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<ul id="toc-Cultural_neighbors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patayan_Lifeways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patayan_Lifeways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Patayan Lifeways</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Patayan_Lifeways-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Patayan Lifeways subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Patayan_Lifeways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settlement_Patterns" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataya" title="Pataya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pataya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataya" title="Pataya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pataya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Patayan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataya" title="Pataya – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pataya" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patayan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Патайян – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патайян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Patayan" 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American</a> cultures residing in parts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, extending west to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Cahuilla" title="Lake Cahuilla">Lake Cahuilla</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>. </p><p>This cultural grouping also included areas along the <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Colorado_River_Valley" title="Lower Colorado River Valley">Lower Colorado River Valley</a>, as well as the nearby uplands, and up north toward the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>. Evidence shows that Patayan lifeways have persisted from AD 700 to the 20th century. </p><p>Pataya (pah-tah-yáh) comes from the Pai linguistic branch (<a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman-Cochimí</a> language family, and translates loosely to "old people". </p><p>The Patayan archaeological record includes material remains including ceramic effigies, pottery, and evidence of early settlement sites such as pithouses. Evidence suggests that the Patayan traded with and were influenced by the Hohokam. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_neighbors">Cultural neighbors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cultural neighbors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patayan culture is sometimes known as the <b>Hakataya culture</b>. Their nearest cultural neighbors were the <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a> in central and eastern Arizona. The historic Yuman-speaking peoples in this region were skilled warriors and active traders, maintaining exchange networks with the <a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a> in southern Arizona and with the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_California" title="Coastal California">Californian Pacific Coast</a> tribes. </p><p>Patayan communities settled along the lower Gila River, as far upstream as the Painted Rock Mountains, as early as Patayan I. This placed them in close proximity to contemporaneous Colonial period (AD 750–950) Hohokam communities around present-day Gila Bend. Regular and extensive social and economic connections are apparent in pottery distributions and in stunning similarities in <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyph</a> iconography around Patayan and Hohokam settlements. </p><p>Another connection to Patayan and Hohokam communities, is a transit route where Patayan I ceramic pieces in the shape of droplets were recovered during an excavation. This took place at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Yuma_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Yuma Indian Reservation">Fort Yuma Indian Reservation</a> by the Lower Colorado River. These droplets indicate a transit route between the Hohokam and the Patayan through a small canyon that went from the Lower Colorado River to the upper terraces.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There’s evidence of trade occurring between the Patayan culture and Hohokam found through ceramic compositional analyses. Similar clays were used to create locally-produced Hohokam Buff Ware and Lower Colorado Buff Ware<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that dates to the first Patayan period. Lower Colorado Buff Ware could have been made with the same raw materials available to Hohokam potters. This indicates that Patayan potters used clay sources located in the river area near the Gila Bend, which was dominated by Hohokam Settlements. </p><p>Lower Colorado Buff Ware ceramics were sometimes traded to Hohokam irrigation agriculturalists at the western margin of the Hohokam territory. By A.D. 1100, the distribution of Patayan Buff Wares had shifted to the east, which was the central territory for the Hohokam. Hohokam pottery documents trade between coastal California and the Arizona desert (Ruby and Blackburn 1964). </p><p>Additionally, the Patayan were influenced at times by other cultural groups in the area. There are a few specific sites like the Patayan occupation at Willow Beach that suggest there was an extensive trade network at play that extended from the Four Corners up the Pacific Coast.  Major trade routes linked the lower Colorado River with the Los Angeles Basin, and Patayan people moved steatite, turtle-shell artifacts, and possibly salt along these routes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patayan_Lifeways">Patayan Lifeways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Patayan Lifeways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In upland settings, Patayan communities were highly mobile and probably followed seasonal rounds. Encampments were small and impermanent, and people did not accumulate an abundance of traceable material culture due to their nomadic ways of life. </p><p>For Patayan communities along major waterways such as the Gila and Colorado Rivers, settlements were quite stable and long-lived. Floodwater farming supported permanent villages of dozens to hundreds of people. With residences tied so close to the floodplain, however, many of these ancestral villages were eradicated by massive floods; these ecological circumstances led these lowland Patayan farming communities to not create enduring works of public architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeologysouthwest_org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeologysouthwest_org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Patayan tradition is often divided into three phases. Patayan I (AD 700–1050) witnessed the arrival of pottery-using agricultural communities along the Colorado River. During Patayan II (1050–1500), this material culture spread outward to southern Nevada, western Arizona, and to the Salton Sea. Patayan III (1500–1900) saw the merging of large populations near the junction of the Gila and Colorado Rivers and the continued movement of people up the lower Gila River.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeologysouthwest_org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeologysouthwest_org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Upper Patayan settings, Patayan communities were highly mobile and probably followed seasonal rounds, which is a pattern of moving from one location to another that follows different food sources and seasons throughout the year. Their settlements were small and impermanent, and there isn't a large amount of enduring material culture due to their nomadic ways of life.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeologysouthwest_org_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeologysouthwest_org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_Patterns">Settlement Patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Settlement Patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Patayan sites contain shallow pithouses or surface "long houses", consisting of a series of rooms arranged in a line. These homes had a pitroom at the east end, perhaps for storage or ceremonial activities. Later sites were less well defined and show loose groupings of varying house types. There has been evidence that there were also some natural rock structures and temporary housing shelters grouped together in small clusters that lends itself to the variety.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Patayan I phase, evidence suggests that the Patayan moved across northwestern Arizona to the <a href="/wiki/Coconino_Plateau" title="Coconino Plateau">Coconino Plateau</a>. As the Patayan began to explore more land, new regional areas were labeled the <a href="/wiki/Cerbat,_Arizona" title="Cerbat, Arizona">Cerbat</a>, Amacava (or the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cohonina" title="Cohonina">Cohonina</a>. Material culture ascribed to the Patayan I stage of occupation indicate that these groups were mainly hunter-gatherers, and used limited farming techniques and systems to support their main subsistence patterns. This period’s migratory patterns show a more mobile lifestyle with periods of limited summer farming and mesquite harvesting by rivers and streams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Patayan" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan language</a> and means "old people". Alternative terms have been proposed for the culture group. The archaeological record of the Patayan is poorly understood. Archaeologist Malcolm Rogers first identified the Patayan, publishing a definition and chronology in 1945. His survey identified hundreds of desert sites. The harsh environment limits archaeological fieldwork and there are few remains to find. Most Patayan people appear to have been very mobile and did not build large structures or accumulate many possessions. Patayan sites may have raised crops. </p><p>Significant archaeological remains of Patayan cultures appear near 875 A.D. and many cultural characteristics continued into historic times. The Patayan Culture may have originally emerged along the Colorado River, extending from the area around modern <a href="/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona" title="Kingman, Arizona">Kingman</a> northeast to the Grand Canyon. These people appear to have practiced floodplain agriculture, a conclusion based on the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">manos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">metates</a> used to process <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> in these areas. Stone points and other tools for hunting and hide preparation have been found, suggesting an economy based both on agriculture and hunting and gathering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_art">Culture and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Patayan made both <a href="/wiki/Basketry" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketry">baskets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>. Ceramics were apparently not adopted until 700 A.D. Patayan pottery is primarily plain ware, visually resembling the "Alma Plain" of the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a>. However, these pots were made using the paddle-and-anvil method, and the forms are more reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a> ware. The use of paddle-and-anvil construction suggests that people from or influenced by the Hohokam first settled in this territory. Lowland Patayan pottery is made of fine, buff-colored riverine clays, while the upland Patayan pottery is more coarse and a deeper brown. Painted ware, sometimes using red slips, appear heavily influenced by the styles and designs of neighboring cultures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery">Pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patayan pottery has been known to be classified into two distinct manufactures: “Lowland Patayan” pottery and “Upland Patayan” pottery. “Lowland Patayan” is related to the manufacturers of Lower Colorado Buff Ware, and “Upland Patayan” is related to the manufacturers of Tizon Brown Ware in southern California, Lower California, and northwestern Arizona. These classifications indicate the close cultural interrelationships of the populations manufacturing these two ceramic wares. Lower Colorado Buff Ware was manufactured by the River Yuman tribes and by the Shoshonean Chemehuevi. Tizon Brown Ware was made by the Shoshonean Cahuilla, CupeEio, and Luiseño, as well as by upland Yuman tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lowland Patayan Ceramic Tradition encompasses a variety of ceramic classifications. Due to a multitude of similarities in manufacture, vessel form, and surface treatment of this pottery, these ceramics have been classified as Yuman pottery, Lower Colorado Buff Ware, Lower Colorado River Buff Ware, and Colorado River Ware. There have been a plethora of difficulties in creating a firm typology/classification system for these ceramics due to its complex history. Historic Lowland Patayan pottery cannot be attributed to any one cultural, ethnic, tribal, or linguistic group; to avoid equating this ceramic technology and tradition with a single cultural group or linguistic family, Lowland Patayan Ceramic Tradition is the traditionally adopted terminology used to discuss ceramics and pottery found across Baja California and parts of Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_Figurines">Religious Figurines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious Figurines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anthropomorphic figurines were recovered at an Orange County excavation site circa 1964-1965. Twelve figurines were recovered while conducting a pedestrian survey of a 20-30 meter area.. 11 of them are Buff Ware that has no inclusions, and made from pure silt collected at the Colorado River Basin. The last effigy had inclusions of white quartz within its matrix.  This type of Buff Ware is found in California’s Transverse Ranges. There are marks where noses and eyes had been. The anthropomorphic figures are body effigies with no legs extending outward. There are 11 females and one male represented. Some of their eyes are shaped like cacao or coffee beans. Coffee or cacao representation shows trade and influences from Mesoamerica. Trade from Patayan in the Colorado Basin reached tribes in what today is considered Orange County.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are typical of Patayan I styles of pottery and ceramic.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patayan style petroglyphs at a site within the Colorado Rock Desert (Site CAL-RIV-12421), were studied for patination <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">Patina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varnish_microlamination" title="Varnish microlamination">varnish microlamination</a>. The older the petroglyph the more patina on the surface that occurs due to weather patterns, the environment and is affected by human activity through changes in the layers of the patina. Using dating techniques like cation-ratio and varnish microlamination, the petroglyphs at the Great Basin were dated as far back as 16,500 years ago +/- 1000 years through 250 years ago +/- 100 years. The cation-ratio method dates the rock varnish that develops over rock art by determining the ratio of calcium and potassium to titanium (Ca + K / Ti) in the rock varnish. The petroglyphs at Site CAL-RIV-12421 fall within the post-contact period. There are petroglyphs of a horse and rider that could not have been created before 1540. The older petroglyphs consist of zoomorphic and anthropomorphic styles. The stylistic nature of these petroglyphs are influenced by Hohokam stylistic figures.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figures at the CAL-RIV-12421 site also consists of lizard men morphs, directions, and animals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples">List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-historic_Southwestern_cultural_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-historic Southwestern cultural divisions">Pre-historic Southwestern cultural divisions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFontana1963" class="citation journal cs1">Fontana, Bernard L. 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(January 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1947461x.2020.1834833">"Lowland Patayan Pottery: A History, Crisis, and Manifesto"</a>. <i>California Archaeology</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1947461x.2020.1834833">10.1080/1947461x.2020.1834833</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1947-461X">1947-461X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236962235">236962235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Lowland+Patayan+Pottery%3A+A+History%2C+Crisis%2C+and+Manifesto&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2021-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236962235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1947-461X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1947461x.2020.1834833&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Aaron+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F1947461x.2020.1834833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatayan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoerperMasonPeterson2003" class="citation cs2">Koerper, Henry C.; Mason, Roger D.; Peterson, Mark L. (July 1, 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvhhhfdx.8">"Complexity, Demography, and Change in Late Holocene Orange County"</a>, <i>Catalysts to Complexity</i>, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, pp. 63–81, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvhhhfdx.8">10.2307/j.ctvhhhfdx.8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalysts+to+Complexity&rft.atitle=Complexity%2C+Demography%2C+and+Change+in+Late+Holocene+Orange+County&rft.pages=63-81&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvhhhfdx.8&rft.aulast=Koerper&rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&rft.au=Mason%2C+Roger+D.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Mark+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvhhhfdx.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatayan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsSchneider2020" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Nancy; Schneider, Ken R. (May 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jor.pensoft.net/article/50400/">"Oecanthus salvii sp. nov. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae): A new tree cricket species from Modoc County in northeast California"</a>. <i>Journal of Orthoptera Research</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 91–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fjor.29.50400">10.3897/jor.29.50400</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-2426">1937-2426</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219749890">219749890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Orthoptera+Research&rft.atitle=Oecanthus+salvii+sp.+nov.+%28Orthoptera%3A+Gryllidae%3A+Oecanthinae%29%3A+A+new+tree+cricket+species+from+Modoc+County+in+northeast+California&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-99&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219749890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1937-2426&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fjor.29.50400&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Ken+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjor.pensoft.net%2Farticle%2F50400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatayan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoendorf1991" class="citation journal cs1">Loendorf, Lawrence L. (June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00079692">"Cation-ratio varnish dating and petroglyph chronology in southeastern Colorado"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>65</b> (247): 246–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00079692">10.1017/s0003598x00079692</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131791051">131791051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Cation-ratio+varnish+dating+and+petroglyph+chronology+in+southeastern+Colorado&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=247&rft.pages=246-255&rft.date=1991-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131791051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00079692&rft.aulast=Loendorf&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00079692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatayan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordell1984" class="citation book cs1">Cordell, Linda S. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofsout0000cord"><i>Prehistory of the Southwest</i></a></span>. New York: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-188220-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-188220-9"><bdi>0-12-188220-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistory+of+the+Southwest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-12-188220-9&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprehistoryofsout0000cord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatayan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan1991" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Brian M. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientnorthamer00faga"><i>Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent (part five)</i></a></span>. New York: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05075-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05075-9"><bdi>0-500-05075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+North+America%3A+The+Archaeology+of+a+Continent+%28part+five%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-500-05075-9&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientnorthamer00faga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatayan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlog1997" class="citation book cs1">Plog, Stephen (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientpeoplesof00step"><i>Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest</i></a></span>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27939-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27939-X"><bdi>0-500-27939-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Peoples+of+the+American+Southwest&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-500-27939-X&rft.aulast=Plog&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientpeoplesof00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatayan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patayan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clayhound.us/sites/patayan.htm">Patayan Map and Pottery</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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Arizona">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples native to Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa" title="Tewa">Tewa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi-Tewa" title="Hopi-Tewa">Hopi-Tewa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham" title="Oʼodham">Oʼodham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono Oʼodham people">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Akimel O'odham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Southern Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai people">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures in Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancestral_Puebloan_dwellings_in_Arizona" title="List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Arizona">dwellings</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salado_culture" title="Salado culture">Salado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_Arizona" title="List of Indian reservations in Arizona">List of Indian reservations in Arizona</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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