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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stanislavski_and_the_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stanislavski_and_the_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stanislavski and the method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stanislavski_and_the_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stella_Adler_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stella_Adler_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stella Adler schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stella_Adler_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_on_Broadway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_on_Broadway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Career on Broadway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_on_Broadway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ستيلا أدلر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيلا أدلر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="استلا ادلر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استلا ادلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%94%EB%9D%BC_%EC%95%A0%EB%93%A4%EB%9F%AC" title="스텔라 애들러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스텔라 애들러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1_%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ստելլա Ադլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստելլա Ադլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="סטלה אדלר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטלה אדלר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="स्टेला ॲडलर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टेला ॲडलर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ستيلا ادلر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستيلا ادلر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ステラ・アドラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ステラ・アドラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Адлер, Стелла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адлер, Стелла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Стела Адлер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стела Адлер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stella Adler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q32788#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American actress and acting teacher (1901–1992)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Stella Adler</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stella_Adler_in_Shadow_of_The_Thin_Man_trailer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Stella_Adler_in_Shadow_of_The_Thin_Man_trailer.jpg/220px-Stella_Adler_in_Shadow_of_The_Thin_Man_trailer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Stella_Adler_in_Shadow_of_The_Thin_Man_trailer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="414" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Adler in <i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Thin_Man" title="Shadow of the Thin Man">Shadow of the Thin Man</a></i> (1941)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1901-02-10</span>)</span>February 10, 1901<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 21, 1992<span style="display:none">(1992-12-21)</span> (aged 91)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Los Angeles, California, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel_Cemetery_(Queens)" title="Mount Carmel Cemetery (Queens)">Mount Carmel Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Actress</li><li>acting teacher</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1905–1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Horace Eliascheff</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1923; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1930)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Clurman" title="Harold Clurman">Harold Clurman</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1942; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1959)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_A._Wilson" title="Mitchell A. Wilson">Mitchell A. Wilson</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1966; died 1973)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pavlovich_Adler" title="Jacob Pavlovich Adler">Jacob Pavlovich Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Adler" title="Sara Adler">Sara Adler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Adler" title="Celia Adler">Celia Adler</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Adler" title="Jay Adler">Jay Adler</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Adler" title="Julia Adler">Julia Adler</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Adler" title="Luther Adler">Luther Adler</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Adler" title="Allen Adler">Allen Adler</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Adler" title="Jerry Adler">Jerry Adler</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stella Adler</b> (February 10, 1901 – December 21, 1992<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an American actress and acting teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-ny_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A member of Yiddish Theater's <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pavlovich_Adler" title="Jacob Pavlovich Adler">Adler</a> dynasty, Adler began acting at a young age. She shifted to producing, directing, and teaching, founding the <a href="/wiki/Stella_Adler_Studio_of_Acting" title="Stella Adler Studio of Acting">Stella Adler Studio of Acting</a> in New York City in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in life she taught part time in Los Angeles, with the assistance of her protégée, actress <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Linville" title="Joanne Linville">Joanne Linville</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who continued to teach Adler's technique.<sup id="cite_ref-stel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Adler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stella Adler was born in Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-note_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the youngest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sara_Adler" title="Sara Adler">Sara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_P._Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob P. Adler">Jacob P. Adler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ny_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sister of <a href="/wiki/Luther_Adler" title="Luther Adler">Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Adler" title="Jay Adler">Jay</a>, Frances, and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Adler" title="Julia Adler">Julia Adler</a> and half-sister of Charles Adler and <a href="/wiki/Celia_Adler" title="Celia Adler">Celia Adler</a>, star of the Yiddish Theater. All five of her siblings were actors. The Adlers comprised the Jewish American Adler acting dynasty, which had its start in the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_Theater_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish Theater District">Yiddish Theater District</a> and was a significant part of the vibrant ethnic theatrical scene that thrived in New York from the late 19th century to the 1950s. Adler became the most famous and influential member of her family. She began acting at the age of four as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre#Yiddish_theatre_in_the_Americas" title="Yiddish theatre">Independent Yiddish Art Company</a> of her parents.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Adler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler began her acting career at the age of four in the play <i>Broken Hearts</i> at the Grand Street Theatre on the Lower East Side, as a part of her parents' Independent Yiddish Art Company.<sup id="cite_ref-stel_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rich_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She grew up acting alongside her parents, often playing roles of boys and girls. Her work schedule allowed little time for schooling, but when possible, she studied at public schools and <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>. She made her London debut, at the age of 18, as Naomi in <i>Elisa Ben Avia</i> with her father's company, in which she appeared for a year before returning to New York. In London, she met her first husband, Englishman Horace Eliashcheff; their brief marriage, however, ended in a divorce.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Adler made her English-language debut on Broadway in 1922 as the Butterfly in <i>The World We Live In</i>, and she spent a season in the <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> circuit. In 1922–23, the renowned Russian actor-director <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski" title="Konstantin Stanislavski">Konstantin Stanislavski</a> made his only U.S. tour with his <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre" title="Moscow Art Theatre">Moscow Art Theatre</a>. Adler and many others saw these performances, which had a powerful and lasting impact on her career and the 20th-century American theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-note_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Laboratory_Theatre" title="American Laboratory Theatre">American Laboratory Theatre</a> in 1925; there, she was introduced to Stanislavski's theories, from founders and Russian actor-teachers and former members of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Art Theater">Moscow Art Theater</a>—<a href="/wiki/Richard_Boleslavsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Boleslavsky">Richard Boleslavsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ouspenskaya" title="Maria Ouspenskaya">Maria Ouspenskaya</a>. In 1931, with <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Meisner" title="Sanford Meisner">Sanford Meisner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a>, among others, she joined the <a href="/wiki/Group_Theatre_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Theatre (New York)">Group Theatre</a>, New York, founded by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clurman" title="Harold Clurman">Harold Clurman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strasberg" title="Lee Strasberg">Lee Strasberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Crawford" title="Cheryl Crawford">Cheryl Crawford</a>, through theater director and critic, Clurman, whom she later married in 1943. With Group Theatre, she worked in plays such as <i>Success Story</i> by John Howard Lawson, two <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets">Clifford Odets</a> plays, <i><a href="/wiki/Awake_and_Sing!" title="Awake and Sing!">Awake and Sing!</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>, and directed the touring company of Odets's <i>Golden Boy</i> and <i>More to Give to People</i>. Members of Group Theatre were leading interpreters of the <a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">method acting</a> technique based on the work and writings of Stanislavski.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1934, Adler went to Paris with Harold Clurman and studied intensively with Stanislavski for five weeks. During this period, she learned that Stanislavski had revised his theories, emphasizing that the actor should create by imagination rather than memory. Upon her return, she broke away from Strasberg on the fundamental aspects of method acting.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, the day Strasberg died, Adler is said to have remarked, "It will take the theatre decades to recover from the damage that Lee Strasberg inflicted on American actors."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1937, Adler moved to Hollywood. There, she acted in films for six years under the name Stella Ardler, occasionally returning to the Group Theater until it dissolved in 1941. Eventually, she returned to New York to act, direct, and teach, the latter first at <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Workshop" title="Dramatic Workshop">Dramatic Workshop</a> at the <a href="/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="New School for Social Research">New School for Social Research</a>, New York City,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before founding Stella Adler Conservatory of Theatre in 1949. In the following years, she taught <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen" title="Steve McQueen">Steve McQueen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Dolores del Río">Dolores del Río</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Stritch" title="Elaine Stritch">Elaine Stritch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheen" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manu_Tupou" title="Manu Tupou">Manu Tupou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Keitel" title="Harvey Keitel">Harvey Keitel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Griffith" title="Melanie Griffith">Melanie Griffith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a>, among others, the principles of characterization and script analysis. She also taught at the New School,<sup id="cite_ref-book_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale School of Drama">Yale School of Drama</a>. For many years, Adler led the undergraduate drama department at New York University,<sup id="cite_ref-stel_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became one of America's leading acting teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Stella Adler was much more than a teacher of acting. Through her work she imparts the most valuable kind of information—how to discover the nature of our own emotional mechanics and therefore those of others. She never lent herself to vulgar exploitations, as some other well-known so-called "methods" of acting have done. As a result, her contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Presentational_acting_and_Representational_acting" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentational acting and Representational acting">theatrical culture</a> have remained largely unknown, unrecognized, and unappreciated.<sup id="cite_ref-ArtOfActing_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtOfActing-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><dl><dd>—Marlon Brando</dd></dl></blockquote> <p>In 1988, she published <i>The Technique of Acting</i> with a foreword by Marlon Brando.<sup id="cite_ref-book_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1926 until 1952, she appeared regularly on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>. Her later stage roles include the 1946 revival of <i><a href="/wiki/He_Who_Gets_Slapped" title="He Who Gets Slapped">He Who Gets Slapped</a></i> and an eccentric mother in the 1961 black comedy <i>Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mama's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad</i>. Among the plays she directed was a 1956 revival of the Paul Green/Kurt Weill antiwar musical <i>Johnny Johnson</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She appeared in only three films: <i><a href="/wiki/Love_on_Toast" title="Love on Toast">Love on Toast</a></i> (1937), <i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Thin_Man" title="Shadow of the Thin Man">Shadow of the Thin Man</a></i> (1941), and <i><a href="/wiki/My_Girl_Tisa" title="My Girl Tisa">My Girl Tisa</a></i> (1948). She concluded her acting career in 1961, after 55 years. During that time, and for years after, she became a renowned acting teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-rich_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stanislavski_and_the_method">Stanislavski and the method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Adler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stanislavski and the method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Stella_Adler" title="Special:EditPage/Stella Adler">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Adler was the only member of the <a href="/wiki/Group_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Group Theatre (New York City)">Group Theatre</a> to study with Konstantin Stanislavski.<sup id="cite_ref-ArtOfActing_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtOfActing-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FerventYears_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FerventYears-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a prominent member of the Group Theatre, but differences with <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strasberg" title="Lee Strasberg">Lee Strasberg</a> over <a href="/wiki/Stanislavski%27s_system" title="Stanislavski's system">Stanislavski's system</a> (later developed by Strasberg into <a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">method acting</a>) made her leave the group.<sup id="cite_ref-FerventYears_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FerventYears-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_adler_stella_adler_1936.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Luther_adler_stella_adler_1936.JPG/220px-Luther_adler_stella_adler_1936.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Luther_adler_stella_adler_1936.JPG/330px-Luther_adler_stella_adler_1936.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Luther_adler_stella_adler_1936.JPG/440px-Luther_adler_stella_adler_1936.JPG 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Luther and Stella Adler, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>Adler met with Stanislavski again later in his career and questioned him on Strasberg's interpretation. He told her that he had abandoned emotional memory, which had been Strasberg's dominant paradigm, but that they both believed that actors did not have what is required to play a variety of roles already instilled inside them, and that extensive research was needed to understand the experiences of characters who have different values originating from different cultures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Like Stanislavski, Adler understood the "gold hidden" inside the circumstances of the text. Actors should stimulate emotional experience by imagining the scene's "given circumstances," rather than recalling experiences from their own lives. She also understood that 50% of the actor's job is internal (imagination, emotion, action, will) and 50% is externals (characterization, way of walking, voice, face). To find what works for the character, the actors must study the circumstances of the text and make their choices based on what one gets from the material.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For instance, if a character talks about horse riding, one needs to know something about horse riding as an actor, otherwise one will be faking. More importantly, one must study the values of different people to understand what situations would have meant to people, when those situations might mean nothing in the actor's own culture. Without this work, Adler said that an actor walks onto the stage "naked". This approach is one for which both Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro became famous.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Adler also trained actors' sensory imagination to help make the characters' experiences more vivid. She believed that mastery of the physical and vocal aspects of acting was necessary for the actor to command the stage, and that all body language should be carefully crafted and voices need to be clear and expressive. She often referred to this as an actor's "size" or "worthiness of the stage". Her biggest mantra was perhaps "in your choices lies your talent", and she encouraged actors to find the most grand character interpretation possible in a scene; another favorite phrase of hers regarding this was "don't be boring".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Janis_Ian" title="Janis Ian">Janis Ian</a> studied under Adler in the early 1980s to help her feel more comfortable on stage, and the two women remained close friends until Adler's death. In her autobiography <i>Society's Child</i> (2008), Ian recalled that Adler had little patience for students who weren't progressing as she wanted, going so far on one occasion as to give one of her students a dime and tell her to call her mother to pick her up because "she had no business in the theater." On another occasion, Ian relates, Adler forcibly ripped a dress off another actress's body to get the actress to play a scene a different way.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Adler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler was related to <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Adler" title="Jerry Adler">Jerry Adler</a>, an actor and theatre director.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adler married three times: first to Horace Eliascheff—the father of her only child, Ellen—from 1923 to 1930;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then from 1942 until 1959 to director and critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clurman" title="Harold Clurman">Harold Clurman</a>, one of the founders of the Group Theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was finally married to <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and novelist <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_A._Wilson" title="Mitchell A. Wilson">Mitchell A. Wilson</a>, from 1966 until his death in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1938 to 1946, she was sister-in-law to actress <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Sidney" title="Sylvia Sidney">Sylvia Sidney</a>. Sidney was married Luther Adler at the time and provided Stella with a nephew.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after Sidney and Luther divorced, she and Sylvia remained close friends.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A lifelong <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, she supported <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a>'s campaign during the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 21, 1992, Adler died from <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> at the age of 91 in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-ny_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Adler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adler's technique, based on a balanced and pragmatic combination of imagination and memory, is hugely credited with introducing the subtle and insightful details and a deep physical embodiment of a character.<sup id="cite_ref-barton_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barton-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elaine Stritch once said: "What an extraordinary combination was Stella Adler—a goddess full of magic and mystery, a child full of innocence and vulnerability."<sup id="cite_ref-barton_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barton-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book <i>Acting: Onstage and Off</i>, Robert Barton wrote: "[Adler] established the value of the actor putting herself in the place of the character rather than vice versa ... More than anyone else, Stella Adler brought into public awareness all the close careful attention to text and analysis Stanislavski endorsed."<sup id="cite_ref-barton_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barton-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Stella Adler was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame" title="American Theater Hall of Fame">American Theater Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Center" title="Harry Ransom Center">Harry Ransom Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> acquired Adler's complete archive along with a small collection of her papers from her former husband <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clurman" title="Harold Clurman">Harold Clurman</a>. The collection includes correspondence, manuscripts, typescripts, lecture notes, photographs, and other materials.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1,100 audio and video recordings of Adler teaching from the 1960s to the 1980s have been digitized by the center and are accessible on site. The archive traces her career from her start in the New York <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_Theater_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish Theater District">Yiddish Theater District</a> to her encounters with Stanislavski and the Group Theatre to her lectures at the Stella Adler Studio of Acting.<sup id="cite_ref-hansom_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansom-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, she was honored with a posthumous <a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_on_the_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame">star</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> in front of the Stella Adler Theatre at 6773 Hollywood Boulevard.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adler is a character in <i>Names</i>, Mark Kemble's play about former Group Theatre members' struggles with the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>. Kemble consulted her about characterizations for the play and she told him to "just make it up".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stella_Adler_schools">Stella Adler schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Adler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stella Adler schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stella_Adler_Studio_of_Acting" title="Stella Adler Studio of Acting">Stella Adler Studio of Acting</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Irene_Gilbert" title="Irene Gilbert">Irene Gilbert</a>, a longtime protégée and friend, ran the <a href="/wiki/Stella_Adler_Studio_of_Acting" title="Stella Adler Studio of Acting">Stella Adler Studio of Acting</a> in Los Angeles until her death.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stella Adler Studio of Acting in New York opened a new studio in Los Angeles named the Art of Acting Studio in 2010 and is run by the Adler family.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_on_Broadway">Career on Broadway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Adler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Career on Broadway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All works are the original Broadway productions unless otherwise noted. </p> <ul><li><i>The Straw Hat</i> (1926)</li> <li><i>Big Lake</i> (1927)</li> <li><i>The House of Connelly</i> (1931)</li> <li><i>1931</i> (1931)</li> <li><i>Night Over Taos</i> (1932)</li> <li><i>Success Story</i> (1932)</li> <li><i>Big Night</i> (1933)</li> <li><i>Hilda Cassidy</i> (1933)</li> <li><i>Gentlewoman</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Gold Eagle Guy</i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awake_and_Sing!" title="Awake and Sing!">Awake and Sing!</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(play)" title="Paradise Lost (play)">Paradise Lost</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i>Sons and Soldiers</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>Pretty Little Parlor</i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/He_Who_Gets_Slapped" title="He Who Gets Slapped">He Who Gets Slapped</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Revival_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revival (play)">revival</a> (1946)</li> <li><i>Manhattan Nocturne</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>Sunday Breakfast</i> (1952)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Adler&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Fervent Years: The Group Theatre and the Thirties</i>, By Harold Clurman, Stella Adler. <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>, 1983. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80186-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80186-8">0-306-80186-8</a>.</li> <li><i>The Technique of Acting</i>, by Stella Adler. Bantam Books, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-05299-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-05299-3">0-553-05299-3</a>.</li> <li><i>Creating a Character: A Physical Approach to Acting</i>, by Moni Yakim, Muriel Broadman, Stella Adler. Applause Books, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55783-161-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55783-161-0">1-55783-161-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Stella Adler: The Art of Acting</i>, by Stella Adler, Howard Kissel, Applause Books, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55783-373-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55783-373-7">1-55783-373-7</a>.</li> <li><i>Stella Adler on Ibsen, Strindberg, and Chekhov</i>, by Stella Adler, Barry Paris. Random House Inc, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-74698-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-74698-6">0-679-74698-6</a>.</li> <li><i>Stella Adler on America's Master Playwrights: Eugene O'Neill, Thornton Wilder, Clifford Odets, William Saroyan, Tennessee Williams, William Inge, Arthur Miller, Edward Albee</i>, by Stella Adler, Barry Paris (editor). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42443-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42443-7">978-0-679-42443-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Adler&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chekhov" title="Michael Chekhov">Michael Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Hagen" title="Uta Hagen">Uta Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_Harman" title="Estelle Harman">Estelle Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lewis (actor)">Robert Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislavski%27s_system" title="Stanislavski's system">Stanislavski's system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">Method acting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stanislavski" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin Stanislavski">Constantin Stanislavski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Strasberg" title="Lee Strasberg">Lee Strasberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Meisner" title="Sanford Meisner">Sanford Meisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Chubbuck" title="Ivana Chubbuck">Ivana Chubbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Cojar" title="Ion Cojar">Ion Cojar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Adler&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Adler Feb 10, 1901 – Dec 21, 1992 (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>) 563-22-9174 California; <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Death_Index" title="Social Security Death Index">Social Security Death Index</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ny-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ny_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2008" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Joseph (April 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/09/theater/09adler.html">"A New Act Unfolds in Drama Dynasty"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+Act+Unfolds+in+Drama+Dynasty&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F09%2Ftheater%2F09adler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stellaadler.com/about/">"About | Stella Adler Studio of Acting"</a>. August 17, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204183839/https://stellaadler.com/about/">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+%7C+Stella+Adler+Studio+of+Acting&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstellaadler.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-29-et-stella-adler29-story.html">"A Stella Adler turf war in L.A."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Stella+Adler+turf+war+in+L.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2009-jun-29-et-stella-adler29-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stel_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stel_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stel_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DD1E31F931A15751C1A964958260">Stella Adler, 91, an Actress And Teacher of the Method</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, December 22, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/6078/Stella-Adler">Stella Adler</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSaMu4F06AQC&dq=Stella+Adler+-inauthor:%22Stella+Adler%22&pg=PA9">Adler Stella</a> <i>Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century</i>, by Susan Ware, Stacy Lorraine Braukman, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Harvard University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01488-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01488-X">0-674-01488-X</a>. pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchoa2014" class="citation book cs1">Ochoa, Sheana (2014). <i>Stella! Mother of Modern Acting</i>. Applause Theatre & Cinema. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1480355538" title="Special:BookSources/978-1480355538"><bdi>978-1480355538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stella%21+Mother+of+Modern+Acting&rft.pub=Applause+Theatre+%26+Cinema&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1480355538&rft.aulast=Ochoa&rft.aufirst=Sheana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rich-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rich_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rich_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrestoff1995" class="citation book cs1">Brestoff, Richard (1995). <i>The Great Acting Teachers and Their Methods</i>. Smith & Kraus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57525-012-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57525-012-0"><bdi>978-1-57525-012-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Acting+Teachers+and+Their+Methods&rft.pub=Smith+%26+Kraus&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-57525-012-0&rft.aulast=Brestoff&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twenty-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twenty_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Twentieth Century Actor Training: Principles of Performance</i>, by Alison Hodge. Routledge, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19451-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19451-2">0-415-19451-2</a>. p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinoy2013" class="citation book cs1">Chinoy, Helen Krich (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137294609_7">"Strasberg versus Adler"</a>. <i>The Group Theatre</i>. Springer Nature. pp. 95–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137294609_7">10.1057/9781137294609_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137294609" title="Special:BookSources/9781137294609"><bdi>9781137294609</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strasberg+versus+Adler&rft.btitle=The+Group+Theatre&rft.pages=95-112&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137294609_7&rft.isbn=9781137294609&rft.aulast=Chinoy&rft.aufirst=Helen+Krich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9781137294609_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatjewishwomen00slat/page/14">Stella Adler</a> <i>Great Jewish Women</i>, by Elinor Slater, Robert Slater. Published by Jonathan David Company, Inc., 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8246-0370-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8246-0370-2">0-8246-0370-2</a>. pp. 14–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2D81E3AF937A3575AC0A96E948260">Theater; Stella Adler In Her Latest Role: Author</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, September 4, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/fa/adler.stella.bio.html">Stella Adler (1901–1992) – Biographical Sketch</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Humanities_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center">Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center</a>, University of Texas at Austin.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArtOfActing-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArtOfActing_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArtOfActing_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlerKissel2000" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Stella; Kissel, Howard (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofacting00adle"><i>The Art of Acting</i></a></span>. Applause Books. preface. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55783-373-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55783-373-7"><bdi>1-55783-373-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Acting&rft.pages=preface&rft.pub=Applause+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55783-373-7&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft.au=Kissel%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofacting00adle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilga1997" class="citation book cs1">Vilga, Edward (January 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CwVlkTBSCugC&q=Stella%20Adler%20-inauthor:%22Stella%20Adler%22&pg=PA1"><i>Acting Now: Conversations on Craft and Career</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813524030" title="Special:BookSources/9780813524030"><bdi>9780813524030</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acting+Now%3A+Conversations+on+Craft+and+Career&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=9780813524030&rft.aulast=Vilga&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCwVlkTBSCugC%26q%3DStella%2520Adler%2520-inauthor%3A%2522Stella%2520Adler%2522%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FerventYears-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FerventYears_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FerventYears_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClurmanAdler1983" class="citation book cs1">Clurman, Harold; Adler, Stella (1983). <i>The Fervent Years: The Group Theatre and the Thirties</i>. <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80186-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80186-8"><bdi>0-306-80186-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fervent+Years%3A+The+Group+Theatre+and+the+Thirties&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-306-80186-8&rft.aulast=Clurman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Adler%2C+Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishledger.com/2014/06/the-sunshine-boys-lights-up-connecticut-stagewith-two-veteran-jewish-actors-2/">"The Sunshine Boys lights up Connecticut stage…with two veteran Jewish actors"</a>. <i>Jewish Ledger</i>. June 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Ledger&rft.atitle=The+Sunshine+Boys+lights+up+Connecticut+stage%E2%80%A6with+two+veteran+Jewish+actors&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishledger.com%2F2014%2F06%2Fthe-sunshine-boys-lights-up-connecticut-stagewith-two-veteran-jewish-actors-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"New York, New York City Marriage Records, 1829-1938", database, FamilySearch (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:248Z-Q8M">https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:248Z-Q8M</a> : 20 June 2023), Horace Eliascheff and Stella Adler, 1923.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ochoa, Sheena (2014). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stellamotherofmo0000ocho/page/68/mode/2up?q=Horace">Stella! : Mother of Modern Acting</a></i>. Milwaukee, WI : Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. pp. 69–70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781480355538" title="Special:BookSources/9781480355538">9781480355538</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, Hugh (October 5, 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/90030410/?clipping_id=135832066">"Hollywood"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>. p. 9. Retrieved November 26, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson Earl, (April 28, 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/202267266/?clipping_id=135832870">"It Happened Last Night: Phil Going to England"</a>. <i>Asheville Citizen-Times</i>. p. 4. Retrieved November 26, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons,_Leonard1966" class="citation news cs1">Lyons, Leonard (June 25, 1966). "The Lyons Den". <i>The Morning Call</i>. p. 18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2816859991">2816859991</a>. <q>Marital note: Harold Clurman, the director-critic, is back at the Russian Tea Room after a lecture tour. He was fascinated by a column item that his ex-wife, Stella Adler, had remarried in California. If true, this would relieve him of alimony... But no gossip column item, nor even the change of name on the lining of Stella's mink coat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Morning+Call&rft.atitle=The+Lyons+Den&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1966-06-25&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan,_Ed1967" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Ed (February 13, 1967). "Little Old New York". <i>New York Daily News</i>. p. 47. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2300679875">2300679875</a>. <q>Stella Adler's hubby, Mitch Wilson OK after surgery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Little+Old+New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1967-02-13&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mitchell Wilson, Science Writer And Popular Novelist, Dies at 59: Joined Industry in 1941". <i>The New York Times</i>. February 27, 1973. p. 40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/119670939">119670939</a>. <q>Mitchell Wilson, the novelist and science writer, died of a heart attack yesterday morning at his home, 1016 Fifth Avenue. He was 59 years old. He also maintained a home with his wife, Stella Adler, the actress, in Water Mill, N. Y.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mitchell+Wilson%2C+Science+Writer+And+Popular+Novelist%2C+Dies+at+59%3A+Joined+Industry+in+1941&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1973-02-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glazer, Barney (September 16, 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-southwest-wave/135857344/">"Hollywood Peek-A-Boo"</a>. <i>The Southwest Wave</i>. p. 10. Retrieved November 27, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380811591/?clipping_id=135857498">"Sylvia Sidney Divorces Stage Actor Luther Adler"</a>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i>. February 28, 1946. p. 2. Retrieved November 27, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Motion Picture and Television Magazine</i>, November 1952, page 33, Ideal Publishers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barton-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barton_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2011" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Robert (2011). <i>Acting: Onstage and Off</i>. Cengage Learning. pp. 136–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-89886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-89886-3"><bdi>978-0-495-89886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acting%3A+Onstage+and+Off&rft.pages=136-7&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-495-89886-3&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/06/theater/on-stage-and-off.html">"On Stage, and Off"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. December 6, 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Stage%2C+and+Off&rft.date=1991-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F12%2F06%2Ftheater%2Fon-stage-and-off.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00504">"Stella Adler and Harold Clurman: An Inventory of their Papers in the Performing Arts Collection at the Harry Ransom Center"</a>. <i>norman.hrc.utexas.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=norman.hrc.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=Stella+Adler+and+Harold+Clurman%3A+An+Inventory+of+their+Papers+in+the+Performing+Arts+Collection+at+the+Harry+Ransom+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorman.hrc.utexas.edu%2Ffasearch%2FfindingAid.cfm%3Feadid%3D00504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansom-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hansom_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/news/2004/04/26/nr_hrc-2/">Ransom Center acquires Stella Adler archive</a> The University of Texas at Austin, April 26, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Aug04/0,4670,PeopleStellaAdler,00.html">Adler Gets Posthumous Hollywood Walk Star</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></i>, Friday, August 4, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschhorn2001" class="citation web cs1">Hirschhorn, Joel (December 4, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2001/legit/reviews/names-2-1200552406/">"Names"</a>. <i>Variety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Names&rft.date=2001-12-04&rft.aulast=Hirschhorn&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2001%2Flegit%2Freviews%2Fnames-2-1200552406%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stellaadler-la.com">"Stella Adler Academy of Acting Los Angeles"</a>. <i>stellaadler-la.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stellaadler-la.com&rft.atitle=Stella+Adler+Academy+of+Acting+Los+Angeles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stellaadler-la.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStella+Adler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Adler&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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Clurman archive</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Center" title="Harry Ransom Center">Harry Ransom Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/the/18375">Irene Gilbert and Stella Adler papers, circa 1959–1998 (bulk 1970–1992)</a>, The Billy Rose Theatre Division, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">New York Public Library for the Performing Arts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/stella_adler/index.html">Stella Adler News</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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