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id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Charles Pickering</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="إدوارد تشارلز بيكرنج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد تشارلز بيكرنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82" title="ادوارد چارلز پیکرینق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد چارلز پیکرینق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ادوارد چارلز پیکرینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد چارلز پیکرینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%BC%EC%BB%A4%EB%A7%81" title="에드워드 찰스 피커링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 찰스 피커링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="एडवर्ड चार्ल्स पिकरिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडवर्ड चार्ल्स पिकरिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="אדוארד צ'ארלס פיקרינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד צ'ארלס פיקרינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಪಿಕೆರಿಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಪಿಕೆರಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ედუარდ ჩარლზ პიკერინგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედუარდ ჩარლზ პიკერინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ادوارد تشارلز بيكرنج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد تشارلز بيكرنج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="エドワード・ピッカリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・ピッカリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Пикеринг, Эдуард Чарлз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пикеринг, Эдуард Чарлз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5%D8%B2_%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئێدوارد چارڵز پیکەرینگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدوارد چارڵز پیکەرینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Едвард Чарлс Пикеринг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едвард Чарлс Пикеринг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edward Charles Pickering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="எட்வார்டு சார்லசு பிக்கரிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எட்வார்டு சார்லசு 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Edward Charles Pickering</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">HFRSE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg/220px-Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg/330px-Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg/440px-Edward_Charles_Pickering_1880s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="987" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pickering in the 1880s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1846-07-19</span>)</span>July 19, 1846<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 3, 1919<span style="display:none">(1919-02-03)</span> (aged 72)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopic_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscopic binary">spectroscopic binary</a> stars</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Member of the National Academy of Sciences</a> (1873)<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Medal" title="Henry Draper Medal">Henry Draper Medal</a> (1888)<br /><a href="/wiki/Valz_Prize" title="Valz Prize">Valz Prize</a> (1888)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> (1908) <br /><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> (1886 and 1901)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Charles Pickering</b> (July 19, 1846 – February 3, 1919) was an American <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the older brother of <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering" title="William Henry Pickering">William Henry Pickering</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Carl_Vogel" title="Hermann Carl Vogel">Carl Vogel</a>, Pickering discovered the first <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopic_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscopic binary">spectroscopic binary</a> stars. He wrote <i>Elements of Physical Manipulations</i> (2 vol., 1873–76).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Charles_Pickering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pickering was born at 43 Bowdoin Street in Boston, Massachusetts, on July 19, 1846,<sup id="cite_ref-globe_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a distinguished, cultivated family consisting of his brother, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering" title="William Henry Pickering">William Henry Pickering</a>, father, Edward Pickering, and his mother, Charlotte Hammond.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's brother, William, was a graduate of MIT and professor of physics and astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was interested in the stars as a boy and constructed his own telescope by the age of 12.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pickering enjoyed his work at the observatory, but he also enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountain climbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">bicycling</a> in earlier days and later he was an interested spectator of football games. He was co-founder and first president of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountain_Club" title="Appalachian Mountain Club">Appalachian Mountain Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a lover of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classic music</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">first world war</a> he was busy trying to devise useful applications to win the war. The Pickering Polaris Attachment was a device used to determine the range of guns.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1874, Pickering married Lizzie Wadsworth Sparks, whose father was formerly the President of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mrs. Pickering died in 1906, and Edward died in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Charles_Pickering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pickering was educated at <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a>, and then studied at the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences">Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences</a>), where he received his Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Charles_Pickering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Charles_Pickering_by_Sarah_Gooll_Putnam.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Edward_Charles_Pickering_by_Sarah_Gooll_Putnam.jpeg/225px-Edward_Charles_Pickering_by_Sarah_Gooll_Putnam.jpeg" decoding="async" width="225" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Edward_Charles_Pickering_by_Sarah_Gooll_Putnam.jpeg/338px-Edward_Charles_Pickering_by_Sarah_Gooll_Putnam.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Edward_Charles_Pickering_by_Sarah_Gooll_Putnam.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>This portrait was painted in 1911 by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gooll_Putnam" title="Sarah Gooll Putnam">Sarah Gooll Putnam</a> and is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums" title="Harvard Art Museums">Harvard Art Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Immediately upon graduating from Harvard he was hired as an instructor of mathematics there, and a year later he moved to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> to be an assistant professor of physics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1868, he was made Thayer Professor of Physics, succeeding <a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 10 years he was there, he created the first physics lab in America that was designed for students to publish their own findings and research.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pickering named this lab the Rogers Laboratory of Physics and pronounced himself Director of the Laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned as Thayer Professor of Physics in 1877, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Cross_(physicist)" title="Charles R. Cross (physicist)">Charles R. Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Pickering served as director of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a> (HCO) from 1877 to his death in 1919, where he made great leaps forward in the gathering of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">stellar spectra</a> through the use of photography. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delegates_to_the_Fourth_Conference_International_Union_for_Cooperation_in_Solar_Research_at_Mount_Wilson_Observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Delegates_to_the_Fourth_Conference_International_Union_for_Cooperation_in_Solar_Research_at_Mount_Wilson_Observatory.jpg/220px-Delegates_to_the_Fourth_Conference_International_Union_for_Cooperation_in_Solar_Research_at_Mount_Wilson_Observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Delegates_to_the_Fourth_Conference_International_Union_for_Cooperation_in_Solar_Research_at_Mount_Wilson_Observatory.jpg/330px-Delegates_to_the_Fourth_Conference_International_Union_for_Cooperation_in_Solar_Research_at_Mount_Wilson_Observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Delegates_to_the_Fourth_Conference_International_Union_for_Cooperation_in_Solar_Research_at_Mount_Wilson_Observatory.jpg/440px-Delegates_to_the_Fourth_Conference_International_Union_for_Cooperation_in_Solar_Research_at_Mount_Wilson_Observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6619" data-file-height="2398" /></a><figcaption>Pickering at the Fourth Conference International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Mount Wilson Observatory</a>, 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the death of college doctor and amateur astronomer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper" title="Henry Draper">Henry Draper</a>, an opportunity presented itself for Pickering. Draper's death left the incompletion of his work studying astronomy using photography. Draper had no children to carry on and finish his legacy, so his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anna_Draper" title="Mary Anna Draper">Mary Anna Draper</a>, planned on finishing his work. Pickering wrote a letter to Mrs. Draper "...pray recollect that if I can in any way advise or aid you, I shall be doing but little to repay Dr. Draper for a friendship which I shall always value, but which can never be replaced." Mrs. Draper urgently responded and soon dropped off her husband's work to Pickering. Pickering concluded that Draper's use of photography in astronomy was very promising compared to the traditional method of observation and recording using one's eye through instruments. In 1884, a paper on such observations was published with the author "the late Henry Draper<i>.</i>" After receiving criticism from Dr. <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a>, a friend of Dr. Draper, Pickering began to hire more assistants to strengthen Draper's findings. This consequently also strengthened and contributed to Harvard Computers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg/225px-Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg/338px-Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg/450px-Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Pickering and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Computers" title="Harvard Computers">Harvard Computers</a>, standing in front of Building C at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a>, 13 May 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1882 he started his appeals for international variable star observations. This was met with opposition, but eventually such a cooperation was realized in the Variable Star Section of the <a href="/wiki/British_Astronomical_Association" title="British Astronomical Association">British Astronomical Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Variable_Star_Observers" title="American Association of Variable Star Observers">American Association of Variable Star Observers</a> (AAVSO). Pickering had a good relationship with the AAVSO and received a gold paper knife with precious stones.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1882, Pickering developed a method to photograph the spectra of multiple stars simultaneously by putting a large prism in front of the photographic plate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using this method, Pickering and his team captured images of over 220,000 stars.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This immense amount of photographic research has provided scientists for decades with a seemingly endless library containing the history of every visible star's movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that this research weighs 120 tons due to the size of <a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">photographic plates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also, along with <a href="/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming">Williamina Fleming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed a stellar classification system based on an alphabetic system for spectral classes that was first known as the Harvard <a href="/wiki/Stellar_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar Classification">Stellar Classification</a> and became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Draper Catalog">Henry Draper Catalog</a>. </p><p>In 1896, Pickering published observations of previously unknown lines in the spectra of the star <a href="/wiki/Puppis" title="Puppis">ζ-Puppis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lines became known as the <a href="/wiki/Pickering_series" title="Pickering series">Pickering series</a> (or the Pickering–Fowler series) and Pickering attributed them to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Fowler" title="Alfred Fowler">Alfred Fowler</a> gave the same attribution to similar lines that he observed in a hydrogen-helium mixture in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis by <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> included in his 'trilogy' on <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">atomic structure</a> argued that the spectral lines arose from ionized <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, He<sup>+</sup>, and not from hydrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoyer_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fowler was initially-skeptical but was ultimately convinced that Bohr was correct, and by 1915 "<a href="/wiki/Spectroscopists" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscopists">spectroscopists</a> had transferred [the Pickering series] definitively [from hydrogen] to helium."<sup id="cite_ref-Hoyer_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robotti_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robotti-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bohr's theoretical work on the Pickering series had demonstrated the need for "a re-examination of problems that seemed already to have been solved within classical theories" and provided important confirmation for his atomic theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Robotti_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robotti-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pickering is credited for making the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a> known and respected around the world, and it continues today to be a well-respected observatory and program.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvard_Computers">Harvard Computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Charles_Pickering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Harvard Computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Harvard College Observatory was becoming a premiere observatory in the world and with it came the demand for more assistants. These assistants were critical for taking notes, running calculations and performing analytics. College educated women from around the country offered to work for the Harvard Observatory unpaid to gain experience or until proving their value to be paid. During this time, Pickering recruited over 80 women to work for him, including <a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt" title="Henrietta Swan Leavitt">Henrietta Swan Leavitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Maury" title="Antonia Maury">Antonia Maury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cushman" title="Florence Cushman">Florence Cushman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was very unusual for such an accomplished scientist to work with this many women, but it has been said that he "became so exasperated with his male assistant's inefficiency, that even his maid could do a better job of copying and computing".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These women, the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Computers" title="Harvard Computers">Harvard Computers</a> (also described as "Pickering's Harem" by the male scientific community at the time), made several important discoveries at HCO.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leavitt's discovery of the period-luminosity relationship for <a href="/wiki/Cepheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cepheid">Cepheids</a>, published by Pickering, would prove the foundation for the modern understanding of cosmological distances.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pickering's treatment of women, during his time, was considered better than most. It is true that they were underpaid compared to their male counterparts and were not given credit nearly as often, but his willingness to include them in the world of astronomy paved the way for many great female scientists and leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This added to the observatory's funding through fellowships and the procurement of women including alumnus and professors aiding in the creation of Harvard Computers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Charles_Pickering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pickering was the fourth and longest-running director of HCO, serving for 42 years. On February 3, 1919, Pickering unexpectedly died from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and heart complications after being ill for around ten days.<sup id="cite_ref-globe_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died while holding the position of director of the University Observatory continuing an odd 42-year tradition of HCO Directors dying in office.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, <a href="/wiki/Solon_Irving_Bailey" title="Solon Irving Bailey">Solon Bailey</a> served as interim director. Pickering's friends and colleges would remember him for his great ability, originality, initiative, and warm-heartedness. Pickering would be remembered by the world for his contribution to astronomical photography, advancement of astronomical discoveries, and his progressive view of women.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although today his treatment of women is associated with a negative connotation, he was known during the time to give women more equal treatment than most. Doing so paved the way for many more women to become interested and involved in astronomy. Pickering's work with using glass plates to photograph the sky was the start of major technological advances for astronomical photography. Although glass plates are no longer used, his work led to modern uses of <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charged coupled devices</a> in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pickering is interred in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a> in Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Charles_Pickering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickerings_Triangle_in_the_Veil_Nebula_-_Flickr_-_astrophotography_andy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pickerings_Triangle_in_the_Veil_Nebula_-_Flickr_-_astrophotography_andy.jpg/220px-Pickerings_Triangle_in_the_Veil_Nebula_-_Flickr_-_astrophotography_andy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pickerings_Triangle_in_the_Veil_Nebula_-_Flickr_-_astrophotography_andy.jpg/330px-Pickerings_Triangle_in_the_Veil_Nebula_-_Flickr_-_astrophotography_andy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pickerings_Triangle_in_the_Veil_Nebula_-_Flickr_-_astrophotography_andy.jpg/440px-Pickerings_Triangle_in_the_Veil_Nebula_-_Flickr_-_astrophotography_andy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Pickering's Triangle. The filaments are also known as Williamina Fleming's Triangular Wisp<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>His awards and honors include: </p> <ul><li>Pickering was the youngest person to be elected a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Member of the National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1873 when he was 26 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archibald1936_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archibald1936-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1867)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> (1886 and 1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valz_Prize" title="Valz Prize">Valz Prize</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> (1888)<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Medal" title="Henry Draper Medal">Henry Draper Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1888)<sup id="cite_ref-Draper_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1896)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> (1908)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Jules_Janssen" title="Prix Jules Janssen">Prix Jules Janssen</a>, the highest award of the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_astronomique_de_France" title="Société astronomique de France">Société astronomique de France</a>, the French astronomical society (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legum_Doctor" title="Legum Doctor">LL. D.</a> (honorary degree) at six American universities and two doctor degrees at foreign universities<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a><sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Merite</a><sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The following are named in his honor: </p> <ul><li>The crater, <a href="/wiki/Pickering_(lunar_crater)" title="Pickering (lunar crater)">Pickering lunar crater</a></li> <li>The crater, <a href="/wiki/Pickering_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickering (Martian crater)">Pickering martian crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/784_Pickeringia" title="784 Pickeringia">784 Pickeringia</a></li> <li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Veil_Nebula" title="Veil Nebula">Veil Nebula</a>, Pickering's Triangle <sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pickering" title="Mount Pickering">Mount Pickering</a>, a mountain in California</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Charles_Pickering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(1873–76) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000630193"><i>Elements of physical manipulation</i></a> New York: Hurd & Houghton OCLC 16078533</li> <li>(1882) <i>A plan for securing observations of the variable stars</i> Cambridge: J. Wilson and Son OCLC 260332440</li> <li>(1886) <i>An investigation in stellar photography</i> Cambridge: J. Wilson and Son OCLC 15790725</li> <li>(1891) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001653135"><i>Preparation and discussion of the Draper catalogue</i></a> Cambridge: J. Wilson and Son OCLC 3492105</li> <li>(1903) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008419916"><i>Plan for the endowment of astronomical research</i></a> Cambridge: Astronomical observatory of Harvard College OCLC 30005226</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPickering1912" class="citation news cs1">Pickering, EC (1912). "The Allegheny Observatory In Its Relation To Astronomy". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. Vol. 36, no. 927 (published Oct 4, 1912). pp. 417–421. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1912Sci....36..417P">1912Sci....36..417P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.36.927.417">10.1126/science.36.927.417</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17788756">17788756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Allegheny+Observatory+In+Its+Relation+To+Astronomy&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=927&rft.pages=417-421&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17788756&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.36.927.417&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1912Sci....36..417P&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Charles+Pickering" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Charles_Pickering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-wRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA856">"PICKERING, Edward Charles"</a>. <i>The International Who's Who in the World</i>. 1912. p. 856.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Who%27s+Who+in+the+World&rft.atitle=PICKERING%2C+Edward+Charles&rft.pages=856&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-wRAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Charles+Pickering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25109794">"Review of Elements of Physical Manipulation"</a>. <i>The North American Review</i>. <b>118</b> (242): 182–185. 1874. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-2397">0029-2397</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25109794">25109794</a>.</cite><span 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(April 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F121792">"Address of the Retiring President of the Society, in awarding the Bruce Medal to Edward C. Pickering"</a>. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i>. <b>20</b> (119): 55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1908PASP...20...55C">1908PASP...20...55C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F121792">10.1086/121792</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Address+of+the+Retiring+President+of+the+Society%2C+in+awarding+the+Bruce+Medal+to+Edward+C.+Pickering&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=119&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1908-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F121792&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1908PASP...20...55C&rft.aulast=Cushing&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F121792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Charles+Pickering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/mitglieder/edward-charles-pickering?m=2&u=7">"Edward Charles Pickering | ORDEN POUR LE MÉRITE"</a>. <i>www.orden-pourlemerite.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orden-pourlemerite.de&rft.atitle=Edward+Charles+Pickering+%7C+ORDEN+POUR+LE+M%C3%89RITE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orden-pourlemerite.de%2Fmitglieder%2Fedward-charles-pickering%3Fm%3D2%26u%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Charles+Pickering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Charles_Pickering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_Charles_Pickering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pickering,_Edward_Charles" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pickering, Edward Charles">Pickering, Edward Charles</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/6174">Works by Edward Charles Pickering</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pickering%2C%20Edward%20Charles%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pickering%2C%20Edward%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pickering%2C%20E%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edward%20Charles%20Pickering%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edward%20C%2E%20Pickering%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E%2E%20C%2E%20Pickering%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pickering%2C%20Edward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edward%20Pickering%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20Charles%20Pickering%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20C%2E%20Pickering%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20C%2E%20Pickering%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20Charles%20Pickering%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pickering%2C%20Edward%20Charles%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pickering%2C%20Edward%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pickering%2C%20E%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pickering%2C%20E%2E%20Charles%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20Pickering%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pickering%2C%20Edward%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edward%20Charles%20Pickering%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edward%20C%2E%20Pickering%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E%2E%20C%2E%20Pickering%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edward%20Pickering%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edward%20Charles%20Pickering%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edward%20C%2E%20Pickering%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E%2E%20C%2E%20Pickering%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pickering%2C%20Edward%20Charles%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pickering%2C%20Edward%20C%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edward%20Pickering%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pickering%2C%20Edward%22%29%20OR%20%28%221846-1919%22%20AND%20Pickering%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Edward Charles Pickering</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3132">Works by Edward Charles Pickering</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/pickering-edward.pdf">Edward Charles Pickering</a> — <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences">Biographical Memoirs</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090053/http://web.calstatela.edu/faculty/kaniol/a360/harvard_women.htm">Women Astronomers at Harvard at the Turn of the Century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Obituaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AN.../0208//0000075.000.html">AN <b>208</b> (1919) 133/134</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/JRASC/0013//0000160.000.html">JRASC <b>13</b> (1919) 160</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0080//0000360.000.html">MNRAS <b>80</b> (1920) 360</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0031//0000073.000.html">PASP <b>31</b> (1919) 73</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Physics</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a> (1866–1868)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Charles Pickering</a> (1868–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Cross_(physicist)" title="Charles R. Cross (physicist)">Charles R. Cross</a> (1877–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bidwell_Wilson" title="Edwin Bidwell Wilson">Edwin Bidwell Wilson</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Ladd_Norton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Ladd Norton (page does not exist)">Charles Ladd Norton</a> (1922–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a> (1930–1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Herman_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Herman Frank (page does not exist)">Nathaniel Herman Frank</a> (1952–1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_W._Buechner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William W. Buechner (page does not exist)">William W. Buechner</a> (1961–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> (1966–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a> (1972–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a> (1983–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Birgeneau" title="Robert J. Birgeneau">Robert J. Birgeneau</a> (1988–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_A._Kastner" title="Marc A. Kastner">Marc A. Kastner</a> (1998–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bertschinger" title="Edmund Bertschinger">Edmund Bertschinger</a> (2007–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Fisher" title="Peter H. Fisher">Peter H. Fisher</a> (2013–2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deepto_Chakrabarty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deepto Chakrabarty (page does not exist)">Deepto Chakrabarty</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156896#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116178949">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87831268">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13167172t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13167172t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35044087">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2016922720&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/810392">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116178949.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116178949">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/070270465">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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