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href="#Mexican_American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mexican American War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican_American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_Years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_Years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Last Years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_Years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Published works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Eponymy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لوكاس ألامان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوكاس ألامان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лукас Аламан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лукас Аламан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lucas Alamán" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lucas Alamán" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Λούκας Αλαμάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λούκας Αλαμάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lucas Alamán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lucas Alamán" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lucas Alamán" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لوكاس الامان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوكاس الامان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lucas Alamán" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lucas Alamán" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lucas Alamán" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lucas Alamán" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Аламан, Лукас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аламан, Лукас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lucas Alamán" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лукас Ігнасіо Аламан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лукас Ігнасіо Аламан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q507298#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Alamán</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Escalada</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lucas Alamán</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n,_18-10-1792_-_2-6-1853,_Pascual_Alam%C3%A1n_(1861).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n%2C_18-10-1792_-_2-6-1853%2C_Pascual_Alam%C3%A1n_%281861%29.png/220px-Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n%2C_18-10-1792_-_2-6-1853%2C_Pascual_Alam%C3%A1n_%281861%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n%2C_18-10-1792_-_2-6-1853%2C_Pascual_Alam%C3%A1n_%281861%29.png/330px-Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n%2C_18-10-1792_-_2-6-1853%2C_Pascual_Alam%C3%A1n_%281861%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n%2C_18-10-1792_-_2-6-1853%2C_Pascual_Alam%C3%A1n_%281861%29.png/440px-Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n%2C_18-10-1792_-_2-6-1853%2C_Pascual_Alam%C3%A1n_%281861%29.png 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">1860s copy by Alamán's son Pascual of a portrait depicting him in his younger years, currently in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia" title="Museo Nacional de Historia">Museo Nacional de Historia</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)" title="Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)">Minister of Interior and Exterior Relations of Mexico</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 April – 2 June 1853</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">José Miguel Arroyo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">José Miguel Arroyo</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 January 1830 – 20 May 1832</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Manuel Ortiz de la Torre</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">José María Ortiz Monasterio</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 January 1825 – 26 September 1825</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Juan Guzmán</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Pedraza" title="Manuel Gómez Pedraza">Manuel Gómez Pedraza</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 May – 21 September 1824</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_La_Llave" title="Pablo de La Llave">Pablo de La Llave</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Juan Guzmán</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 April 1823 – 23 April 1824</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">José Ignacio García Illueca</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_La_Llave" title="Pablo de La Llave">Pablo de La Llave</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1792-10-18</span>)</span>18 October 1792<br /><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato,_Guanajuato" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato, Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 June 1853<span style="display:none">(1853-06-02)</span> (aged 60)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Mexico)" title="Conservative Party (Mexico)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Mines">Royal College of Mines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Entrepreneur, historian, politician, scientist, writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_de_Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lucas Alamán's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Firma_de_Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n.PNG/128px-Firma_de_Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n.PNG" decoding="async" width="128" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Firma_de_Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n.PNG/192px-Firma_de_Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Firma_de_Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n.PNG/256px-Firma_de_Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n.PNG 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Alamán</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lucas Ignacio Alamán y Escalada</b> (<a href="/wiki/Guanajuato,_Guanajuato" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato, Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, 18 October 1792 – <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico, 2 June 1853) was a <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican</a> scientist, conservative statesman, historian, and writer. He came from an elite <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> family and was well-traveled and highly educated. He was an eyewitness to the early fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> when he witnessed the troops of insurgent leader <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a> sack <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato City</a>, an incident that informed his already conservative and antidemocratic thought.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has been called the "arch-reactionary of the epoch...who sought to create a strong central government based on a close alliance of the army, the Catholic Church and the landed classes."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been considered the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Mexico)" title="Conservative Party (Mexico)">Conservative Party</a>. He has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was one of the prime voices advocating for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Mexico" title="Monarchism in Mexico">monarchy in Mexico</a>. </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Hale" title="Charles A. Hale">Charles A. Hale</a>, Alamán was "undoubtedly the major political and intellectual figure of independent Mexico until his death in 1853 ... the guiding force of several administrations and an active promoter of economic development."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lucas Alamán was born to a wealthy family of <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato</a> on October 18, 1792. His father was Juan Vicente Alamán and his mother was Maria Ignacia Escalada.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father had immigrated from <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> and accumulated a fortune in mining, while his mother was member of a distinguished American-born Spanish family,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and held the title of the fifth marchioness of San Clemente.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alamán's father was his mother's second husband, following the death of her first husband, Brigadier Gabriel de Arechederreta. Alamán had an older sister, María de Luz Estefanuia Anna José Ignacia Alamán y Escalada, born 1782, and an older half-brother, Juan Bautista Arechederreta. </p><p>His started his schooling at the <i>amiga</i>, a children's school, run by Dona Josefa Camacho, and continued his studies at the Bethlehem School where Fr. Jose de San Geronimo taught Alamán how to write. In gratitude for the education that was provided, Alamán's father funded a renovation of its building.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alamán moved on to learn Latin and mathematics, and his father began introducing him to the management of the mining industry, a field in which the elder Alamán expected his son to work in one day.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1808, a sixteen year old Alamán visited Mexico City where he learned French and then returned to Guanajuato where he continued to study mathematics, music, and drawing, while also reading the Latin classics.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alamán family was wealthy and socially prominent through Alamán's early youth, but mining was an uncertain and volatile industry, and his father eventually suffered financial losses and died when Alamán was sixteen.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican_War_of_Independence">Mexican War of Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mexican War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was at this time that Alamán would witness decisive historical events that would forever change the future of Mexico. In 1808, the Spanish king <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> who replaced him with his brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>, sparking a constitutional crisis throughout the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, as rejection of the new king was almost universal. The government of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> chose to remain loyal to the imprisoned Ferdinand, but an uprising against the Spanish was triggered by the priest <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a> on September 16, 1810, a date which would eventually be commemorated as the <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Dolores" title="Cry of Dolores">Mexican Independence Day</a> </p><p>He witnessed the sack of <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Alh%C3%B3ndiga_de_Granaditas" title="Capture of Alhóndiga de Granaditas">capture of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas</a> in the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> during which the unorganized and ragged troops of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a> killed those taking refuge inside.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alamán fled with his family to Mexico City in December, 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Mexico City he continued his studies in mining. He studied chemistry, mineralogy, calculus, and crystallography. It was amidst his discussions with the well travelled faculty that he also began to desire to travel to Europe where he wished to perfect his French and learn Italian and English.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels_through_Europe">Travels through Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Travels through Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He departed in January 1814 and first arrived at Spain where he visited Madrid and the Royal Palace of the <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>. He then passed on to France where he arrived in Paris and visited <a href="/wiki/Servando_Teresa_de_Mier" title="Servando Teresa de Mier">Father Mier</a> on whose recommendation Alamán was able to meet with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Bishop Gregoire</a>. He continued his studies in Paris under <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Just_Ha%C3%BCy" title="René Just Haüy">René Just Haüy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Jean-Baptiste Biot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis Jacques Thénard</a>, and attended late night sessions of the Atheneum where he also began to learn German.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alamán was present in Paris during Napoleon's return from Elba, during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a>, with Alamán leaving the country shortly afterward for a brief sojourn in Great Britain before returning to France.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He next traveled to Italy, passing by <a href="/wiki/Mont_Cenis" title="Mont Cenis">Mont Cenis</a>, and arriving in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>. He visited the battlefields of <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Marengo</a> and headed towards <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, passing through <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> before arriving in Rome where he was present for the Feast day of St. Peter which he spent with the family of the Spanish Cardinal Bardaji.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He next visited <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and followed the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. Alamán studied mining in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and visited <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> before departing towards Holland and returning to France by 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delegate_to_the_Cortes">Delegate to the Cortes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Delegate to the Cortes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He received the news that one of his family's financial interests had failed, and sought to remedy the matter through the application of his studies. He sought to bring to Mexico the technique of <a href="/wiki/Gold_parting" title="Gold parting">separating silver and gold</a> through the use of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> in contrast to the old technique of using <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>. He traveled to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and succeeded in gaining permission from the government for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>He was the delegate of Mexico in the Cortes and worked to better the mining industry. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alamán arrived back in Mexico in February, 1820. Spain at this time through the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1812" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1812">Constitution of 1812</a> had granted representation to its colonies in the Spanish Cortes and Alamán was among the Mexican deputies sent to Madrid that year representing the province of <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left for Spain with the rest of the deputies just as <a href="/wiki/Agustin_de_Iturbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustin de Iturbide">Agustin de Iturbide</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Iguala" title="Plan of Iguala">Plan of Iguala</a> began to gain ground, and which would ultimately gain independence for Mexico in September 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alamán defended the rights of his district's mining interests and amidst ambiguous news regarding the progress of the Plan of Iguala, he also with the rest of the deputies lobbied the Spanish Cortes to establish in New Spain a more independent government.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the legislative session ended, Alamán rejected a post in the Spanish government and returned to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Mexican_Republic">First Mexican Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Mexican Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alamán was administering his family's mining interests during which he witnessed the fall of the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> and the establishment of the provisional government known as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Executive Power">Supreme Executive Power</a>. Due to his experience in the Spanish Cortes, the Executive Power named Alamán as the Minister of the Interior and the Exterior.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alamán established a national archive and also a national museum. He allotted funds to the dying <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_San_Carlos" title="Academy of San Carlos">San Carlos Academy of Fine Arts</a>, and saved from destruction the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Equestrian statue of Charles IV of Spain">Equestrian statue of Charles IV of Spain</a>, which still survives to this day in Mexico City. He also hid the remains of <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>, which were threatened by the popular anti-Spanish fury that erupted in the wake of independence<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alamán also successfully attracted British capital to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was part of the group of conservatives who ousted insurgent general <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a> from the presidency, who himself came to power by coup in 1829. Alamán was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pedro_V%C3%A9lez#Executive_Triumverate" title="Pedro Vélez">triumverate</a> that briefly governed Mexico in 1829 after the <a href="/wiki/Plans_in_Mexican_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Plans in Mexican History">Plan de Jalapa</a> with the aim of installing conservative <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a> as president. Alamán was the leading figure of the conservatives as the regime change unfolded.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guerrero was captured by a merchant ship captain Picaluga paid 50,000 pesos for the deed, in January 1831, summarily tried in a court-martial, and executed a month later. Alamán viewed the execution of Guerrero as saving Mexico from "dissolution."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Mexicans, however, saw Guerrero as a martyr and his execution was deemed by the liberal newspaper <i>El Federalista Mexicano</i> "judicial murder." The two conservative cabinet members considered most culpable for Guerrero's execution, Alamán and Secretary of War <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Facio" class="extiw" title="es:José Antonio Facio">José Antonio Facio</a> "spent the rest of their lives defending themselves from the charge that they were responsible for the ultimate betrayal in the history of the first republic, that is, that they had arranged not just for the service of Picaluga's ship but specifically for his capture of Guerrero."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alamán published a tract defending himself, drafted while in hiding in Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>He also had many issues with the United States during this time. <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alamán returned to the post of Minister of Interior and Exterior Relations in 1830–1832 under the Bustamante government. It was in this capacity that he named <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Victoria" title="Manuel Victoria">Manuel Victoria</a> the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alta_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alta California">Governor of Alta California</a> on March 8, 1830. In October 1830, he created the <i>Banco Nacional de Avío</i>, the first bank in Mexico, which provided the country with the financial infrastructure necessary for its burgeoning economy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this government investment bank, Alamán's plans to revive the textile industry, which took hold and prospered in Puebla and Veracruz even when Alamán was not part of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Centralist Republic of Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After what he saw as the disaster of <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas independence</a> from Mexico in 1836, Alamán largely retired from politics, though he continued to promote what he saw as the interests of the country by serving as <i>Director de la Junta de Fomento de la Industria</i> (Directorate for the Promotion of Industry) from 1839 until his death in 1853. </p><p>During the same period Alamán negotiated a deal with the United States to the north fixing the national borders of the two nations which held right up to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> 1846–1848. He also promoted <a href="/wiki/Colonizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonizing">colonizing</a> the northern provinces in order to stave off U.S. <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a>. </p><p>For most of the 1840s, he devoted himself primarily to writing the history of Mexico from the perspective of a conservative. His three-volume work <i>Disertaciones sobre la Historia de la Republica mexicana</i> (Mexico, 1844–1849) and his five-volume <i>Historia de México, desde los primeros movimientos que prepararon su independencia en el año de 1808, hasta la época presente</i> (Mexico, 1849–1852), stand as the major intellectual productions of the Conservative Party in nineteenth-century Mexico, and the only histories produced by a Mexican author of his era to view the Spanish presence in his country favorably.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="the "only histories"? (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexican_American_War">Mexican American War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mexican American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among his more important actions are the creation of the Natural History Museum in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and the foundation of Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Archivo_General_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_(Mexico)" title="Archivo General de la Nación (Mexico)">General National Archive</a>. The latter has been very important for learning about the historical events in Mexico and understanding the political processes of the Mexican Republic. He also founded and ran a mining company, established the first metal foundry in independent Mexico in 1825, administered the estates of the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>, and served as president of the Mexico City <i>ayuntamiento</i> (city council) in 1849. </p><p>Although Alamán was in general anti-American, he was dismayed by the withdrawal of the U.S. Army, which had protected property against "bandits and rebels."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_Years">Last Years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Last Years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Santa Anna and Lucas Alamán were in correspondence during Santa Anna's exile following the debacle of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American War">Mexican American War</a>. Alamán helped pave the way for Santa Anna's return to power with conservative support "if he agreed to a program of cessation of political activity against the Church and security for the holders of large propertied interests."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alamán returned to national public service in March 1853, when Santa Anna appointed him Minister of Foreign Relations. He is also known for a few things he wrote: <i>Disertaciones sobre la historia de la república mejicana as well as Historia de México.</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alamán served until his death from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> on June 2, 1853. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Canción patriótica en celebridad de los días de nuestro augusto y deseado monarca</i>. Mexico city: Oficina de Ontiveros 1812.</li> <li><i>Defensa del ex-ministro de relaciones D. Lucas Alamán, en la causa formada contra él y contra los ex-ministros de guerra y justicia del vice-presidente D. Anastasio Bustamante, con unas noticias preliminares que dan idea del origen de esta. Escrita por el mismo ex-ministro, que la dirige á la nación</i>. Mexico City: Imprenta de Galván á cargo de M. Arévalo 1834.</li> <li><i>Historia de Méjico</i>. 5 vols. Mexico City 1868–69.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memories,_the_real_history_of_this_republic_since_the_year_1808" title="Memories, the real history of this republic since the year 1808">Memorias, la verdadera historia de esta república desde el año 1808</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Liquidación general de la deuda esterior de la República Mexicana hasta fin de diciembre de 1841</i></span>. Mexico City: Impreso por I. Cumplido, 1845.</li> <li><i>Disertaciones</i> 3 vols. Mexico 1869.</li> <li><i>Documentos diversos</i>. 4 vols. Mexico 1846.</li> <li><i>Ensayo sobre la decadencia de la minería en la Nueva España</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_materials">Archival materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Archival materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ynsfran, Pablo Max. "Catalogo del Archivo de Don Lucas Alamán que se Conserva en la Universidad de Texas, Austin" <i>Historia Mexicana</i> Vol. 4, No. 2 (Oct. – Dec. 1954), pp. 281–316 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eponymy">Eponymy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a>) <i><a href="/wiki/Alamania" title="Alamania">Alamania</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_La_Llave" title="Pablo de La Llave">La Llave</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex. (page does not exist)">Lex.</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>) <i><a href="/wiki/Perezia_(plant)" title="Perezia (plant)">Perezia</a> alamani</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/DC." class="mw-redirect" title="DC.">DC.</a>)<a href="/wiki/Hemsl." class="mw-redirect" title="Hemsl.">Hemsl.</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a>) <i><a href="/wiki/Jatropha" title="Jatropha">Jatropha</a> alamanii</i> <small><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCll.Arg." class="mw-redirect" title="Müll.Arg.">Müll.Arg.</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a>) <i><a href="/wiki/Colubrina" title="Colubrina">Colubrina</a> alamanii</i> <small><a href="/wiki/G.Don" class="mw-redirect" title="G.Don">G.Don</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="metadata botanist-bordered"><span class="botanist">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> <span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Alamán</span></span></span> is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Van_Young" title="Eric Van Young">Van Young, Eric</a>. <i>A Life Together: Lucas Alamán and Mexico, 1792-1853</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press 2021, 54-55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Brading" title="David Brading">D.A. Brading</a>, <i>The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVan_Young2021" class="citation web cs1">Van Young, Eric (September 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/2021/09/13/lucas-alaman-and-the-history-of-mexico/">"Lucas Alamán and the History of Mexico"</a>. <i>Yale</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale&rft.atitle=Lucas+Alam%C3%A1n+and+the+History+of+Mexico&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft.aulast=Van+Young&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2F2021%2F09%2F13%2Flucas-alaman-and-the-history-of-mexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Hale" title="Charles A. Hale">Hale, Charles A.</a>, <i>Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821–1853</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman</i> (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+Para+la+Biografia+del+Exmo+Sr.+Don+Lucas+Alaman&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Impresa+de+Jose+Lara&rft.date=1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Young, <i>A Life Together</i>, 14-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1888" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888). <i>History of Mexico Volume VI 1861-1887</i>. The Bancroft Company. pp. 157–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico+Volume+VI+1861-1887&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=The+Bancroft+Company&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman</i> (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. pp. 4–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+Para+la+Biografia+del+Exmo+Sr.+Don+Lucas+Alaman&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Impresa+de+Jose+Lara&rft.date=1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman</i> (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+Para+la+Biografia+del+Exmo+Sr.+Don+Lucas+Alaman&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Impresa+de+Jose+Lara&rft.date=1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman</i> (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+Para+la+Biografia+del+Exmo+Sr.+Don+Lucas+Alaman&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Impresa+de+Jose+Lara&rft.date=1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Young, <i>A Life Together</i>, 32-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley C. Green, <i>The Mexican Republic: The First Decade</i>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987, p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucas Alamán, "Autobiografía de D. Lucas Alamán" in Lucás Alamán <i>Obras de D. Lucas Alamán: Documents diversos (inéditos y my raros)</i>. Ed. Rafael Aguay Specer. Mexico City: Editorial Jus, 1945–47<i>, 4:14.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman</i> (in Spanish). 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Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+Para+la+Biografia+del+Exmo+Sr.+Don+Lucas+Alaman&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Impresa+de+Jose+Lara&rft.date=1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman</i> (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+Para+la+Biografia+del+Exmo+Sr.+Don+Lucas+Alaman&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Impresa+de+Jose+Lara&rft.date=1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman</i> (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. pp. 14–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+Para+la+Biografia+del+Exmo+Sr.+Don+Lucas+Alaman&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Impresa+de+Jose+Lara&rft.date=1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman</i> (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+Para+la+Biografia+del+Exmo+Sr.+Don+Lucas+Alaman&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Impresa+de+Jose+Lara&rft.date=1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman</i> (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+Para+la+Biografia+del+Exmo+Sr.+Don+Lucas+Alaman&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Impresa+de+Jose+Lara&rft.date=1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman</i> (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+Para+la+Biografia+del+Exmo+Sr.+Don+Lucas+Alaman&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Impresa+de+Jose+Lara&rft.date=1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bazant, Jan. "The Aftermath of Independence" in <i>Mexico Since Independence</i>, Leslie Bethell, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, Stanley C., <i>The Mexican Republic: The First Decade 1823–1832</i>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1998, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, <i>The Mexican Republic</i>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna, Timothy E., <i>Forging Mexico, 1821–1835</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2005, pp. 242–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Defensa del ex-ministro de relaciones D. Lucas Alamán, en la causa formada contra él y contra los ex-ministros de guerra y justicia del vice-presidente D. Anastasio Bustamante, con unas noticias preliminares que dan idea del origen de esta. Escrita por el mismo ex-ministro, que la dirige á la nación</i>. Mexico City: Imprenta de Galván á cargo de M. Arévalo 1834.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lucas-Alaman">"Lucas Alamán | Liberal reformer, Mexican historian & diplomat | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Lucas+Alam%C3%A1n+%7C+Liberal+reformer%2C+Mexican+historian+%26+diplomat+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLucas-Alaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Potash, <i>El Banco de Avío de México: el fomento de la industria, 1821–1846</i>. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bazant, "The Aftermath of Independence," p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bazant, "The Aftermath of Independence," p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Lloyd Mecham, <i>Church and State in Latin America, revised edition</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1966, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lucas-Alaman">"Lucas Alamán | Liberal reformer, Mexican historian & diplomat | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Lucas+Alam%C3%A1n+%7C+Liberal+reformer%2C+Mexican+historian+%26+diplomat+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLucas-Alaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nov. Veg. Descr. [La Llave & Lexarza] 2(Orchid. Opusc.): 31 1825 (IK)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2: 255. 1881 (GCI)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linnaea 34: 207. 1865 (IK)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gen. Hist. 2: 37. 1832 (IK)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Alamán"><i> Alamán</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+Alam%C3%A1n&rft.au=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FadvAuthorSearch.do%3Ffind_abbreviation%3DAlam%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>In English</b>: </p> <ul><li>Anna, Timothy E. <i>Forging Mexico, 1821–1835</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998.</li> <li>Arroyo García, Israel. "Lucas Alamán" in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 35–37.</li> <li>Green, Stanley C. <i>The Mexican Republic: The First Decade, 1823–1832</i>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Hale" title="Charles A. Hale">Hale, Charles A.</a> <i>Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968.</li> <li>Potash, Robert A. <i>Mexican government and industrial development in the early republic: the Banco de Avío</i>. Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 1983.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Van_Young" title="Eric Van Young">Van Young, Eric</a>. <i>A Life Together: Lucas Alamán and Mexico, 1792-1853</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press 2021.</li></ul> <p><b>In Spanish</b>: </p> <ul><li>Bazant, Jan. "Los bienes de la familia de Hernán Cortés y su venta por Lucas Alamán" <i>Historia Mexicana</i> Vol. 19, No. 2 (Oct. – Dec. 1969), pp. 228–247</li> <li>Calderón, Francisco. "El pensamiento económico de Lucas Alamán" <i>Historia Mexicana</i> Vol. 34, No. 3 (Jan. – Mar. 1985), pp. 435–459</li> <li>Ferrer de Río, Antonio. <i>Lucas Alamán: Su vida y escritos</i>. Mexico City: Jus 1942.</li> <li>González Navarro, Moisés. <i>El pensamiento político de Lucas Alamán</i>. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1952.</li> <li>Noriega, Alfonso. <i>El pensamiento conservador y el conservadurismo mexicano</i>. Mexico: UNAM 1972.</li> <li>Ota Mishima, María Elena. <i>Alamán ilustrado</i>. Mexico: UNAM 1963.</li> <li>Quintanilla, Lourdes. <i>El nacionalismo de Lucas Alamán</i>. Guanajuato: Gobierno del Estado de Guanajuato 1991.</li> <li>Valadés, José C. <i>Alamán Estadista e Historiador</i>. Mexico: Antigua Librería Robledo, José Porrúa e Hijos 1938.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memories,_the_real_history_of_this_republic_since_the_year_1808" title="Memories, the real history of this republic since the year 1808">Memorias, la verdadera historia de esta república desde el año 1808</a></i> (1840)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Tuck1999" class="citation news cs1">Jim Tuck (October 18, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/history/jtuck/jtlucasalaman.html">"Lucas Brainy Conservative: Lucas Alamán And The Mexican Right"</a>. Mexico Connect<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lucas+Brainy+Conservative%3A+Lucas+Alam%C3%A1n+And+The+Mexican+Right&rft.date=1999-10-18&rft.au=Jim+Tuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexconnect.com%2Fmex_%2Fhistory%2Fjtuck%2Fjtlucasalaman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/efemerides/octubre/conme18b.htm">"18 de octubre de 1792.- Nace el historiador y político Lucas Alamán"</a> (in Spanish). RedEscolar<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=18+de+octubre+de+1792.-+Nace+el+historiador+y+pol%C3%ADtico+Lucas+Alam%C3%A1n&rft.pub=RedEscolar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredescolar.ilce.edu.mx%2Fredescolar%2Fefemerides%2Foctubre%2Fconme18b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFay_Robinson1847" class="citation web cs1">Fay Robinson (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/alamanbio1.htm">"Mexico and Her Chieftains"</a>. Texas A&M University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexico+and+Her+Chieftains&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=1847&rft.au=Fay+Robinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamu.edu%2Fccbn%2Fdewitt%2Falamanbio1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://txarchives.org/utlac/finding_aids/00002.xml">"Lucas Alamán: An Inventory and Catalog of His Papers at the Benson Latin American Collection"</a>. University of Texas Libraries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lucas+Alam%C3%A1n%3A+An+Inventory+and+Catalog+of+His+Papers+at+the+Benson+Latin+American+Collection&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftxarchives.org%2Futlac%2Ffinding_aids%2F00002.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/lucasalaman/">"The Lucas Alamán Papers (digital collection)"</a>. University of Texas Libraries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lucas+Alam%C3%A1n+Papers+%28digital+collection%29&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanic.utexas.edu%2Fproject%2Flucasalaman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/lucas-alaman/"><i>Lucas Alamán</i></a>. Encyclopedia of World Biography<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucas+Alam%C3%A1n&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+World+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fbiography%2Flucas-alaman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucas+Alam%C3%A1n" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507298#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507298#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507298#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081421843">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/62295702">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/213145857914523020448">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/181616/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxcTHQhrxdmgCt6tGcdcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116257660">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85290892">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13550031r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13550031r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alamán, Lucas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V089110">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1507990">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/208459">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p130828505">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073616702">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000283476">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810583652205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/79867">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007444175005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058525118606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12322321?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Alamán">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116257660.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116257660">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/057678626">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tr6rkv">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wd40rd">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-Americanism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Americanism" title="Template:Pan-Americanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Americanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Americanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Americanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Americanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Americanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_integration" title="Latin American integration">Latin American integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_integration" title="North American integration">North American integration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patria_Grande" title="Patria Grande">Patria Grande</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lucas Alamán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_of_Women" title="Inter-American Commission of Women">Inter-American Commission of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean Community (CAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System (SICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contadora_group" title="Contadora group">Contadora group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contadora_support_group" title="Contadora support group">Contadora support group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America (PROSUR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Economic_System" title="Latin American Economic System">Latin American Economic System (SELA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Group" title="Lima Group">Lima Group (LG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Group" title="Rio Group">Rio Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, CEPAL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">United States Pirate Party (USPP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_passport" title="Andean passport">Andean passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_passport" title="CARICOM passport">CARICOM passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">CARICOM Single Market and Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARIPASS" title="CARIPASS">CARIPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America-4_Border_Control_Agreement" title="Central America-4 Border Control Agreement">Central America-4 Border Control Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America-4_passport" title="Central America-4 passport">Central America-4 passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Currency_Union" title="Eastern Caribbean Currency Union">Eastern Caribbean Currency Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_the_Integration_of_the_Regional_Infrastructure_of_South_America" title="Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America">Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America (IIRSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interoceanic_Highway" title="Interoceanic Highway">Interoceanic Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCRE" title="SUCRE">SUCRE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Parliament" title="Andean Parliament">Andean Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Parliament" title="Central American Parliament">Central American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAF_%E2%80%93_Development_Bank_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean">Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Parliament" title="Latin American Parliament">Latin American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur_Parliament" title="Mercosur Parliament">Mercosur Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Parliament" title="South American Parliament">South American Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">Free trade areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Free_Trade_Association" title="Caribbean Free Trade Association">Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement">Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas" title="Free Trade Area of the Americas">Free Trade Area of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G3_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="G3 Free Trade Agreement">G3 Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism#Congresses_and_conferences" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-American Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alamán&oldid=1255727221">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Alamán&oldid=1255727221</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Mexican_historians" title="Category:19th-century Mexican historians">19th-century Mexican historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexican_monarchists" title="Category:Mexican monarchists">Mexican monarchists</a></li><li><a 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