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href="#The_four_who_entered_the_pardes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The four who entered the pardes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_four_who_entered_the_pardes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The four who entered the pardes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_four_who_entered_the_pardes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_the_Babylonian_Talmud's_account" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_the_Babylonian_Talmud's_account"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Analysis of the Babylonian Talmud's account</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_the_Babylonian_Talmud's_account-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-His_heterodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#His_heterodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>His heterodoxy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-His_heterodoxy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle His heterodoxy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-His_heterodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elisha_a_Sadducee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elisha_a_Sadducee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Elisha a Sadducee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elisha_a_Sadducee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elisha_an_"Epikoros"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elisha_an_"Epikoros""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Elisha an "Epikoros"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elisha_an_"Epikoros"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_cultural_references_to_Elisha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_cultural_references_to_Elisha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern cultural references to Elisha</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_cultural_references_to_Elisha-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern cultural references to Elisha subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_cultural_references_to_Elisha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jacob_Gordin's_play_Elisha_Ben_Abuyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacob_Gordin's_play_Elisha_Ben_Abuyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Jacob Gordin's play <i>Elisha Ben Abuyah</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacob_Gordin's_play_Elisha_Ben_Abuyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milton_Steinberg's_novel,_As_A_Driven_Leaf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milton_Steinberg's_novel,_As_A_Driven_Leaf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Milton Steinberg's novel, <i>As A Driven Leaf</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milton_Steinberg's_novel,_As_A_Driven_Leaf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shimon_Ballas'_novel,_Outcast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shimon_Ballas'_novel,_Outcast"> <div 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Erdelac's series, <i>Merkabah Rider</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Edward_M._Erdelac's_series,_Merkabah_Rider-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Tal_M._Klein's_novel_The_Punch_Escrow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Tal_M._Klein's_novel_The_Punch_Escrow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>In Tal M. Klein's novel <i>The Punch Escrow</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Tal_M._Klein's_novel_The_Punch_Escrow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elisha ben Abuyah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C5%9Da_ben_Abujah" title="Eliŝa ben Abujah – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eliŝa ben Abujah" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_ben_Abuyah" title="Elisha ben Abuyah – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elisha ben Abuyah" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_ben_Abouya" title="Elisha ben Abouya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Elisha ben Abouya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_ben_Abuyah" title="Elisha ben Abuyah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elisha ben Abuyah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלישע בן אבויה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלישע בן אבויה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87" title="اليشا بن ابوياه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليشا بن ابوياه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%8F" title="Элиша бен Абуя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Элиша бен Абуя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלישע בן אבויה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלישע בן אבויה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender; font-size:115%;">Rabbinical eras</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zugot" title="Zugot">Zugot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Eras_of_the_Halakha" title="Template:Eras of the Halakha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eras_of_the_Halakha" title="Template talk:Eras of the Halakha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eras_of_the_Halakha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eras of the Halakha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elisha ben Abuyah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אלישע בן אבויה</span>) (spelled variously, including <b>Elisha ben Avuya</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> religious authority born in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> sometime before 70 CE. After he adopted a worldview considered <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Judaism" title="Heresy in Judaism">heretical</a> by his fellow <i><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></i>, the rabbis of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> refrained from relating teachings in his name and referred to him as the "Other One" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אחר</span></span>, <b><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Acher</i></span></b>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a> this name appears as "Achor" ("backwards"), because Elisha was considered to have "turned backwards" by embracing heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth_and_activity">Youth and activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth and activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of Elisha's youth and of his activity as a teacher of Jewish Law. He was the son of a rich and well-respected citizen of Jerusalem, and was trained for the career of a scholar. The only saying of his recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> is his praise of education: "Learning Torah as a child is like writing on fresh paper, but learning Torah in old age is like writing on a <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sayings attributed to Elisha indicate that he stressed <i><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a></i> (commandments) as equal in importance to education: </p> <blockquote><p>To whom may a man who has good deeds and has studied much Torah be compared? To a man who in building [lays] stones first [for a foundation] and then lays bricks [over them], so that however much water may collect at the side of the building, it will not wash away. Contrariwise, he who has no good deeds even though he has studied much Torah — to whom may he be compared? To a man who in building lays bricks first and then heaps stones over them, so that even if a little water collects, it at once undermines the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He evidently had a reputation as an authority in questions of religious practice, since the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> records one of his <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> decisions<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — the only one in his name, although others may be recorded under the names of his students or different rabbis. </p><p>Elisha was a student of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>; as the Talmud expresses it, "Acher's tongue was never tired of singing Greek songs".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greek_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While still in the <a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">beth midrash</a>, he is said to have kept forbidden books hidden in his clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-greek_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bacher" title="Wilhelm Bacher">Wilhelm Bacher</a>, in his analysis of Talmudic legends, wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">similes</a> attributed to Elisha (including the ones cited above) show that he was a man of the world, acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>. Some historians call into question his apostasy as he is presented in the Talmud as a scholar with no mention of his theological departure.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several stories are told in rabbinic literature about events leading to Elisha's <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Judaism" title="Apostasy in Judaism">apostasy</a>: </p> <ul><li>When he was in the womb before birth, his mother would pass by houses of idolatry and inhale the scent of the incense; this scent remained in him to affect him "like the venom of a snake".<sup id="cite_ref-yeru_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yeru-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>When Elisha was a baby, many rabbis were invited to his <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">circumcision</a>. When they began to teach the Talmud and to learn the inner depths of its meanings, "their appearance became of fire and the whole room turned ablaze" due to their sanctity. When Elisha's father entered the room and saw this, he decided to dedicate his child fully to Torah study, but since the father did so with improper intentions, the dedication did not last.<sup id="cite_ref-yeru_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yeru-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elisha observed a child lose his life while fulfilling two laws for which the observance of the Torah promises a "long life" - <a href="/wiki/Honour_thy_father_and_thy_mother" title="Honour thy father and thy mother">honoring one's parents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiluach_haken" title="Shiluach haken">sending away a mother bird</a> - whereas a man who broke the same law was not hurt in the least (the Talmud says that Elisha should have understood the "long life" to refers to a long life in the <a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">world to come</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-kiddushin39_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiddushin39-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yeru_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yeru-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elisha saw the detached tongue of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Hutzpit_the_Interpreter" title="Hutzpit the Interpreter">Hutzpit the Interpreter</a> (one of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Martyrs" title="Ten Martyrs">Ten Martyrs</a>) being dragged through the streets, after his being murdered. He exclaimed in shock "Should a mouth which produced such pearls of torah, now lick the dust?"<sup id="cite_ref-kiddushin39_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiddushin39-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yeru_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yeru-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, he entered the "Orchard" (<i>pardes</i>) of esoteric knowledge, and saw the angel <a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a> sitting down (an action that is not done in the presence of God). Elishah ben Abuyah therefore looks to Metatron as a deity and says heretically: "There are indeed two powers in Heaven!"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rabbis explain that Metatron had permission to sit because of his function as the Heavenly Scribe, writing down the deeds of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Kabb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kabb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Talmud states, it was proved to Elisha that Metatron could not be a second deity by the fact that Metatron received 60 "<a href="/wiki/Pulsa_diNura" title="Pulsa diNura">strokes with fiery rods</a>" to demonstrate that Metatron was not a god, but an angel, and could be punished.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also the remarks on the four who entered Pardes (below)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_four_who_entered_the_pardes">The four who entered the pardes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The four who entered the pardes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most striking references to Elisha is found in a legendary <i><a href="/wiki/Baraita" title="Baraita">baraita</a></i> about four <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnaic</a> period (first century CE) who visited the <i><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">pardes</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פרדס</span></span> <i>orchard</i>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Four men entered the <i>pardes</i> — <a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Azzai" title="Simeon ben Azzai">Ben Azzai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_ben_Zoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon ben Zoma">Ben Zoma</a>, Acher [that is, Elisha], and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a>.... Ben Azzai looked and died... Ben Zoma looked and was harmed [i.e. went mad]... Acher chopped down the saplings; Akiva entered in peace and departed in peace.<sup id="cite_ref-pardes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pardes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a></i>, medieval commentaries on the Talmud, say that the four sages "did not go up literally, but it appeared to them as if they went up."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ginzberg, on the other hand, writes that the journey to paradise "is to be taken literally and not allegorically"; "in a moment of ecstasy [Elisha] beheld the interior of heaven", but "he destroyed the plants of the heavenly garden".<sup id="cite_ref-Ginzberg_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginzberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Babylonian Talmud explains what Elisha "saw" as a mystical experience: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What is the meaning of "Acher destroyed the plants"? Of him scripture says: "Do not let your mouth cause your flesh to sin".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What does this mean? Acher saw that <a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a> had been granted authority to sit while he record the merits of <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Israel</a>, and he said: "We have been taught that in heaven there is no sitting.... Perhaps there are — God forbid! — two supreme powers". They brought him to Metatron and they smote him with sixty bands of fire. They said to Metatron: "When you saw him, why did you not stand up before him?" The authority was granted to Metatron to erase the merits of Acher. A heavenly voice was heard: "'Repent, O backsliding children!'<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [All may repent from their sins...] except for Acher."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Whereas the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> seems to explain what Elisha "saw" as an earthly occurrence: humans suffering in a way that seemed to contradict the idea of reward and punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-yeru_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yeru-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jerusalem Talmud also describes Elisha's activities after becoming a heretic. It is said that he would kill any student who was succeeding in Torah study. Also, he would enter the <i><a href="/wiki/Beit_midrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit midrash">beit midrash</a></i> and see boys studying Torah, and recommend that they take trades such as building or carpentry, thus causing them to abandon their studies. Also, during the persecution (by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>), when the enslaved Jews were attempting to perform their labor in a way that minimized <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> violation (i.e. two individuals <a href="/wiki/Hotzaah#Methods_of_transfer" title="Hotzaah">each carrying part of a single load</a>), Elisha would instruct the Romans to forbid this manner of labor, forcing the Jews to violate Shabbat to a greater extent.<sup id="cite_ref-yeru_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yeru-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_of_the_Babylonian_Talmud's_account"><span id="Analysis_of_the_Babylonian_Talmud.27s_account"></span>Analysis of the Babylonian Talmud's account</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analysis of the Babylonian Talmud's account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regarding the story in the Babylonian Talmud, Ginzberg comments that "the reference here to Metatron — a specifically <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> idea, which would probably be unknown to <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rabbis" title="Palestinian rabbis">Palestinian rabbis</a> even five hundred years after Elisha — robs the passage of all historical worth". Instead, he highlights the contrast between the accounts in the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud, noting that the Jerusalem Talmud "makes no mention of Elisha's dualism; but it relates that in the critical period following the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>, Elisha visited the schools and attempted to entice the students from the study of the Torah, in order to direct their energies to some more practical occupation; and it is to him, therefore, that the verse "Suffer not thy mouth to cause thy flesh to sin" is to be applied. In connection with this the biblical quotation is quite intelligible, as according to another <i>aggadah</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "flesh" here means children — spiritual children, pupils — whom Elisha killed with his mouth by luring them from the study of the Torah."<sup id="cite_ref-Ginzberg_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginzberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others disagree with Ginzberg, suggesting that he failed to account for the regular travel of sages between <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and Babylonia to collect and transmit scholarly teachings. Furthermore, scholar Hugh Odeberg has dated portions of the <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphy">pseudepigraphal</a> <a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">Third Book of Enoch</a>, which discusses <a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a>, to the first or second century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the redaction of both the Jerusalem and the Babylonian Talmuds, and other scholars have found the concept of Metatron in texts older than 70 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval philosopher Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a> explained that the heightened spiritual experience of "entering the Pardes" brought Elisha to belittle the importance of practical religious observance: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The third one [Elisha] fell into bad ways, because he viewed the spiritual entities and said, "These deeds are but tools and preparations to attain that spiritual level. Having already reached this level, I have no need for the Torah's commandments." He became corrupt and corrupted others; he went astray and caused others to go astray.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Alon_Goshen-Gottstein" title="Alon Goshen-Gottstein">Alon Goshen-Gottstein</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">rabbinic stories</a> should be read as literature rather than as history: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They [the rabbis] construct stories that are then integrated into larger ideologically motivated literary units in such a way as to impart particular ideological messages. The sources do not necessarily relate the historical facts about the heroes but they do illustrate the cultural concerns that find expression in the stories told about them. ... All this leads to the realization that the significant unit for presentation is not the life of the sage; it is the stories about sages. These stories are not formulated in an attempt to tell the life of the sage. They are told because the sage, as part of the collective culture, has some bearing on the common cultural concerns. Various anecdotes are coupled into a larger story cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Goshen-Gottstein, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> was based on vigorous and often contentious debate over the meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and other sacred texts. One challenge facing the rabbis was to establish the degree of <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodoxy</a> that was acceptable in debate. In this context, Elisha the heretic and <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Arach" title="Eleazar ben Arach">Eleazar ben Arach</a> represent two extremes in attitudes towards the Torah; actual rabbis and their arguments had to fit somewhere between these two limits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="His_heterodoxy">His heterodoxy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: His heterodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a> "it is almost impossible to derive from rabbinical sources a clear picture of his personality, and modern historians have differed greatly in their estimate of him. According to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Grätz</a>, he was a Karpotian <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a>; according to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Siegfried" title="Carl Siegfried">Siegfried</a>, a follower of <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>; according to Dubsch, a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>; according to <a href="/wiki/Peretz_Smolenskin" title="Peretz Smolenskin">Smolenskin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hirsch_Weiss" title="Isaac Hirsch Weiss">Weiss</a>, a victim of the inquisitor <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Akiva</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Ginzberg_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginzberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elisha_a_Sadducee">Elisha a Sadducee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elisha a Sadducee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ginzberg suggests that Elisha became a <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducee</a>, since the Jerusalem Talmud mentions Elisha's betrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>. Also, one of the reasons given for Elisha's apostasy is characteristic of a Sadducee perspective: Elisha is said to have seen a child lose his life while fulfilling two laws for which the observance of the Torah promised a "long life" - <a href="/wiki/Honour_thy_father_and_thy_mother" title="Honour thy father and thy mother">honoring one's father and mother</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiluach_haken" title="Shiluach haken">sending away a mother bird</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kiddushin39_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiddushin39-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas a man who broke the same law was not hurt in the least. This encounter, as well as the frightful sufferings of <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Jewish martyrs</a> during the Hadrianic persecutions, led Elisha to the conclusion that there was no reward for virtue. Thus, Ginzberg suggests that Elisha was a Sadducee, since Sadducee philosophy rejects an afterlife and argues that reward and punishment must occur on Earth (while Pharisee sages interpreted this passage as referring to life and reward in the next world). However, Elisha's abandonment of Jewish practice after his troubling encounters seems to indicate that, whatever his earlier philosophy, Elisha abandoned any form of Jewish religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elisha_an_"Epikoros""><span id="Elisha_an_.22Epikoros.22"></span>Elisha an "Epikoros"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elisha an "Epikoros""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epikoros" title="Epikoros">Epikoros</a></div> <p>The harsh treatment he received from the Pharisees was due to his having deserted their ranks at such a critical time. Quite in harmony with this supposition are the other sins laid to his charge; namely, that he rode in an ostentatious manner through the streets of Jerusalem on a <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> which fell on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, and that he chose to overstep the <i><a href="/wiki/Techum_shabbat" title="Techum shabbat">techum</a></i>. Both the Jerusalem and the Babylonian Talmuds agree here, and cite this as proof that Elisha turned from <a href="/wiki/Pharisaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisaism">Pharisaism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Judaism" title="Heresy in Judaism">heresy</a>. It was just such non-observance of laws that excited the anger of Akiva.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ginzburg writes that the mention of the "<a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a>" in this passage is not an anachronism, as Grätz thinks, for while it is true that Eliezer and Joshua were present as the <a href="/wiki/Gaon_(Hebrew)" title="Gaon (Hebrew)">geonim</a> <i>par excellence</i> at Elisha's <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>—which must, therefore, have occurred after the death of <a href="/wiki/Johanan_ben_Zakkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanan ben Zakkai">Johanan ben Zakkai</a> (80)—it is also true that the "Holy of Holies" is likewise mentioned in connection with Rabbi Akiva;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indeed, the use of this expression is due to the fact that the Rabbis held holiness to be inherent in the place, not in the building.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same passage from the Jerusalem Talmud refers to Elisha as being alive when his pupil <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a> had become a renowned teacher. According to the above assumption, he must have reached his seventieth year at that time. Of all Elisha's colleagues he alone, perhaps in the hope of reclaiming him for Judaism, continued to associate with him and discuss with him scientific subjects, not heeding the remonstrances of some pious rabbis who regarded this association with some suspicion. Meir's attachment for Elisha was so great that on the death of the latter he is said to have spread his mantle over his friend's grave. Thereupon, according to a legend, a pillar of smoke arose from it, and Meir, paraphrasing <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a> 3:13, exclaimed, "Rest here in the night; in the dawn of happiness the God of mercy will deliver thee; if not, I will be thy redeemer".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same aggadah adds that at the death of Meir smoke ceased to issue from Elisha's grave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_cultural_references_to_Elisha">Modern cultural references to Elisha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern cultural references to Elisha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacob_Gordin's_play_Elisha_Ben_Abuyah"><span id="Jacob_Gordin.27s_play_Elisha_Ben_Abuyah"></span>Jacob Gordin's play <i>Elisha Ben Abuyah</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jacob Gordin's play Elisha Ben Abuyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Gordin" title="Jacob Gordin">Jacob Gordin</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> play, <i>Elisha Ben Abuyah</i> (1906); it was performed unsuccessfully in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> during Gordin's lifetime, and more successfully in numerous productions after his death; the title role was written for <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pavlovitch_Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Pavlovitch Adler">Jacob Adler</a>, the only actor ever to play it. In the 1911 production after Gordin's death, the fallen woman Beata was played by Adler's wife <a href="/wiki/Sara_Adler" title="Sara Adler">Sara</a>, Ben Abuyah's faithful friend Toivye Avyoini was played by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Mogulesko" title="Sigmund Mogulesko">Sigmund Mogulesko</a>, and his daughter (who, in the play, runs away with a Roman soldier) by the Adlers' daughter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Adler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frances Adler (page does not exist)">Frances</a>; in some of the last performances of the play, toward the end of Jacob Adler's career, the daughter was played by Frances's younger, and eventually more famous, sister <a href="/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler">Stella</a>. </p><p>Gordin's Ben Abuyah is clearly a surrogate for Gordin himself, and to some extent for Adler: an unbeliever, but one who thinks of himself, unalterably, as a Jew, and who rejects Christianity even more firmly than Judaism, a man who behaves ethically and who dies haunted by a vision of "terrible Jewish suffering", condemned by the rabbis generally, but lauded as a great Jew by his disciple <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milton_Steinberg's_novel,_As_A_Driven_Leaf"><span id="Milton_Steinberg.27s_novel.2C_As_A_Driven_Leaf"></span>Milton Steinberg's novel, <i>As A Driven Leaf</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Milton Steinberg's novel, As A Driven Leaf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conservative Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Milton_Steinberg" title="Milton Steinberg">Milton Steinberg</a> fictionalized the life of Elisha ben Abuyah in his controversial 1939 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/As_A_Driven_Leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="As A Driven Leaf">As A Driven Leaf</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steinberg's novel wrestles with the 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> struggle to reconcile Rabbinic Judaism both culturally and philosophically with Greek <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> society. In Elisha's struggle, Steinberg speculates about questions and events that may have driven such a man to apostasy, and addresses questions of Jewish self-determination in the Roman Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kochba_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kochba Revolt">Bar Kochba Revolt</a> (132-135), and above all the interdependence of reason and faith. Although the novel draws on Talmudic tradition to create the framework for Elisha's life, Steinberg himself wrote that his novel "springs from historical data without any effort at rigid conformity or literal confinement to them." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shimon_Ballas'_novel,_Outcast"><span id="Shimon_Ballas.27_novel.2C_Outcast"></span>Shimon Ballas' novel, <i>Outcast</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shimon Ballas' novel, Outcast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iraqi-Israeli author Shimon Ballas' novel <i><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(Ballas_novel)" title="Outcast (Ballas novel)">Outcast</a>,</i> published in English in 2007, features an Elisha-like character. <i>Outcast</i> is narrated by Haroun Soussan, a Jewish convert to Islam. For Iraq, he left Judaism, embraced Islam, and fought Zionism as the nonpareil, ethnocentrist threat to his dreams. He has lost his closest friends because of politics, particularly Assad Nissim, a principled Iraqi Jew forced to depart for Israel. Despite everything Soussan believes and has done, however, what he was is not forgotten, and he feels an outcast not merely from the Jews and the West but within his homeland. Based on a historical figure, Ahmad (Nissim)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Soussan's work ended up being used as anti-Jewish propaganda during the era of Saddam Hussein. Commenting on the use of Soussan's writing on Judaism by propagandists, his friend Assad Nissim likens him to Elisha Ben Abuya, or the one they called <i>Aher</i>, the <i>Outcast.</i> In Hebrew, the title of the book is <i>V'Hu Aher</i>, which means <i>And He is an Other</i> or <i>And He is a Different One</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Edward_M._Erdelac's_series,_Merkabah_Rider"><span id="In_Edward_M._Erdelac.27s_series.2C_Merkabah_Rider"></span>In Edward M. Erdelac's series, <i>Merkabah Rider</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Edward M. Erdelac's series, Merkabah Rider"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elisha is revealed to be the main antagonist of the series, a mystic driven mad by the sight of the Outer God <i><a href="/wiki/Azathoth" title="Azathoth">Azathoth</a></i> during his explorations of the seven heavens. His cutting of the root is a literal severance of the astral tether anchoring his soul to his own body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Tal_M._Klein's_novel_The_Punch_Escrow"><span id="In_Tal_M._Klein.27s_novel_The_Punch_Escrow"></span>In Tal M. Klein's novel <i>The Punch Escrow</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In Tal M. Klein's novel The Punch Escrow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story of Elisha's transformation into Aher is contrasted with the story of Job as an allegory for how the protagonist should bear with his current circumstances. A parallel is also drawn between his occupation of training artificially intelligent software agents and how asking difficult questions lead to Elisha's exile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(Jewish_exegesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardes (Jewish exegesis)">Pardes (Jewish exegesis)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_ben_Abuyah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At one time the Rabbis were proud to recognize him as of their number; but later their opposition to him grew so intense that they even refrained from pronouncing his name, and referred to him in terms used to designate some vile object ("dabar aḥer," lit. "another thing")." (<a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=296&letter=E">Elisha ben Abuyah</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, 1901-1906)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Lieberman" title="Saul Lieberman">Saul Lieberman</a>, <i>Tosefta Kifshuta</i> on Tosefta Hagiga 2:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a> 4:20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hayyim_Nahman_Bialik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayyim Nahman Bialik">Hayyim Nahman Bialik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Hana_Rawnitzki" title="Yehoshua Hana Rawnitzki">Yehoshua Hana Ravnitzky</a>, eds., <i>The Book of Legends/</i>Sefer Ha-Aggadah<i>: Legends from the Talmud and Midrash</i>, translated by William G. Braude (New York: Schocken Books, 1992), p. 452, citing <i><a href="/wiki/Avot_of_Rabbi_Natan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avot of Rabbi Natan">Avot of Rabbi Natan</a></i> 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mo%27ed_Katan" title="Mo'ed Katan">Mo'ed Katan</a> 20a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a> 1 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greek-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greek_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greek_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Chagigah.15b.14?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Hagigah 15b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yadin, Azzan. "Rabbi Akiva's Youth." <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>, vol. 100, no. 4, 2010, pp. 573–97.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25781005">JSTOR website</a> Retrieved 26 Feb. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yeru-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yeru_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yeru_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yeru_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yeru_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yeru_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yeru_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Chagigah.2.1.10?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Hagigah 2:1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiddushin39-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kiddushin39_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kiddushin39_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kiddushin39_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiddushin 39b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Chagigah.15a.5?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Hagigah 15a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kabb-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kabb_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScholem1974" class="citation cs2">Scholem, Gershom (1974), <i>Kabbalah</i>, Keter Publishing House Jerusalem Ltd</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabbalah&rft.pub=Keter+Publishing+House+Jerusalem+Ltd&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+ben+Abuyah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journal-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Journal_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O4nXAAAAMAAJ&q=Metatron+Hagiga+15a">"The Journal of Jewish Studies"</a>. <i>The Journal of Jewish Studies</i>. 34–35. The Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies: 26. 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.volume=34%E2%80%9335&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO4nXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMetatron%2BHagiga%2B15a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+ben+Abuyah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pardes-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pardes_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babylonian Talmud <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Chagigah.14b.8?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Hagigah 14b</a>; with slight changes in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Chagigah.2.1.10?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. W. Streane, <i>A Translation of the Treatise Chagigah from the Babylonian Talmud</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1891). p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginzberg-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ginzberg_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ginzberg_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ginzberg_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=296&letter=E">Elisha ben Abuyah</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, 1901-1906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3105.htm#5">Ecclesiastes 5:5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1103.htm#14">Jeremiah 3:14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Chagigah.15a.5?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Hagigah 15a</a>. This translation based on Ginzberg, Streane, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curiousjew.blogspot.com/2007/07/as-driven-leaf.html">The Curious Jew</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Moed" title="Moed">Shabbat</a> 32b; <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_Rabbah" title="Ecclesiastes Rabbah">Ecclesiastes Rabbah</a> 5:5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/3enoch.html">3 Enoch</a>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/">Early Jewish Writings</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrei Orlov, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070818235221/http://www.marquette.edu/maqom/metatron">The Origin of the Name 'Metatron' and the Text of 2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch</a>", <i>Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha</i> 21 (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">The Kuzari</a></i> 3:65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alon Goshen-Gottstein, <i>The Sinner and the Amnesiac: The Rabbinic Invention of Elisha Ben Abuya and Eleazar Ben Arach</i>, Stanford University Press, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nashim" title="Nashim">Sotah</a> 27b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nezikin" title="Nezikin">Makkot</a>, end</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nashim" title="Nashim">Yevamot</a> 6b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagigah 15b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pavlovitch_Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Pavlovitch Adler">Jacob Adler</a>, <i>A Life on the Stage: A Memoir</i>, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-41351-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-41351-0">0-679-41351-0</a>, pp. 254–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinberg, <i>As A Driven Leaf</i>, 480, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87441-103-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87441-103-3">0-87441-103-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzburg1903" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Ginzburg">Ginzburg, Louis</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5685-elisha-ben-abuyah">"Elisha ben Abuyah"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 138–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elisha+ben+Abuyah&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Ginzburg&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5685-elisha-ben-abuyah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElisha+ben+Abuyah" class="Z3988"></span> Its bibliography: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Heinrich Graetz</a>, <i>Gnosticismus und Judenthum</i>, pp. 56–71.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peretz_Smolenskin" title="Peretz Smolenskin">Peretz Smolenskin</a>, <i>Sämmtliche Werke</i>, ii. 267–278.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Jellinek" title="Adolf Jellinek">Adolf Jellinek</a>, <i>Elischa b. Abuja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, 1847.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hirsch_Weiss" title="Isaac Hirsch Weiss">Isaac Hirsch Weiss</a>, <i>Dor Dor we-Dorshaw</i>, ii. 140–143.</li> <li>M. Dubsch, in <i><a href="/wiki/He-Halutz_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="He-Halutz (magazine)">He-Halutz</a></i>, v. 66–72.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Siegfried" title="Carl Siegfried">Carl Siegfried</a>, <i>Philo von Alexandrien</i>, pp. 285–287.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bacher" title="Wilhelm Bacher">Wilhelm Bacher</a>, <i>Die Agada der Tannaïten</i>, i. 432–436.</li> <li>M. D. Hoffman, <i>Toledot Elischa b. Abuja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, 1880.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Rubin" title="Solomon Rubin">Solomon Rubin</a>, <i>Yalkut Shelomoh</i>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, 1896, pp. 17–28.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Michael Friedländer">Michael Friedländer</a>, <i>Der Vorchristliche Jüdische Gnosticismus</i>, 1898, pp. 100 <i>et seq.</i></li> <li>Samuel Baeck, <i>Elischa b. Abuja-Acher</i>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, 1891.</li> <li>Compare also <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%AFr_Halevi_Letteris" class="mw-redirect" title="Meïr Halevi Letteris">Meïr Halevi Letteris</a>' Hebrew drama <i>Ben Abuja</i>, an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust</a></i>, Vienna, 1865.</li> <li>B. Kaplan, in <i>Open Court</i>, August, 1902.</li></ul> <p>Modern bibliography: </p> <ul><li>Gedaliahu G. Stroumsa, "Aher: A Gnostic," <i>The Rediscovery of Gnosticism</i> Supplements to Numen XLI, ed. Bentley Layton (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1981), II, 808–818.</li> <li>Alan F. Segal, <i>Two Powers in Heaven</i>(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1977).</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_ben_Elisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishmael ben Elisha">Ishmael ben Elisha</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Tarfon" title="Rabbi Tarfon">Tarfon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Shimon_ben_Gamliel_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimon ben Gamliel II">Shimon ben Gamliel II</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Meir</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Judah_bar_Ilai" title="Judah bar Ilai">Yehudah</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Yose_ben_Halafta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yose ben Halafta">Yose ben Halafta</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimon bar Yochai</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elazar_ben_Shammua" class="mw-redirect" title="Elazar ben Shammua">Elazar ben Shammua</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_the_Babylonian" title="Nathan the Babylonian">Natan</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Yehudah haNasi</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Hiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Hiyya">Hiyya</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tannaim" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tannaim" title="Template:Tannaim"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tannaim" title="Template talk:Tannaim"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tannaim" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tannaim"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tannaim" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Last Generation of <a href="/wiki/Zugot" title="Zugot">Zugot Era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shammai" title="Shammai">Shammai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Hillel_and_Shammai" title="Houses of Hillel and Shammai">Houses of Hillel and Shammai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Bathyra" title="Bnei Bathyra">Bnei Bathyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_the_Essene" title="Menahem the Essene">Menahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hananiah_ben_Hezekiah_ben_Garon" title="Hananiah ben Hezekiah ben Garon">Hananiah ben Hezekiah ben Garon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Hillel" title="Simeon ben Hillel">Simeon ben Hillel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel I, the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Gamliel" title="Simeon ben Gamliel">Shimon ben Gamliel (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_ben_Elisha_ha-Kohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishmael ben Elisha ha-Kohen">Ishmael ben Elisha ha-Kohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_ben_Uzziel" title="Jonathan ben Uzziel">Jonathan ben Uzziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_ben_Buta" title="Baba ben Buta">Baba ben Buta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanina_ben_Dosa" title="Hanina ben Dosa">Hanina ben Dosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanina_Segan_ha-Kohanim" title="Hanina Segan ha-Kohanim">Hanina Segan ha-Kohanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Saul_ben_Batnit" title="Abba Saul ben Batnit">Abba Saul ben Batnit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admon_(tanna)" title="Admon (tanna)">Admon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosa_ben_Harkinas" title="Dosa ben Harkinas">Dosa ben Harkinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Bathyra" title="Judah ben Bathyra">Judah ben Bathyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Jacob_I" title="Eliezer ben Jacob I">Eliezer ben Jacob I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_the_Mede" title="Nahum the Mede">Nahum the Mede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_II" title="Gamaliel II">Gamaliel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Hananiah" title="Joshua ben Hananiah">Joshua ben Hananiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Hurcanus" title="Eliezer ben Hurcanus">Eliezer ben Hurcanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Arach" title="Eleazar ben Arach">Eleazar ben Arach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehunya_ben_HaKanah" title="Nehunya ben HaKanah">Nehunya ben HaKanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachum_Ish_Gamzu" title="Nachum Ish Gamzu">Nachum Ish Gamzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Hilkiah" title="Abba Hilkiah">Abba Hilkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Zadok" title="Rabbi Zadok">Rabbi Zadok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akabia_ben_Mahalalel" title="Akabia ben Mahalalel">Akabia ben Mahalalel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_HaPakoli" title="Simeon HaPakoli">Simeon HaPakoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_ha-Katan" title="Shmuel ha-Katan">Shmuel ha-Katan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third Generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Tarfon" title="Rabbi Tarfon">Rabbi Tarfon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Bava" title="Judah ben Bava">Judah ben Bava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Rabbi Ishmael">Rabbi Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Azariah" title="Eleazar ben Azariah">Eleazar ben Azariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_the_Galilean" title="Jose the Galilean">Jose the Galilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Jose" title="Eliezer ben Jose">Eliezer ben Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haninah_ben_Teradion" title="Haninah ben Teradion">Haninah ben Teradion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Perata_I" title="Eleazar ben Perata I">Eleazar ben Perata I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanan_ben_Baroka" title="Johanan ben Baroka">Johanan ben Baroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Zoma" title="Simeon ben Zoma">Simeon ben Zoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Azzai" title="Simeon ben Azzai">Simeon ben Azzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkelos" title="Onkelos">Onkelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanina_ben_Antigonus" title="Hanina ben Antigonus">Hanina ben Antigonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanina_ben_Hakinai" title="Hanina ben Hakinai">Hanina ben Hakinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yochanan_ben_Nuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yochanan ben Nuri">Yochanan ben Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Chisma" title="Eleazar Chisma">Eleazar Chisma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elisha ben Abuyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Ilai_I" title="Rabbi Ilai I">Rabbi Ilai I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Modi%27im" title="Eleazar of Modi'im">Eleazar of Modi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halafta" title="Halafta">Halafta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haninah_ben_Ahi_R._Joshua" title="Haninah ben Ahi R. Joshua">Haninah ben Ahi R. Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtolemus" title="Abtolemus">Abtolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_ben_Kisma" title="Jose ben Kisma">Jose ben Kisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeshbab_the_Scribe" title="Jeshbab the Scribe">Jeshbab the Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquila_of_Sinope" title="Aquila of Sinope">Aquila of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanan_ben_Torta" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanan ben Torta">Johanan ben Torta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Judah_of_Bartota" title="Eleazar ben Judah of Bartota">Eleazar ben Judah of Bartota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteya_ben_Heresh" title="Matteya ben Heresh">Matteya ben Heresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanan_the_Egyptian" title="Hanan the Egyptian">Hanan the Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_the_Yemenite" title="Simeon the Yemenite">Simeon the Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Jose_ben_Hanan" title="Abba Jose ben Hanan">Abba Jose ben Hanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Dama" title="Judah ben Dama">Judah ben Dama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fourth Generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Gamaliel_II" title="Simeon ben Gamaliel II">Simeon ben Gamaliel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_bar_Ilai" title="Judah bar Ilai">Judah bar Ilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_ben_Halafta" title="Jose ben Halafta">Jose ben Halafta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_ben_Halafta" title="Shimon ben Halafta">Shimon ben Halafta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Jonathan" title="Rabbi Jonathan">Rabbi Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a> (and wife <a href="/wiki/Bruriah" title="Bruriah">Bruriah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimon bar Yochai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Shammua" title="Eleazar ben Shammua">Eleazar ben Shammua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Nehemiah" title="Rabbi Nehemiah">Rabbi Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_the_Babylonian" title="Nathan the Babylonian">Rabbi Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Karha" title="Joshua ben Karha">Joshua ben Karha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Saul" title="Abba Saul">Abba Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanan_HaSandlar" title="Johanan HaSandlar">Johanan HaSandlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchas_ben_Yair" title="Pinchas ben Yair">Pinchas ben Yair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Shezuri" title="Simeon Shezuri">Simeon Shezuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hananiah_ben_Akavia" title="Hananiah ben Akavia">Hananiah ben Akavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Jacob_II" title="Eliezer ben Jacob II">Eliezer ben Jacob II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fifth Generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah haNasi (Judah I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_Kamma" title="Huna Kamma">Huna Kamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_ben_Judah" title="Jose ben Judah">Jose ben Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_ben_Jose" title="Ishmael ben Jose">Ishmael ben Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simeon" title="Eleazar ben Simeon">Eleazar ben Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Eleazar" title="Simeon ben Eleazar">Simeon ben Eleazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ha-Kappar" title="Eleazar ha-Kappar">Eleazar ha-Kappar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmachus_ben_Joseph" title="Symmachus ben Joseph">Symmachus ben Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issi_ben_Judah" title="Issi ben Judah">Issi ben Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kappara" title="Bar Kappara">Bar Kappara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_ben_Zimra" title="Jose ben Zimra">Jose ben Zimra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_ben_Sisi" title="Levi ben Sisi">Levi ben Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Bana%27ah" title="Rabbi Bana'ah">Rabbi Bana'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Menasya" title="Simeon ben Menasya">Simeon ben Menasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadua_the_Babylonian" title="Yadua the Babylonian">Yadua the Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Levi" title="Joshua ben Levi">Joshua ben Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Kohen_Bardela" title="Abba Kohen Bardela">Abba Kohen Bardela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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