern British travellers often remarked on the high standard of living of the farmworkers and artisans of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, though the peasantry in other countries such as France were remarked on as poorer than their English equivalents. Living standards certainly improved greatly over the period, more so in England than other parts of the United Kingdom, but the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> was marked by extremely harsh working conditions and poor housing until about the middle of the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formal_classifications">Formal classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formal classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the formation of Great Britain in 1707, England and Scotland had similar class-based social structures. Some basic categories covering most of the British population around 1500 to 1700 are as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class </th> <th>Characteristics </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">Cottager</a> or labourer; servant </td> <td>Cottagers were a step below husbandmen, in that they had to work for others for wages. Lowest order of the working castes; perhaps <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrancy (people)">vagabonds</a>, drifters, criminals or other outcasts would be lower. <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in England">Slavery in England</a> died out by 1200 AD, so in feudal times this would have been the <a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">villein</a> or <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serf</a>. Most young women of middle and lower ranks became servants to neighboring families for a few years before marriage. Servants in husbandry were unmarried men hired on annual contracts as farm workers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Husbandman" title="Husbandman">Husbandman</a> (or other tradesmen) </td> <td>A tradesman or farmer who either rented a home or owned very little land was a husbandman. In feudal times, this person likely would have been a <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a>, either as a serf who paid a large portion of his work or produce to the land-holding lord or more likely as a freeman who paid a rent in cash rather than in labour. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">Yeoman</a> </td> <td>The yeoman class generally included small farmers who held a reasonable amount of land and were able to protect themselves from neighbouring lords et cetera. They played a military role as longbowmen before 1500. The village shopkeeper was placed between yeoman and gentry in the modern social hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Richard_Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Richard Wagner">Anthony Richard Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garter_Principal_King_of_Arms" title="Garter Principal King of Arms">Garter Principal King of Arms</a>, wrote that "a Yeoman would not normally have less than 100 acres" (40 hectares) "and in social status is one step down from the Landed Gentry, but above, say, a husbandman."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Professional and businessman </td> <td>Urban professionals included lawyers, with the highest status going to the London barristers and the <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a>. Physicians were rising in status as professionalisation and education built upon rapidly increasing knowledge bases. Merchants and businessmen could range in status from middle to high, depending on their wealth and importance. For higher social prestige, they would buy a landed estate or negotiate for a knighthood or a baronetcy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clergy </td> <td>Clergy were mostly located in rural areas, where they were under the direction of the gentry.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bishop had the status of nobility, and sat in the House of Lords, but his son did not inherit the title.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">gentleman</a> </td> <td>The gentry by definition held enough assets to live on land rents without working, and so could be well-educated. If they worked it was in law, as priests, in politics, or in other educated pursuits without manual labour. The term Esquire was used for landowners who were not knighted, a term which later became Squire and referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Squirarchy</a>. They typically possessed estates worked by tenants and laborers. It was prestigious to purchase a military or naval commission for a likely son.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a> </td> <td>The role of knighthood was very important in the medieval period, with the role of organising local military forces on behalf of a senior noble. However, by 1600 the title was an honorific one, often granted to outstanding combat soldiers in the king's army.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronet</a> (hereditary, non-peer) </td> <td>A baronet held a hereditary style of knighthood, giving the highest rank below a peerage. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aristocracy: <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Noble</a>) </td> <td>The ranks ranged from baron to duke. The rules of succession were elaborate; usually, however, the eldest son inherited the title and the wealth. When the male line expired, so too did the title (but the family kept the land). The peers were generally large land holders, often also owning a house in London. They sat in the House of Lords and often played a role in court.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland and Scotland had entirely separate aristocracies; their nobles sat in their own parliaments but not in the English House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal</a> </td> <td>A member of the royal family, a prince, or a close relative of the queen or the king. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_capitalism">Early capitalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early capitalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This social period lasts from the end of the 17th century to the 20th century. At this point society goes from being feudal to <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a>, due to the regime change after the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class </th> <th>Characteristics </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a> </td> <td>They were the majority of the population, they were mainly farmers and factory workers. These lived in terrible conditions and without a minimum wage. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> </td> <td>Although they did not have a title nor were they descended from anyone with a title, they did have their own privileges and wealth once they had earned a living, although the former were a lesser value than the nobles. Still, they became <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> around these times. And they also had almost the same jobs as their aristocratic counterparts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Nobility</a> </td> <td>In these times they were people with honorary titles that provided them with different legal or private privileges, the class ranged from the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">royal family</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>, they used to dedicate themselves to different jobs such as politicians, scientists, sports, commercial, financial and even in the rural environment as landowners. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NRS_social_grade" title="NRS social grade">NRS social grade</a></div> <p>The social grade classification created by the National Readership Survey over 50 years ago achieved widespread usage during the 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> and government reports and statistics. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Grade </th> <th>Occupation </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td>Higher managerial, administrative or professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>C1 </td> <td>Supervisory or clerical and junior managerial, administrative or professional </td></tr> <tr> <td>C2 </td> <td>Skilled manual workers </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>Semi and unskilled manual workers </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td>Casual or lowest grade workers, pensioners and others who depend on the state for their income </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Statistics_Socio-economic_Classification" title="National Statistics Socio-economic Classification">National Statistics Socio-economic Classification</a></div> <p>The UK <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> (ONS) produced a new socio-economic classification in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason was to provide a more comprehensive and detailed classification to take newer employment patterns into account. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group </th> <th>Description </th> <th>NRS equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Higher professional and managerial occupations </td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Lower managerial and professional occupations </td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Intermediate occupations </td> <td>C1 and C2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Small employers and own account workers </td> <td>C1 and C2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Lower supervisory and technical occupations </td> <td>C1 and C2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Semi-routine occupations </td> <td>D </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Routine occupations </td> <td>D </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Never worked and long-term unemployed </td> <td>E </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_British_Class_Survey">Great British Class Survey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Great British Class Survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_British_Class_Survey" title="Great British Class Survey">Great British Class Survey</a></div> <p>On 2 April 2013 analysis of the results of a survey,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Lab_UK_Survey_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Lab_UK_Survey-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was conducted by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in 2011 and developed in collaboration with academic experts, was published online in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Sociology_(journal)" title="Sociology (journal)">Sociology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sociology4213_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociology4213-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCHugeSurvey4313_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCHugeSurvey4313-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCMethodology_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCMethodology-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCResults4213_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCResults4213-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT4313_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT4313-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results released were based on a survey of 160,000 residents of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> most of whom lived in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and described themselves as "<a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>." Class was defined and measured according to the amount and kind of economic, cultural, and social resources, "capitals", reported. <a href="/wiki/Economic_capital#Social_science" title="Economic capital">Economic capital</a> was defined as <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">cultural capital</a> as amount and type of cultural interests and activities, and <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a> as the quantity and <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a> and personal and business contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCResults4213_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCResults4213-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theoretical framework was inspired by that of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu#Theory_of_capital_and_class_distinction" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, who published his <a href="/wiki/La_Distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="La Distinction">theory of social distinction</a> in 1979. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Results">Results</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analysis of the survey revealed seven classes: a wealthy "elite;" a prosperous salaried "middle class" consisting of professionals and managers; a class of technical experts; a class of "new affluent" workers, and at the lower levels of the class structure, in addition to an ageing traditional working class, a "<a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">precariat</a>" characterised by very low levels of capital, and a group of emergent service workers. The fracturing of the middle sectors of the social structure into distinguishable factions separated by generational, economic, cultural, and social characteristics was considered notable by the authors of the research.<sup id="cite_ref-Page_2_New_Model_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page_2_New_Model-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pages_11_to_15_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pages_11_to_15-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Elite">Elite</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the elite class are the top 6% of British society with very high economic capital (particularly savings), high social capital, and very 'highbrow' cultural capital. Occupations such as <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT and telecommunications directors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">sales</a> directors; functional <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">managers</a> and directors, <a href="/wiki/Solicitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitors">solicitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barristers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">financial managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academia#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">higher education teachers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Professor_salaries_break_the_scale_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Professor_salaries_break_the_scale-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dentists</a>, doctors and <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> directors were strongly represented.<sup id="cite_ref-Pages_12_and_13_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pages_12_and_13-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, those in the established and 'acceptable' professions, such as academia, law and medicine are more traditional upper middle class identifiers, with IT and sales being the preserve of the economic if not social middle class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Established_middle_class">Established middle class</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Established middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the established middle class, about 25% of British society, reported high economic capital, high status of mean social contacts, and both high highbrow and high emerging cultural capital. Well-represented occupations included <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">electrical engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">occupational therapists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Social workers">social workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwive" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwive">midwives</a>, registered <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurses</a>, environmental professionals, quality assurance and regulatory professionals, town planning officials, and special needs teaching professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-Pages_12_to_14_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pages_12_to_14-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Technical_middle_class">Technical middle class</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technical middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The technical middle class, about 6% of British society, shows high economic capital, very high status of social contacts, but relatively few contacts reported, and moderate cultural capital. Occupations represented include <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">medical radiographers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot (aircraft)">aircraft pilots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">natural and social science professionals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">physical scientists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Researcher">research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Administrator_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator (business)">administrative</a> positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pages_12_and_14_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pages_12_and_14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_affluent_workers">New affluent workers</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New affluent workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New affluent workers, about 15% of British society, show moderately good economic capital, relatively poor status of social contacts, though highly varied, and moderate highbrow but good emerging cultural capital. Occupations include <a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">electricians</a> and electrical fitters; <a href="/wiki/Postal_worker" title="Postal worker">postal workers</a>; retail <a href="/wiki/Cashier#retail" title="Cashier">cashiers</a> and checkout operatives; <a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">plumbers</a> and heating and ventilation technicians; sales and retail assistants; housing officers; kitchen and catering assistants; quality assurance technicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Pages_12_and_14_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pages_12_and_14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Traditional_working_class">Traditional working class</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Traditional working class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional working class, about 14% of British society, shows relatively poor economic capital, but some housing assets, few social contacts, and low highbrow and emerging cultural capital. Typical occupations include electrical and <a href="/wiki/Electronics_technician" title="Electronics technician">electronics technicians</a>; <a href="/wiki/Care_work" title="Care work">care workers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Janitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitor">cleaners</a>; <a href="/wiki/Truck_driver" title="Truck driver">van drivers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">electricians</a>; <a href="/wiki/Care_work" title="Care work">residential, day, and domiciliary care</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Pages_12_and_14_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pages_12_and_14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Emergent_service_sector">Emergent service sector</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Emergent service sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergent service sector, about 19% of British society, shows relatively poor economic capital, but reasonable household income, moderate social contacts, high emerging (but low highbrow) cultural capital. Typical occupations include <a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">bar staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">chefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">nursing auxiliaries and assistants</a>, assemblers and routine operatives, <a href="/wiki/Care_work" title="Care work">care workers</a>, elementary storage occupations, customer service occupations, and <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pages_12_and_14_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pages_12_and_14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Precariat">Precariat</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Precariat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">precariat</a>, about 15% of British society, shows poor economic capital, and the lowest scores on every other criterion. Although some members of this class are unemployed, many hold jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of this class include about 6% of <a href="/wiki/Janitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitor">all cleaners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delivery_(commerce)" title="Delivery (commerce)">5% of all van drivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Care_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Care worker">4% of all care workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter">4% of all carpenters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joiner">joiners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property_caretaker" title="Property caretaker">3% of all caretakers</a>, 3% of all leisure and travel service occupations, <a href="/wiki/Shopkeeper" title="Shopkeeper">3% of all shopkeepers</a> and proprietors, and <a href="/wiki/Cashier#retail" title="Cashier">2% of all retail cashiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pages_12,_14,_and_15_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pages_12,_14,_and_15-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Informal_classifications">Informal classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Informal classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underclass">Underclass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Underclass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrier_Estate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ferrier_Estate.jpg/220px-Ferrier_Estate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ferrier_Estate.jpg/330px-Ferrier_Estate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ferrier_Estate.jpg/440px-Ferrier_Estate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3374" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>Many unemployed people rely on <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance" title="National Insurance">National Insurance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">social security</a> benefits and are housed in <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public housing in the United Kingdom">social housing</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Council_estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Council estates">council estates</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Underclass</a></div> <p>The term "underclass" is used to refer to those people who are "chronically unemployed", and in many instances have been for generations.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was invented in the US in the late 20th Century.<sup id="cite_ref-civitas.org.uk_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civitas.org.uk-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence could not be found through field research to support the notion of an ‘underclass’ with a separate sub-culture amongst the long-term unemployed, yet it has become a key word in the British lexicon due to the essays that the American New-Right sociologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Charles Murray</a> was invited to write in 1989 for the Sunday Times.<sup id="cite_ref-civitas.org.uk_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civitas.org.uk-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a contention that there are homologies between the meaning context and tenor of the abusive word "<a href="/wiki/Chav" title="Chav">chav</a>" and the term "underclass" in media discourses: the obvious difference being the former relates to supposed dispositions of a social class in consumption and the later to difficulties of a social class in productive labour relations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The educational special adviser, Charlie Taylor follows <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> in conceiving of an "educational underclass", and felt the majority of those involved in the <a href="/wiki/2011_England_riots" title="2011 England riots">2011 England riots</a> could be considered to be members.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BBC journalist Mark Easton felt that, in the justificatory responses he heard in the aftermath of those riots, it would be easy to concur with the politician <a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a>'s 2008 theory of "an underclass" that exhibited "creeping expansion".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_class">Working class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Working class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unskilled_and_semi-skilled_working_class">Unskilled and semi-skilled working class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Unskilled and semi-skilled working class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, these people would have worked as <a href="/wiki/Manual_labourers" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual labourers">manual labourers</a>. They would typically have left school as soon as legally permissible and not have been able to take part in <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>. </p><p>Many would go on to work in semi-skilled and unskilled jobs in raw materials extraction/processing, in assembly and in machine shops of Britain's major <a href="/wiki/Car_factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Car factories">car factories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel mills">steel mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mines">coal mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foundries" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundries">foundries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile mills">textile mills</a> in the highly industrialised cities and pit towns and villages in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">North of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a>. However, since the mid-1970s and early-1980s, some might contend that <a href="/wiki/De-industrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="De-industrialisation">de-industrialisation</a> has shattered many of these communities, resulting, some might contend, in a complete deterioration in <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> and a reversal in rising <a href="/wiki/Living_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Living standards">living standards</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_working_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial working class">industrial working class</a>. Many either dropped in status to the <a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">working poor</a> or fell into permanent reliance on <a href="/wiki/Welfare_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare dependence">welfare dependence</a>. Some dropped out altogether and joined the <a href="/wiki/Black_market_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Black market economy">black market economy</a>, while a few managed, often through geographic fortune of other industries in the local area, to ascend to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a>. </p><p>It has been argued<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that with the decline in manufacturing and increase in the service sector, lower-paid <a href="/wiki/Office_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Office workers">office workers</a> are effectively working-class. <a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">Call centres</a> in particular, have sprung up in former centres of industry. However, since the early-2000s, there has been a trend for many call centres to close down in the UK and outsource their jobs to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and other jurisdictions, as part of cost-cutting measures.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(geodemography)" title="Mosaic (geodemography)">Mosaic 2010</a> groups where the proportion of residents in NRS social grade D was rated "high" in the 2010 Mosaic Index are "Residents with sufficient incomes in right-to-buy social housing" and "Families in low-rise social housing with high levels of benefit need". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_of_terraced_housing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Street_of_terraced_housing.jpg/220px-Street_of_terraced_housing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Street_of_terraced_housing.jpg/330px-Street_of_terraced_housing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Street_of_terraced_housing.jpg/440px-Street_of_terraced_housing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>Terraced housing in <a href="/wiki/Loughborough" title="Loughborough">Loughborough</a>, built for the Victorian working classes</figcaption></figure><p> During the post-war era, <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">white</a> working-class Britons witnessed a big rise in their standard of living. As noted by <a href="/wiki/Denys_Blakeway" title="Denys Blakeway">Denys Blakeway</a> in 2008:</p><blockquote><p>"The white working-class have prospered hugely since the war. They have experienced unparalleled growth in disposable income and today they are now richer than their parents and grandparents could ever have imagined. There are shared values in white working-class culture but I think it is incredibly difficult to put your finger on exactly what it is that defines "white working-class" because a lot of them are shared by the middle class, such as football and the pub."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skilled_working_class">Skilled working class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Skilled working class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This class of people would be in skilled <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industrial</a> jobs or tradesmen, traditionally in the construction and manufacturing industry, but in recent decades showing entrepreneurial development as the stereotypical <a href="/wiki/White_van_man" title="White van man">white van man</a>, or self-employed contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These people would speak in regional accents and have completed craft <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeships</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/University_education" class="mw-redirect" title="University education">university education</a>. The only Mosaic 2010 group where the proportion of residents in NRS social grade C2 was rated "high" in the 2010 Mosaic Index is "Residents with sufficient incomes in right-to-buy social housing".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of what the BBC described as a "normal, working-class Boltonian"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/Fred_Dibnah" title="Fred Dibnah">Fred Dibnah</a>, a small-scale company director in the construction industry (and therefore also an example of the small employer class, rather than the routine class, in NS-SEC). A fictional example of a mid-century skilled working man, from the literary traditional of the <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_literature#20th_century" title="Proletarian literature">working-class novel</a>, is Arthur Seaton, in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_and_Sunday_Morning" title="Saturday Night and Sunday Morning">Saturday Night and Sunday Morning</a></i>. A lathe operator at a bicycle factory, he regards his father's apparently subservient generation with contempt, and at the close of the novel (made explicit in the <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_and_Sunday_Morning_(film)" title="Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (film)">film version</a>) plans to buy his own home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_class">Middle class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashley_Walk,_Mill_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458447.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ashley_Walk%2C_Mill_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458447.jpg/220px-Ashley_Walk%2C_Mill_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458447.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ashley_Walk%2C_Mill_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458447.jpg/330px-Ashley_Walk%2C_Mill_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458447.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ashley_Walk%2C_Mill_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458447.jpg/440px-Ashley_Walk%2C_Mill_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458447.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A suburban street in Mill Hill, London, built for the middle classes</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower_middle_class">Lower middle class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lower middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Middle_England" title="Middle England">Middle England</a></div> <p>The British lower middle class, when described historically, primarily consisted of <a href="/wiki/Office_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Office worker">office workers</a>: when describing class segregation of housing in the Nottingham of 1901, clerks, bookkeepers, estate agents and teachers are described as having been lower middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers today sometimes equate NRS social grade C1, "Supervisory, clerical and junior managerial, administrative and professional",<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with "lower middle class".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the nineteenth century, the middle and lower middle classes were able to live in suburbs due to the development of horse-drawn omnibuses and railways.<sup id="cite_ref-bl.uk_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl.uk-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One radical Liberal politician (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Masterman" title="Charles Masterman">Charles Masterman</a>), writing in 1909 used "the Middle Classes" and "the suburbans" synonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-bl.uk_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl.uk-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early twenty-first century, there were no Mosaic 2010 geodemographic groups where the proportion of residents in NRS social grade C1 was rated as "high" or "low" in the 2010 Index; it was rated as "average" in all Mosaic groups,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether these were of a suburban, rural, city or small-town nature. </p><p>Some researchers conceive of the lower middle class as consisting of those who work in lower-grade service-sector managerial jobs or semi-professions (the lower-grade service class in Oesch 2006) and small business owners.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the expansion in higher education from the 1960s onwards, members of this class generally did not have a university education. </p><p>Members of the lower middle class typically speak in local accents, although relatively mild. Votes in this area are split and minority parties will have a stronger proportion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_class_2">Middle class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The middle class in Britain often consists of people with <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> and may have been educated at either <a href="/wiki/State-funded_schools_(England)" title="State-funded schools (England)">state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical jobs include: <a href="/wiki/Accountant" title="Accountant">accountants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">solicitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveyor" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveyor">surveyors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Social worker">social workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teachers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Manager">managers</a>, specialist IT workers, <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a>, bankers, <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servants</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Middle Class, at least in the 19th Century, had a more secure income than the Working Class and accumulated unspent income which they could channel into investments.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the middle class are often politically and socially engaged (a Mori poll in 2005 found 70% of grades AB voted at the <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005 general election</a> compared to 54% of grades DE). Education is greatly valued by the middle classes: they will make every effort to ensure their children get offered a place at university; they may send their children to a <a href="/wiki/Private_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Private education">private school</a>, employ a home tutor for out of school hours so their child learns at a faster rate, or go to great lengths to get their children enrolled into good state or selective grammar schools; such as moving house into the catchment area.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They also value culture and make up a significant proportion of the book-buying and theatre-going public. They typically read <a href="/wiki/Broadsheet_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadsheet newspaper">broadsheet newspapers</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloids</a>. The only Mosaic 2010 geodemographic type where the proportion of residents in NRS social grade B was rated as "high" in the 2010 index was "People living in brand new residential developments".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle classes particularly of England and Wales are often popularly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Middle_England" title="Middle England">Middle England</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-reeves_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jilly_Cooper" title="Jilly Cooper">Jilly Cooper</a> is a self-described "upper middle-class" writer who wrote an extended humour sketch imagining the lives of different types of people drawing on prejudiced tropes and biases relating to social class, which she called "Class, A view from Middle England".<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upper_middle_class">Upper middle class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Upper middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Old_Schools,_Harrow_School.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Old_Schools%2C_Harrow_School.JPG/220px-The_Old_Schools%2C_Harrow_School.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Old_Schools%2C_Harrow_School.JPG/330px-The_Old_Schools%2C_Harrow_School.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Old_Schools%2C_Harrow_School.JPG/440px-The_Old_Schools%2C_Harrow_School.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="3344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a>. The public school is traditionally one of the key institutions of the upper middle class in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Britain_1950,_page_679_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britain_1950,_page_679-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The upper middle class in Britain broadly consists of people who were born into families which have traditionally possessed high incomes, although this group is defined more by family background than by job or income. Although RP is not exclusive to any social class,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some members of this stratum, in England, traditionally used <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">General British Pronunciation</a> natively.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upper middle class are traditionally educated at <a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">private schools</a>, preferably one of the "major" or "minor" "<a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which themselves often have pedigrees going back for hundreds of years and charge fees of as much as £44,000 per year per pupil (as of 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-Britain_1950,_page_679_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britain_1950,_page_679-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A minority of upper-middle-class families may also have ancestry that directly connects them to the upper classes. Armorial bearings in the form of an escutcheon may denote such past status. A lesser status historically directly relevant to the upper middle class is that of squire or lord of the manor; however, these property rights are no longer<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prevalent. </p><p>Although such categorisations are not precise, popular contemporary examples of upper-middle-class people may include <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Catherine, Princess of Wales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Independent_20_Mar_2011_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent_20_Mar_2011-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_20_Mar_2011_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent_20_Mar_2011-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Pinsent" title="Matthew Pinsent">Matthew Pinsent</a> (athlete). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_class">Upper class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Upper class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper class</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WoburnAbbey01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/WoburnAbbey01.JPG/220px-WoburnAbbey01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/WoburnAbbey01.JPG/330px-WoburnAbbey01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/WoburnAbbey01.JPG/440px-WoburnAbbey01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woburn_Abbey" title="Woburn Abbey">Woburn Abbey</a>, family seat of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bedford" title="Duke of Bedford">Duke of Bedford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> "upper class" is statistically very small and consists of the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> and hereditary landowners, among others. Those in possession of a hereditary title (for example, a <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">dukedom</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquessate</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earldom</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">viscountcy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barony</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronetcy</a>, or a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of parliament">lordship of parliament</a>) are typically members of the upper class, while those in possession or right to a coat of arms are typically at least members of the upper middle class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Traditionally, upper class children were brought up at home by a <a href="/wiki/Nanny" title="Nanny">nanny</a> for the first few years of their lives, and then home schooled by private <a href="/wiki/Tutors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutors">tutors</a>. From the late-nineteenth century, it became increasingly popular for upper-class families to mimic the middle classes in sending their children to privately-run <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a>, which had been predominantly founded to serve the educational needs of the middle class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nowadays, when children are old enough, they may attend a <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">prep school</a> or pre-preparatory school. Moving into <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a>, it is still commonplace for upper-class children to attend a privately-run public school, although it is not unheard of for certain families to send their children to <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuing education goals can vary from family to family; it may, in part, be based on the educational history of the family. In the past, both the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> have been the institutions of choice. Equally, the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>, particularly within the <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> divisions of Britain's oldest and most prestigious <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a>), have been traditional career paths amongst the <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> - indeed until 1840 the majority of Oxbridge graduates were destined for ordination.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociolinguistics_of_Great_Britain">Sociolinguistics of Great Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistics of Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Received_Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Received Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, also known as RP or <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> English, was a term introduced as way of defining <i>standard</i> English, but the accent has acquired a certain prestige from being associated with the middle (and above) classes in the South East, the wealthiest part of England. Use of RP by people from the "regions" outside the South East can be indicative of a certain educational background, such as public school or elocution lessons. </p><p>"The Queen's English" or "King's English" was once a synonym for RP. However, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>, and some other older members of the aristocracy are now perceived as speaking, or having spoken, in a way that is both more old-fashioned and higher class than "general" RP. <a href="/wiki/Phonetician" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetician">Phoneticians</a> call this accent "<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Received_Pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Received Pronunciation">Conservative Received Pronunciation</a>". The Queen's pronunciation, however, also changed over the years. The results of the Harrington & al. study<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be interpreted either as a change, in a range not normally perceptible, in the direction of the mainstream RP of a reference corpus of 1980s newsreaders,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or showing subtle changes that might well have been influenced by the vowels of <a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BBC English was also a synonym for RP; people seeking a career in acting or broadcasting once learnt RP as a matter of course if they did not speak it already. However, the BBC and other broadcasters are now much more willing to use (indeed desire to use) regional accents.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U_and_non-U">U and non-U</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: U and non-U"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#6cf;">U </th> <th style="background:#fcc;">Non-U </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6cf;">Vegetables </td> <td style="background:#fcc;">Greens </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6cf;">Scent </td> <td style="background:#fcc;">Perfume </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6cf;">Graveyard </td> <td style="background:#fcc;">Cemetery </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6cf;">Spectacles </td> <td style="background:#fcc;">Glasses </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6cf;">False teeth </td> <td style="background:#fcc;">Dentures </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6cf;">Napkin </td> <td style="background:#fcc;">Serviette </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6cf;">Sofa </td> <td style="background:#fcc;">Settee <i>or</i> couch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6cf;">Lavatory <i>or</i> loo </td> <td style="background:#fcc;">Toilet </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6cf;">Lunch </td> <td style="background:#fcc;">Dinner (for midday meal) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6cf;">Dinner </td> <td style="background:#fcc;">Tea (for evening meal) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6cf;">Pudding </td> <td style="background:#fcc;">Sweet </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Language and writing style have consistently been one of the most reliable indicators of class, although pronunciation did not become such an indicator until the late-nineteenth century. The variations between the language employed by the upper classes and non-upper classes have, perhaps, been best documented by linguistics Professor <a href="/wiki/Alan_S_C_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan S C Ross">Alan Ross's</a> 1954 article on <a href="/wiki/U_and_non-U_English" title="U and non-U English">U and non-U English</a> usage, with "U" representing upper and upper middle class vocabulary of the time, and "Non-U" representing lower middle class vocabulary. The discussion was furthered in <i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_Oblige_(book)" title="Noblesse Oblige (book)">Noblesse Oblige</a></i> and featured contributions from, among others, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Mitford" title="Nancy Mitford">Nancy Mitford</a>. The debate was revisited in the mid-1970s, in a publication by Debrett's called <i>U and Non-U Revisited</i>. Ross also contributed to this volume, and it is remarkable to notice how little the language (amongst other factors) changed in the passing of a quarter of a century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_regional_dialect">English regional dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: English regional dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">Regional accents of English</a></div> <p>In England, the upper class or prestige dialect is almost always a form of RP; however, some areas have their "own" prestige dialect, distinct from both RP and the working-class dialect of the region. </p><p>England has a wider variety of regional dialects than larger English-speaking countries such as Australia or the United States, and many of England's dialects have working class or lower middle class connotations. However, there is a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">linguistic study of dialects</a> in England and many members of the middle classes, such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis" title="Alexander John Ellis">Alexander John Ellis</a> (author of <i><a href="/wiki/On_Early_English_Pronunciation,_Part_V" title="On Early English Pronunciation, Part V">On Early English Pronunciation, Part V</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Orton" title="Harold Orton">Harold Orton</a> (co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_English_Dialects" title="Survey of English Dialects">Survey of English Dialects</a>), were fascinated by the linguistics of working-class speech. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>, a 19th-century politician and an aristocrat, gave a large financial donation for the production of the <i><a href="/wiki/English_Dialect_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="English Dialect Dictionary">English Dialect Dictionary</a></i>, compiled by the working-class <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_(linguist)" title="Joseph Wright (linguist)">Joseph Wright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire dialect</a>, the accent of Yorkshire with some considerable variation between the north, south, east and west of the region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester dialect</a>, the accent and dialect of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and the surrounding area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a> – The accent and dialect of Liverpool, especially strong in Merseyside's working-class population.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrovian</a>, the dialect spoken in <a href="/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a> in Cumbria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire dialect</a> refers to the dialect in the traditional county of Lancashire, outside Manchester, Liverpool and Barrow.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Brummie</a> – The accent and dialect of Birmingham.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Potteries dialect</a>, the accent and dialect of <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> and surround Potteries area.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country dialect</a> of the West Midlands, which is similar to but distinctive from Brummie.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a> – An accent and dialect of North-East England, particularly the Tyneside area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Mackem</a> – An accent and dialect of Sunderland and surrounding areas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialects">West Country dialects</a> – a variety of similar, yet noticeably different accents and dialects in the South West of England, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bristolian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristolian dialect">Bristolian dialect</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> is traditionally the working-class accent of <a href="/wiki/East_London" title="East London">East London</a>. It also has distinct variations in grammar and vocabulary.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/London_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="London accent">London accent</a> is a more broadly defined working and lower middle class accent than Cockney.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary English</a> – A working-class and lower middle class accent from South-East England, basically a milder (closer to R.P.) form of the London accent. The term was commonly used in the media in the 1990s, although the media depiction was criticised by academics such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Peter Roach</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Peter Trudgill</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the term is now less common. In this region, there was previously <a href="/wiki/Essex_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex dialect">Essex dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentish dialect">Kentish dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex dialect">Sussex dialect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrey_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrey dialect">Surrey dialect</a>, but these are now rarely heard except amongst very elderly residents.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockney" title="Mockney">Mockney</a> is a term used in popular media for a deliberate affectation of the working-class London (Cockney) accent by middle-class people to gain "<a href="/wiki/Street_credibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Street credibility">street credibility</a>". However, phoneticians regard the infusion of Cockney features into Received Pronunciation among younger speakers to be a natural process.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural London English</a> (abbreviated MLE), colloquially called <a href="/wiki/Jafaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafaican">Jafaican</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> (and/or <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a>) of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> that emerged in the late-twentieth century, and is used mainly by young, <a href="/wiki/Inner-city" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner-city">inner-city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> people in inner London. It is said to contain many elements from the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>), and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ES_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as remnants of traditional Cockney.<sup id="cite_ref-ES_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk English">Norfolk English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffolk English">Suffolk English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry,_aristocracy_and_social_class"><span id="Heraldry.2C_aristocracy_and_social_class"></span>Heraldry, aristocracy and social class</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Heraldry, aristocracy and social class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div><p>Historically and still today, the traditional upper class is identified as the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, and social climbers tend to aspire for their descendants to be eventually absorbed by it. The aristocracy can be broadly divided into two categories: the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>. The peerage consists of <a href="/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm" title="Peer of the realm">Peers of the Realm</a> (i.e., holders of the substantive aristocratic titles <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Parliament" title="Lord of Parliament">Lord of Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess</a> or <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a>) and, arguably, their wives and immediate families. English Peers of the Realm and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_representative_peers" title="List of Scottish representative peers">Scottish representative peer</a> were previously entitled to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> by right, now a smaller number are elected to sit in the Lords by fellow peers. <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laird" title="Laird">Lairds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">Esquires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">Gentlemen</a> form the gentry. Members of the gentry enjoy preferential social status but no significant legal privileges. Legally considered "commoners," they could stand for election to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. Substantive titles are distinct from courtesy styles of address, more so in the United Kingdom than in some continental systems. In the United Kingdom only the peer is said to be titled, while his wife and children may enjoy courtesy titles or styles. For example, a peer's eldest son may use one of the peer's <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidiary titles">subsidiary titles</a> (if any) by courtesy but is not considered the substantive holder of that title. Younger children my also enjoy courtesy styles such as "Lord," "Lady," or "The Honourable." Outside of the peer's immediate family, male-line descendants of a previous holder of the peerage (e.g., a male-line cousin) are generally considered to belong to the upper class.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting arms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a></figcaption></figure><p> A noted example would be <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, whose father <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a> was a younger son of <a href="/wiki/John_Spencer-Churchill,_7th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough">John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough</a>. Lord Randolph carried a courtesy title but was legally a commoner and therefore sat in the House of Commons. Being further removed from the dukedom, Winston Churchill was not entitled to any title or style by birthright but, as the grandson (and subsequently nephew and cousin, as the title descended) of a duke, was still considered a member of the upper class. </p><p>An English citizen with arms registered in the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a>, or a Scottish citizen in the <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon Court">Lyon Court</a>, can be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">armigerous</a> and is considered (at least) a member of the untitled nobility, a Gentleman. Any British citizen can apply for arms from their respective authority but only those of sufficient social standing, those who are already Gentlemen through means other than armigerousness, would be granted arms.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, wealth alone is not seen as a reason to grant arms. Arms in and of themselves are imperfectly aligned with social status, in that many of high status will have no right to arms whilst, on the other hand, those entitled to arms by descent can include branches of families from anywhere on the social scale. </p><p>Nevertheless, a right to bear arms under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Arms">Law of Arms</a> is, by definition, linked either to the personal acquisition of social status, inspiring application for a personal grant of arms, or to descent from a person who did so in the past. Rightly or wrongly, therefore, the use of a coat of arms is linked to social prestige. Technically, a grant of arms is a <i>confirmation</i> of gentility or nobility, which must be acquired either through a military commission or one of the offices that traditionally come with personal gentility, or through extraordinary achievements or proving a lifestyle befitting to the traditional gentry. Nevertheless, as many people who would not be considered traditional landed gentry (yet) are granted arms, it can be said that a grant of arms is comparable to an act of ennoblement as it is practised in Liechtenstein, Belgium or Spain, despite coming not from the Monarch directly but from one of the two supreme heraldic officers – <a href="/wiki/Garter_Principal_King_of_Arms" title="Garter Principal King of Arms">Garter King of Arms</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lyon_King_of_Arms" title="Lord Lyon King of Arms">Lord Lyon King of Arms</a>. </p><p>Britain is unique in the fact that it is possible to acquire social nobility - a kind of <i>noblesse d'apparence</i> - solely by demonstrating social standing and an appropriate lifestyle, and thus, the rank of gentleman can be accorded to a non-armiger not holding a traditionally ennobling office, something that generally has been made impossible on the Continent at the end of the Middle Ages. Until arms are granted, gentility can be challenged and derogated if social status is lost. </p><p>In the early twentieth century, it was argued by heraldic writers such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Arthur Charles Fox-Davies</a> that only those with a right to a coat of arms could correctly be described (if men) as gentlemen and of noble status; however, even at the time this argument was controversial, and it was rejected by other writers such as <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Barron" title="Oswald Barron">Oswald Barron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Round" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Round">Horace Round</a>. Rather, it can be said that not all gentlemen are armigers, but all armigers are (at least) gentlemen. </p><p>Thus, apart from receiving a peerage, baronetcy or a knighthood, it is possible to grow into the traditional British nobility by maintaining status for several generations ("It takes three generations to make a gentleman") or extraordinary achievement, usually in combination with acquiring a traditional country house with land. The process is completed by the acquisition of arms. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Malta">Order of Malta</a>, where proof of technical nobility is a requirement of certain grades of membership, British members must still base their proof upon an ancestral right to a coat of arms. CILANE, the European federation of nobility associations, also considers all British armigers as noble and the granting of arms in Britain as an act of ennoblement or confirmation of nobility. </p><p>The relationship between armigerousness and nobility is evidenced in frequent intermarriage between the peerage and the untitled gentry, and by the fact that the younger son of a younger son of a younger son of a Duke and an armiger with a new grant of arms share the same rank - that of gentleman. </p><p>Because of the unique British system of aristocracy, it can be said that Britain lacks an established explicitly non-noble upper class (haute bourgeoisie or patriciate), as families that would fall into this category on the Continent are absorbed into the aristocracy in Britain. </p><p>Until the 20th century, feudal titles – <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lordships of the Manor</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Barons_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Barons in Scotland">Feudal Baronies</a> in Scotland - were largely owned by the traditional nobility, and many are still in the hands of the landed gentry, of Peers and even of the Royal Family. They are incorporeal hereditaments just like hereditary peerages, baronetcies and coats of arms but can, unlike them, be freely bequeathed to an appointed heir or even sold. In the late 20th century, it became fashionable for foreign businessmen without a social or historical connection to the British upper class, often without any connection to Britain at all, to purchase them solely with the intent to use the title. This development was accelerated by the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Feudal_Tenure_etc._(Scotland)_Act_2000" title="Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000">Abolition of Feudal Tenure Act</a> in Scotland, which came into force in 2004 and detached Scottish feudal baronies from the manorial houses, the rights and the lands they were attached to (an analogous separation had already occurred in England centuries before). Thus, in the opinion of some commentators feudal titles can not be regarded a mark of nobility by themselves any more, unless they are held under the same conditions as they were in feudal society. However, other commentators point out that feudal titles were often bought, sold or exchanged throughout their history by those seeking to elevate their status, and recent developments simply allow the tradition to continue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1941, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> wrote that Britain was "the most class-ridden society under the sun." <sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview in 1975 <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic_of_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)">Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, stated that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If one asks oneself what are the true reasons for the differentiated development of societies and economies between the British and most ones on the Continent, I think it has something to do with the fact that British society, much more than the Scandinavian, German, Austrian, and Dutch societies, is characterised by a class-struggle type of society. This is true for both sides of the upper class as well as for the working classes. I think that the way in which organised labour on the one hand and industrial management on the other had dealt with their problems is outmoded.</p></blockquote> <p>Later in the same interview, Schmidt noted that<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You have to treat workers as equal members of society. You have to give them the self-esteem which they can only have if they acquire responsibility. Then you will be able to ask the trade unions to behave and to abstain from those idiotic policies. Then they will accept some guidance from outsiders—from the government or the party or whatever it is. But as long as you maintain the damned class-ridden society of yours you will never get out of your mess.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">British nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Family">British Royal Family</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forsyte_Saga" title="The Forsyte Saga">The Forsyte Saga</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">Hereditary peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(geodemography)" title="Mosaic (geodemography)">Mosaic (geodemography)</a> – system designed to classify Britain by postcode, into 11 main groups and 61 types.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toffs_and_Toughs" title="Toffs and Toughs">Toffs and Toughs</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_social_stereotypes">UK social stereotypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: UK social stereotypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chav" title="Chav">Chav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charver" class="mw-redirect" title="Charver">charver</a> (South/North-East England and Yorkshire), scally (North West England), <a href="/wiki/Ned_(Scottish)" title="Ned (Scottish)">Ned</a> (Scotland) or <a href="/wiki/Spide" class="mw-redirect" title="Spide">Spide</a> (Northern Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_man" title="Essex man">Essex man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooray_Henry" title="Hooray Henry">Hooray Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebs#Modern_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rah_(slang)" title="Rah (slang)">Rah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Ranger" title="Sloane Ranger">Sloane Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toff" title="Toff">Toff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_van_man" title="White van man">White van man</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2712372/Harriet-Harman-Social-class-is-still-most-important-divide-in-Britain.html">Harriet Harman: Social class is still most important divide in Britain.</a> www.telegraph.co.uk, 9 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lay+concepts+of+the+economy+-+social+representations+of+economic+phenomena&rft.pub=Unknown&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Roland-Levy&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.exeter.ac.uk%2FPWebley%2Fpapers%2Fsaving.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23576398-rise-in-families-caught-cheating-for-school-places.do">"Rise in families caught cheating for school places"</a>. <i>thisislondon.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thisislondon.co.uk&rft.atitle=Rise+in+families+caught+cheating+for+school+places&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fstandard%2Farticle-23576398-rise-in-families-caught-cheating-for-school-places.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reeves-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reeves_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves2007" class="citation journal cs1">Reeves, Richard (25 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2007/10/middle-england-class-social">"Middle England. They're nicer than you think"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Middle+England.+They%27re+nicer+than+you+think&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2F2007%2F10%2Fmiddle-england-class-social&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jilly_Cooper" title="Jilly Cooper">Jilly Cooper</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lMiAAAAMAAJ&q=Class,+A+view+from+Middle+England"><i>Class: a view from middle England</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Methuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyre Methuen">Eyre Methuen</a>. 1979. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780413373601" title="Special:BookSources/9780413373601"><bdi>9780413373601</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class%3A+a+view+from+middle+England&rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780413373601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lMiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DClass%2C%2BA%2Bview%2Bfrom%2BMiddle%2BEngland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britain_1950,_page_679-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britain_1950,_page_679_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britain_1950,_page_679_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalliserClarkDaunton2000" class="citation book cs1">Palliser, David Michael; Clark, Peter; Daunton, Martin J. (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeurbanhi00clar"><i>The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: 1840–1950</i></a></span>. Cambridge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeurbanhi00clar/page/n706">679</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521431415" title="Special:BookSources/9780521431415"><bdi>9780521431415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Urban+History+of+Britain%3A+1840%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=679&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521431415&rft.aulast=Palliser&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rft.au=Clark%2C+Peter&rft.au=Daunton%2C+Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeurbanhi00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/439/1/studying_language_2a.pdf">https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/439/1/studying_language_2a.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Accent Bias in Britain project. Queen Mary, Univ Lond <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://accentbiasbritain.org/accents-in-britain/">https://accentbiasbritain.org/accents-in-britain/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudgill, 2001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/trudgill.htm">https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/trudgill.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectator.co.uk/columnists/james-delingpole/7482608/thank-god-i-dont-have-that-ghastly-sense-of-entitlement-that-eton-instils/">"Thank God I don't have that ghastly sense of entitlement that Eton instils"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>. 17 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Thank+God+I+don%27t+have+that+ghastly+sense+of+entitlement+that+Eton+instils&rft.date=2011-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Fcolumnists%2Fjames-delingpole%2F7482608%2Fthank-god-i-dont-have-that-ghastly-sense-of-entitlement-that-eton-instils%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnes2010" class="citation news cs1">Byrnes, Sholto (20 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/apr/20/clegg-cameron-posher">"Who's posher: Clegg or Cameron?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who%27s+posher%3A+Clegg+or+Cameron%3F&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.aufirst=Sholto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fapr%2F20%2Fclegg-cameron-posher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarndale2013" class="citation news cs1">Farndale, Nigel (28 January 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9821490/Is-there-a-private-school-prejudice.html">"Is there a private school prejudice?"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9821490/Is-there-a-private-school-prejudice.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+private+school+prejudice%3F&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.aulast=Farndale&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Feducationnews%2F9821490%2FIs-there-a-private-school-prejudice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2011" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Ken (15 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EKccBQAAQBAJ&q=Class+system+britain&pg=PA10"><i>Class in Contemporary Britain</i></a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230344587" title="Special:BookSources/9780230344587"><bdi>9780230344587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+in+Contemporary+Britain&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2011-02-15&rft.isbn=9780230344587&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEKccBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DClass%2Bsystem%2Bbritain%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopham2011" class="citation news cs1">Popham, Peter (10 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-best-of-enemies-david-cameron-vs-boris-johnson-2335578.html">"The best of enemies: David Cameron vs Boris Johnson"</a>. Independent 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>Toby Young, co-producer of the drama documentary When Boris Met Dave, describes Johnson as lower/upper middle class – fellow Old Etonian George Orwell's celebrated self-definition...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+best+of+enemies%3A+David+Cameron+vs+Boris+Johnson&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft.aulast=Popham&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fthe-best-of-enemies-david-cameron-vs-boris-johnson-2335578.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarde2013" class="citation book cs1">Warde, Alan (18 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CT-PAQAAQBAJ&q=kate+middleton+upper+middle+class&pg=PA9"><i>Cultural Consumption, Classification and Power</i></a>. Routledge, 18 October 2013 (Page 9). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317982227" title="Special:BookSources/9781317982227"><bdi>9781317982227</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>...Kate Middleton is privately educated (courtesy of paternal family trust funds established decades ago)...and ...is from a wealthy upper middle class family...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Consumption%2C+Classification+and+Power&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+18+October+2013+%28Page+9%29&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft.isbn=9781317982227&rft.aulast=Warde&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCT-PAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkate%2Bmiddleton%2Bupper%2Bmiddle%2Bclass%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Sean (24 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwIXG7EbQ5cC&q=kate+middleton+upper-middle-class&pg=PT19"><i>Kate - A Biography of Kate Middleton</i></a>. Simon and Schuster, 24 May 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451661569" title="Special:BookSources/9781451661569"><bdi>9781451661569</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>...family trusts were set up over 100 years ago..."(Middleton's ) family were upper middle class observed a family friend"...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kate+-+A+Biography+of+Kate+Middleton&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster%2C+24+May+2011&rft.date=2011-05-24&rft.isbn=9781451661569&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwIXG7EbQ5cC%26q%3Dkate%2Bmiddleton%2Bupper-middle-class%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent_20_Mar_2011-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_20_Mar_2011_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_20_Mar_2011_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/class-exclusive-seven-in-10-of-us-belong-to-middle-britain-2247052.html">"Class exclusive: Seven in 10 of us belong to Middle Britain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. UK. 20 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>The next poshest, Kate Middleton, is regarded as upper middle class...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Class+exclusive%3A+Seven+in+10+of+us+belong+to+Middle+Britain&rft.date=2011-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fclass-exclusive-seven-in-10-of-us-belong-to-middle-britain-2247052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2011" class="citation book cs1">Price, Joann. F. (21 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W9BX5m8zdEoC&q=prince+william+kate+upper+middle+class&pg=PA130"><i>Prince William: A Biography</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313392863" title="Special:BookSources/9780313392863"><bdi>9780313392863</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>.... She (Kate Middleton) is a woman from an upper middle class family...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+William%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft.isbn=9780313392863&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Joann.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW9BX5m8zdEoC%26q%3Dprince%2Bwilliam%2Bkate%2Bupper%2Bmiddle%2Bclass%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2008" class="citation web cs1">Harrington, Illtyd (17 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecnj.com/review/2008/071708/books071708_01.html">"New Mayor Boris Johnson opens next chapter"</a>. <i>Camden New Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Camden+New+Journal&rft.atitle=New+Mayor+Boris+Johnson+opens+next+chapter&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Illtyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecnj.com%2Freview%2F2008%2F071708%2Fbooks071708_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sutherland" title="Douglas Sutherland">Douglas Sutherland</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Gentleman" title="The English Gentleman">The English Gentleman</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1998" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Frances (1998). <i>The Nineteenth-Century Church and English Society</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65711-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65711-2"><bdi>978-0-521-65711-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth-Century+Church+and+English+Society&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65711-2&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington, J., Palethorpe, S., & Watson, C. (2000b). Does the Queen speak the Queen's English? Nature Vol. 408, 927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinton2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hinton, Martin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.uni.lodz.pl:8080/xmlui/bitstream/11089/14930/1/rela-2015-0010.pdf">"Changes in Received Pronunciation: Diachronic Case Studies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Research in Language</i>. <b>13</b>: 21–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Frela-2015-0010">10.1515/rela-2015-0010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38627244">38627244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Language&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Received+Pronunciation%3A+Diachronic+Case+Studies&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=21-37&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Frela-2015-0010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38627244%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.uni.lodz.pl%3A8080%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2F11089%2F14930%2F1%2Frela-2015-0010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DT-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DT_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DT_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDent2012" class="citation news cs1">Dent, Susie (21 May 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9280753/The-Queens-English-changes-through-the-years.html">"The Queen's English: changes through the years"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9280753/The-Queens-English-changes-through-the-years.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span> – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Queen%27s+English%3A+changes+through+the+years&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft.aulast=Dent&rft.aufirst=Susie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fthe_queens_diamond_jubilee%2F9280753%2FThe-Queens-English-changes-through-the-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1898" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Joseph (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/englishdialectdi01wriguoft#page/n13/mode/2up"><i>The English Dialect Dictionary, Volume 1 A-C</i></a>. London: Henry Frowde. p. viii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Dialect+Dictionary%2C+Volume+1+A-C&rft.place=London&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Henry+Frowde&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fenglishdialectdi01wriguoft%23page%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2009" class="citation book cs1">Roach, Peter (2009). <i>English Phonetics and Phonology</i>. Cambridge. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71740-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71740-3"><bdi>978-0-521-71740-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-71740-3&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill1999" class="citation cs2">Trudgill, Peter (1999), <i>The Dialects of England</i> (2nd ed.), Wiley, p. 80, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21815-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21815-7"><bdi>0-631-21815-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialects+of+England&rft.pages=80&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-631-21815-7&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ES-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ES_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMount2010" class="citation web cs1">Mount, Harry (1 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100915161805/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/article-23851474-word-on-the-street-in-london.do">"Word on the street in London"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/article-23851474-word-on-the-street-in-london.do">the original</a> on 15 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Word+on+the+street+in+London&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.aulast=Mount&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Flifestyle%2Farticle-23851474-word-on-the-street-in-london.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/services/granting-arms">"Granting of Arms"</a>. College of Arms. 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Granting+of+Arms&rft.pub=College+of+Arms&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.college-of-arms.gov.uk%2Fservices%2Fgranting-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Future of Socialism by Anthony Crosland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDönhoff" class="citation book cs1">Dönhoff, Marion. <i>Foe into friend: The Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foe+into+friend%3A+The+Makers+of+the+New+Germany+from+Konrad+Adenauer+to+Helmut+Schmidt&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6nhoff&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jilly_Cooper" title="Jilly Cooper">Jilly Cooper</a>. <i>Class, A view from Middle England</i>, <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Methuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyre Methuen">Eyre Methuen</a>, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-552-11525-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-552-11525-8">0-552-11525-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Fox" title="Kate Fox">Kate Fox</a>. <i>Watching the English</i>, Nicholas Brealey Pub., 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85788-508-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85788-508-2">1-85788-508-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benson, John. <i>The Working Class in Britain 1850–1939</i> (I. B. Tauris, 2003).</li> <li>Bukodi, Erzsébet, et al. "The mobility problem in Britain: new findings from the analysis of birth cohort data." <i>British Journal of Sociology</i> 66.1 (2015): 93–117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/60249/1/Bukodi_Goldtthrope_Waller_Kuha_Mobility%20problem%20in%20Britain.pdf">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddens,_Anthony" class="mw-redirect" title="Giddens, Anthony">Giddens, Anthony</a>. "Elites in the British class structure." <i>Sociological Review</i> 20.3 (1972): 345–372.</li> <li>Goldthorpe, John H., and Colin Mills. "Trends in intergenerational class mobility in Britain in the late twentieth century." in <i>Social mobility in Europe</i> (2004): 195–224.</li> <li>Goldthorpe, John H., and David Lockwood. "Affluence and the British class structure." <i>Sociological Review</i> 11.2 (1963): 133–163.</li> <li>Goldthorpe, John H. "Sociology and Statistics in Britain: The Strange History of Social Mobility Research and Its Latter-Day Consequences." in Plamena Panayotova ed., <i>The History of Sociology in Britain</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019). 339–387.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg,_Pauline" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregg, Pauline">Gregg, Pauline</a>. <i>A Social and Economic History of Britain: 1760–1950</i> (1950) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.12867">online</a></li> <li>Henz, Ursula, and Colin Mills. "Social Class Origin and Assortative Mating in Britain, 1949–2010." <i>Sociology</i> 52.6 (2018): 1217–1236. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/83559/1/Henz_Social%20class%20origin%20and%20assortative%20mating%20_Combined_2017.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Holmwood, John, and John Scott, eds. <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Sociology in Britain</i> (Springer, 2014).</li> <li>Li, Yaojun, and Anthony Heath. "Class matters: A study of minority and majority social mobility in Britain, 1982–2011." <i>American Journal of Sociology</i> 122.1 (2016): 162–200. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/686696">online</a></li> <li>Miles, Andrew, and Mike Savage. (2013) <i>The remaking of the British working class, 1840-1940</i> (Routledge, 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2016" class="citation news cs1">Robson, David (7 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160406-how-much-does-social-class-matter-in-britain-today">"How important is social class in Britain today?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+important+is+social+class+in+Britain+today%3F&rft.date=2016-04-07&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Fstory%2F20160406-how-much-does-social-class-matter-in-britain-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Savage, Mike. <i>Social class in the 21st century</i> (Penguin UK, 2015).</li> <li>Savage, Mike, et al. "A new model of social class? Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey experiment." <i>Sociology</i> 47.2 (2013): 219–250.</li> <li>Thompson, E.P. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_English_Working_Class" title="The Making of the English Working Class">The Making of the English Working Class</a></i> (1968)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">David Cannadine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://partners.nytimes.com/books/first/c/cannadine-class.html"><i>The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/367/367-03.htm">JP Somerville, University of Wisconsin page on early modern social class in Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-strategies.co.uk/upload/downloads/mosaic%20uk%20brochure.pdf">Mosaic Geodemographics Summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061106125455/http://www.business-strategies.co.uk/upload/downloads/mosaic%20uk%20brochure.pdf">Archived</a> 6 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517113836/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article3041270.ece">Article from The Times on Taste and class</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510160530/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article3576387.ece">Article from The Times - are we all Middle class now</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202052646/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article3584059.ece">Article from the Times - Can you buy your way into the Upper Class</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article713386.ece">Article from the Times</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070524032148/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/20/nrclass20.xml">article from Daily Telegraph on social mobility</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Social class in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social class in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Germany (page does not exist)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Social class in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Ukraine (page does not exist)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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