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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_and_ethnic_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_and_ethnic_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Names and ethnic subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_and_ethnic_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Endangered Sino-Tibetan language of southwestern China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Caijia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Menni</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">men³¹ni³³</i></span><br /><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">meŋ²¹ni³³ŋoŋ³³</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,000 (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-Bo2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bo2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a><sup id="cite_ref-Holzl2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holzl2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Caijia</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/caij1234">caij1234</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Caijia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">蔡家话</span>) is an endangered <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> language spoken in an area centred on <a href="/wiki/Bijie" title="Bijie">Bijie</a>, in the west of the Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>. It was first documented by Chinese researchers in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Holzl2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holzl2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been described by different authors as a relative of <a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a> or an early split from <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>. The autonym is <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">men³¹ni³³</span></i>. According to Lu (2022), Caijia speakers in Xingfa 兴发乡, <a href="/wiki/Hezhang_County" title="Hezhang County">Hezhang County</a> refer to their language as <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">meŋ²¹ni³³ŋoŋ³³</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lü2022_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lü2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caijia_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarities among <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a>, Caijia, and <a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a> have been pointed out by Wu & Shen (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang" title="Zhengzhang Shangfang">Zhengzhang Shangfang</a> (2010) argued that Bai and Caijia formed a <a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a> subgroup of Sino-Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhengzhang2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhengzhang2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caijia also appears to be related to the extinct <a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a> languages,<sup id="cite_ref-Guizhou1984_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guizhou1984-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they are too poorly documented for definitive classification. </p><p>In contrast, Sagart (2011) groups Caijia with <a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a>, a divergent Chinese variety spoken in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the earliest group to split off from <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sagart2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sagart2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sagart (2011) lists the following features of Old Chinese retained by both Caijia and Waxiang: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">OC</a> *lˤ- and *lr- > Caijia and Waxiang l- (where <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> has d-), as in OC *lˤiŋ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:田">田</a>) > Caijia <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">len31</span></i>, Waxiang <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lɛ13</span></i> 'field'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">OC</a> *r- > Caijia ɣ- and Waxiang z- (where Middle Chinese has l-), as in OC *mə.rˤək (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BE%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:來">來</a>) > *rˤə > Caijia <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣɯ31</span></i>, Waxiang <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">zɛ13</span></i> 'to come'</li></ul> <p>Sagart identifies two words as shared innovations: </p> <ul><li>'two': Caijia <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ta55</span></i>, Waxiang <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tso53</span></i>, from OC *tsˤə(ʔ)-s 'twice' (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:再">再</a>)</li> <li>'milk': Caijia <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mi55</span></i>, Waxiang <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mi55</span></i>, which Sagart (2011) suggests is a non-Sinitic word</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caijia_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_Bijie_Prefecture_within_Guizhou_(China).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Location_of_Bijie_Prefecture_within_Guizhou_%28China%29.png/220px-Location_of_Bijie_Prefecture_within_Guizhou_%28China%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Location_of_Bijie_Prefecture_within_Guizhou_%28China%29.png/330px-Location_of_Bijie_Prefecture_within_Guizhou_%28China%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Location_of_Bijie_Prefecture_within_Guizhou_%28China%29.png/440px-Location_of_Bijie_Prefecture_within_Guizhou_%28China%29.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Bijie prefecture within Guizhou province, China</figcaption></figure> <p>Bijie (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-Bijie1983_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bijie1983-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports the Caijia people are found in the seven counties of <a href="/wiki/Bijie" title="Bijie">Bijie</a> prefecture – <a href="/wiki/Qixingguan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qixingguan District">Qixingguan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dafang_County" title="Dafang County">Dafang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qianxi_County,_Guizhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Qianxi County, Guizhou">Qianxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhijin_County" title="Zhijin County">Zhijin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nayong_County" title="Nayong County">Nayong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weining_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Weining County">Weining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hezhang_County" title="Hezhang County">Hezhang</a> – comprising a total of over 3,100 households and over 18,000 individuals. Bijie (1983) reports that smaller populations of Caijia people are found in <a href="/wiki/Anshun" title="Anshun">Anshun</a> (with over 400 people) and <a href="/wiki/Liupanshui" title="Liupanshui">Liupanshui</a> (with over 3,500 people) prefectures (to the southeast and southwest respectively), as well as <a href="/wiki/Zhaoyang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhaoyang District">Zhaoyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiliang_County,_Zhaotong" title="Yiliang County, Zhaotong">Yiliang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhenxiong_County" title="Zhenxiong County">Zhenxiong</a> counties in <a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a> prefecture, Yunnan (to the northwest). Bijie (1983) also contains linguistic data for the Caijia language of Hezhang County. </p><p>Caijia speakers are distributed in the following locations in Bijie prefecture (Bo Wenze 2004).<sup id="cite_ref-Bo2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bo2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Lijiazhai 李家寨, Xinying Village 新营村, Xingfa Township 兴发乡, Hezhang County</li> <li>Caijiayuan 蔡家园, Yakou Village 垭口村, Songlinpo Township 松林坡乡, Hezhang County</li> <li>Lijiagou 李家沟, Kele Township 可乐乡, Hezhang County</li> <li>Xinfa Township 新发布依族乡, Weining County (not to be confused with Xingfa Township 兴发乡 in Hezhang County)</li></ul> <p>Yinajia District 以那架区 has the most ethnic Caijia in Zhijin County. Bijie (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-Bijie1983_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bijie1983-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also reports the location of Baiyanjiao 白岩脚, Puweng Township 普翁公社, Guiguo District 桂果区, Zhijin County. </p><p>The <i>Liupanshui City Ethnic Gazetteer</i> 六盘水市志：民族志 (2003:182–183)<sup id="cite_ref-Liupanshui_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liupanshui-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists ethnic Caijia populations for the following counties in the prefecture, with a total of 4,061 (1982): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liuzhi_Special_District" title="Liuzhi Special District">Liuzhi</a>: 1,720 (1981), in Niuchang 牛场, Xinchang 新场, Heitang 黑塘</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuicheng_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuicheng County">Shuicheng</a>: 2,296 (1982), in Bide 比德, Huale 化乐, Qinglin 青林, Jinpen 金盆</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_District,_Liupanshui" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhongshan District, Liupanshui">Zhongshan District</a>: in Dewu 德坞乡</li></ul> <p>In Shuicheng County, the Caijia language is still spoken in: </p> <ul><li>Chahe 叉河, Jinpen Township 金盆乡<sup id="cite_ref-Liupanshui_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liupanshui-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Caijiapo 蔡家坡, Tujiao Township 土角乡<sup id="cite_ref-Liupanshui_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liupanshui-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Caijiayuan 蔡家园, Shuchang Township 鼠场乡<sup id="cite_ref-Bo2004_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bo2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Zhenxiong_County" title="Zhenxiong County">Zhenxiong County</a>, Yunnan, the Caijia people are scattered in the village cluster of Sumu 苏木村,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Chuanjiu 串九,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qinggang 青杠,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liangshui 凉水,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poji 泼机,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nantai 南台, Wugu 五谷<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Zhenxiong County Gazetteer</i> 1986).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caijia_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lee (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives the following consonants and vowels for the phononology of Caijia: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasals</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stops</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gv⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">qʰ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gv⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨bb⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dd⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gg⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricates</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈ͡ʂ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨zh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡sʰ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈ͡ʂʰ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ɕʰ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨zz⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">ɖ͡ʐ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨jj⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricatives</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨wf⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ss⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xx⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨vv⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨vh⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨lh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonorant consonant">Sonorants</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rl⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Center</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨yu-/-ü⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ea⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ae⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lee (2021) also notes that vowels can have three additional forms: long <span class="nowrap">⟨(double letter)⟩</span>, nasal <span class="nowrap">⟨-nn⟩</span>, and r-colored <span class="nowrap">⟨-r⟩</span>. Although sources conflict, consonants can additionally be glottalized or pharyngealized, which of the two it is actually unclear. This is presumably marked with their respective IPA symbols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caijia_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guizhou (1982) lists the following two dialects of the Caijia language.<sup id="cite_ref-Guizhou1982_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guizhou1982-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caijia dialect documented in Guizhou (1982) is that of Yangjiazhai 杨家寨, Liangyan Village 亮岩公社, Xingfa District 兴发区, <a href="/wiki/Hezhang_County" title="Hezhang County">Hezhang County</a>. </p> <ol><li>Xingfa District 兴发区, Hezhang County: Liangyan Village 亮岩公社 (including the main datapoint of Yangjiazhai 杨家寨), Yeli Village 野里公社, and Wocun Village 窝皮寸<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kaiping Village 开坪公社, Longchang District 龙场区, <a href="/wiki/Weining_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Weining County">Weining County</a> (located near Xinfa Township 新发布依族乡)</li></ol> <p>Guizhou (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-Guizhou1982_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guizhou1982-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that the -<i>an</i> <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">rime</a> in Caijia of Xingfa 兴发 corresponds to the <i>-aŋ</i> rime in Caijia of Longchang 龙场. </p><p>Hsiu (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-Hsiu2018_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsiu2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports the discovery of a previously undocumented Caijia dialect that is spoken in Niujiaojing 牛角井村, Yangjie Town 羊街镇, Weining County. This Caijia dialect is also spoken in the villages of Xinglongchang 兴隆场村, Niuchishui 牛吃水, and Fadi 发地. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_ethnic_subdivisions">Names and ethnic subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caijia_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Names and ethnic subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Caijia people are ethnoculturally related to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_unrecognized_ethnic_groups_of_Guizhou" title="List of unrecognized ethnic groups of Guizhou">Lu (卢)</a> people (<i>Luren</i> 卢人), who are classified as Manchu by the Chinese government. <a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a> (Lu) and Caijia are also closely related to <a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a> (龙家).<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caijia, Longjia, and Lu are all spoken in western <a href="/wiki/Guizhou#Demographics" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Weining_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Weining County">Weining County</a>, Caijia speakers are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Gelao_people" title="Gelao people">Gelao</a> (Hsiu 2017), while in <a href="/wiki/Hezhang_County" title="Hezhang County">Hezhang County</a> they are classified as <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a> (Bo 2004). </p><p>Caijia people with the autonym "Menni" (门尼 or 门你) have also been reported in <a href="/wiki/Puding_County" title="Puding County">Puding County</a>, Guizhou, where they were classified as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Gelao_people" title="Gelao people">Gelao</a> during the 1980s (Zhou Guoyan 2004). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Zhijin_County" title="Zhijin County">Zhijin County</a>, Guizhou, Caijia people are called Silie 斯列 by the local Miao and Awuna 阿乌纳 by the local Yi (<i>Zhijin County Gazetteer</i> 1997:166). </p><p>Ethnic subdivisions of the Caijia people include the Black 黑, White 白, Qingshangshui 青上水, Xiashui 下水, Hanzhan 捍毡, Zhuazhua 抓抓, Datou 大头, Qianqiaoba 乾乔巴, Laohu 老虎, Luoluo 倮倮, Xuejiao 削角 (Xieguo 写果), and Jiandao 剪刀.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically recorded names for the Caijia include Caijiazi 蔡家子 and Gantan Caijia 擀毡蔡家.<sup id="cite_ref-Liupanshui_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liupanshui-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yi call the Caijia "Sha'awu 沙阿乌", the Miao call them "Sini 斯你",<sup id="cite_ref-Liupanshui_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liupanshui-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other ethnic groups also call them "Xieguo 写果".<sup id="cite_ref-Liupanshui_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liupanshui-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bijie (1983:2–3)<sup id="cite_ref-Bijie1983_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bijie1983-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists the following <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonyms and exonyms</a> for the Caijia people. </p> <ul><li>Autonym: Menni 门你 (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">men31<span class="wrap"> </span>ȵen33</span></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Dafang_County" title="Dafang County">Dafang County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhijin_County" title="Zhijin County">Zhijin County</a>) exonym: Xieguo, Awuna 阿武哪</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Shuicheng_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuicheng County">Shuicheng County</a>) exonym: Awuna 阿乌纳</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Weining_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Weining County">Weining County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weining_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Weining County">Weining County</a>) exonym: Awu 阿武</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-Hmao_language" title="A-Hmao language">Miao</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Weining_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Weining County">Weining County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weining_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Weining County">Weining County</a>) exonym: Awu 阿乌</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Nayong_County" title="Nayong County">Nayong County</a>) exonym: Sinie 斯聂</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shui_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shui people">Shui</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Puding_County" title="Puding County">Puding County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhijin_County" title="Zhijin County">Zhijin County</a>) exonym: Louman 楼慢</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyi people">Buyi</a> exonym: Buman 布慢</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyi people">Buyi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Weining_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Weining County">Weining County</a>) exonym: Bu'awu 布阿武</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caijia_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lü (2022) is a comprehensive grammar of Caijia.<sup id="cite_ref-Lü2022_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lü2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caijia_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unrecognized_ethnic_groups_of_Guizhou" title="List of unrecognized ethnic groups of Guizhou">List of unrecognized ethnic groups of Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_people" title="Longjia people">Longjia people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixingmin_people" title="Qixingmin people">Qixingmin people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo people (China)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Macro-Bai_comparative_vocabulary_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Macro-Bai comparative vocabulary list">Macro-Bai comparative vocabulary list</a> (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caijia_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bo2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bo2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bo2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bo2004_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBo2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Bo, Wenze 薄文泽 (2004). "Càijiāhuà gàikuàng" <bdi lang="zh">蔡家话概况</bdi> [A Brief Introduction of Caijia Speech]. <i>Mínzú yǔwén</i> <bdi lang="zh">民族语文</bdi>. <b>2004</b> (2): 68–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3969%2Fj.issn.0257-5779.2004.02.012">10.3969/j.issn.0257-5779.2004.02.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%ADnz%C3%BA+y%C7%94w%C3%A9n&rft.atitle=C%C3%A0iji%C4%81hu%C3%A0+g%C3%A0iku%C3%A0ng+%E8%94%A1%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft.volume=2004&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=68-81&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3969%2Fj.issn.0257-5779.2004.02.012&rft.aulast=Bo&rft.aufirst=Wenze+%E8%96%84%E6%96%87%E6%B3%BD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holzl2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holzl2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holzl2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHölzl2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hölzl, Andreas (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/20/ldd20_02.pdf">"Longjia (China) – Language Contexts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Documentation and Description</i>. <b>20</b>: 13–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Documentation+and+Description&rft.atitle=Longjia+%28China%29+%E2%80%93+Language+Contexts&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=13-34&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6lzl&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpublishing.org%2Fdocs%2F1%2F20%2Fldd20_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lü2022-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lü2022_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lü2022_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLü2022" class="citation book cs1">Lü, Shanshan 吕珊珊 (2022). <i>A Reference Grammar of Caijia: An Unclassified Language of Guizhou</i>. 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Xinlang boke. 2012-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%B3uxi%C7%8Eohu%C4%AB+de+b%C3%B3k%C3%A8&rft.atitle=Yu%C3%A1nl%C3%ADng+Xi%C4%81nghu%C3%A0+%28chu%C3%A1nx%C4%AB%29+y%C7%94+B%C3%A1iy%C7%94+C%C3%A0iji%C4%81hu%C3%A0+g%C3%A8bi%C3%A9+d%C3%BAy%C4%ABn+du%C3%ACb%C7%90+%E6%B2%85%E9%99%B5%E4%B9%A1%E8%AF%9D%EF%BC%88%E8%88%B9%E6%BA%AA%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%8E%E7%99%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%94%A1%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D%E4%B8%AA%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%BB%E9%9F%B3%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%94&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.sina.com.cn%2Fs%2Fblog_8967627a0101du6j.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhengzhang2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhengzhang2010_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhengzhang2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhengzhang, Shangfang 郑张尚芳 (2010). "Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào" <bdi lang="zh">蔡家话白语关系及词根比较</bdi>. In Pan, Wuyun 潘悟云; Shen, Zhongwei 沈钟伟 (eds.). <i>Yánjiū zhī lè: Qìngzhù Wáng Shìyuán xiānshēng qīshíwǔ shòuchén xuéshù lùnwén jí</i> <bdi lang="zh">研究之乐：庆祝王士元先生七十五寿辰学术论文集</bdi> [<i>The Joy of Research: A Collection of Academic Papers Celebrating the 75th Birthday of Mr. Wang Shiyuan</i>] (in Chinese). Vol. II. Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe. pp. 389–400.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=C%C3%A0iji%C4%81hu%C3%A0+B%C3%A1iy%C7%94+gu%C4%81nx%C3%AC+j%C3%AD+c%C3%ADg%C4%93n+b%C7%90ji%C3%A0o+%E8%94%A1%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D%E7%99%BD%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%8F%8A%E8%AF%8D%E6%A0%B9%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83&rft.btitle=Y%C3%A1nji%C5%AB+zh%C4%AB+l%C3%A8%3A+Q%C3%ACngzh%C3%B9+W%C3%A1ng+Sh%C3%ACyu%C3%A1n+xi%C4%81nsh%C4%93ng+q%C4%ABsh%C3%ADw%C7%94+sh%C3%B2uch%C3%A9n+xu%C3%A9sh%C3%B9+l%C3%B9nw%C3%A9n+j%C3%AD+%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%90%EF%BC%9A%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E7%8E%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%83%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E5%AF%BF%E8%BE%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pages=389-400&rft.pub=Shanghai+jiaoyu+chubanshe&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Zhengzhang&rft.aufirst=Shangfang+%E9%83%91%E5%BC%A0%E5%B0%9A%E8%8A%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guizhou1984-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guizhou1984_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. <i>Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia)</i> [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. m.s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxterSagart2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E9%95%87%E9%9B%84%E5%8E%BF%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%91%E9%95%87%E8%8B%8F%E6%9C%A8%E6%9D%91%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D43705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194426/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=43708">"镇雄县黑树镇苏木村委会苏木自然村"</a>. <i>www.ynszxc.gov.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=43708">the original</a> on 1 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E9%95%87%E9%9B%84%E5%8E%BF%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%91%E9%95%87%E8%8B%8F%E6%9C%A8%E6%9D%91%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A%E8%8B%8F%E6%9C%A8%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%9D%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D43708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194606/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=97027">"镇雄县母享镇串九村委会"</a>. <i>www.ynszxc.gov.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=97027">the original</a> on 1 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E9%95%87%E9%9B%84%E5%8E%BF%E6%AF%8D%E4%BA%AB%E9%95%87%E4%B8%B2%E4%B9%9D%E6%9D%91%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D97027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101200053/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=72766">"镇雄县鱼洞乡青杠村委会"</a>. <i>www.ynszxc.gov.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=72766">the original</a> on 1 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E9%95%87%E9%9B%84%E5%8E%BF%E9%B1%BC%E6%B4%9E%E4%B9%A1%E9%9D%92%E6%9D%A0%E6%9D%91%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D72766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194706/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=72787">"镇雄县鱼洞乡青杠村委会青杠自然村"</a>. <i>www.ynszxc.gov.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=72787">the original</a> on 1 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E9%95%87%E9%9B%84%E5%8E%BF%E9%B1%BC%E6%B4%9E%E4%B9%A1%E9%9D%92%E6%9D%A0%E6%9D%91%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A%E9%9D%92%E6%9D%A0%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%9D%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D72787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194446/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=96545">"镇雄县塘房镇凉水村委会"</a>. <i>www.ynszxc.gov.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=96545">the original</a> on 1 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ynszxc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E9%95%87%E9%9B%84%E5%8E%BF%E5%A1%98%E6%88%BF%E9%95%87%E5%87%89%E6%B0%B4%E6%9D%91%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynszxc.gov.cn%2FvillagePage%2FvIndex.aspx%3Fdepartmentid%3D96545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/go.aspx?did=489">http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/go.aspx?did=489</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302064232/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=28408">"镇雄县乌峰镇五谷村委会"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=28408">the original</a> on 2014-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Xinlang boke. 2010-08-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_48fa33d90100kjks.html">the original</a> on 2014-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liyuzhi+de+b%C3%B3k%C3%A8&rft.atitle=Y%C3%BAnn%C3%A1n+h%C3%A9+Gu%C3%ACzh%C5%8Du+du%C3%ACy%C3%BA+Chu%C4%81nq%C4%ABngr%C3%A9n%2C+N%C3%A1nj%C4%ABngr%C3%A9n%2C+L%C3%B3ngji%C4%81+de+sh%C3%ACbi%C3%A9+d%C3%A0xi%C4%81ngj%C3%ACngt%C3%ADng+%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%92%8C%E8%B4%B5%E5%B7%9E%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%8E%E7%A9%BF%E9%9D%92%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%81%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%81%E9%BE%99%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB%E5%A4%A7%E7%9B%B8%E5%BE%84%E5%BA%AD&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.sina.com.cn%2Fs%2Fblog_48fa33d90100kjks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2023" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Man Hei (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.21025.lee">"Phonological features of Caijia that are notable from a diachronic perspective"</a>. <i>Journal of Historical Linguistics</i>. <b>13</b>: 82–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjhl.21025.lee">10.1075/jhl.21025.lee</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252558124">252558124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Phonological+features+of+Caijia+that+are+notable+from+a+diachronic+perspective&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=82-114&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjhl.21025.lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252558124%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Man+Hei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1075%2Fjhl.21025.lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guizhou1982-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guizhou1982_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guizhou1982_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. <i>The language of the Caijia</i> [<i>Caijia de yuyan</i> 蔡家的语言]. m.s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: 皮寸 form a single character, with 皮 on the left and 寸 on the right</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hsiu2018-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hsiu2018_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1249165/files/Caijia_dialects_2.pdf">The Niujiaojing dialect of Caijia in Weining County, Guizhou, China</a>. Manuscript draft. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1249165">10.5281/zenodo.1249165</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazetteer-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_48fa33d90100a6jf.html">"白族家园——讲义寨_liyuzhi_新浪博客"</a>. <i>blog.sina.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.sina.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E7%99%BD%E6%97%8F%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%AD%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%AE%B2%E4%B9%89%E5%AF%A8_liyuzhi_%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.sina.com.cn%2Fs%2Fblog_48fa33d90100a6jf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512204947/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Caijia.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20110512204947/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Caijia.htm</a></li> <li>Bo Wenze [薄文泽]. 2004. "A Brief Introduction of Caijia Speech [蔡家话概况]". <i>Minzu Yuwen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical_mzyw200402012.aspx">http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical_mzyw200402012.aspx</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caijia_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bijie Prefecture Ethnic Classification Office [贵州省毕节地区民族识别办公室]. 1983. <i>"Caijia" minzu chengfen diaocha baogao</i> ["蔡家"民族成分调查报告]. m.s.</li> <li>Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. <i>The language of the Caijia</i> [<i>Caijia de yuyan</i> 蔡家的语言]. m.s.</li> <li>Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. <i>Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia)</i> [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. m.s.</li> <li>Hsiu, Andrew. 2013. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1127796">New endangered Tibeto-Burman languages of southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and others</a></i>. Presented at ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1127796">10.5281/zenodo.1127796</a></li> <li>Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1249165/files/Caijia_dialects_2.pdf">The Niujiaojing dialect of Caijia in Weining County, Guizhou, China</a>. Manuscript draft. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1249165">10.5281/zenodo.1249165</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Man Hei (2022-09-26). "Phonological features of Caijia that are notable from a diachronic perspective". <i>Journal of Historical Linguistics</i>. <b>13</b> (1). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 82–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjhl.21025.lee">10.1075/jhl.21025.lee</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-2116">2210-2116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252558124">252558124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Phonological+features+of+Caijia+that+are+notable+from+a+diachronic+perspective&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-114&rft.date=2022-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252558124%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2210-2116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjhl.21025.lee&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Man+Hei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaijia+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lee, Man Hei. 2021. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/5544121#.ZC5Gt1bMKUk">Supplementary material: Sagart 250 concept list for Caijia (Data set)</a></i>. In Journal of Historical Linguistics (1.0). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5544121">10.5281/zenodo.5544121</a></li> <li>Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰]. 2011. <i>History of the Bai people of Guizhou</i> [贵州白族史略]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-227-04678-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-227-04678-3">978-7-227-04678-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caijia_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/C/Cai.pdf">Caijia people</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_8967627a0101du6j.html">沅陵乡话（船溪）与白语蔡家话个别读音对比</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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<li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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