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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Modern History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Main sights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries_and_archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries_and_archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Libraries and archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries_and_archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Parks and gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities,_colleges_and_other_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities,_colleges_and_other_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Universities, colleges and other institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities,_colleges_and_other_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 People </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pavia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" > 92 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="بابية (إيطاليا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بابية (إيطاليا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pav%C3%ADa" title="Pavía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pavía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pav%C3%ADa" title="Pavía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pavía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paviya" title="Paviya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paviya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پاویا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاویا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Павія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Павія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Павия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Павия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia_(munisipyo_sa_Italya,_Lombardia,_Provincia_di_Pavia,_lat_45,18,_long_9,16)" title="Pavia (munisipyo sa Italya, Lombardia, Provincia di Pavia, lat 45,18, long 9,16) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pavia (munisipyo sa Italya, Lombardia, Provincia di Pavia, lat 45,18, long 9,16)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pav%C3%ADa" title="Pavía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pavía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavio" title="Pavio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pavio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پاویا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاویا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavie" title="Pavie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pavie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia_(st%C3%AAd)" title="Pavia (stêd) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pavia (stêd)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="파비아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պավիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պավիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पाविया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाविया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Пави (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пави (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="פאביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Павия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Павия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papia" title="Papia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Papia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81vija" title="Pāvija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pāvija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavija" title="Pavija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pavija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Павија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Павија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بافيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بافيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia_(stad)" title="Pavia (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pavia (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2" title="パヴィーア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パヴィーア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Пави (Итали) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пави (Итали)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia_(It%C3%A0lia)" title="Pavia (Itàlia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pavia (Itàlia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="پاویہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاویہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pav%C3%ACa" title="Pavìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pavìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawia" title="Pawia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pawia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Павия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Павия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पावीया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पावीया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pav%C3%ACa" title="Pavìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pavìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Павија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Павија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia,_Lombardia" title="Pavia, Lombardia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pavia, Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Павия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Павия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2" title="ปาวีอา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปาวีอา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Павія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Павія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پاویا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاویا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="帕维亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="帕维亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="帕維亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="帕維亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pavia" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="帕維亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕維亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6259#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pavia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pavia&params=45_11_06_N_09_09_15_E_region:IT_type:city">45°11′06″N 09°09′15″E / 45.18500°N 9.15417°E / 45.18500; 9.15417</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the town in Italy. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pavia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pavia (disambiguation)">Pavia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Comune in Lombardy, Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Pavia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Città di Pavia</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:20160807-Pavia-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ponte Coperto and river Ticino"><img alt="Ponte Coperto and river Ticino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20160807-Pavia-002.jpg/250px-20160807-Pavia-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20160807-Pavia-002.jpg/375px-20160807-Pavia-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20160807-Pavia-002.jpg/500px-20160807-Pavia-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="2654" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Coperto" title="Ponte Coperto">Ponte Coperto</a> and river <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pavia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pavia"><img alt="Flag of Pavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Pavia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Pavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Pavia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Pavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Pavia.svg/200px-Flag_of_Pavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavia-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Pavia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Pavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pavia-Stemma.svg/69px-Pavia-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="69" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pavia-Stemma.svg/104px-Pavia-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pavia-Stemma.svg/138px-Pavia-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="461" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_comune_of_Pavia_(province_of_Pavia,_region_Lombardy,_Italy).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavia within the Province of Pavia"><img alt="Pavia within the Province of Pavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_comune_of_Pavia_%28province_of_Pavia%2C_region_Lombardy%2C_Italy%29.svg/250px-Map_of_comune_of_Pavia_%28province_of_Pavia%2C_region_Lombardy%2C_Italy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_comune_of_Pavia_%28province_of_Pavia%2C_region_Lombardy%2C_Italy%29.svg/375px-Map_of_comune_of_Pavia_%28province_of_Pavia%2C_region_Lombardy%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_comune_of_Pavia_%28province_of_Pavia%2C_region_Lombardy%2C_Italy%29.svg/500px-Map_of_comune_of_Pavia_%28province_of_Pavia%2C_region_Lombardy%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="767" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Pavia within the Province of Pavia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Pavia</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_dc5bbfacbf647dcc2dec3eda5cf7c164f8b6d30b"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pavia&revid=1256743080&groups=_dc5bbfacbf647dcc2dec3eda5cf7c164f8b6d30b" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pavia&revid=1256743080&groups=_dc5bbfacbf647dcc2dec3eda5cf7c164f8b6d30b 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavia is located in Italy"><img alt="Pavia is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.306%;left:23.079%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Pavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pavia</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Pavia in Lombardy</div>Show map of Italy</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Lombardy_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavia is located in Lombardy"><img alt="Pavia is located in Lombardy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Italy_Lombardy_location_map.svg/250px-Italy_Lombardy_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Italy_Lombardy_location_map.svg/375px-Italy_Lombardy_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Italy_Lombardy_location_map.svg/500px-Italy_Lombardy_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="717" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.697%;left:23.133%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Pavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pavia</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Pavia (Lombardy)</div>Show map of Lombardy</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pavia&params=45_11_06_N_09_09_15_E_region:IT_type:city">45°11′06″N 09°09′15″E / 45.18500°N 9.15417°E / 45.18500; 9.15417</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">Pavia</a> (PV)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazioni</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ca' della Terra, Cantone Tre Miglia, Cassinino, Cittadella, Fossarmato, Mirabello, Montebellino, Pantaleona, Prado, Scarpone, Villalunga</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Michele Lissia (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Partito Democratico</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">62 km2 (24 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">77 m (253 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (30 November 2016)<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-6c4193b2686f905553042f4ae1ae4934aea078c8-v18-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">73,086</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pavesi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">27100</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Italy" title="List of dialling codes in Italy">Dialing code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+39 0382</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottomilacensus.istat.it/comune/018/018110">018110 </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patron saint</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrus_of_Pavia" title="Syrus of Pavia">Syrus of Pavia</a>, Augustin</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.pv.it">www.comune.pv.it</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Pavia (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɑːviə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PAH-vee-ə</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Collins-3">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pəˈviːə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">pə-VEE-ə</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Italian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[paˈviːa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/It-Pavia.ogg\/It-Pavia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Pavia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/It-Pavia.ogg/It-Pavia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:It-Pavia.ogg" title="File:It-Pavia.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Lombard: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">[paˈʋiːa]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Ticinum; <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Latin language">Medieval Latin</a>: Papia) is a town and <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a> of south-western <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, 35 kilometres (22 miles) south of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> on the lower <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> near its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>. It has a population of c. 73,086.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The city was a major political centre in the medieval period, being the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> from 540 to 553, of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a> from 572 to 774, of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> from 774 to 1024 and seat of the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Visconti</a> court from 1365 to 1413. Pavia is the capital of the fertile <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">province of Pavia</a>, which is known for a variety of agricultural products, including <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, cereals, and <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> products. Although there are a number of industries located in the suburbs, these tend not to disturb the peaceful atmosphere of the town. It is home to the ancient <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a> (founded in 1361 and recognized in 2022 by the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education</a> among the top 10 in Italy and among the 300 best in the world<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>), which together with the <a href="/wiki/IUSS_Pavia" class="mw-redirect" title="IUSS Pavia">IUSS</a> (Institute for Advanced Studies of Pavia), <a href="/wiki/Ghislieri_College" title="Ghislieri College">Ghislieri College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borromeo_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Borromeo College">Borromeo College</a>, Nuovo College, Santa Caterina College, and the Istituto per il Diritto allo Studio (EDiSU), belongs to the Pavia Study System. The 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Policlinico_San_Matteo" title="Policlinico San Matteo">Policlinico San Matteo</a> is one of the most important hospitals in Italy. Pavia is the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal seat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Pavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Pavia">Bishop of Pavia</a>. The city possesses many artistic and cultural treasures, including several important <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums">museums</a>, such as the well known <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa di Pavia</a>. The municipality of Pavia is part of the <a href="/wiki/Parco_naturale_lombardo_della_Valle_del_Ticino" title="Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino">Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> included by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in the <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a>) and preserves two forests (<a href="/wiki/Strict_nature_reserve_Bosco_Siro_Negri" title="Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri">Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosco_Grande_nature_reserve" title="Bosco Grande nature reserve">Bosco Grande nature reserve</a>) that they show us the original state of the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po valley</a> before the arrival of the Romans, before human settlement. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> In Roman times, Pavia was called <a href="/wiki/Ticinum" title="Ticinum">Ticinum</a>. It began to be called Papia, whence Pavia, only since Lombard times, one of the very few Roman <a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipia</a> in Italy that changed their names during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>. The origin of the modern name is still uncertain today.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pavia" title="Timeline of Pavia">Timeline of Pavia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ticinum" title="Ticinum">Ticinum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josse_Lieferinxe_-_Saint_Sebastian_Interceding_for_the_Plague_Stricken_-_Walters_371995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Josse_Lieferinxe_-_Saint_Sebastian_Interceding_for_the_Plague_Stricken_-_Walters_371995.jpg/220px-Josse_Lieferinxe_-_Saint_Sebastian_Interceding_for_the_Plague_Stricken_-_Walters_371995.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Josse_Lieferinxe_-_Saint_Sebastian_Interceding_for_the_Plague_Stricken_-_Walters_371995.jpg/330px-Josse_Lieferinxe_-_Saint_Sebastian_Interceding_for_the_Plague_Stricken_-_Walters_371995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Josse_Lieferinxe_-_Saint_Sebastian_Interceding_for_the_Plague_Stricken_-_Walters_371995.jpg/440px-Josse_Lieferinxe_-_Saint_Sebastian_Interceding_for_the_Plague_Stricken_-_Walters_371995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>This painting by <a href="/wiki/Josse_Lieferinxe" title="Josse Lieferinxe">Josse Lieferinxe</a> depicts an outbreak of the plague in seventh-century Pavia (then under the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombard Kingdom">Lombard Kingdom</a>).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The Walters Art Museum.</figcaption></figure>Dating back to pre-Roman times, the town of Pavia was said by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> to have been founded by the <a href="/wiki/Laevi" title="Laevi">Laevi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marici_(Ligures)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marici (Ligures)">Marici</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligurian</a>, or Celto-Ligurian, tribes, while <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> attributes it to the <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> population. The Roman city, known as <a href="/wiki/Ticinum" title="Ticinum">Ticinum</a>, was a municipality and an important military site (a <a href="/wiki/Castrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrum">castrum</a>) under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. It most likely began as a small military camp built by the <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_(consul_218_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio (consul 218 BC)">Publius Cornelius Scipio</a> in 218 BCE to guard a wooden bridge he had built over the river Ticinum, on his way to search for <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>, who was rumoured to have managed to lead an army over the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and into Italy. The forces of Rome and <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> ran into each other soon thereafter, and the Romans suffered the first of many crushing defeats at the hands of Hannibal, with the consul himself almost losing his life. The bridge was destroyed, but the fortified camp, which at the time was the most forward Roman military outpost in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>, somehow survived the long <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, and gradually evolved into a garrison town. Its importance grew with the extension of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Aemilia" title="Via Aemilia">Via Aemilia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ariminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariminum">Ariminum</a> (Rimini) to the river <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a> (187 BCE), which it crossed at Placentia (<a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>) and there forked, one branch going to <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>) and the other to Ticinum, and thence to <a href="/wiki/Laumellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Laumellum">Laumellum</a> where it divided once more, one branch going to <a href="/wiki/Vercellae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercellae">Vercellae</a> – and thence to <a href="/wiki/Eporedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eporedia">Eporedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Praetoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta Praetoria">Augusta Praetoria</a> – and the other to Valentia – and thence to <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Taurinorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta Taurinorum">Augusta Taurinorum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_E2796_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/IMG_E2796_%282%29.jpg/220px-IMG_E2796_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/IMG_E2796_%282%29.jpg/330px-IMG_E2796_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/IMG_E2796_%282%29.jpg/440px-IMG_E2796_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photo of the historic center of Pavia; the urban plan of the Roman age is evident.</figcaption></figure> The town was built on flatted ground with square blocks. The "<a href="/wiki/Cardo" title="Cardo">cardo Maximus</a>" road corresponded to the current Strada Nuova up to the Roman bridge while the "<a href="/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus Maximus">decumanus</a>" road corresponded to corso Cavour-corso Mazzini. Under most of the streets of the historic center there are still the brick ducts of the Roman sewer system which continued to function throughout the Middle Ages and the modern age without interruption, until about 1970.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fogne.jpg/220px-Fogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fogne.jpg/330px-Fogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fogne.jpg/440px-Fogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>One of the sections of the Roman sewer that passes under the streets of the historic center of Pavia</figcaption></figure>Pavia was important as a Military site (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia_(271)" title="Battle of Pavia (271)">near the city</a>, in 271, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a>) because of the easy access to water communications (through the rivers <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>) up to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and because of its defence structures.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 325 <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a> came to Pavia as a child following his father, a Roman officer.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Pavia was the seat of an important Roman mint between 273 and 326.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The reign of <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> (r. 475–476), the last emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> ended at Pavia in 476 CE, and Roman rule thereby ceased in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Romulus Augustulus, while considered the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was actually a usurper of the imperial <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a>; his father <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Orestes" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Orestes">Flavius Orestes</a> dethroned the previous emperor, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a>, and raised the young Romulus Augustulus to the imperial throne at <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> in 475.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Though being the emperor, Romulus Augustulus was simply the mouthpiece for his father Orestes, who was the person who actually exercised power and governed Italy during Romulus Augustulus' short reign.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Ten months after Romulus Augustulus's reign began, Orestes's soldiers under the command of one of his officers named <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>, rebelled and killed Orestes in the city of Pavia in 476.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The rioting that took place as part of Odoacer's uprising against Orestes sparked fires that burnt much of Pavia to the point that Odoacer, as the new king of Italy, had to suspend the <a href="/wiki/Taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxes">taxes</a> for the city for five years so that it could finance its recovery.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Without his father, Romulus Augustulus was powerless. Instead of killing Romulus Augustulus, Odoacer pensioned him off at 6,000 solidi a year before declaring the end of the Western Roman Empire and himself king of the new Kingdom of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Odoacer's reign as king of Italy did not last long, because in 488 the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrogothic">Ostrogothic</a> peoples led by their <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theoderic</a> invaded Italy and waged war against Odoacer.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> After fighting for 5 years, Theoderic defeated Odoacer and on March 15, 493, assassinated Odoacer at a banquet meant to negotiate a peace between the two rulers.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> With the establishment of the Ostrogoth kingdom based in northern Italy, Theoderic began his vast program of public building. Pavia was among several cities that Theodoric chose to restore and expand.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> He began the construction of the vast palace complex that would eventually become the residence of Lombard monarchs several decades later.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Theoderic also commissioned the building of the Roman-styled <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a> and bath complex in Pavia;<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> in the seventh century these would be among the few still functioning bath complexes in Europe outside of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Near the end of Theoderic's reign the Christian <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a> was imprisoned in one of Pavia's churches from 522 to 525 before his execution for treason.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> It was during Boethius's captivity in Pavia that he wrote his seminal work the Consolation of Philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musei_civici6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Musei_civici6.jpg/220px-Musei_civici6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Musei_civici6.jpg/330px-Musei_civici6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Musei_civici6.jpg/440px-Musei_civici6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogothic</a> belt buckle, <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Civic Museums</a></figcaption></figure> Pavia played an important role in the war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogoths that began in 535.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> After the Eastern Roman general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>'s victory over the Ostrogothic leader <a href="/wiki/Wittigis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittigis">Wittigis</a> in 540 and the loss of most of the Ostrogoth lands in Italy, Pavia was among the last centres of Ostrogothic resistance that continued the war and opposed Eastern Roman rule.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> After the capitulation of the Ostrogothic leadership in 540 more than a thousand men remained garrisoned in Pavia and <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> dedicated to opposing Eastern Roman rule.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Since 540 Pavia became the permanent capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a>, stable site of the court and the royal treasury.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The resilience of Ostrogoth strongholds like Pavia against invading forces allowed pockets of Ostrogothic rule to limp along until finally being defeated in 561.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponte_Coperto_al_tramonto_con_i_suoi_riflessi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ponte_Coperto_al_tramonto_con_i_suoi_riflessi.jpg/220px-Ponte_Coperto_al_tramonto_con_i_suoi_riflessi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ponte_Coperto_al_tramonto_con_i_suoi_riflessi.jpg/330px-Ponte_Coperto_al_tramonto_con_i_suoi_riflessi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ponte_Coperto_al_tramonto_con_i_suoi_riflessi.jpg/440px-Ponte_Coperto_al_tramonto_con_i_suoi_riflessi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Coperto" title="Ponte Coperto">Ponte Coperto</a></figcaption></figure> Pavia and the peninsula of Italy did not remain long under the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire, for in 568 CE a new people invaded Italy: the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> (otherwise called the Longobards).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In their invasion of Italy in 568, the Lombards were led by their king <a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin</a> (r. 560–572), who would become the first Lombard king of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Alboin captured much of northern Italy in 568 but his progress was halted in 569 by the fortified city of Pavia.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>'s History of the Lombards written more than a hundred years after the Siege of Ticinum provides one of the few records of this period: "The city of Ticinum (Pavia) at this time held out bravely, withstanding a siege more than three years, while the army of the Langobards remained close at hand on the western side. Meanwhile, Alboin, after driving out the soldiers, took possession of everything as far as Tuscany except Rome and <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and some other fortified places which were situated on the shore of the sea."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The Siege of Ticinum finally ended with the Lombards capturing the city of Pavia in 572.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Pavia's strategic location and the Ostrogoth palaces located within it would make Pavia by the 620s the main capital of the Lombards' Kingdom of Pavia<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and the main residence for the Lombard rulers.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lombard_capital">Lombard capital</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lombard capital">edit</a>]</div> Under Lombard rule many monasteries, nunneries, and churches were built at Pavia by the devout Christian Lombard monarchs. Even though the first Lombard kings were <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Christians, sources from the period such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> have recorded that the Arian Lombards were very tolerant of their Catholic subjects' faith and that up to the 690s Arian and Catholic cathedrals coexisted in Pavia.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Lombard kings, queens, and nobles would engage in building churches, monasteries, and nunneries as a method to demonstrate their piety and their wealth by extravagantly decorating these structures which in many cases would become the site of that person's tomb, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">Grimoald</a> (r. 662–671) who built San Ambrogio in Pavia and buried there after his death in 671.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aripert_I" title="Aripert I">Aripert I</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cunip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cunip.jpg/220px-Cunip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cunip.jpg/330px-Cunip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cunip.jpg/440px-Cunip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Tombstones of King <a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Civic Museums</a></figcaption></figure>had the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Santissimo_Salvatore" title="Basilica of Santissimo Salvatore">basilica of Santissimo Salvatore</a> built in 657, which became the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> of the kings of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_dynasty" title="Bavarian dynasty">Bavarian dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit</a> (r. 661–662, 672–688) and his son <a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunicpert</a> (r.679–700) built a nunnery and a church at Pavia during their reigns.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Lombard churches were sometimes named after those who commissioned their construction, such as San Maria Theodota in Pavia.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The monastery of San Michele alla Pusterla located at Pavia was the royal monastery of the Lombard kings.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0311_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Facciata_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Oct_17_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/0311_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Facciata_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Oct_17_2009.jpg/220px-0311_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Facciata_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Oct_17_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/0311_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Facciata_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Oct_17_2009.jpg/330px-0311_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Facciata_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Oct_17_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/0311_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Facciata_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Oct_17_2009.jpg/440px-0311_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Facciata_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Oct_17_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">Basilica of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a></figcaption></figure> One of the most famous churches built by a Lombard king in Pavia is the <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">church San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a>. This famous church was commissioned by king <a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand</a> (r. 712–744)<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and it would become the site of his tomb as well as two other famous Christian figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDale2001-46">[46]</a> In building San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro the unit of measurement used by the builders was the length of Liutprand's royal foot.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The first important Christian figure interred at San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro was the previously mentioned philosopher Boethius, author of The Consolation of Philosophy, who is located in the cathedral's crypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDale200143-48">[48]</a> The third and largest tomb of the three located in San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro contains the remains of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine of Hippo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> St. Augustine is the early fifth-century Christian writer from Roman North Africa whose works such as On Christian Doctrine revolutionized the way in which the Christian scripture is interpreted and understood.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On October 1, 1695, artisans working in San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro rediscovered St. Augustine's remains after lifting up some of the paving stones that compose the cathedral's floor.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Liutprand was a very devout Christian and like many of the Lombard kings was zealous about collecting relics of saints.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Liutprand paid a great deal to have the relics removed from <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> and brought to Pavia so that they would be out of the reach and safe from the Saracens on <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> where St. Augustine's remains had been resting.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Very little of Liutprand's original church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro consecrated by Pope Zacharias in 743 remains today.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Originally the roof of its apse was decorated with mosaics, making San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro the first instance of mosaics being used to decorate a Lombard church.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> It is now a modern church with the only significant link to its antiquity being its round apse.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The Lombards built their churches in a very Romanesque style, with the best example of Lombard churches from the period of Lombardic rule being the <a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia" title="San Michele Maggiore, Pavia">Basilica of San Michele</a> still intact at Pavia.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interno_della_cripta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Interno_della_cripta.jpg/220px-Interno_della_cripta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Interno_della_cripta.jpg/330px-Interno_della_cripta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Interno_della_cripta.jpg/440px-Interno_della_cripta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4887" data-file-height="2874" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crypt_of_Sant%27Eusebio" title="Crypt of Sant'Eusebio">Crypt of Sant'Eusebio</a></figcaption></figure> As the kingdom's capital, Pavia in the late seventh century also became one of the central locations of the Lombards' efforts to mint their own coinage.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The bust of the Lombard king would have been etched on the coins as a symbolic gesture so that those who used the coins, mostly Lombard nobles, would understand that king had the ultimate power and control of wealth in the Kingdom of Pavia.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The role of the capital implies the residence of the royal court, the presence of the central administrative structure of the kingdom, and the city's pre-eminence over the other urban centres in the military organization of the seasonal wars.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The city of Pavia played a key role in the war between the Lombard Kingdom of Pavia and the Franks led by Charlemagne. In 773, Charlemagne king of the Franks declared war and invaded across the Alps into northern Italy defeating the Lombard army commanded by king <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a> (r. 757–774).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Between the autumn of 773 and June of 774<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Charlemagne laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pavia_(773%E2%80%93774)" title="Siege of Pavia (773–774)">siege to Pavia</a> first and then Verona, capturing the seat of Lombard power and quickly crushing any resistance from the northern Lombard fortified cities.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Pavia had been the official capital of the Lombards since the 620s,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> but it was also the place upon where the Lombard Kingdom in Italy ended. Upon entering Pavia in triumph, Charlemagne crowned himself king of the lands of the former Kingdom of Pavia.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The Lombard kingdom and its northern territories from then onwards were a sub-kingdom of the Frankish Empire, while the Lombard southern <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">duchy of Benevento</a> persisted for several centuries longer with relative independence and autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> There is little information, but, again in the eighth century, a Jewish community was also present in Pavia: <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin of York</a> recalls a religious disputation that took place in the city between 750 and 766 between the Jew Julius of Pavia and the Christian Peter of Pisa.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medieval history">edit</a>]</div> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a>, king of Italy from 822 to 850, paid attention to schools when in 825 he issued his <a href="/wiki/Capitulary" title="Capitulary">capitulary</a> by means of which he prescribed that students from many towns of north Italy had to attend the lectures in the school of Pavia.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musei_civici_pavia5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Musei_civici_pavia5.jpg/220px-Musei_civici_pavia5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Musei_civici_pavia5.jpg/330px-Musei_civici_pavia5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Musei_civici_pavia5.jpg/440px-Musei_civici_pavia5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3851" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption>Capital with battle scene, 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Civic Museums</a></figcaption></figure> In 924, the Hungarians, led by the deposed Lombard king, <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I</a>, besieged but did not conquer the city.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> Pavia become the stable site of the court, first with queen <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Italy" title="Adelaide of Italy">Adelaide of Italy</a> and then with the wife of Otto II <a href="/wiki/Theophanu" title="Theophanu">Theophanum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> During the Ottonian period Pavia enjoyed a period of well-being and development. The ancient Lombard capital distinguished itself from the other cities of the Po Valley for its fundamental function as a crossroads of important trade, both in foodstuffs and in luxury items. Commercial traffic was favored above all by the waterways used by the emperor for his travels: from Ticino the Po was easily reached, a direct axis with the Adriatic Sea and maritime traffic. Furthermore, with the advent of the Ottoni, Milan again lost importance in favor of Pavia, whose pre-eminence was sanctioned, among other things, by the minting of the Pavia mint.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The importance of the city in those centuries is also highlighted by the account of the Arab geographer Ibrāhīm al-Turtuši, who traveled to central-western Europe between 960 and 965 and visited Verona, Rocca di Garda and Pavia, which he defined the main city of Longobardia, very populous, rich in merchants and entirely built, unlike other centers in the region, in stone, brick and lime. In Pavia, Ibrāhīm al-Turtuši, was very impressed by the equestrian statue of <a href="/wiki/Regisole" title="Regisole">Regisole</a>, which he places near one of the doors of the Royal palace and by the 300 jurists working inside the palace.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Also at the turn of the tenth and eleventh centuries, the city was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a>, bishop, chronicler and diplomat in the service of <a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy" title="Berengar II of Italy">Berengar II</a> first and then of <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a>, a close collaborator of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> and, after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman conquest</a> of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom, reorganizer of the English church. Pavia remained the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italian Kingdom</a> and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the 12th century. In 1004, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Henry II</a> bloodily suppressed a revolt of the citizens of Pavia, who disputed his recent coronation as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni_(4x3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni_%284x3%29.jpg/220px-Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni_%284x3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni_%284x3%29.jpg/330px-Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni_%284x3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni_%284x3%29.jpg/440px-Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni_%284x3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption>Basilica of <a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia" title="San Michele Maggiore, Pavia">San Michele Maggiore</a>, the five stones, already mentioned in the Honorantiae civitatis Papiae (about 1020), above which the throne was placed during coronations</figcaption></figure> In the 12th century, Pavia acquired the status of a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">commune</a>. In the political division between <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a> that characterized the Italian Middle Ages, Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline, a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> against the emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a>, who was attempting to reassert long-dormant Imperial influence over Italy. Frederick I celebrated two coronations in Pavia (1155 and 1162) in the basilica of <a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia" title="San Michele Maggiore, Pavia">San Michele Maggiore</a> and resieded in a new imperial palace near the royal <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Santissimo_Salvatore" title="Basilica of Santissimo Salvatore">monastery of St. Salvatore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Several times the Pavia army fought with the emperor against the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a>, participating in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tortona" title="Siege of Tortona">sieges of Tortona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Crema" title="Siege of Crema">Crema</a> and Milan and in other military operations. The city also had a reputation as a place to have a "good time," as witness the <a href="/wiki/Archpoet" title="Archpoet">Archpoet</a>'s famous comments of 1163.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In the following centuries Pavia was an important and active town. Pavia supported the emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> and the Pavese army took part in numerous operations in the service of the emperor and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cortenuova" title="Battle of Cortenuova">battle of Cortenuova</a> in 1237.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pvtorri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pvtorri.jpg/170px-Pvtorri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pvtorri.jpg/255px-Pvtorri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pvtorri.jpg/340px-Pvtorri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Towers_of_Pavia" title="Towers of Pavia">Towers of Pavia</a>, 11th–13th century</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pavia_(1329)" title="Treaty of Pavia (1329)">Treaty of Pavia</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a> granted during his stay in Italy the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of the Palatinate">Electorate of the Palatinate</a> to his brother Duke <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria">Rudolph's</a> descendants. Pavia held out against the domination of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, finally yielding to the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Visconti</a> family, rulers of that city in 1359 after a difficult siege;<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> under the Visconti Pavia became an intellectual and artistic centre, being the seat from 1361 of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a> founded around the nucleus of the old school of law, which attracted students from many countries. During the regency of <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_II_Visconti" title="Galeazzo II Visconti">Galeazzo II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti" title="Gian Galeazzo Visconti">Gian Galeazzo</a> the memory of the capital's role and the Lombard traditions of Pavia jointly entered the "propaganda" of the new masters of Pavia: Galeazzo II moved his court from Milan to Pavia and between 1361 and 1365 Galeazzo II built a large palace (<a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti castle</a>) with a major Park (<a href="/wiki/Visconti_Park" title="Visconti Park">Visconti Park</a>), which became the official residence of the dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In 1396 Gian Galeazzo commissioned the building of the <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa</a>, built at the end of the Visconti Park, which connected the Certosa to the castle of Pavia. The church, the last edifice of the complex to be built, was to be the family <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> of the Visconti.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 1389, by the will of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, some families of German Jews settled in Pavia, mainly active in financial activities.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The Jewish community of Pavia grew in the 15th century, when Elijah ben Shabbetai, personal doctor of Filippo Maria Visconti and professor at the University of Pavia and, above all, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Colon_Trabotto" title="Joseph Colon Trabotto">Joseph Colon Trabotto</a>, who was a 15th-century rabbi who is considered Italy's foremost <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaic</a> scholar and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudist</a> of his era, and in the same university a Hebrew course was activated in 1490.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Also in the fifteenth century, by the will of the Dukes of Milan, the University of Pavia experienced a phase of great development: it began to attract students from both Italy and other European countries and taught teachers of great fame, such as <a href="/wiki/Baldus_de_Ubaldis" title="Baldus de Ubaldis">Baldo degli Ubaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a> or <a href="/wiki/Giasone_del_Maino" title="Giasone del Maino">Giasone del Maino</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early modern">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a> (1525) marked a watershed in the city's fortunes, since by that time, the former schism between the supporters of the Pope and those of the Holy Roman Emperor had shifted to one between a French party (allied with the Pope) and a party supporting the Emperor and King of Spain <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. Thus, during the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a>-<a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>, Pavia was naturally on the Imperial (and Spanish) side. The defeat and capture of King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> during the battle ushered in a period of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish</a> occupation. In the same years, he studied at the <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Girolamo Cardano</a> University of Pavia, while, probably in 1511, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> studied anatomy together with <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_della_Torre" title="Marcantonio della Torre">Marcantonio della Torre</a>, professor of anatomy at the university.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 1597, by the will of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> of Spain, the Jewish community of Pavia had to abandon the city.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattura_di_Francesco_I_nella_battaglia_di_Pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cattura_di_Francesco_I_nella_battaglia_di_Pavia.jpg/220px-Cattura_di_Francesco_I_nella_battaglia_di_Pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cattura_di_Francesco_I_nella_battaglia_di_Pavia.jpg/330px-Cattura_di_Francesco_I_nella_battaglia_di_Pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cattura_di_Francesco_I_nella_battaglia_di_Pavia.jpg/440px-Cattura_di_Francesco_I_nella_battaglia_di_Pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>The capture of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">battle of Pavia</a>, detail, one of a <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> suite woven at <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> c 1528–31 after <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Orley" title="Bernard van Orley">Bernard van Orley</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish war</a>, Pavia was besieged from 24 July to 14 September 1655 by a large French, Savoyard and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Estense</a> army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis,_Prince_of_Carignano" title="Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano">Thomas Francis, prince of Carignano</a>, but the besiegers were unable to conquer the city.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The Spanish period ended in 1706, when Pavia was occupied, after a short siege, by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Austrians</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Wirich_Philipp_von_Daun" title="Wirich Philipp von Daun">Wirich Philipp von Daun</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> and the city remained Austrian until 1796, when it was occupied by the French army under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a>. During this Austrian period the university was greatly supported by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> of Austria and oversaw a culturally rich period due to the presence of leading scientists and humanists like <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>, among others. In 1796, after the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobins</a> <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">demolished</a> <a href="/wiki/Regisole" title="Regisole">Regisole</a> (a bronze classical equestrian monument), the inhabitants of Pavia revolted against the French and the revolt was quelled by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> after a furious urban fight.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pila_di_volta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pila_di_volta.jpg/220px-Pila_di_volta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pila_di_volta.jpg/330px-Pila_di_volta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pila_di_volta.jpg/440px-Pila_di_volta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">Voltaic pile</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_History_Museum,_University_of_Pavia" title="University History Museum, University of Pavia">University History Museum of the University of Pavia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_History">Modern History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern History">edit</a>]</div> In 1814, it again came under Austrian administration. In 1818 the works on the <a href="/wiki/Naviglio_Pavese" title="Naviglio Pavese">Naviglio Pavese</a> were completed: the canal, conceived as a waterway between Milan, Pavia and Ticino and as an irrigation canal, contributed to the development of the city, so much so that a few years after its construction, in 1821, Borgo Calvenzano was built behind the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle</a>, a long series of arcaded buildings where there were warehouses, taverns, shipping and customs offices, hotels, stables, all in support of inland navigation. In 1820 the first steamships began to operate in the Pavia dock and, between 1854 and 1859, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichischer_Lloyd" title="Österreichischer Lloyd">Österreichischer Lloyd</a> organized a regular navigation line, again using steamships, between Pavia, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Italian_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Second War of Italian Independence">Second War of Italian Independence</a> (1859) and the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a> one year later, Pavia passed, together with the rest of Lombardy, to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. In 1894 <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s father moved to Pavia to start a business supplying electrical materials, the Einstein. The Einsteins lived in the city in the same building (<a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Cornazzani" title="Palazzo Cornazzani">Palazzo Cornazzani</a>) where <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ada_Negri" title="Ada Negri">Ada Negri</a> had lived. The young Albert came to the family several times between 1895 and 1896. During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay with the title "On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 1943 Pavia was occupied by the German army. In September 1944, the US air forces carried out several bombings on the city with the aim of destroying the three bridges over the Ticino, strategic for supplying men. Weapons and provisions the German units engaged along the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic line</a>. These operations led to the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Coperto" title="Ponte Coperto">Ponte Coperto</a> and resulted in the deaths of 119 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confluente_di_Pavia,_1859_circa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Confluente_di_Pavia%2C_1859_circa.jpg/220px-Confluente_di_Pavia%2C_1859_circa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Confluente_di_Pavia%2C_1859_circa.jpg/330px-Confluente_di_Pavia%2C_1859_circa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Confluente_di_Pavia%2C_1859_circa.jpg/440px-Confluente_di_Pavia%2C_1859_circa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>The port at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Naviglio_Pavese" title="Naviglio Pavese">Naviglio Pavese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> with the steamship Countess Clementine, around 1859, <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Pavia Civic Museums</a></figcaption></figure>Allied troops entered the city on April 30, 1945. At the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">institutional referendum of 2 June 1946</a> Pavia assigned 67.1% of the votes to the Republic, while the monarchy obtained only 38.2%.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stendardo_2_di_Massimiliano_Sforza,_conte_di_Pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stendardo_2_di_Massimiliano_Sforza%2C_conte_di_Pavia.jpg/220px-Stendardo_2_di_Massimiliano_Sforza%2C_conte_di_Pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stendardo_2_di_Massimiliano_Sforza%2C_conte_di_Pavia.jpg/330px-Stendardo_2_di_Massimiliano_Sforza%2C_conte_di_Pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Stendardo_2_di_Massimiliano_Sforza%2C_conte_di_Pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of the county of Pavia under the Visconti Dynasty</figcaption></figure> The symbols of Pavia are the coat of arms, the banner and the seal, as reported in the municipal statute. The banner used by the modern city of Pavia faithfully reproduces the one used by the municipality of Pavia at least since the 13th century: a red banner with a white cross. This symbol, probably derived from blutfahne, the original flag of the emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, had a clear political meaning: to underline Pavia's belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Ghibelline</a> faction. The coat of arms of the municipality also depicts the cross which, starting from the end of the 16th century, began to be represented in an oval shape and within a rich frame, on top of which there is a mask with a crown count and often flanked by two angels holding the shield and the letters CO-PP (Comunitas Papie).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The seal of the municipality depicts the <a href="/wiki/Regisole" title="Regisole">Regisole</a>, an ancient late antique bronze equestrian statue originally placed inside the Royal Palace and, probably in the 11th century, placed in the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Cathedral" title="Pavia Cathedral">cathedral</a> square. The statue was pulled down by the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobins</a> in 1796. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Topography">edit</a>]</div> The Pavia municipality falls in the orographic system of the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> formed after the alluvial filling of the wide of the gulf occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>. A large part of the historic city center is located on the edge of the river <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a>. The city occupies an area of 62.86 km2 (24.27 sq mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, located along the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a>'s belt", where there is the meeting, in the subsoil, between geological layers with different permeability, an aspect that allows the deep waters to resurface on the surface.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">fluvial terrace</a> on which Pavia stands appears engraved by two deep furrows due to the erosive action of two <a href="/wiki/Postglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Postglacial">postglacial</a> rivers, represented today by the Navigliaccio (originally occupied by the Calvenza) and by the Vernavola. The two valleys tend to converge just behind the area of the ancient city, so that primitive Pavia found itself on an almost isolated and difficult to reach trunk or stump of terrace, almost triangular in shape, which Ticino had to the south, the Calvenza and then the Navigliaccio to the north-west and the Vernavola to the north-east. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pavia.jpg/220px-Pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pavia.jpg/330px-Pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pavia.jpg/440px-Pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> downstream from the city, in the background, behind the dome of the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Cathedral" title="Pavia Cathedral">cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a></figcaption></figure>From an elevation point of view, the city has various heights. The highest point is located in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle</a>, about 80 m (260 ft) above sea level, and then slowly declines. From an altitude of 80 m (260 ft), you pass to 77 m (253 ft) in about 500 m (550 yd; 1,600 ft). Downstream from Piazza Vittoria, where the <a href="/wiki/Cardo" title="Cardo">cardo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus Maximus">decumanus</a> of the Roman city crossed, the slope becomes more pronounced, up to just under 60 m (200 ft) above sea level near the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Coperto" title="Ponte Coperto">Ponte Coperto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The humidity of the area is quite high (75–80% is the annual average), and this causes the typical fog, starting mainly during late autumn and winter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Pavia (2002–2017) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.3 (65.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.1 (57.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7 (65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.8 (49.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 (2.6) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 (2.6) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 (3.2) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 (2.5) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 (3.1) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 (2.5) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105 (4.1) </td> <td style="background: #61FF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102 (4.0) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">914 (35.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #AAAAA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">305 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">270 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,185 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Climi e viaggi<a href="#cite_note-ISPRAClim-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (precipitation 1951–1980)<a href="#cite_note-ISPRA-95">[95]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Pavia" title="List of mayors of Pavia">List of mayors of Pavia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Main sights">edit</a>]</div> Pavia's most famous landmark is the <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> monastery, founded in 1396 and located eight kilometres (5.0 miles) north of the city. Among other notable structures are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavia_Cathedral" title="Pavia Cathedral">Cathedral of Pavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duomo" title="Duomo">Duomo</a> di Pavia): construction of the cathedral began in 1488, designed principally by <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amadeo" title="Giovanni Antonio Amadeo">Giovanni Antonio Amadeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gian_Giacomo_Dolcebuono" title="Gian Giacomo Dolcebuono">Gian Giacomo Dolcebuono</a>; however, only by 1898 were the façade and the dome completed according to the original design. The central dome has an octagonal plan, stands 97 m (318 ft) high, and weighs some 20,000 tonnes (22,000 short tons). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavia,_Duomo,_interior_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pavia%2C_Duomo%2C_interior_01.JPG/220px-Pavia%2C_Duomo%2C_interior_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pavia%2C_Duomo%2C_interior_01.JPG/330px-Pavia%2C_Duomo%2C_interior_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pavia%2C_Duomo%2C_interior_01.JPG/440px-Pavia%2C_Duomo%2C_interior_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a><figcaption>The dome of the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Cathedral" title="Pavia Cathedral">cathedral of Pavia</a></figcaption></figure>This dome is the third for size in Italy, after <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fiore</a> in Florence. Next to the Duomo were the <a href="/wiki/Torre_Civica_(Pavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Torre Civica (Pavia)">Civic Tower</a> (existing at least from 1330 and enlarged in 1583 by <a href="/wiki/Pellegrino_Tibaldi" title="Pellegrino Tibaldi">Pellegrino Tibaldi</a>): its fall on March 17, 1989, was the final motivating force that started the last decade's efforts to save the <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a> from a similar fate.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_michele_maggiore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/San_michele_maggiore.JPG/170px-San_michele_maggiore.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/San_michele_maggiore.JPG/255px-San_michele_maggiore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/San_michele_maggiore.JPG/340px-San_michele_maggiore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia" title="San Michele Maggiore, Pavia">San Michele Maggiore, Pavia</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="San Michele Maggiore">San Michele Maggiore</a> (St. Michael Major): this church is an outstanding example of Lombard-Romanesque church architecture in Lombardy. It is located, near the Royal Palace, on the site of a pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> church, which the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Campanile" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanile">campanile</a> belongs to.The basilica was founded by King <a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">Grimoald</a> between 662 and 671. Destroyed in 1004, it was rebuilt from around the end of the 11th century (including crypt, transept and choir), and finished in 1130. It is characterized by an extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and by a very long transept, provided with a façade and an apse of its own.The basilica was the seat of numerous important events, including the coronations of <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I</a> (888), <a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy III</a> (889), <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis III</a> (900), <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_II_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph II of Burgundy">Rudolph II</a> (922), <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh</a> (926), <a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy" title="Berengar II of Italy">Berengar II</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Italy" title="Adalbert of Italy">Adalbert</a> (950), <a href="/wiki/Arduin_of_Ivrea" title="Arduin of Ivrea">Arduin</a> (1002), <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a> (1004) and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick Barbarossa</a> (1155).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">Basilica of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a> ("St. Peter in Golden Sky"): in this church, St <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius">Boethius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> king <a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand</a> are said to be buried. Construction was begun in the sixth century. The current construction was built in 1132. It is similar to San Michele Maggiore, but different in the asymmetric façade with a single portal, the use of <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">brickwork</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, and, in the interior, the absence of matronei, galleries reserved for women and the shortest <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a>. The noteworthy arch housing the relics of St. Augustine was built in 1362 by artists from <a href="/wiki/Campione_d%27Italia" title="Campione d'Italia">Campione</a>, and is decorated by some 150 statues and reliefs. The church is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> in the X canto of his <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_teodoro_pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/San_teodoro_pavia.jpg/220px-San_teodoro_pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/San_teodoro_pavia.jpg/330px-San_teodoro_pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/San_teodoro_pavia.jpg/440px-San_teodoro_pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Church of <a href="/wiki/San_Teodoro,_Pavia" title="San Teodoro, Pavia">San Teodoro</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Teodoro,_Pavia" title="San Teodoro, Pavia">San Teodoro</a>: this church was built in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard period</a> in 752 and was rebuilt in 1117 and dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Pavia" title="Theodore of Pavia">Theodore of Pavia</a>, a medieval bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Pavia">Diocese of Pavia</a>, is the third. albeit smaller, Romanesque basilica in Pavia. Situated on the slopes leading down to the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a>, it served the fishermen. The apses and the three-level tiburium exemplify effective simplicity of Romanesque decoration. Inside are two outstanding bird's-eye-view frescoes of the city (1525) attributed to <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Lanzani" title="Bernardino Lanzani">Bernardino Lanzani</a>. The latter, the definitive release, was stripped off disclosing the unfinished first one. Both are impressively detailed and reveal how Pavia's urban layout has changed little in 500 years.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg/220px-Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg/330px-Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg/440px-Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Castello Visconteo</a>: built in 1360–1365 by <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_II_Visconti" title="Galeazzo II Visconti">Galeazzo II Visconti</a>, this large castle served as a private residence rather than a stronghold. The poet <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Petrarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Petrarca">Francesco Petrarca</a> spent some time there, when <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti" title="Gian Galeazzo Visconti">Gian Galeazzo Visconti</a> called him to take charge of the magnificent library which owned about a thousand books and manuscripts, subsequently lost. The Castle is now home to the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">City Museums</a> and the park is a popular attraction for children. An unconfirmed legend wants the Castle to be connected by a secret tunnel to the <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_del_Carmine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine.jpg/220px-Santa_Maria_del_Carmine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine.jpg/330px-Santa_Maria_del_Carmine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine.jpg/440px-Santa_Maria_del_Carmine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3156" data-file-height="2306" /></a><figcaption>Church of Santa Maria del Carmine</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine,_Pavia" title="Santa Maria del Carmine, Pavia">Santa Maria del Carmine</a>: this church is a well-preserved example of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> brickwork architecture in northern Italy. Built, between 1374 and 1461, on the Latin cross plan, it is the second largest Pavian church after the Duomo, with a perimeter of 80 m × 40 m (260 ft × 130 ft) comprising a nave and two aisles. The characteristic façade has a large <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a> and seven cusps.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Santissimo_Salvatore" title="Basilica of Santissimo Salvatore">Basilica of Santissimo Salvatore</a>: it was founded in 657 by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Lombards" title="List of kings of the Lombards">Lombard king</a> <a href="/wiki/Aripert_I" title="Aripert I">Aripert I</a> as a mausoleum og kings of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_dynasty" title="Bavarian dynasty">Bavarian dynasty</a>, they were buried there <a href="/wiki/Aripert_I" title="Aripert I">Aripert I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liutpert" title="Liutpert">Liutpert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aripert_II" title="Aripert II">Aripert II</a>. by the will of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Italy" title="Adelaide of Italy">Adelaide of Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Majolus_of_Cluny" class="mw-redirect" title="Majolus of Cluny">Majolus of Cluny</a> created a monastery near the church in 971. It was rebuilt between 1453 and 1511.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypt_of_Sant%27Eusebio" title="Crypt of Sant'Eusebio">Crypt of Sant'Eusebio</a>: the church was founded by King <a href="/wiki/Rothari" title="Rothari">Rothari</a> in the seventh century as the city's <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> cathedral. The church was demolished in 1923, but the crypt was preserved. The building, rebuilt in the 11th century, retains parts of the previous <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> church, such as the capitals, very far from classical art.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiesa_di_San_Francesco_a_Pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chiesa_di_San_Francesco_a_Pavia.jpg/170px-Chiesa_di_San_Francesco_a_Pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chiesa_di_San_Francesco_a_Pavia.jpg/255px-Chiesa_di_San_Francesco_a_Pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chiesa_di_San_Francesco_a_Pavia.jpg/340px-Chiesa_di_San_Francesco_a_Pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Church of <a href="/wiki/San_Francesco,_Pavia" title="San Francesco, Pavia">San Francesco d'Assisi</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francesco,_Pavia" title="San Francesco, Pavia">San Francesco d'Assisi</a>: this is a late <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> church (1238–98) with a restored <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> façade, located on Corso Cairoli.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Gervasio_e_Protasio,_Pavia" title="Santi Gervasio e Protasio, Pavia">Santi Gervasio e Protasio</a>: it is the oldest church in Pavia, founded by the bishop <a href="/wiki/Juventius_of_Pavia" title="Juventius of Pavia">Juventius of Pavia</a> in the 4th century. It was rebuilt in the 11th century and then in the 18th century. It keeps the 11th century bell tower. The Lombard kings <a href="/wiki/Cleph" title="Cleph">Cleph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authari" title="Authari">Authari</a> were buried in the church and, in the 18th century, high <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> official <a href="/wiki/Antoniotto_Botta_Adorno" title="Antoniotto Botta Adorno">Antoniotto Botta Adorno</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Domnarum" title="San Giovanni Domnarum">San Giovanni Domnarum</a>: the church was founded by Queen <a href="/wiki/Gundeberga" title="Gundeberga">Gundeberga</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Rothari" title="Rothari">Rothari</a>, who was possibly buried in the church. The building, built on Roman baths, was almost entirely rebuilt in the 17th century. The crypt (which incorporates Roman and Lombard remains) and the bell tower remain of the oldest church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_San_Felice" title="Monastery of San Felice">Monastery of San Felice</a>: the monastery was founded by the Lombard king <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a> in 760. It was suppressed in 1785 and now houses some departments of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broletto,_Pavia" title="Broletto, Pavia">Broletto</a>: the palace was built between the 12th and 13th centuries, it was the seat of the city hall of Pavia until 1875 and now houses the <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Superiore_Studi_Pavia_IUSS" title="Scuola Superiore Studi Pavia IUSS">IUSS School for Advanced Studies</a> and is also used as the seat of temporary exhibitions of modern and contemporary art.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Santa_Maria_Gualtieri" title="Church Santa Maria Gualtieri">Church Santa Maria Gualtieri</a>: the church was founded in 989 by the judge and <a href="/wiki/Missus_dominicus" title="Missus dominicus">missus dominicus</a> Walterius. It was rebuilt in the 11th century and reconsecrated by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a> in 1096. In 1788 it was deconsecrated and transformed into shops and homes. It was purchased by the municipality of Pavia and restored in 1991. It is now used for concerts, exhibitions and conferences.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Campus_of_the_University_of_Pavia" title="Old Campus of the University of Pavia">Old Campus of the University of Pavia</a>: created by <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico il Moro</a> between 1485 and 1490, it was rebuilt and enlarged at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> and her son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> from 1771 to 1787 on a project by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piermarini" title="Giuseppe Piermarini">Giuseppe Piermarini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Pollack" title="Leopoldo Pollack">Leopold Pollack</a>. Other courtyards and classrooms were then added between 1819 and 1850. In 1932 the University incorporated the former San Matteo Hospital, built starting from 1451.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavia,_San_Giovanni_Domnarum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pavia%2C_San_Giovanni_Domnarum.jpg/220px-Pavia%2C_San_Giovanni_Domnarum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pavia%2C_San_Giovanni_Domnarum.jpg/330px-Pavia%2C_San_Giovanni_Domnarum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pavia%2C_San_Giovanni_Domnarum.jpg/440px-Pavia%2C_San_Giovanni_Domnarum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3495" data-file-height="2648" /></a><figcaption>Crypt of the <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Domnarum" title="San Giovanni Domnarum">church of San Giovanni Domnarum</a> with frescoes from the 12th century</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirabello_Castle" title="Mirabello Castle">Mirabello Castle</a>: the castle lies in what was once the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Park" title="Visconti Park">Parco Visconteo</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mirabello_di_Pavia" title="Mirabello di Pavia">Mirabello di Pavia</a>. Between the 14th and 16th centuries, it was the seat of the Captain of the Park, the authority administering the Parco Visconteo on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Visconti</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">Sforza</a> families. Only a wing of the original castle has survived.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Canepanova" title="Santa Maria di Canepanova">Santa Maria di Canepanova</a>: this renaissance octagonal church is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Bramante" class="mw-redirect" title="Bramante">Bramante</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Betlem" title="Santa Maria in Betlem">Santa Maria in Betlem</a>*: founded in the 9th century, it was rebuilt and enlarged in 1130. Near the church there was a hospital for <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> traveling to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> and for this reason the church depended on the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>. The church is in Romanesque style.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lanfranco,_Pavia" title="San Lanfranco, Pavia">San Lanfranco</a>: founded in the 11th century, it was rebuilt in the first decades of the 13th century in <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style, it preserves its interior the marble ark created by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amadeo" title="Giovanni Antonio Amadeo">Giovanni Antonio Amadeo</a> in 1489 to contain the relics of San Lanfranco Beccari.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_Fraschini_Serale.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Teatro_Fraschini_Serale.JPG/220px-Teatro_Fraschini_Serale.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Teatro_Fraschini_Serale.JPG/330px-Teatro_Fraschini_Serale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Teatro_Fraschini_Serale.JPG/440px-Teatro_Fraschini_Serale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Fraschini,_Pavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Fraschini, Pavia">Teatro Fraschini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galli_da_Bibiena_family" title="Galli da Bibiena family">Antonio Galli da Bibbiena</a>, 1771–1773</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Tommaso_(Pavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of San Tommaso (Pavia)">Church of San Tommaso</a>: built on the remains of Roman baths, it is mentioned for the first time in an imperial diploma by <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a> of 889. The church became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friars in 1302. Starting from 1320 work began for the construction of the new, and larger, church in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic style</a>, completed only in 1478. In 1786 the monastery was suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> and transformed into the General Seminary for the Austrian Lombardy. <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piermarini" title="Giuseppe Piermarini">Giuseppe Piermarini</a>, charged with adapting the complex to the new destination, heavily modified the church. A few years later, in 1791, the seminary was closed and the complex became a barracks, and it remained so until the 1980s, when it was sold to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Maria_Teodote" title="Monastery of Santa Maria Teodote">Monastery of Santa Maria Teodote</a>: the church was part of the monastery of Santa Maria Teodote, also known as Santa Maria della Pusterla, which was one of the oldest and most important female monasteries in Pavia. Founded between 679 and 700 by King <a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert</a>, it was suppressed in 1799 and has housed the diocesan seminary since 1868.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Primo_e_Feliciano,_Pavia" title="Santi Primo e Feliciano, Pavia">Santi Primo e Feliciano</a>: a 12th century <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>-style Catholic church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lazzaro,_Pavia" title="San Lazzaro, Pavia">San Lazzaro</a>: the church was founded by the noble Salimbene family in 1157 outside the city walls and along the <a href="/wiki/Via_Francigena" title="Via Francigena">Via Francigena</a>. At the church there was also a hospital for the treatment of pilgrims and <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">lepers</a>. The church is in <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style and preserves frescoes from the 13th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino,_Pavia" title="San Marino, Pavia">San Marino</a>: the church was founded by King <a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf</a>, who was buried in the church. It was modified several times over the centuries, but retains parts of the facade and apse of the original building. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Broletto_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Palazzo_Broletto_03.JPG/220px-Palazzo_Broletto_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Palazzo_Broletto_03.JPG/330px-Palazzo_Broletto_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Palazzo_Broletto_03.JPG/440px-Palazzo_Broletto_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Broletto,_Pavia" title="Broletto, Pavia">Broletto</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Verzolo" title="San Pietro in Verzolo">San Pietro in Verzolo</a>: the church was probably founded in the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> age and is documented since 737. In the 11th century it became the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> monastery, then suppressed in 1798. The church still retains, despite the many changes, some sculptural and architectural elements of the 11th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towers_of_Pavia" title="Towers of Pavia">Towers of Pavia</a>: characteristic of the historic center of Pavia is the presence of medieval noble towers that survive in its urban fabric, despite having once been more numerous, as evidenced by the sixteenth-century representation of the city frescoed in the <a href="/wiki/San_Teodoro,_Pavia" title="San Teodoro, Pavia">church of San Teodoro</a>. They were mostly built between the 11th and 13th centuries when the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Ghibelline</a> city was at the height of its <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> flowering. The towers present in Pavia, on the basis of historical and iconographic documentation, must have been about 65, of which about 25 survive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Fraschini,_Pavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Fraschini, Pavia">Teatro Fraschini</a>: <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a> commissioned by 4 aristocrats from Pavia to <a href="/wiki/Galli_da_Bibiena_family" title="Galli da Bibiena family">Antonio Galli da Bibbiena</a> between 1771 and 1773. In 1869 it was acquired by the municipality of Pavia and was dedicated to the Pavese tenor <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Fraschini" title="Gaetano Fraschini">Gaetano Fraschini</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Coperto" title="Ponte Coperto">Ponte Coperto</a>: it is a stone and brick arch bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> in Pavia, Italy. The previous bridge, dating from 1354 (itself a replacement for a Roman construction), was heavily damaged by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> action in 1945. A debate on whether to fix or replace the bridge ended when the bridge partially collapsed in 1947, requiring new construction, which began in 1949.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Carminali_Bottigella,_Pavia_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Palazzo_Carminali_Bottigella%2C_Pavia_01.JPG/220px-Palazzo_Carminali_Bottigella%2C_Pavia_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Palazzo_Carminali_Bottigella%2C_Pavia_01.JPG/330px-Palazzo_Carminali_Bottigella%2C_Pavia_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Palazzo_Carminali_Bottigella%2C_Pavia_01.JPG/440px-Palazzo_Carminali_Bottigella%2C_Pavia_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palace_Carminali_Bottigella" title="Palace Carminali Bottigella">Palace Carminali Bottigella</a> (1490–1499), detail of the decoration of the facade</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Castiglioni_Brugnatelli" title="Collegio Castiglioni Brugnatelli">Collegio Castiglioni Brugnatelli</a>: the college was founded by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Branda_da_Castiglione" title="Branda da Castiglione">Branda da Castiglione</a> in 1429. The building, in Gothic style, preserves inside a chapel frescoed by <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Bembo" title="Bonifacio Bembo">Bonifacio Bembo</a> in 1475.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_degli_Eustachi" title="Casa degli Eustachi">Casa degli Eustachi</a>: it is a small brick Gothic-style building built in the first decades of the 15th century by Pasino Eustachi, captain of the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti" title="Gian Galeazzo Visconti">Gian Galeazzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti" title="Filippo Maria Visconti">Filippo Maria Visconti</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Cornazzani" title="Palazzo Cornazzani">Palazzo Cornazzani</a>: it is a building dating back to the 15th century, which was inhabited, at different times, by <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contardo_Ferrini" title="Contardo Ferrini">Contardo Ferrini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_Negri" title="Ada Negri">Ada Negri</a> and, between 1895 and 1896, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Carminali_Bottigella" title="Palace Carminali Bottigella">Palace Carminali Bottigella</a>: it is a noble palace built by the ancient Beccaria family from Pavia. The original structure from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">Sforza</a> era was built between 1490 and 1499. The façade, which retains the original <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> decorations, is one of the major examples of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> civil building in Pavia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Maino" title="Palazzo del Maino">Palazzo del Maino</a>: the palace was built by the Bottigella aristocratic family from Pavia in the 15th century, in 1560 it was purchased by the Buscas and rebuilt in 1725 in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style, while maintaining some elements (such as the marble portal) of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> palace. It then passed to the Marquises of Maino and in 1932 it was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mezzabarba" title="Palazzo Mezzabarba">Palazzo Mezzabarba</a>: built in the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style between 1726 and 1732, since 1875 is the <a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">city hall</a> of Pavia.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_mezzabarba3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Palazzo_mezzabarba3.jpg/220px-Palazzo_mezzabarba3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Palazzo_mezzabarba3.jpg/330px-Palazzo_mezzabarba3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Palazzo_mezzabarba3.jpg/440px-Palazzo_mezzabarba3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mezzabarba" title="Palazzo Mezzabarba">Palazzo Mezzabarba</a> (1726–1732), <a href="/wiki/City_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="City hall">city hall</a> of Pavia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Bellisomi_Vistarino" title="Palazzo Bellisomi Vistarino">Palazzo Bellisomi Vistarino</a>: the palace designed by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Croce" title="Francesco Croce">Francesco Croce</a>, was rebuilt in <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">rococo</a> style between 1745 and 1753 by the Marquis Gaetano Annibale Bellisomi, demolishing the old family home. Since 2013 it has been the headquarters of the Alma Mater Ticinensis foundation of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Botta_Adorno" title="Palazzo Botta Adorno">Palazzo Botta Adorno</a>: built on a previous medieval building that belonged to the noble Beccaria family, it was rebuilt by the Botta Adornos between the 17th and 18th centuries. It was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Antoniotto_Botta_Adorno" title="Antoniotto Botta Adorno">Antoniotto Botta Adorno</a>, high officer of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> and a plenipotentiary of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>. The building was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a> in 1887 and now houses <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_Pavia" title="Natural History Museum, Pavia">Natural History Museum of Pavia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malaspina,_Pavia" title="Palazzo Malaspina, Pavia">Palazzo Malaspina</a>: the palace was rebuilt by the Marquis Luigi Malaspina di Sannazzaro in <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassical</a> style between 1794 and 1835. The palace now houses the Carlo Bonetta Library and Archivio Storico Civico of the City Council of Pavia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Arnaboldi" title="Galleria Arnaboldi">Galleria Arnaboldi</a>: is a shopping <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a>, which, in the form of a covered pedestrian street, connects Strada Nuova to Piazza del Lino, built between 1879 and 1882.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> Pavia possesses a remarkable artistic treasure, a legacy of the city's prestigious past, divided into several museums. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sala_azzurra1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sala_azzurra1.jpg/220px-Sala_azzurra1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sala_azzurra1.jpg/330px-Sala_azzurra1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sala_azzurra1.jpg/440px-Sala_azzurra1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>One of the rooms of the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Civic Museums</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Pavia Civic Museums</a> (located, in the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle</a>) are divided into various sections: Archaeological, which preserves one of the richest collections of Roman glass in northern Italy and important artifacts and archeological finds of <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> period, such as the <a href="/wiki/Plutei_of_Theodota" title="Plutei of Theodota">plutei of Teodota</a> and the collection (the largest in Italy) of Lombard epigraphs, some of which belong to the tombs of kings or queens. Then there is the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> section which exhibits sculptural, architectural and mosaic. The Romanesque collection is very rich, one of the largest in northern Italy, which also preserves important oriental architectural dishes from the Islamic and Byzantine East that adorned the facades of churches and buildings. Works by <a href="/wiki/Jacopino_da_Tradate" title="Jacopino da Tradate">Jacopino da Tradate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amadeo" title="Giovanni Antonio Amadeo">Giovanni Antonio Amadeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Mantegazza" title="Cristoforo Mantegazza">Cristoforo</a> and Antonio Mantegazza and <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Fontana" title="Annibale Fontana">Annibale Fontana</a> are also exhibited. The Civic Museums also house the Risorgimento museum, dedicating particular space to the social, economic and cultural life of Pavia between the 18th and 19th centuries, the collection of African objects collected by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Robecchi_Bricchetti" title="Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti">Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti</a> during his explorations and the numismatic collection, which houses more than 50,000 coins, most of them belonging to Camillo Brambilla, which cover a chronological period between the classical Greek issues and the minting of the modern period.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The Pinacoteca Malaspina (which is part of the Pavia Civic Museums) established by the Marquis Luigi Malaspina di Sannazzaro (Pavia 1754– 1834), houses works by important artists of the Italian and international scene, from the 13th to the 20th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Gentile_da_Fabriano" title="Gentile da Fabriano">Gentile da Fabriano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Foppa" title="Vincenzo Foppa">Vincenzo Foppa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Messina" title="Antonello da Messina">Antonello da Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Luini" title="Bernardino Luini">Bernardino Luini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Correggio" title="Antonio da Correggio">Correggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Segantini" title="Giovanni Segantini">Giovanni Segantini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renato_Guttuso" title="Renato Guttuso">Renato Gottuso</a>. The monumental wooden model of the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Cathedral" title="Pavia Cathedral">Pavia cathedral</a> from 1497 is also exhibited inside the picture gallery.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia12.jpg/220px-Museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia12.jpg/330px-Museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia12.jpg/440px-Museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/University_History_Museum,_University_of_Pavia" title="University History Museum, University of Pavia">University History Museum</a>, collection of instruments for the study of chemistry and physics, 18th and 19th century, some belonging to <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a></figcaption></figure> The university's museum network is very vast, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/University_History_Museum,_University_of_Pavia" title="University History Museum, University of Pavia">University History Museum</a> of the University of Pavia, divided between the Section of Medicine, where anatomical and pathological preparations, surgical instruments are also exhibited (the surgical paraphernalia of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alessandro_Brambilla" title="Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla">Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla</a>) and life-size anatomical waxes, made by the Florentine ceroplast <a href="/wiki/Clemente_Susini" title="Clemente Susini">Clemente Susini</a> and the Physics Section which houses the physics cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (where hundreds of scientific instruments from the 18th and 19th centuries are exhibited, some belonging to Alessandro Volta).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The University's <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Archeology_of_the_University_of_Pavia" title="Museum of Archeology of the University of Pavia">Museum of Archeology</a> was established by Pier Vittorio Aldini in 1819 and houses prehistoric, Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan (including a collection of clay votive offerings donated by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a>) and Roman (some from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>).<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_Pavia" title="Natural History Museum, Pavia">Natural History Museum</a> of the University (Kosmos), housed inside <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Botta_Adorno" title="Palazzo Botta Adorno">Palazzo Botta Adorno</a>, is one of the oldest in Italy, it was in fact founded by <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> in 1771 and which preserves a naturalistic heritage of high scientific and historical value, including nearly 400,000 finds divided between the collections of zoology, comparative anatomy and paleontology.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Then there is the Golgi Museum, located in the same environments in which both <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> and his students worked, rooms and laboratories that preserve both the original furnishings and the scientific instruments of the time, in order to allow the visitor to enter inside a 19th-century research center;<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> while the Museum of Electrical Technique, built in 2007, illustrates the history of electrical technology within five sections.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_diocesano_pavia9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Museo_diocesano_pavia9.jpg/220px-Museo_diocesano_pavia9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Museo_diocesano_pavia9.jpg/330px-Museo_diocesano_pavia9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Museo_diocesano_pavia9.jpg/440px-Museo_diocesano_pavia9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_Museum_of_Pavia" title="Diocesan Museum of Pavia">Diocesan Museum of Pavia</a>, Sicilian-Arab master, crosier, ivory (12th century)</figcaption></figure> Then come the Museum of Chemistry, that of Physics<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and the Museum of Mineralogy, founded by Lazzaro Spallanzani.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Next to the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Cathedral" title="Pavia Cathedral">Cathedral</a>, inside the crypt of the ancient cathedral of Santa Maria del Popolo (11th century), is the <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_Museum_of_Pavia" title="Diocesan Museum of Pavia">Diocesan Museum of Pavia</a>, inaugurated in 2023, which collects silverware and liturgical objects (among which a crosier in elephantine ivory carved, painted and gilded made by a Sicilian workshop by the hand of Arab craftsmen and dating back to the end of the 12th century), sculptures and paintings, such as the panel of the Madonna della Misericordia by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Fasolo" title="Lorenzo Fasolo">Lorenzo Fasolo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_and_archives">Libraries and archives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Libraries and archives">edit</a>]</div> The history of the municipality of Pavia, from the tenth to the twentieth century, can be told through the amount of documentation collected within the Archivio Storico Civico (established in 1895), which also contains collections containing the archives of many aristocratic families from Pavia and of city personalities, such as Gaetano Sacchi, <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Benedetto Cairoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Robecchi_Bricchetti" title="Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti">Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The Archivio di Stato (founded in 1959) also collect funds from noble archives (Beccaria, Bottigella, Belcredi, <a href="/wiki/Malaspina_family" title="Malaspina family">Malaspina</a>) and more, such as the Mori collection, which collects the papers of <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Mori" title="Cesare Mori">Cesare Mori</a>. Also preserved in the archive are the acts of the notaries of Pavia (1256–1907), the maps of the Teresian <a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a> of the Pavia area (18th–19th centuries), and the archives of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">university</a> (1341–1897), of the San Matteo Hospital (1063–1900), the Prefecture, the Police Headquarters and the Court.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Equally important is the Archivio Storico Diocesano, which houses the documentation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pavia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pavia">diocese of Pavia</a> since the tenth century.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_maiolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/San_maiolo.jpg/220px-San_maiolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/San_maiolo.jpg/330px-San_maiolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/San_maiolo.jpg/440px-San_maiolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Archivio di Stato is based in the former monastery of San Maiolo, founded in the 10th century and rebuilt at the end of the 15th century.</figcaption></figure> The Centro per gli studi sulla tradizione manoscritta di autori moderni e contemporanei (Formerly the "Research Center on the Manuscript Tradition of Modern and Contemporary Authors", also known as the "Manuscript Center"), founded by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Corti" title="Maria Corti">Maria Corti</a> in 1980, is responsible for the conservation and to the study of modern and contemporary archival and bibliographic heritage. The center, among the most important of its kind in Italy, preserves collections of documentary material (manuscripts, typescripts, letters, first editions, libraries, photographs, drawings, furnishings, paintings and other objects) relating to writers, intellectuals, publishers, artists and scientists of the past two centuries. Among the archival collections preserved we remember those of <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Arbasino" title="Alberto Arbasino">Alberto Arbasino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Bacchelli" title="Riccardo Bacchelli">Riccardo Bacchelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romano_Bilenchi" title="Romano Bilenchi">Romano Bilenchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Marchi_(writer)" title="Emilio De Marchi (writer)">Emilio De Marchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Flaiano" title="Ennio Flaiano">Ennio Flaiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Gatto" title="Alfonso Gatto">Alfonso Gatto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonino_Guerra" title="Tonino Guerra">Tonino Guerra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Magris" title="Claudio Magris">Claudio Magris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Meneghello" title="Luigi Meneghello">Luigi Meneghello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indro_Montanelli" title="Indro Montanelli">Indro Montanelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Rigoni_Stern" title="Mario Rigoni Stern">Mario Rigoni Stern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Rosselli" title="Amelia Rosselli">Amelia Rosselli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Saba" title="Umberto Saba">Umberto Saba</a> and Roberto Sanesi.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The library tradition of Pavia among its origins from the Visconteo Sforzesca Library, established in the second half of the fourteenth century by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti" title="Gian Galeazzo Visconti">Gian Galeazzo Visconti</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle</a>, where the precious illuminated manuscripts of the dukes of Milan were kept. In 1499, with the fall of <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico il Moro</a>, the king of France <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a> took most of the manuscripts from the castle and they are now kept in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothéque Nationale de France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Of the nearly one thousand manuscripts that made up the library, only one codex remained in Pavia: <a href="/wiki/Triumphs" title="Triumphs">I Trionfi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Francesco Petrarca</a> kept in the Biblioteca Universitaria.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In the second half of the 16th century, three historic libraries arose in the city: that of the Episcopal Seminary<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and the libraries of the <a href="/wiki/Collegio_Borromeo" title="Collegio Borromeo">Borromeo</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghislieri_College" title="Ghislieri College">Ghislieri</a> Colleges,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> founded respectively by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a> and Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a> to allow access to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">university</a> (then the only one of all the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>) to promising young people, but with scarce economic resources.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_universitaria_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Biblioteca_universitaria_%281%29.jpg/220px-Biblioteca_universitaria_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Biblioteca_universitaria_%281%29.jpg/330px-Biblioteca_universitaria_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Biblioteca_universitaria_%281%29.jpg/440px-Biblioteca_universitaria_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Biblioteca Universitaria, the salon designed by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piermarini" title="Giuseppe Piermarini">Giuseppe Piermarini</a>, 1771</figcaption></figure> In 1754, by the will of Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a>, the Biblioteca Universitaria was created, the most important in terms of book heritage in the city, which also preserves 1,404 manuscripts, 702 <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a>, 1,153 parchments (from 1103 to 1787), the 3,592 old prints, and 1,287 old geographical maps.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In 1887 the Biblioteca Civica Carlo Bonetta was established, the main seat of the library system of the city which is divided into eight loan and reading points distributed evenly over the entire municipal area.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Among the university libraries we should mention the Library of Humanistic Studies,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> born from the amalgamation of several libraries of the university's humanistic faculties, such as that of archeology (built in 1819), the Library of Science and Technology,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> where the library also merged of the <a href="/wiki/Orto_Botanico_dell%27Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia" title="Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia">Botanical Garden</a> (established in 1773), the Law Library (1880),<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The Science Library,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> which also houses the volumes of the Medical and Surgical Society of Pavia (founded by <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> in 1885), the Area Library Medica Adolfo Ferrata,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> the Political Science Library (built in 1925<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>), the Economics Library<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and the Giasone del Maino College Library (born in 2000).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> Capital of a province in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Bunch_of_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunch of grapes">bunch of grapes</a>, as it was defined by <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Brera" title="Gianni Brera">Gianni Brera</a>, there are many fruits that this land offers and which are the origin of various local dishes. The wealth of springs and waterways have made Pavia, and its territory, one of the main Italian centers for the production of rice, it is therefore no coincidence that there are numerous recipes that allow you to discover the thousand faces of this cereal. such as the Carthusian risotto, according to the legend created by the monks of the <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfishes</a>, carrots and onions, risotto with eye beans or the one with sausage and <a href="/wiki/Bonarda_Piemontese" title="Bonarda Piemontese">bonarda</a> and risotto with <a href="/wiki/Humulus_lupulus" title="Humulus lupulus">common hops</a> (ürtis in pavese dialect). Among the first courses, in addition to rice, the <a href="/wiki/Zuppa_pavese" title="Zuppa pavese">pavese soup</a> also stands out, created, according to tradition, by a peasant woman with the few ingredients at her disposal (broth, eggs and cheese) to feed the king of France <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">disastrous defeat</a> at the gates of the city. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_E2788_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/IMG_E2788_%282%29.jpg/220px-IMG_E2788_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/IMG_E2788_%282%29.jpg/330px-IMG_E2788_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/IMG_E2788_%282%29.jpg/440px-IMG_E2788_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Risotto with sausage and Bonarda</figcaption></figure>Among the second courses we should mention the ragò alla pavese, a local variant of the more famous <a href="/wiki/Cassoeula" title="Cassoeula">cassoeula</a>, lighter because it is cooked only with pork ribs, the stew alla pavese, the büseca (veal tripe alla pavese), marrowbones with peas (os büš cum i erbion) and escaped birds (üslin scapà) veal slices filled with bacon and sage. According to local tradition, meat, especially if boiled, is served together with two types of sauces: the peverata (already mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Opicinus_de_Canistris" title="Opicinus de Canistris">Opicinus de Canistris</a> in the fourteenth century) based on peppers, celery, anchovies and eggs, and the bagnet verd, prepared with parsley, anchovies, garlic and capers.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Alongside meat dishes, Pavia cuisine is also characterized by numerous freshwater fish dishes, such as eel alla borghigiana (which takes its name from the ancient suburb of the city on the other side of Ticino, after the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Coperto" title="Ponte Coperto">Ponte Coperto</a>), trout in white wine and omelette with bleak, without forgetting the frogs, inserted in risotto or served in stew, and snails, cooked with porcini mushrooms.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_E2795_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IMG_E2795_%282%29.jpg/220px-IMG_E2795_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IMG_E2795_%282%29.jpg/330px-IMG_E2795_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IMG_E2795_%282%29.jpg/440px-IMG_E2795_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption> San Sirini</figcaption></figure> Among the desserts, in addition to the well-known cake of paradise, the pumpkin pie (turtâ d'sücâ), the San Sirini, small round cakes made of sponge cake, abundantly soaked in rum and covered with dark chocolate, produced in the weeks around 9 December, the day of <a href="/wiki/Syrus_of_Pavia" title="Syrus of Pavia">Saint Syrus</a>, and sfâsö, typical pancakes cooked at carnival. Clearly each course must be paired with wines from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Oltrep%C3%B2_Pavese" title="Oltrepò Pavese">Oltrepò Pavese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Finally, despite being a typical Milanese dessert, the oldest and most certain attestation of the <a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">panettone</a> is found in a register of expenses of the <a href="/wiki/Collegio_Borromeo" title="Collegio Borromeo">Borromeo college</a> of Pavia in 1599: on 23 December of that year in the list of courses provided for lunch Christmas costs also appear for 5 pounds of butter, 2 of raisins and 3 ounces of spices given to the baker to make 13 "loaves" to be given to college students on Christmas Day.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnolotti_pavesi_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG/220px-Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG/330px-Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG/440px-Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A plate of dry <a href="/wiki/Pavese_agnolotti" title="Pavese agnolotti">Pavese agnolotti</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Stuffed_pasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuffed pasta">stuffed pasta</a>, with a Pavese <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a>-based sauce</figcaption></figure> Belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">province of Pavia</a>, in particular to <a href="/wiki/Oltrep%C3%B2_Pavese" title="Oltrepò Pavese">Oltrepò Pavese</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pavese_agnolotti" title="Pavese agnolotti">Pavese agnolotti</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Stuffed_pasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuffed pasta">stuffed pasta</a>. The filling of the Pavese agnolotti is based on Pavese <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The recipe for this stuffed pasta is characterized by influences from <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmontese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacentino</a> cuisine, characteristics of areas that border the Oltrepò Pavese.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The shape of the pasta was based on the <a href="/wiki/Agnolotti" title="Agnolotti">Piedmontese agnolotti</a>, and the filling of Pavese stew is based on stracotto alla piacentina, which is the filling for Piacentino <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anolini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anolini (page does not exist)">anolini</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/anolini" class="extiw" title="it:anolini">it</a>].<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The Piedmontese agnolotti, in particular, differ from the Pavese agnolotti due to the filling, which is instead based on roast meat.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Pavese agnolotti is a typical dish of the <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> tradition,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and are consumed during celebrations and important occasions.<a href="#cite_note-radio-food-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens">edit</a>]</div> The municipality of Pavia is part of the <a href="/wiki/Parco_naturale_lombardo_della_Valle_del_Ticino" title="Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino">Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino</a> and preserves two forests (<a href="/wiki/Strict_nature_reserve_Bosco_Siro_Negri" title="Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri">Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosco_Grande_nature_reserve" title="Bosco Grande nature reserve">Bosco Grande nature reserve</a>) that they show us the original state of the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po valley</a> before the arrival of the Romans, before human settlement. To the north and east of the city, a small stream, originating from springs, the Vernavola, gives rise to a deep valley, escaped from urbanization, which is home to the <a href="/wiki/Vernavola_Park" title="Vernavola Park">Vernavola Park</a>, while to the west, the green ring around Pavia is closed by the Sora Park. 9% of the surface of the municipality of Pavia is occupied by natural areas, parks or gardens (about 594 hectares, 1,470 acres, of which 312 hectares, 770 acres are covered with broad-leaved woods).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parco_della_vernavola1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Parco_della_vernavola1.jpg/220px-Parco_della_vernavola1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Parco_della_vernavola1.jpg/330px-Parco_della_vernavola1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Parco_della_vernavola1.jpg/440px-Parco_della_vernavola1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vernavola_Park" title="Vernavola Park">Vernavola Park</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernavola_Park" title="Vernavola Park">Vernavola Park</a>: large park, heir of the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Park" title="Visconti Park">Visconti Park</a>, with an extension of 35 hectares (86 acres) located north of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">battle of Pavia</a> in 1525 is fought in the park.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>Ticino Valley Natural Park: regional park located along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a> to the river <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>. It forms a green belt around the city.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosco_Grande_nature_reserve" title="Bosco Grande nature reserve">Bosco Grande nature reserve</a>: the Bosco Grande covers an area of about 22 hectares (54 acres) southwest of Pavia, it represents one of the last remnants of that lowland forest that in past times entirely covered the Po Valley and of which an important testimony remains in the Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_nature_reserve_Bosco_Siro_Negri" title="Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri">Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri</a>: the reserve is a small strip of the Po Valley that was donated to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a> in 1967 by Giuseppe Negri, a lumber dealer and a great lover of nature. The reserve is located near the Ticino, a few kilometers from the center of Pavia. The forest show us the original state of the nature before the arrival of the Romans, before human settlement. The reserve covers an area of 34 hectares (84 acres).<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>Sora Park: along the Ticino, to the North West, near the <a href="/wiki/San_Lanfranco,_Pavia" title="San Lanfranco, Pavia">church of San Lanfranco</a> is the Sora park, which extends for about 40 hectares (99 acres), inside which there are several micro-environments of high environmental value.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnaldo_Pomodoro,_Triade,_Horti_Borromaici,_Pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arnaldo_Pomodoro%2C_Triade%2C_Horti_Borromaici%2C_Pavia.jpg/220px-Arnaldo_Pomodoro%2C_Triade%2C_Horti_Borromaici%2C_Pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arnaldo_Pomodoro%2C_Triade%2C_Horti_Borromaici%2C_Pavia.jpg/330px-Arnaldo_Pomodoro%2C_Triade%2C_Horti_Borromaici%2C_Pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arnaldo_Pomodoro%2C_Triade%2C_Horti_Borromaici%2C_Pavia.jpg/440px-Arnaldo_Pomodoro%2C_Triade%2C_Horti_Borromaici%2C_Pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2632" data-file-height="3975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Pomodoro" title="Arnaldo Pomodoro">Arnaldo Pomodoro</a>, Triade, 1979, Horti Borromaici</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Horti Borromaici: the Horti are a vast urban park, covering an area of about 3.5 hectares (8.6 acres), located within the historic center of Pavia, between the <a href="/wiki/Collegio_Borromeo" title="Collegio Borromeo">Collegio Borromeo</a> (which owns it) and <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a>, where the natural habitat is meets with contemporary art, knowledge and social inclusion. The park includes a vast naturalistic area, where over 3,000 native trees and shrubs have been planted, and an en plein air exhibition area of contemporary art, where works by: <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Pomodoro" title="Arnaldo Pomodoro">Arnaldo Pomodoro</a>, Nicola Carrino, Gianfranco Pardi, Luigi Mainolfi, <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Staccioli" title="Mauro Staccioli">Mauro Staccioli</a>, Salvatore Cuschera, Marco Lodola, Ivan Tresoldi and <a href="/wiki/David_Tremlett" title="David Tremlett">David Tremlett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li>Malaspina Gardens: public gardens in the historic center of the city (Piazza Petrarca), created, between 1838 and 1840, by the Marquis Luigi Malaspina as the English garden of his palace and a place for concerts and cultural events and retain a small temple and some neoclassical sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_Botanico_dell%27Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia" title="Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia">Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia</a>: established in 1773, it covers an area of 2 hectares (4.9 acres). It is mainly organized in living collections of plants such as rose garden, tea bed, orchid greenhouse, tropical greenhouse, utility plant greenhouse (designed in 1776 by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piermarini" title="Giuseppe Piermarini">Giuseppe Piermarini</a>), arboretum, plane trees, flower beds of native plants of the Lombard Plain, living collections of seeds and collections of desiccat.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Schools">edit</a>]</div> In 2021 there were over 45 schools of all types and levels, including: over 26 schools between Kindergarten and Primary schools (including one bilingual: Italian-English<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a>), 8 <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Italy" title="Secondary education in Italy">Lower secondary schools</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> and 11 <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Italy" title="Secondary education in Italy">upper secondary schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Some of these boast centuries of history, such as the Ugo Foscolo <a href="/wiki/Liceo_classico" title="Liceo classico">classical lyceum</a>, originally started in 1557 near the convent of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Canepanova" title="Santa Maria di Canepanova">Santa Maria di Canepanova</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabite</a> Fathers or the Liceo Scientifico Torquato Taramelli (<a href="/wiki/Liceo_scientifico" title="Liceo scientifico">scientific lyceum</a>), heir to the Normal Schools established in 1799.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities,_colleges_and_other_institutions">Universities, colleges and other institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Universities, colleges and other institutions">edit</a>]</div> Pavia is a major Italian college town, with several institutes, universities and academies, including the ancient <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>. Here is an incomplete list of the main institutions located in the city: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortile_delle_statue_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cortile_delle_statue_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.jpg/220px-Cortile_delle_statue_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cortile_delle_statue_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.jpg/330px-Cortile_delle_statue_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cortile_delle_statue_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.jpg/440px-Cortile_delle_statue_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5017" data-file-height="3399" /></a><figcaption>One of the courtyards of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Campus_of_the_University_of_Pavia" title="Old Campus of the University of Pavia">Old Campus of the University of Pavia</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>, one of the most ancient universities in Europe, was founded in 1361, although a school of rhetoric is documented in 825 making this center perhaps the oldest proto-university of Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Campus_of_the_University_of_Pavia" title="Old Campus of the University of Pavia">Old Campus</a> is a wide block made up of twelve courts of the 15th to 19th centuries. The sober façade shifts from baroque style to neoclassic. The Big Staircase, the Aula Foscolo, the Aula Volta, the Aula Scarpa and the Aula Magna are neoclassic too. The Cortile degli Spiriti Magni hosts the statues of some of the most important scholars and alumni. Ancient burial monuments and gravestones of scholars of the 14th to 16th centuries are walled up in the Cortile Voltiano (most come from demolished churches). The Cortile delle Magnolie holds an ancient pit. The Cortile di Ludovico il Moro has a renaissance loggia and terracotta decorations. Both courts, as well as two more, were the cloisters of the ancient Ospedale di San Matteo. The <a href="/wiki/Orto_Botanico_dell%27Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia" title="Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia">Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia</a> is the university's <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a>. There is also the <a href="/wiki/University_History_Museum,_University_of_Pavia" title="University History Museum, University of Pavia">University History Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_(Pavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural History Museum (Pavia)">Natural History Museum of Pavia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borromeo_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Borromeo College">Borromeo College</a> (Ital. Almo Collegio Borromeo), founded in 1561 by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Borromeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Borromeo">Carlo Borromeo</a>, is the oldest college at the University of Pavia in northern Italy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghislieri_College" title="Ghislieri College">Ghislieri College</a> (Ital. Collegio Ghislieri), founded in 1567 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>, is the second ancient college in Pavia, with the other first being <a href="/wiki/Almo_Collegio_Borromeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Almo Collegio Borromeo">Almo Collegio Borromeo</a>, and one of the most ancient <a href="/wiki/Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges">colleges</a> in Italy and co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/IUSS_Pavia" class="mw-redirect" title="IUSS Pavia">IUSS</a>, located in Pavia as well. Collegio Ghislieri is a 450-year-old Italian institution committed to promote University studies on the basis of merit, hosting around 200 pupils (males and females) who attend all faculties in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">Pavia State University</a>, offering them logistic and cultural opportunities such as scholarships, lectures, conferences, a 100,000-volume library (third among private libraries in Northern Italy), and foreign languages courses. Each year about 30 new students coming from all over the country are selected by a public contest. Founded by Pope Pius V (Antonio Ghislieri) in 1567, since 18th century laically managed, nowadays under the High Patronage of the Presidency of the Italian Republic, it is ranked among high qualifying institutions by the Italian Ministry for Education and University.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegio_borromeo12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Collegio_borromeo12.jpg/220px-Collegio_borromeo12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Collegio_borromeo12.jpg/330px-Collegio_borromeo12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Collegio_borromeo12.jpg/440px-Collegio_borromeo12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2723" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Borromeo" title="Collegio Borromeo">Collegio Borromeo</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/IUSS_Pavia" class="mw-redirect" title="IUSS Pavia">IUSS Pavia</a> or the "Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori" of Pavia (Eng. IUSS School for Advanced Studies) is a higher learning institute located in Pavia, Italy. It was founded in 1997 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borromeo_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Borromeo College">Borromeo College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghislieri_College" title="Ghislieri College">Ghislieri College</a>, supported by the Italian Minister of Education. It is shaped according to the <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa">Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa</a> model and reunites all the five colleges of Pavia, forming the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia_Study_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavia Study System (page does not exist)">Pavia Study System</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> Although the ancient hospitals intended for the reception and treatment of the sick and travelers arose in the city at least from the 8th century, the first Pavia hospitals serving the entire city of which documented traces remain are the hospital of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Betlem" title="Santa Maria in Betlem">Santa Maria in Betlem</a> (attested from 1130) and that of San Lazzaro (1157), which were operational for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> After 1449,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> they ceded their primary role to the San Matteo Hospital which became one of the most important Pavia institutions. The ancient dedication to San Matteo is still carried by the San Matteo Polyclinic, whose full name is the Fondazione IRCCS <a href="/wiki/Policlinico_San_Matteo" title="Policlinico San Matteo">Policlinico San Matteo</a> Hospital. In addition to Policlinico San Matteoo Hospital, Pavia has five hospitals, including public and affiliated, specialist or general hospitals that cover the pathologies provided for by national protocols. Patients from other regions often resort to them. Among the hospitals, there are several that belong to the category of scientific hospitalization and treatment institutes, the so-called IRCCS. We recall, among the specialized ones, the Casimiro Mondino National Neurological Institute<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> and the Maugeri Scientific Clinical Institute,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> while among the general hospitals the most important are the Institute of Care of the City of Pavia<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> and the Santa Margherita Institute of Rehabilitation and Care.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sincotrone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sincotrone.jpg/220px-Sincotrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sincotrone.jpg/330px-Sincotrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sincotrone.jpg/440px-Sincotrone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a> of the CNAO</figcaption></figure>In addition, Pavia hosts the National Center for Androtherapy Oncology (CNAO Foundation), the first hospital and clinical and <a href="/wiki/Radiobiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiobiological">radiobiological</a> research in the center in Italy (the fourth country in the world to set up one). It was set up in 2010 by the Ministry of Health and specializes in the treatment of radioresistant tumors through the use of <a href="/wiki/Particle_therapy" title="Particle therapy">particle therapy</a>. The Center also carries out scientific research to identify effective tools in the fight against cancer. The CNAO uses a <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a> where particles are produced in two sources, these are pre-accelerated by a linear accelerator and sent to an injection line for transfer into the synchrotron ring, where they are further accelerated and extracted.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> Starting from the 1980s Pavia has undergone a notable demographic involution due to the transfer of many families within the municipalities immediately bordering the capital. Within the urban agglomeration of the city of Pavia, according to calculations made by applying the international criterion of Functional Urban Areas, approximately 121,000 inhabitants would reside.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> According to the latest statistics conducted by <a href="/wiki/Italian_National_Institute_of_Statistics" title="Italian National Institute of Statistics">ISTAT</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> approximately 14.54% of the population consists of non-Italians. About the 33% of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Ukrainian, and Albanian), the remaining are those with non-European origins, chiefly Dominicans (5,99%), Egyptians (5,84%), Chinese (4,81%) and Cameroonian (4,03%). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> The first religious confession in Pavia is the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> one, which, unlike other areas of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, is of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman rite</a>, with the exclusion, within the city, of the church of San Giorgio in Montefalcone, entrusted to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> community of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The second religious community is the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> one, like the Romanian one in via Repubblica and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox church</a> of Sant'Ambrogio, in via Olevano.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Then there is the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>, who finds herself in two Islamic cultural centers (via San Giovannino and Via Pollack), while for some time there have been places of worship for <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> in Pavia, such as the <a href="/wiki/Waldensian_Evangelical_Church" title="Waldensian Evangelical Church">Waldensian Church</a> in via Alessandro Rolla,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> Church of <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_in_Italy" title="Assemblies of God in Italy">Assemblies of God</a> in via Angelo Ferrari,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> the Evangelical Church of Reconciliation in viale Cremona,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> the <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> in via Grevellone<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hall" title="Kingdom Hall">Kingdom Hall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> in via Langosco. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> The 63.3% of the surface of the municipality of Pavia (about 4,000 hectares, 9,900 acres) is destined for agriculture and in particular for the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> (about 2,400 hectares, 5,900 acres<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a>), which spread, starting from the 14th century, mainly in marshy land until it became, especially from the 18th century, the main cultivation. The large quantities of water required for the rice has meant that over the centuries a very dense irrigation network has been designed and built which still today characterizes the landscape of the Pavia countryside. It should also be noted that the city is the capital of the Italian province with the largest rice production in the country: over 84,000 hectares, 210,000 acres of the provincial land are used for paddy fields. The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">Province of Pavia</a> alone produces as much rice as the entirety of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The other crops present within the municipal area are that of corn and wheat (1,376 hectares, 3,400 acres), <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a> groves (636 hectares, 1,570 acres), while very limited areas are used for meadows (158 hectares, 390 acres), orchards and vegetable gardens (29 and 30 hectares, 72 and 74 acres). Still within the territory of the municipality of Pavia, there are still around fifty farms destined for agricultural activity,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> 18 of which host cattle farms, where about 820 heads are raised.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fabbrica_Einstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fabbrica_Einstein.jpg/220px-Fabbrica_Einstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fabbrica_Einstein.jpg/330px-Fabbrica_Einstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fabbrica_Einstein.jpg/440px-Fabbrica_Einstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3622" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption>The former Einstein-Garrone Electrotechnical Workshops, founded in 1894 by <a href="/wiki/Einstein_family" title="Einstein family">Hermann Einstein</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></figcaption></figure> The city experienced a strong development of industry starting from the 1880s, so much so that it also hosted establishments of national importance, such as Necchi or the first large Italian factory of artificial silk and synthetic fabrics, the <a href="/wiki/SNIA_S.p.A." title="SNIA S.p.A.">Snia Viscosa</a>, built in 1905. In 1951 almost 27% of Pavia's workforce was employed in the industrial sector.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Starting from the 1970s, the city underwent a sudden deindustrialization which led to the closure of many companies, especially those in the chemical and mechanical sectors, while those related to the food sector, such as Riso Scotti, pharmaceutical companies<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> and related to <a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">packaging and labeling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pavia_railway_station" title="Pavia railway station">Pavia railway station</a>, opened in 1862, forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93Genoa_railway" title="Milan–Genoa railway">Milan–Genoa railway</a>, and is also a terminus of four secondary railways, linking Pavia with <a href="/wiki/Pavia%E2%80%93Alessandria_railway" title="Pavia–Alessandria railway">Alessandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavia%E2%80%93Mantua_railway" title="Pavia–Mantua railway">Mantua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vercelli%E2%80%93Pavia_railway" title="Vercelli–Pavia railway">Vercelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavia%E2%80%93Stradella_railway" title="Pavia–Stradella railway">Stradella</a>. Pavia is also connected to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> through the S13 line of the <a href="/wiki/Milan_suburban_railway_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan suburban railway service">Milan suburban railway service</a> with trains every 30 minutes. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia_porta_Garibaldi_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavia porta Garibaldi railway station (page does not exist)">Pavia P. Garibaldi</a> is a small railway station on the <a href="/wiki/Pavia%E2%80%93Mantua_railway" title="Pavia–Mantua railway">Pavia–Mantua railway</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy">List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy</a></div> Pavia is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ayam%C3%A9" title="Ayamé">Ayamé</a>, Ivory Coast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hersbruck" title="Hersbruck">Hersbruck</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos_(city)" title="Zakynthos (city)">Zakynthos</a>, Greece</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: People">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Pavia" title="Category:People from Pavia">Category:People from Pavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aula_magna-University-Pavia-Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aula_magna-University-Pavia-Italy.jpg/220px-Aula_magna-University-Pavia-Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aula_magna-University-Pavia-Italy.jpg/330px-Aula_magna-University-Pavia-Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aula_magna-University-Pavia-Italy.jpg/440px-Aula_magna-University-Pavia-Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>'s Aula Magna</figcaption></figure> People born in Pavia include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amadeo" title="Giovanni Antonio Amadeo">Giovanni Antonio Amadeo</a> (1447–1522), sculptor, engineer and architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterina_Assandra" title="Caterina Assandra">Caterina Assandra</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1590 – after 1618), composer and Benedictine nun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardus_Papiensis" title="Bernardus Papiensis">Bernardus Papiensis</a> (pre-1150 – 18 September 1213), canonist and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_de%27_Bardi" title="Donato de' Bardi">Donato Conte de' Bardi</a> (active 1426 – died 1450/1451), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belbello_da_Pavia" title="Belbello da Pavia">Belbello da Pavia</a> (died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1470), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Boggioni" title="Monica Boggioni">Monica Boggioni</a> (born 5 August 1998), Paralympic swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Valentino_Brugnatelli" title="Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli">Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli</a> (1761–1818), chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Burdisso" title="Federico Burdisso">Federico Burdisso</a> (born 20 September 2001), swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Gerolamo Cardano</a> (1501–1576), scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ines_Castellani_Fantoni_Benaglio" title="Ines Castellani Fantoni Benaglio">Ines Castellani Fantoni Benaglio</a>, also known by the pseudonym of Memini (1849–1897), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Benedetto Cairoli</a> (1825–1889), twice head of the government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Carpani" title="Alberto Carpani">Alberto Carpani</a> (23 April 1956 – 11 May 2020), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_M._Cipolla" title="Carlo M. Cipolla">Carlo M. Cipolla</a> (1922–2000), economic historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Corbetta" title="Francesco Corbetta">Francesco Corbetta</a> (1615–1681), guitar virtuoso, teacher and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cremona" title="Luigi Cremona">Antonio Luigi Gaudenzio Giuseppe Cremona</a> (7 December 1830 – 10 June 1903), mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillo_Cremona" title="Tranquillo Cremona">Tranquillo Cremona</a> (1837–1878), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Candido_Decembrio" title="Pietro Candido Decembrio">Pietro Candido Decembrio</a> (in Latin, Petrus Candidus Decembrius) (1399–1477), humanist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_degli_Azani" title="Vincenzo degli Azani">Vincenzo degli Azani</a> (died 16 July 1557), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimone_Duce" title="Aimone Duce">Aimone Duce</a> (15th century), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanias" title="Epiphanias">Epiphanias</a>, 6th century saint</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Fasolo" title="Lorenzo Fasolo">Lorenzo Fasolo</a> (1463–1518), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Frederick V, Duke of Swabia">Frederick V of Hohenstaufen</a> (1164 – around 1170), <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia" title="Duke of Swabia">duke of Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Fraschini" title="Gaetano Fraschini">Gaetano Fraschini</a> (1816– 1887), tenor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Giorgi" title="Virginia Giorgi">Virginia Giorgi</a> (1914–1991), gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Gorini" title="Paolo Gorini">Paolo Gorini</a> (1813–1881), mathematician, professor, scientist and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Alessandro_Guidi" title="Carlo Alessandro Guidi">Carlo Alessandro Guidi</a> (1650–1712), lyric poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">Pope John XIV</a> (Latin: Ioannes XIV; died 20 August 984), born Pietro Canepanova, bishop of Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a> (c. 1005–1089), abbot and Archbishop of Canterbury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutpert" title="Liutpert">Liutpert</a> (or Liutbert) (died 702), Lombard king of Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a> (c. 920–972), historian, diplomat and Bishop of Cremona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Lombroso" title="Gina Lombroso">Gina Elena Zefora Lombroso</a> (1872–1944), physician, writer, psychiatrist and criminologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Lunati" title="Bernardino Lunati">Bernardino Lunati</a> (1452–1497), Roman Catholic cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Maestri" title="Ambrogio Maestri">Ambrogio Maestri</a> (born 1970), operatic baritone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germana_Malabarba" title="Germana Malabarba">Germana Malabarba</a> (1913–2002), gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrica_Malcovati" title="Enrica Malcovati">Enrica Malcovati</a> (1894–1990), Classical philologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Mantegazza" title="Cristoforo Mantegazza">Cristoforo Mantegazza</a> (c. 1430–1482), sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Marangoni" title="Carla Marangoni">Carla Marangoni</a> (1915–2018), gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Marangoni" title="Carlo Marangoni">Carlo Giuseppe Matteo Marangoni</a> (1840–1925), physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Massacra" title="Pasquale Massacra">Pasquale Massacra</a> (1819–1849), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mino_Milani" title="Mino Milani">Mino Milani</a> (1928–2022), writer, cartoonist, journalist and historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattia_Moreni" title="Mattia Moreni">Mattia Bruno Moreni</a> (1920–1999), sculptor and painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Mori" title="Cesare Mori">Cesare Mori</a> (1871–1942), prefect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Moro" title="Andrea Moro">Andrea Carlo Moro</a> (born July 24, 1962), linguist, neuroscientist and novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Muzio" title="Claudia Muzio">Claudia Muzio</a> (1889–1936), opera singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiziana_Nisini" title="Tiziana Nisini">Tiziana Nisini</a> (born 18 October 1975), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Pascal" title="Mario Pascal">Mario Pascal</a> (1896–1949), applied mathematician, specializing in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Pavesi" title="Pietro Pavesi">Pietro Pavesi</a> (1844–1907), professor of zoology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Pezzali" title="Max Pezzali">Max Pezzali</a> (1967), singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Romualdo_Pirotta" title="Pietro Romualdo Pirotta">Pietro Romualdo Pirotta</a> (1853–1936), professor of botany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Poiani_Panigati" title="Maria Poiani Panigati">Maria Poiani Panigati</a> (born 17 March 1982), Paralympic swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Porta" title="Luigi Porta">Luigi Porta</a> (1800–1875), surgeon and professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Marchese_di_Provera" title="Giovanni Marchese di Provera">Giovanni Marchese di Provera</a>, or Johann Provera (1736–1804). He served in the Habsburg army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Re" title="Andrea Re">Andrea Re</a> (born 15 November 1963), lightweight rower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Riccardi" title="Arturo Riccardi">Arturo Riccardi</a> (1878–1966), admiral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfredi_Rizza" title="Manfredi Rizza">Manfredi Rizza</a> (born 26 April 1991), canoeist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Robecchi_Bricchetti" title="Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti">Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti</a> (1855–1926), explorer, geographer, cartographer and naturalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Rocchelli" title="Andrea Rocchelli">Andrea Rocchelli</a> (1983–2014), freelance photojournalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Rolla" title="Alessandro Rolla">Alessandro Rolla</a> (1757 –1841), viola and violin virtuoso, and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotruda_of_Pavia" title="Rotruda of Pavia">Rotruda of Pavia</a> (died after March 945), noblewoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Rusc%C3%B3ni" title="Mauro Ruscóni">Mauro Ruscóni</a> (1776–1849), physician and zoologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Francesco_Sacchi" title="Pier Francesco Sacchi">Pier Francesco Sacchi</a> (known active 1512–1520), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Sforza" title="Bianca Maria Sforza">Bianca Maria Sforza</a> (1472–1510), Queen of Germany and Italy, and empress of the Holy Roman Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza_(il_Duchetto)" title="Francesco Sforza (il Duchetto)">Francesco Maria Sforza</a> (30 January 1491 – 1512), nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolita_Maria_Sforza_(1493%E2%80%931501)" title="Ippolita Maria Sforza (1493–1501)">Ippolita Maria Sforza</a> (26 January 1493 – 1501), noblewoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Simoni" title="Giuseppe Simoni">Giuseppe Simoni</a> (1944), biologist and scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spertini" title="Giovanni Spertini">Giovanni Spertini</a> (1821–1895), sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Angelo_Testagrossa" title="Giovanni Angelo Testagrossa">Giovanni Angelo Testagrossa</a> (1470–1530), lutenist and singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Traverso" title="Giovanni Battista Traverso">Giovanni Battista Traverso</a> (1878–1955), mycologist and plant pathologis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Tronconi" title="Carolina Tronconi">Carolina Tronconi</a> (1913–2008), gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ines_Vercesi" title="Ines Vercesi">Ines Vercesi</a> (1916–1997), gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti" title="Gian Galeazzo Visconti">Gian Galeazzo Visconti</a> (1351–1402), first duke of Milan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentina_Visconti,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans">Valentina Visconti</a> (1371–1408), countess of Vertus, and duchess consort of Orléans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violante_Visconti" title="Violante Visconti">Violante Visconti</a> (1354–1386), noblewoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Vittadini" title="Franco Vittadini">Franco Vittadini</a> (1884–1948), composer and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Vittadini" title="Rita Vittadini">Rita Vittadini</a> (1914–2000), gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Zemi" title="Camillo Zemi">Camillo Zemi</a> (1898–1959), discus thrower and hammer thrower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Maestri" title="Ambrogio Maestri">Ambrogio Maestri</a> (* 1970), Bariton</li></ul> People who have lived in Pavia include: <ul><li>St. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sauli" title="Alexander Sauli">Alexander Sauli</a> (1591–1592), Bishop of Pavia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (1745–1827), scientist and inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simion_B%C4%83rnu%C8%9Biu" title="Simion Bărnuțiu">Simion Bărnuțiu</a> (1808–1864), philosopher and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Tr%C3%A9court" title="Giacomo Trécourt">Giacomo Trécourt</a> (1812–1882), Italian painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> (1843–1926), biologist and Nobel laureate</li> <li>Giovanni de Ventura (fl. 1479), <a href="/wiki/Plague_doctor" title="Plague doctor">plague doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pampuri" title="Richard Pampuri">Riccardo Pampuri</a> (1897–1930), saint and medical doctor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a> (1778–1827), Italian writer, revolutionary and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Solomos" title="Dionysios Solomos">Dionysios Solomos</a> (1798–1857), national poet of Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaira_Ollano" title="Zaira Ollano">Zaira Ollano</a> (1904–1997), physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Troisi" title="Dante Troisi">Dante Troisi</a> (1920–1989), writer and judge</li></ul> Among the illustrious scholars who studied or taught at the University of Pavia, the following are at least worth remembering: playwright and librettist <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a> (1707–1793), <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Gerolamo Cardano</a>, mathematician <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Girolamo_Saccheri" title="Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri">Gerolamo Saccheri</a> (1667–1733), <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">battery</a>, biologist and physiologist <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> (1729–1799), anatomist <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Scarpa" title="Antonio Scarpa">Antonio Scarpa</a> (1752–1832), physician <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Forlanini" title="Carlo Forlanini">Carlo Forlanini</a> (1847–1918), the Nobel laureate biologist <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>, the Nobel laureate chemist <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a> (1903–1979) and <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Severino" title="Emanuele Severino">Emanuele Severino</a> (1929–2020), one of the most important contemporary Italian philosophers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orto_Botanico_dell%27Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia" title="Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia">Botanical Garden of Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_(territory)" title="Pavese (territory)">Pavese</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cimitero_Monumentale_(Pavia)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cimitero Monumentale (Pavia)">Cimitero Monumentale di Pavia</a> (Wikimedia Commons)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18-1"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Annuario+Statistico+regionale+Lombardia&rft.atitle=Aziende+con+allevamenti+e+relativi+capi+secondo+le+principali+specie+di+bestiame.+Bovini%2C+bufalini%2C+equini%2C+ovini+e+caprini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asr-lombardia.it%2Fasrlomb%2Fit%2F100568aziende-con-allevamenti-e-relativi-capi-secondo-le-principali-specie-di-bestiame-bovini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivio.comune.pv.it/museicivici/pdf/annali28/43%20Brusa.pdf">"L'industria pavese. Storia, economia e impatto ambientale"</a> (PDF). Annali di Storia Pavese. 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Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regione+Lombardia&rft.atitle=Cresce+a+Pavia+il+business+del+packaging&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lombardiaspeciale.regione.lombardia.it%2Fwps%2Fportal%2FLS%2FHome%2FNews%2FDettaglio-News%2F2018%2F05-maggio%2Fcresce-pavia-business-packaging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.pv.it/site/home/amministrazione/gemellaggi-e-cooperazione-internazionale/gemellaggi.html">"Gemellaggi / Twinning"</a> (in Italian). Pavia. Retrieved 2022-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemellaggi+%2F+Twinning&rft.pub=Pavia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.pv.it%2Fsite%2Fhome%2Famministrazione%2Fgemellaggi-e-cooperazione-internazionale%2Fgemellaggi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APavia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Arnaldi, Girolamo. Italy and Its Invaders. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2005. Print.</li> <li>Christie, Neil. The Lombards The Ancient Longobards. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell Inc., 1995. Print.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dale, Sharon (2001). "A house divided: San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia and the politics of Pope John XXII". Journal of Medieval History. 27 (1): 55–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-4181%2800%2900016-6">10.1016/S0304-4181(00)00016-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153446043">153446043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=A+house+divided%3A+San+Pietro+in+Ciel+d%27Oro+in+Pavia+and+the+politics+of+Pope+John+XXII&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-77&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-4181%2800%2900016-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153446043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Geary, Patrick J. Readings in Medieval History, vol. 1 Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010. Print.</li> <li>Moorhead, John. Theoderic in Italy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. Print.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>. History of the Lombards. Translated by William Dudley Foulke, edited by Edward Peters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thule-italia.org/Nordica/Paul%20the%20Deacon%20-%20History%20of%20the%20Lombards%20(1907)%20%5BEN%5D.pdf">Originally published in 1907 by the University of Pennsylvania as History of the Langobards.</a></li> <li>Scott, Leader. The Cathedral Builders The Story of a Great Masonic Guild. London: S, Low, Marston and Company, 1899. Print.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thompson, E. A. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romansbarbarians00thom">Romans and Barbarians The Decline of the Western Empire</a>. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299087005" title="Special:BookSources/9780299087005"><bdi>9780299087005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romans+and+Barbarians+The+Decline+of+the+Western+Empire&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780299087005&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromansbarbarians00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APavia" class="Z3988"> Print.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wickham" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Wickham">Wickham, Chris</a>. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400 –1000. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1981. Print.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pavia#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Pavia">Bibliography of the history of Pavia</a></div> Published in the 19th century <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/italyhandbookfor04karl#page/148/mode/2up">"Pavia"</a>, Italy (2nd ed.), Coblenz: Karl Baedeker, 1870, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24140254M">24140254M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pavia&rft.btitle=Italy&rft.place=Coblenz&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Karl+Baedeker&rft.date=1870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24140254M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fitalyhandbookfor04karl%23page%2F148%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hand00bookfortravejohnrich#page/186/mode/2up">"Pavia"</a>, Hand-book for Travellers in Northern Italy (16th ed.), London: John Murray, 1897, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2231483">2231483</a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6936521M">6936521M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pavia&rft.btitle=Hand-book+for+Travellers+in+Northern+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2231483&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6936521M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhand00bookfortravejohnrich%23page%2F186%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APavia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Published in the 20th century <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Hutton1912" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hutton_(writer)" title="Edward Hutton (writer)">Edward Hutton</a> (1912), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/citiesoflombardy00huttrich#page/148/mode/2up">"Pavia"</a>, The Cities of Lombardy, New York: Macmillan Co, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7191828M">7191828M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pavia&rft.btitle=The+Cities+of+Lombardy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7191828M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Edward+Hutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcitiesoflombardy00huttrich%23page%2F148%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/northernitalyi00karl#page/240/mode/2up">"Pavia"</a>, Northern Italy (14th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1913, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL16015532M">16015532M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pavia&rft.btitle=Northern+Italy&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Karl+Baedeker&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL16015532M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnorthernitalyi00karl%23page%2F240%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton_R._Williams_Jr.1914" class="citation cs2">Egerton R. Williams Jr. (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lombardtownsofit00will#page/220/mode/2up">"Pavia (etc.)"</a>, Lombard Towns of Italy, London: Smith, Elder & Co., <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23316028M">23316028M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pavia+%28etc.%29&rft.btitle=Lombard+Towns+of+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co.&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23316028M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Egerton+R.+Williams+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flombardtownsofit00will%23page%2F220%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APavia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a 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Priolo">Borgo Priolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_San_Siro" title="Borgo San Siro">Borgo San Siro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgoratto_Mormorolo" title="Borgoratto Mormorolo">Borgoratto Mormorolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornasco" title="Bornasco">Bornasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnasco" title="Bosnasco">Bosnasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brallo_di_Pregola" title="Brallo di Pregola">Brallo di Pregola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breme" title="Breme">Breme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressana_Bottarone" title="Bressana Bottarone">Bressana Bottarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broni" title="Broni">Broni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvignano" title="Calvignano">Calvignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campospinoso_Albaredo" title="Campospinoso Albaredo">Campospinoso Albaredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candia_Lomellina" title="Candia Lomellina">Candia Lomellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canneto_Pavese" title="Canneto Pavese">Canneto Pavese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonara_al_Ticino" title="Carbonara al Ticino">Carbonara al Ticino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casanova_Lonati" title="Casanova Lonati">Casanova Lonati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casatisma" title="Casatisma">Casatisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casei_Gerola" title="Casei Gerola">Casei Gerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casorate_Primo" title="Casorate Primo">Casorate Primo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassolnovo" title="Cassolnovo">Cassolnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castana,_Lombardy" title="Castana, Lombardy">Castana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casteggio" title="Casteggio">Casteggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelletto_di_Branduzzo" title="Castelletto di Branduzzo">Castelletto di Branduzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_d%27Agogna" title="Castello d'Agogna">Castello d'Agogna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelnovetto" title="Castelnovetto">Castelnovetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cava_Manara" title="Cava Manara">Cava Manara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecima" title="Cecima">Cecima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceranova" title="Ceranova">Ceranova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceretto_Lomellina" title="Ceretto Lomellina">Ceretto Lomellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cergnago" title="Cergnago">Cergnago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia_(comune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Certosa di Pavia (comune)">Certosa di Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervesina" title="Cervesina">Cervesina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chignolo_Po" title="Chignolo Po">Chignolo Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigognola" title="Cigognola">Cigognola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilavegna" title="Cilavegna">Cilavegna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codevilla" title="Codevilla">Codevilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colli_Verdi" title="Colli Verdi">Colli Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confienza" title="Confienza">Confienza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copiano" title="Copiano">Copiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corana" title="Corana">Corana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornale_e_Bastida" title="Cornale e Bastida">Cornale e Bastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corteolona_e_Genzone" title="Corteolona e Genzone">Corteolona e Genzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvino_San_Quirico" title="Corvino San Quirico">Corvino San Quirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_de%27_Nobili" title="Costa de' Nobili">Costa de' Nobili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozzo" title="Cozzo">Cozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura_Carpignano" title="Cura Carpignano">Cura Carpignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorno" title="Dorno">Dorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrera_Erbognone" title="Ferrera Erbognone">Ferrera Erbognone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filighera" title="Filighera">Filighera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunago" title="Fortunago">Fortunago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascarolo" title="Frascarolo">Frascarolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galliavola" title="Galliavola">Galliavola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambarana" title="Gambarana">Gambarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambol%C3%B2" title="Gambolò">Gambolò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlasco" title="Garlasco">Garlasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerenzago" title="Gerenzago">Gerenzago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giussago" title="Giussago">Giussago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godiasco" class="mw-redirect" title="Godiasco">Godiasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golferenzo" title="Golferenzo">Golferenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravellona_Lomellina" title="Gravellona Lomellina">Gravellona Lomellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gropello_Cairoli" title="Gropello Cairoli">Gropello Cairoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverno_e_Monteleone" title="Inverno e Monteleone">Inverno e Monteleone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landriano" title="Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langosco" title="Langosco">Langosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardirago" title="Lardirago">Lardirago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linarolo" title="Linarolo">Linarolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirio,_Lombardy" title="Lirio, Lombardy">Lirio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomello" title="Lomello">Lomello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungavilla" title="Lungavilla">Lungavilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magherno" title="Magherno">Magherno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcignago" title="Marcignago">Marcignago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzano,_Pavia" title="Marzano, Pavia">Marzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mede,_Lombardy" title="Mede, Lombardy">Mede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menconico" title="Menconico">Menconico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzana_Bigli" title="Mezzana Bigli">Mezzana Bigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzana_Rabattone" title="Mezzana Rabattone">Mezzana Rabattone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzanino" title="Mezzanino">Mezzanino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miradolo_Terme" title="Miradolo Terme">Miradolo Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montalto_Pavese" title="Montalto Pavese">Montalto Pavese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montebello_della_Battaglia" title="Montebello della Battaglia">Montebello della Battaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montecalvo_Versiggia" title="Montecalvo Versiggia">Montecalvo Versiggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montescano" title="Montescano">Montescano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesegale" title="Montesegale">Montesegale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticelli_Pavese" title="Monticelli Pavese">Monticelli Pavese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont%C3%B9_Beccaria" title="Montù Beccaria">Montù Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mornico_Losana" title="Mornico Losana">Mornico Losana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortara,_Lombardy" title="Mortara, Lombardy">Mortara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicorvo" title="Nicorvo">Nicorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olevano_di_Lomellina" title="Olevano di Lomellina">Olevano di Lomellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliva_Gessi" title="Oliva Gessi">Oliva Gessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottobiano" title="Ottobiano">Ottobiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestro" title="Palestro">Palestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancarana" title="Pancarana">Pancarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parona" title="Parona">Parona</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietra_de%27_Giorgi" title="Pietra de' Giorgi">Pietra de' Giorgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieve_Albignola" title="Pieve Albignola">Pieve Albignola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieve_Porto_Morone" title="Pieve Porto Morone">Pieve Porto Morone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieve_del_Cairo" title="Pieve del Cairo">Pieve del Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinarolo_Po" title="Pinarolo Po">Pinarolo Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzale" title="Pizzale">Pizzale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Nizza" title="Ponte Nizza">Ponte Nizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portalbera" title="Portalbera">Portalbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rea,_Lombardy" title="Rea, Lombardy">Rea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redavalle" title="Redavalle">Redavalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retorbido" title="Retorbido">Retorbido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivanazzano_Terme" title="Rivanazzano Terme">Rivanazzano Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbio" title="Robbio">Robbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robecco_Pavese" title="Robecco Pavese">Robecco Pavese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_Susella" title="Rocca Susella">Rocca Susella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_de%27_Giorgi" title="Rocca de' Giorgi">Rocca de' Giorgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognano" title="Rognano">Rognano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnese" title="Romagnese">Romagnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roncaro" title="Roncaro">Roncaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosasco" title="Rosasco">Rosasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovescala" title="Rovescala">Rovescala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Cipriano_Po" title="San Cipriano Po">San Cipriano Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Damiano_al_Colle" title="San Damiano al Colle">San Damiano al Colle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Genesio_ed_Uniti" title="San Genesio ed Uniti">San Genesio ed Uniti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giorgio_di_Lomellina" title="San Giorgio di Lomellina">San Giorgio di Lomellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino_Siccomario" title="San Martino Siccomario">San Martino Siccomario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Zenone_al_Po" title="San Zenone al Po">San Zenone al Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannazzaro_de%27_Burgondi" title="Sannazzaro de' Burgondi">Sannazzaro de' Burgondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Alessio_con_Vialone" title="Sant'Alessio con Vialone">Sant'Alessio con Vialone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_Lomellina" title="Sant'Angelo Lomellina">Sant'Angelo Lomellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cristina_e_Bissone" title="Santa Cristina e Bissone">Santa Cristina e Bissone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Giuletta" title="Santa Giuletta">Santa Giuletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Margherita_di_Staffora" title="Santa Margherita di Staffora">Santa Margherita di Staffora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Versa" title="Santa Maria della Versa">Santa Maria della Versa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartirana_Lomellina" title="Sartirana Lomellina">Sartirana Lomellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaldasole" title="Scaldasole">Scaldasole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiana" title="Semiana">Semiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Pietra" title="Silvano Pietra">Silvano Pietra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siziano" title="Siziano">Siziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommo" title="Sommo">Sommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spessa" title="Spessa">Spessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stradella,_Lombardy" title="Stradella, Lombardy">Stradella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suardi" title="Suardi">Suardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrazza_Coste" title="Torrazza Coste">Torrazza Coste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Beretti_e_Castellaro" title="Torre Beretti e Castellaro">Torre Beretti e Castellaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_d%27Arese" title="Torre d'Arese">Torre d'Arese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_d%27Isola" title="Torre d'Isola">Torre d'Isola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_de%27_Negri" title="Torre de' Negri">Torre de' Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrevecchia_Pia" title="Torrevecchia Pia">Torrevecchia Pia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricella_Verzate" title="Torricella Verzate">Torricella Verzate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travac%C3%B2_Siccomario" title="Travacò Siccomario">Travacò Siccomario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivolzio" title="Trivolzio">Trivolzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromello" title="Tromello">Tromello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trovo" title="Trovo">Trovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_di_Nizza" title="Val di Nizza">Val di Nizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeggio,_Lombardy" title="Valeggio, Lombardy">Valeggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_Lomellina" title="Valle Lomellina">Valle Lomellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_Salimbene" title="Valle Salimbene">Valle Salimbene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varzi" title="Varzi">Varzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velezzo_Lomellina" title="Velezzo Lomellina">Velezzo Lomellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellezzo_Bellini" title="Vellezzo Bellini">Vellezzo Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verretto" title="Verretto">Verretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrua_Po" title="Verrua Po">Verrua Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidigulfo" title="Vidigulfo">Vidigulfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigevano" title="Vigevano">Vigevano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Biscossi" title="Villa Biscossi">Villa Biscossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanova_d%27Ardenghi" title="Villanova d'Ardenghi">Villanova d'Ardenghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanterio" title="Villanterio">Villanterio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistarino" title="Vistarino">Vistarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voghera" title="Voghera">Voghera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volpara" title="Volpara">Volpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavattarello" title="Zavattarello">Zavattarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeccone" title="Zeccone">Zeccone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeme,_Lombardy" title="Zeme, Lombardy">Zeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenevredo" title="Zenevredo">Zenevredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerbo,_Lombardy" title="Zerbo, Lombardy">Zerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerbol%C3%B2" title="Zerbolò">Zerbolò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinasco" title="Zinasco">Zinasco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316880332">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204895/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw8X3whX7XCyxvKTXc3wC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044970-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79039984">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge438322&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455448">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=9515">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044855">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavia&oldid=1256743080">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavia&oldid=1256743080</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Lombardy" title="Category:Cities and towns in Lombardy">Cities and towns in Lombardy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_the_Province_of_Pavia" title="Category:Municipalities of the Province of Pavia">Municipalities of the Province 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