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id="toc-Dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Premodern_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premodern_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Premodern estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premodern_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modern estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents_and_pagination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents_and_pagination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contents and pagination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents_and_pagination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents and pagination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents_and_pagination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missing_sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missing_sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Missing sections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missing_sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_Babylonian_Talmud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_Babylonian_Talmud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison to Babylonian Talmud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_Babylonian_Talmud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Commentators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations_into_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_into_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Translations into English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_into_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jerusalem Talmud</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="التلمود اليروشلمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التلمود اليروشلمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud_de_Jerusalem" title="Talmud de Jerusalem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Talmud de Jerusalem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeruzal%C3%A9msk%C3%BD_talmud" title="Jeruzalémský talmud – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jeruzalémský talmud" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud_Jerushalmi" title="Talmud Jerushalmi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Talmud Jerushalmi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemer_Talmud" title="Jerusalemer Talmud – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jerusalemer Talmud" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud_de_Jerusal%C3%A9n" title="Talmud de Jerusalén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Talmud de Jerusalén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud_de_J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Talmud de Jérusalem – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Talmud de Jérusalem" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeruzalimske_Talmoed" title="Jeruzalimske Talmoed – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jeruzalimske Talmoed" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud_di_Gerusalemme" title="Talmud di Gerusalemme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Talmud di Gerusalemme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99" title="תלמוד ירושלמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תלמוד ירושלמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmodan%27_i_Jerosalema" title="Talmodan' i Jerosalema – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Talmodan' i Jerosalema" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talm%C3%BAd_jerusjalm%C3%AD" title="Talmúd jerusjalmí – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Talmúd jerusjalmí" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C" title="تلمود یروشلمی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تلمود یروشلمی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmude_de_Jerusal%C3%A9m" title="Talmude de Jerusalém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Talmude de Jerusalém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Иерусалимский Талмуд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иерусалимский Талмуд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeruzalemsk%C3%BD_Talmud" title="Jeruzalemský Talmud – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jeruzalemský Talmud" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeruzalemski_Talmud" title="Jeruzalemski Talmud – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jeruzalemski Talmud" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud_jerushalmi" title="Talmud jerushalmi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Talmud jerushalmi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99" title="תלמוד ירושלמי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="תלמוד ירושלמי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/250px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/375px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/500px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="485" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-style:italic"><i>Talmud Readers</i> by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Behrman" title="Adolf Behrman">Adolf Behrman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> Talmudic literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaitic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jerusalem Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_tractate" title="Minor tractate">Minor Tractates</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Midrash_halakha" title="Midrash halakha">Halakhic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Exodus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael">Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Shimon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai">Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Leviticus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifra" title="Sifra">Sifra (Torat Kohanim)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Numbers and Deuteronomy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifre" title="Sifre">Sifre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sifri_Zutta" title="Sifri Zutta">Sifrei Zutta on Numbers</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_le-Sefer_Devarim" title="Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim">Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Tannaitic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Rabbah" title="Seder Olam Rabbah">Seder Olam Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Rabbi_Akiva" title="Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva">Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_of_the_Forty-nine_Rules" title="Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules">Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_on_the_Thirty-two_Rules" title="Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules">Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_on_the_Erection_of_the_Tabernacle" title="Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle">Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 400–600 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesikta_de-Rav_Kahana" title="Pesikta de-Rav Kahana">Pesikta de-Rav Kahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rabbah" title="Esther Rabbah">Esther Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Iyyob" title="Midrash Iyyob">Midrash Iyyob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah" title="Leviticus Rabbah">Leviticus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Zutta" title="Seder Olam Zutta">Seder Olam Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanhuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhuma">Tanhuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megillat_Antiochus" title="Megillat Antiochus">Megillat Antiochus</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 650–900 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avot_de-Rabbi_Natan" title="Avot de-Rabbi Natan">Avot de-Rabbi Natan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" title="Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanna_Devei_Eliyahu" title="Tanna Devei Eliyahu">Tanna Devei Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Sirach" title="Alphabet of Sirach">Alphabet of Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_Rabbah" title="Ecclesiastes Rabbah">Ecclesiastes Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_HaShirim_Rabbah" title="Shir HaShirim Rabbah">Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_Rabbah" title="Deuteronomy Rabbah">Deuteronomy Rabbah</a></li> <li>Devarim Zutta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesikta_Rabbati" title="Pesikta Rabbati">Pesikta Rabbati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Shmuel_(aggadah)" title="Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)">Midrash Shmuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Proverbs" title="Midrash Proverbs">Midrash Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Rabbah" title="Ruth Rabbah">Ruth Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_of_Samuel" title="Baraita of Samuel">Baraita of Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 900–1000 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ruth Zuta</li> <li>Eichah Zuta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tehillim" title="Midrash Tehillim">Midrash Tehillim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Hashkem" title="Midrash Hashkem">Midrash Hashkem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_ha-Shirim_Zutta" title="Shir ha-Shirim Zutta">Shir ha-Shirim Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggeret_of_Rabbi_Sherira_Gaon" title="Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon">Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 1000–1200 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tadshe" title="Midrash Tadshe">Midrash Tadshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)" title="Sefer haYashar (midrash)">Sefer haYashar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Shimoni" title="Yalkut Shimoni">Yalkut Shimoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_haMachiri" title="Yalkut haMachiri">Yalkut haMachiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Jonah" title="Midrash Jonah">Midrash Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Yaakov" title="Ein Yaakov">Ein Yaakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_HaGadol" title="Midrash HaGadol">Midrash HaGadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_Rabbah" title="Numbers Rabbah">Numbers Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaller_midrashim" title="Smaller midrashim">Smaller midrashim</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></li> <li>Fragment Targum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Neofiti" title="Targum Neofiti">Targum Neofiti</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Jonathan" title="Targum Jonathan">Targum Jonathan</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Targum Tehillim</li> <li>Targum Mishlei</li> <li>Targum Iyyov</li> <li>Targum to the Five Megillot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a> to Esther</li> <li>Targum to Chronicles</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Template:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Template talk:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Jerusalem Talmud</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשַׁלְמִי</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Talmud Yerushalmi</i></span>, often <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yerushalmi</i></span> for short) or <b>Palestinian Talmud</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>Talmud of the Land of Israel</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbinic</a> notes on the second-century Jewish <a href="/wiki/Oral_law" title="Oral law">oral tradition</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>. Naming this version of the Talmud after <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>—rather than <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>—is considered more accurate, as the text originated mainly from <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> in Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> rather than from Jerusalem, where no Jews lived at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jerusalem Talmud predates its counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/Talmud#Babylonian_Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (known in Hebrew as the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Talmud Bavli</i></span>), by about a century, written primarily in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian Aramaic</a>. It was compiled between the late fourth century to the first half of the fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both versions of the Talmud have two parts, the Mishnah (of which there is only one version), which was finalized by <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a> around the year 200 CE, and either the Babylonian or the Jerusalem <a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a>. The Gemara is what differentiates the Jerusalem Talmud from its Babylonian counterpart. The Jerusalem Gemara contains the written discussions of generations of rabbis of the <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Syria_Palaestina" title="Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina">Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p>This version of the Talmud is frequently named the Jerusalem Talmud or the Palestinian Talmud. The latter name, after the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">region of Palestine</a> – or the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> – is considered more accurate, as the text originated mainly from <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> in Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> rather than from Jerusalem, where no Jews lived at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the parallel terms dates to the period of the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">geonim</a> (6th–11th century CE), alongside other terms such as "Talmud of the Land of Israel," "Talmud of the West," and "Talmud of the Western Lands."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_historical_context">Origins and historical context</h2></div> <p>The Jerusalem Talmud probably originated in Tiberias in the School of <a href="/wiki/Johanan_bar_Nappaha" title="Johanan bar Nappaha">Johanan bar Nappaha</a><sup id="cite_ref-yw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a compilation of teachings of the schools of Tiberias, Caesarea,<sup id="cite_ref-yw_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is written largely in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian Aramaic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western Aramaic language</a> that differs from <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">its Babylonian counterpart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sac_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sac-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This Talmud is a synopsis of the analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> that was developed for nearly 200 years by the <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Syria_Palaestina" title="Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina">Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina</a> (principally those of <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>). Because of their location, the sages of these Academies devoted considerable attention to the analysis of the agricultural laws of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jehiel_ben_Jekuthiel_Anav#Leiden_Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jehiel ben Jekuthiel Anav">Leiden Jerusalem Talmud</a> (Or. 4720) is today the only extant complete manuscript of the Jerusalem Talmud and available at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Libraries">Leiden University Libraries</a>. It was copied in 1289 by <a href="/wiki/Jehiel_ben_Jekuthiel_Anav" title="Jehiel ben Jekuthiel Anav">Jehiel ben Jekuthiel Anav</a> and shows elements of a later recension.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The additions which are added in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_gloss" title="Biblical gloss">biblical glosses</a> of the Leiden manuscript do not appear in extant fragments of the same Talmudic <a href="/wiki/Masekhet" title="Masekhet">tractates</a> found in Yemen,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> additions which are now incorporated in every printed edition of the Jerusalem Talmud. These Yemenite fragments, a consequence of isolation the Yemenite community, are important as source material (as evidenced below). </p><p>The Leiden manuscript is important in that it preserves some earlier variants to textual readings, such as in Tractate <i><a href="/wiki/Pesachim_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesachim (Talmud)">Pesachim</a></i> 10:3 (70a), which brings down the old Hebrew word for <a href="/wiki/Charoset" title="Charoset">charoset</a> (the sweet relish eaten at Passover), viz. <i>dūkeh</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">דוכה</span>), instead of <i>rūbeh/rabah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">רובה</span>), saying with a play on words: "The members of Isse's household would say in the name of Isse: Why is it called <i>dūkeh</i>? It is because she pounds [the spiced ingredients] with him." The Hebrew word for "pound" is <i>dakh</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דך</span></span>), which rules out the spelling of <i>rabah</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רבה</span></span>), as found in the printed editions. <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> still call it <i>dūkeh</i>.<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Libraries">Leiden University Libraries</a> has digitised both volumes of the manuscript and made it available in its Digital Collections.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Hebrew manuscripts held in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> is a late 13th-century – early 14th-century copy of Tractate <i>Sotah</i> and the complete <i><a href="/wiki/Zeraim" title="Zeraim">Zeraim</a></i> for the Jerusalem Talmud (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hebrew_MS._133" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Hebrew MS. 133"><i>Vat. ebr.</i> 133</a>): <i>Berakhot</i>, <i>Peah</i>, <i>Demai</i>, <i>Kilayim</i>, <i>Sheviit</i>, <i>Terumot</i>, <i>Maaserot</i>, <i>Maaser Sheni</i>, <i>Ḥallah</i> and <i>Orlah</i> (without the Mishnah for the Tractates, excepting only the Mishnah to the 2nd chapter of Berakhot).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">L. Ginzberg</a> printed variant readings from this manuscript on pp. 347–372 at the end of his <i>Fragments of the Yerushalmi</i> (New York 1909). <a href="/wiki/Saul_Lieberman" title="Saul Lieberman">Saul Lieberman</a> printed variants at the end of his essay, <i>ʿAl ha-Yerushalmi</i> (Hebrew), Jerusalem 1929. Both editors noted that this manuscript is full of gross errors but also retains some valuable readings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premodern_estimates">Premodern estimates</h3></div> <p>Traditionally, the redaction of this Talmud was thought to have been brought to an abrupt end around 425, when <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> and put an end to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Semikhah" title="Semikhah">semikhah</a> (formal scholarly ordination). The redaction of the Jerusalem Talmud was done to codify the laws of the Sanhedrin as the redaction of the Mishnah had similarly done during the time of <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a>. It was thought that the compilers of the Jerusalem Talmud worked to collect the rulings of the Sanhedrin and lacked the time to produce a work of the quality they had intended and that this is the reason why the <a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a> do not comment upon the whole Mishnah, or that certain sections were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_estimates">Modern estimates</h3></div> <p>Current perspectives on the dating of the closure of the text of the Palestinian Talmud rely on an understanding of activity of rabbinic scholarship and literary production, identifying datable historical datapoints mentioned by the text, and its reliance on and citation by other datable (or roughly datable) texts. Broadly, the Palestinian Talmud is dated at some time from the second half of the fourth century to the first half of the fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christine Hayes has argued that a lack of evidence for <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a> activity in Syria Palaestina after the 370s implies that the text was closed by around 370.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, reference to historical events from around or even slightly after 370 may push the earliest possible date to the late 4th century. For example, the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Ursicinus_(magister_equitum)" title="Ursicinus (magister equitum)">Ursicinus</a>, who had a public role between 351 and 359, is mentioned several times in a legendary context, suggesting that these references are somewhat later than his public career.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, there is also a reference to the Persian campaign of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> from 363.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While less clear, there is also confidence that the Roman official "Proclus" named by the Palestinian Talmud corresponds to a Roman official also named <a href="/wiki/Proculus_(prefect_of_Constantinople)" title="Proculus (prefect of Constantinople)">Proclus</a>, who became the governor of Palestine around 380 and eventually climbed to the position of <i>praefectus urbi Constantinopolis</i> (Prefect of Constantinople) which he held between 388–392.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dating of the Palestinian Talmud is definitively prior to that of the Babylonian Talmud, which heavily relies on it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=""Heavily relies" is a nontrivial assertion (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Babylonian Talmud was composed at some time between the mid-sixth century to the early-seventh century, but prior to the onset of the Arab conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provides an upper absolute boundary as to when the Palestinian Talmud could have been compiled. To further push down the upper boundary, some lines (<i>Demai</i> 2:1; <i>Shevi'it</i> 6:1) of the Palestinian Talmud are also extant in the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_of_Rehob" title="Mosaic of Rehob">Tel Rehov inscription</a> which dates to the 6th or 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-YArieh1980_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YArieh1980-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Demsky1979_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demsky1979-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 182">: 182 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents_and_pagination">Contents and pagination</h2></div> <p>In the initial Venice edition, the Jerusalem Talmud was published in four volumes, corresponding to separate <i>sedarim</i> of the Mishnah. Page numbers are by volume as follows: </p> <ol><li>Zeraim: Berakhot (2a–14d); Pe'ah (15a–21b); Demai (21c–26c); Kilayim (26d–32d); Sheviit (33a–39d); Terumot (40a–48b); Maasrot (48c–52a); Maaser Sheni (52b–58d); Hallah (57a–60b); Orlah (60c–63b); Bikkurim (63c–65d).</li> <li>Moed: Shabbat (2a–18a); Eruvin (18a–26d); Pesachim (27a–37d); Yoma (38a–45c); Shekalim (45c–51b); Sukkah (51c–55d); Rosh ha-Shanah (56a–59d); Beẓah (59d–63b), Ta'anit (63c–69c); Megillah (69d–75d); Ḥagigah (75d–79d); Mo'ed Ḳaṭan (80a–83d).</li> <li>Nashim: Yebamot (2a–15a); Sotah (15a–24c); Ketuvot (24c–36b); Nedarim (36c–42d); Gittin (43a–50d); Nazir (51a–58a); Kiddushin (58a–66d).</li> <li>Nezikin (and Tohorot): Bava Kamma (2a–7c); Bava Metziah (7c–12c); Bava Batra (12d–17d); Sanhedrin (17d–30c); Makkot (30d–32b); Shevuot (32c–38d); Avodah Zarah (39a–45b); Horayot (45c–48c); Niddah (48d–51b).</li></ol> <p>Each page was printed as a <a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">folio</a>, thus it contains four sub-pages (i.e., 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d), in contrast to the Babylonian Talmud which only has two sub-pages (7a, 7b). </p><p>In addition, each chapter of the Jerusalem Talmud (paralleling a chapter of Mishnah) is divided into "halachot"; each "halacha" is the commentary on a single short passage of Mishnah. Passages in the Jerusalem Talmud are generally references by a combination of chapter and halacha (i.e., Yerushalmi Sotah 1:1), by a page in the Venice edition (i.e., Yerushalmi Sotah 15a), or both (Yerushalmi Sotah 1:1 15a). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missing_sections">Missing sections</h3></div> <p>In addition to the <i>sedarim</i> of <a href="/wiki/Tohorot_(tractate)" title="Tohorot (tractate)">Tohorot</a> (except part of <a href="/wiki/Niddah_(Talmud)" title="Niddah (Talmud)">Niddah</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kodashim" title="Kodashim">Kodashim</a>, several tractates and parts of tractates are missing from the Jerusalem Talmud. The last four chapters of <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a>, and the last chapter of <a href="/wiki/Makkot" title="Makkot">Makkot</a>, are missing. Niddah ends abruptly after the first lines of chapter 4. Tractates <a href="/wiki/Avot_of_Rabbi_Natan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avot of Rabbi Natan">Avot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduyot_(Talmud)" title="Eduyot (Talmud)">Eduyot</a> are missing from both the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds. <a href="/wiki/Shekalim_(Tractate)" title="Shekalim (Tractate)">Tractate Shekalim</a> from the Jerusalem Talmud is printed in printings of both the Jerusalem and the Babylonian Talmud. </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yerushalmi has not been preserved in its entirety; large portions of it were entirely lost at an early date, while other parts exist only in fragments. The <i><a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">editio princeps</a></i> (ed. Bomberg, Venice, 1523 et seq.), based on the Leiden manuscript and on which all later editions are based, terminates with the following remark: "Thus far we have found what is contained in this Talmud; and we have endeavored in vain to obtain the missing portions." Of the four manuscripts used for this first edition (comp. the note at the conclusion of Shab. xx. 17d and the passage just cited), only one is now in existence; it is preserved in the library of the University of Leyden (see <a href="/wiki/Leiden_Jerusalem_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden Jerusalem Talmud">below</a>). Of the six orders of the Mishnah, the fifth, Ḳodashim, is missing entirely from the Palestinian Talmud, while the sixth, Ṭohorot, contains only the first three chapters of the treatise Niddah (iv. 48d–51b).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_Babylonian_Talmud">Comparison to Babylonian Talmud</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Jerusalem_Talmud##" title="Talk:Jerusalem Talmud">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerusalem_Talmud&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jerusalem+Talmud%22">"Jerusalem Talmud"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jerusalem+Talmud%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jerusalem+Talmud%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jerusalem+Talmud%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jerusalem+Talmud%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jerusalem+Talmud%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg/250px-Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg/375px-Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg/500px-Yerushalmi_Talmud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>A page of a medieval Jerusalem Talmud manuscript, from the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are significant differences between the two Talmud compilations. The language of the Jerusalem Talmud is Jewish Aramaic, a <a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western Aramaic</a> dialect which differs from <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">that of the Babylonian</a>. The Jerusalem Talmud is often fragmentary<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and difficult to read, even for experienced Talmudists. The redaction of the Babylonian Talmud, on the other hand, is more careful and precise. The traditional explanation for this difference was the idea that the redactors of the Jerusalem Talmud had to finish their work abruptly. A more probable explanation is the fact that the Babylonian Talmud wasn't redacted for at least another 200 years, in which a broad discursive framework was created. The law as laid down in the two compilations is basically similar, except in emphasis and in minor details. In a novel view, <a href="/wiki/David_Weiss_Halivni" title="David Weiss Halivni">David Weiss Halivni</a> describes the longer discursive passages in the Babylonian Talmud as the "Stammaitic" layer of redaction, and believe that it was added later than the rest: if one were to remove the "Stammaitic" passages, the remaining text would be quite similar in character to the Jerusalem Talmud. </p><p>Neither the Jerusalem nor the Babylonian Talmud covers the entire Mishnah: for example, a Babylonian Gemara exists only for 37 out of the 63 tractates of the Mishnah. In particular: </p> <ul><li>The Jerusalem Talmud covers all the tractates of <a href="/wiki/Zeraim" title="Zeraim">Zeraim</a>, while the Babylonian Talmud covers only tractate <a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berakhot (Talmud)">Berachot</a>. The reason might be that most laws from the Orders Zeraim (agricultural laws limited to the land of Israel) had little practical relevance in Babylonia and were therefore not included.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jerusalem Talmud has a greater focus on the Land of Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>'s agricultural laws pertaining to the land because it was written in the Land of Israel where the laws applied.</li> <li>The Jerusalem Talmud does not cover the Mishnaic order of <a href="/wiki/Kodashim" title="Kodashim">Kodashim</a>, which deals with sacrificial rites and laws pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a>, while the Babylonian Talmud does cover it. It is not clear why this is, as the laws were not directly applicable in either country following the Temple's 70 CE destruction.</li> <li>In both Talmuds, only one tractate of <a href="/wiki/Tohorot" title="Tohorot">Tohorot</a> (ritual purity laws related to the Temple and sacrificial system) is examined, since the other tractates deal exclusively with Temple-related laws of ritual purity.</li></ul> <p>The Babylonian Talmud records the opinions of the rabbis of Israel as well as of those of Babylonia, while the Jerusalem Talmud seldom cites the Babylonian rabbis. The Babylonian version contains the opinions of more generations because of its later date of completion. For both these reasons, it is regarded as a more comprehensive collection of the opinions available. On the other hand, because of the centuries of redaction between the composition of the Jerusalem and the Babylonian Talmud, the opinions of early <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">amoraim</a> might be closer to their original form in the Jerusalem Talmud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> <p>The influence of the Babylonian Talmud has been far greater than that of the Jerusalem Talmud. In the main, this is because the influence and prestige of the Jewish community of Israel steadily declined in contrast with the Babylonian community in the years after the redaction of the Talmud and continuing until the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Gaonic era</a>. Furthermore, the editing of the Babylonian Talmud was superior to that of the Jerusalem version, making it more accessible and readily usable. <a href="/wiki/Hai_ben_Sherira" title="Hai ben Sherira">Hai ben Sherira</a>, on the preeminence of the Babylonian Talmud, wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Anything that has been decided halachically in our Talmud (i.e. the Babylonian Talmud), we do not rely on [any contradictory view found in] the Jerusalem Talmud, seeing that many years have passed since instruction coming from there (i.e. the Land of Israel) had ceased on account of persecution, whereas here (i.e. in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>) is where the final decisions were clarified.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, on the Jerusalem Talmud's continued importance for the understanding of arcane matters, Hai ben Sherira wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whatever we find in the Jerusalem Talmud and there is nothing that contradicts it in our own Talmud (i.e. the Babylonian Talmud), or which gives a nice explanation for its matters of discourse, we can hold-on to it and rely upon it, for it is not to be viewed as inferior to the commentaries of the <i>rishonim</i> (i.e. the early exponents of the Torah).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In addition, the Jerusalem Talmud remains an indispensable source of knowledge of the development of the Jewish Law in the Holy Land. It was also an important resource in the study of the Babylonian Talmud by the <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Chananel_ben_Chushiel" title="Chananel ben Chushiel">Chananel ben Chushiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nissim_ben_Jacob" title="Nissim ben Jacob">Nissim ben Jacob</a>, with the result that opinions ultimately based on the Jerusalem Talmud found their way into both the <a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>. </p><p>The Babylonian Talmud has traditionally been studied more widely and has had a greater influence on the halakhic tradition than the Jerusalem Talmud. However, some traditions associated with the Jerusalem Talmud are reflected in certain forms of the liturgy, particularly those of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews#Italian_rite_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniotes</a>. </p><p>Following the formation of the modern state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, there was some interest in restoring Jerusalem Talmud's traditions. For example, <a href="/wiki/David_Bar-Hayim" title="David Bar-Hayim">David Bar-Hayim</a> of the Machon Shilo institute has issued a <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">siddur</a> reflecting the practices found in the Jerusalem Talmud and other sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentators">Commentators</h2></div> <p>There is no comprehensive commentary to the Jerusalem Talmud by any of the <a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a>, but explanations of many individual passages can be found in the literature of the Rishonim. Most significantly, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Abraham_of_Sens" title="Samson ben Abraham of Sens">Samson ben Abraham of Sens</a> (c. 1150 – c. 1230), known as the <i>Rash</i>, excerpts and explains many sections of the Jerusalem Talmud in his commentary to the Mishnah of Seder Zeraim. His work, however, is focused on the Mishnah and is not a comprehensive commentary on the entire Jerusalem Talmud. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Yakar" title="Judah ben Yakar">Judah ben Yakar</a> (died c.1210) wrote a commentary to much of the Jerusalem Talmud, which was quoted by other rishonim but has now been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-ej_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kaftor VaFerach</i>, by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ishtori_Haparchi" title="Ishtori Haparchi">Ishtori Haparchi</a> (1280–1355), a disciple of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a>, the <i>Rosh</i>, is one of the few surviving compositions of the Rishonim about all of Seder <i><a href="/wiki/Zeraim" title="Zeraim">Zeraim</a></i>. However it is a <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">Halachic</a> work and not per se a commentary on the Jerusalem Talmud. </p><p>The only surviving commentaries of Rishonim on the Jerusalem Talmud are the commentaries to <a href="/wiki/Shekalim_(Tractate)" title="Shekalim (Tractate)">Tractate Shekalim</a> of <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri">Menachem Meiri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meshulam_ben_David&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meshulam ben David (page does not exist)">Meshulam ben David</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shemuel_ben_Shniur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shemuel ben Shniur (page does not exist)">Shemuel ben Shniur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three of these commentaries are reprinted in the Mutzal Mi'Eish edition of the Jerusalem Talmud Tractate Shekalim.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a>, however, wrote commentaries on all or major portions of the Jerusalem Talmud, and as with the Babylonian Talmud, many also wrote on individual tractates of the Jerusalem Talmud. </p><p>One of the first of the Acharonim to write a commentary on the Jerusalem Talmud was <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sirilio" title="Solomon Sirilio">Solomon Sirilio</a> (1485–1554), also known as <i>Rash Sirilio</i>, whose commentaries cover only the Seder Zeraim and the <a href="/wiki/Shekalim_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekalim (Talmud)">tractate Shekalim</a> of Seder <a href="/wiki/Moed" title="Moed">Moed</a>. Sirilio's commentary remained in manuscript form until 1875, when it was first printed in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> by Meir Lehmann.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Edition_Shas" title="Vilna Edition Shas">Vilna edition</a> of the Jerusalem Talmud, <i>Rash Sirilio</i> appears only for tractates <a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berakhot (Talmud)">Berakhot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pe%27ah" title="Pe'ah">Pe'ah</a> but the commentary for the entire Seder Zeraim appears in the Mutzal Mi'Eish edition of the Jerusalem Talmud and is reprinted in the <a href="/wiki/Oz_Vehadar" title="Oz Vehadar">Oz Vehadar</a> edition. In addition to his commentary, Sirilio worked to remove mistakes made by manuscript copyists that over time had slipped into the text of the Jerusalem Talmud and his amended text of the Gemara is reproduced alongside his commentary in the Vilna and Mutzal Mi'Eish editions of the Jerusalem Talmud. </p><p>Another 16th century commentary on the Yerushalmi is Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Elazar_ben_Moshe_Azikri" title="Elazar ben Moshe Azikri">Elazar ben Moshe Azikri</a>'s commentary to Tractates Berakhot<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Betzah.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today's modern printed editions almost all carry the commentaries, <i>Korban ha-Eida</i>, by <a href="/wiki/David_ben_Naphtali_Fr%C3%A4nkel" title="David ben Naphtali Fränkel">David ben Naphtali Fränkel</a> (c. 1704–1762) of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> on the orders of Moed, Nashim and parts of Nezikin, and <i>Pnei Moshe</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Moses_Margolies" title="Moses Margolies">Moses Margolies</a> (c.1710?–1781) of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> on the entire Talmud. The Vilna edition also includes the <b>Ridvaz</b> by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Dovid_Wilovsky" title="Yaakov Dovid Wilovsky">Yaakov Dovid Wilovsky</a> on most of the Talmud. The goal of all three of these commentaries is to explain the simple meaning of the Talmud similar to <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>'s commentary on the Bavli, and the authors each wrote an additional commentary—<b>Sheyarei ha-Korban</b>, <b>Marei ha-Panim</b> and <b>Tosefot Rid</b> respectively—that is meant to be a similar style to <a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a>. </p><p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Kanievsky" title="Chaim Kanievsky">Chaim Kanievsky</a> published a commentary on tractates Berakhot through Nedarim (roughly 70% of the Jerusalem Talmud), considered by many to be the clearest commentary. Most of it is reprinted in the Oz Vehadar edition of the Yerushalmi. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yitzchok_Isaac_Krasilschikov" title="Yitzchok Isaac Krasilschikov">Yitzchok Isaac Krasilschikov</a> wrote the Toledot Yitzchak and Tevuna commentaries on tractates Berakhot through Rosh Hashanah (roughly 50% of the Jerusalem Talmud), which was published from his manuscript by the Mutzal Me-esh Institute. </p><p>A modern edition and commentary, known as <i>Or Simchah</i>, is currently being prepared in <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a>; another edition in preparation, including paraphrases and explanatory notes in modern Hebrew, is <i>Yedid Nefesh</i>. The Jerusalem Talmud has also received some attention from <a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Adin Steinsaltz</a>, who planned a translation into modern Hebrew and accompanying explanation similar to his work on the Babylonian Talmud before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So far only Tractates <a href="/wiki/Pe%27ah" title="Pe'ah">Pe'ah</a> and Shekalim have appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations_into_English">Translations into English</h2></div> <ul><li>The first volume, Berakhoth, was translated into English in 1886 by Dr. Moses Schwab, under the title "The Talmud of Jerusalem" . The author has an earlier translation into French, which covers many more volumes.</li> <li><i>Talmud of the Land of Israel: A Preliminary Translation and Explanation</i> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Jacob Neusner</a>, Tzvee Zahavy, others. University of Chicago Press. This translation uses a form-analytical presentation that makes the logical units of discourse easier to identify and follow. Neusner's mentor <a href="/wiki/Saul_Lieberman" title="Saul Lieberman">Saul Lieberman</a>, then the most prominent Talmudic scholar alive, read one volume shortly before his death and wrote a review, published posthumously, in which he describes dozens of major translation errors in the first chapter of that volume alone, also demonstrating that Neusner had not, as claimed, made use of manuscript evidence; he was "stunned by Neusner's ignorance of rabbinic Hebrew, of Aramaic grammar, and above all the subject matter with which he deals" and concluded that "the right place for [Neusner's translation] is the wastebasket".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This review was devastating for Neusner's career.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a> a few months later, during a plenary session designed to honor Neusner for his achievements, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Smith" title="Morton Smith">Morton Smith</a> (also Neusner's mentor) took to the lectern and announced that "I now find it my duty to warn" that the translation "cannot be safely used, and had better not be used at all". He also called Neusner's translation "a serious misfortune for Jewish studies". After delivering this speech, Smith marched up and down the aisles of the ballroom with printouts of Lieberman's review, handing one to every attendee.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Schottenstein Edition of the Yerushalmi Talmud</i> Mesorah/ArtScroll. This translation is the counterpart to Mesorah/ArtScroll's <a href="/wiki/Schottenstein_Edition_of_the_Babylonian_Talmud" title="Schottenstein Edition of the Babylonian Talmud">Schottenstein Edition of the Babylonian Talmud</a> (n.b. Fully translated in Hebrew and English. The 51-Volume set is the first and only Orthodox non-academic English translation of the Jerusalem Talmud, the series was completed and available for purchase as of March 6, 2022.)</li> <li><i>The Jerusalem Talmud</i> ed. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Guggenheimer" title="Heinrich Guggenheimer">Heinrich Guggenheimer</a>, Walter de Gruyter. This edition, which is a complete one for the entire Jerusalem Talmud, is a scholarly translation based on the editio princeps and upon the existing manuscripts. The text is fully vocalized and followed by an extensive commentary.</li> <li>Modern Elucidated Talmud Yerushalmi, ed. Joshua Buch. Uses the Leiden manuscript as its based text corrected according to manuscripts and Geniza Fragments. Draws upon Traditional and Modern Scholarship<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoscovitz2021" class="citation web cs1">Moscovitz, Leib (January 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199840731/obo-9780199840731-0151.xml">"Palestinian Talmud/Yerushalmi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bibliographies_Online" title="Oxford Bibliographies Online">Oxford Bibliographies Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199840731-0151">10.1093/OBO/9780199840731-0151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984073-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984073-1"><bdi>978-0-19-984073-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+Online&rft.atitle=Palestinian+Talmud%2FYerushalmi&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199840731-0151&rft.isbn=978-0-19-984073-1&rft.aulast=Moscovitz&rft.aufirst=Leib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199840731%2Fobo-9780199840731-0151.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokser,_Baruch_M.1981" class="citation book cs1">Bokser, Baruch M. (1981). "An Annotated Bibliographical Guide to the Study of the Palestinian Talmud". In Jacob Neusner (ed.). <i>In The Study of Ancient Judaism. Vol. 2, The Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds</i>. New York: Ktav. pp. 1–119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Annotated+Bibliographical+Guide+to+the+Study+of+the+Palestinian+Talmud&rft.btitle=In+The+Study+of+Ancient+Judaism.+Vol.+2%2C+The+Palestinian+and+Babylonian+Talmuds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-119&rft.pub=Ktav&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Bokser%2C+Baruch+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_erm9evO6EC&pg=PR39"><i>A Jewish Life on Three Continents: The Memoir of Menachem Mendel Frieden</i></a>. Stanford University Press. 2013. p. xxxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8620-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8620-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-8620-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Jewish+Life+on+Three+Continents%3A+The+Memoir+of+Menachem+Mendel+Frieden&rft.pages=xxxix&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8620-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz_erm9evO6EC%26pg%3DPR39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolak2016" class="citation book cs1">Wolak, Arthur J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7w1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129"><i>Religion and Contemporary Management: Moses as a Model for Effective Leadership</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-600-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-600-9"><bdi>978-1-78308-600-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Contemporary+Management%3A+Moses+as+a+Model+for+Effective+Leadership&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78308-600-9&rft.aulast=Wolak&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7w1DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Jacobs, Louis</a> (1991). <i>Structure and Form in the Babylonian Talmud</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521050319" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521050319"><bdi>978-0521050319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure+and+Form+in+the+Babylonian+Talmud&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521050319&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Schiffman, Lawrence</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C&pg=PA227"><i>From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism</i></a>. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-372-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-372-6"><bdi>978-0-88125-372-6</bdi></a>. <q>Although it is <b>popularly known</b> as the Jerusalem Talmud (Talmud Yerushalmi), a more accurate name for this text is either "Palestinian Talmud" or "Talmud of the Land of Israel." Indeed, for most of the amoraic age, under both Rome and Byzantium, Jews were prohibited from living in the holy city, and the centers of Jewish population had shifted northwards... The Palestinian Talmud emerged primarily from the activity of the sages of Tiberias and Sepphoris, with some input, perhaps entire <a href="/wiki/Masekhet" title="Masekhet">tractates</a>, from the sages of the "south" (Lydda, modern Lod) and the coastal plain, most notably Caesarea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Text+to+Tradition%3A+A+History+of+Second+Temple+and+Rabbinic+Judaism&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-372-6&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3kWYHyBb4C8C%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1997" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Christine Elizabeth (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gMoXnikN3x8C"><i>Between the Babylonian and Palestinian Talmuds: Accounting for Halakhic Difference in Selected Sugyot from Tractate Avodah Zarah</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535682-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535682-3"><bdi>978-0-19-535682-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Babylonian+and+Palestinian+Talmuds%3A+Accounting+for+Halakhic+Difference+in+Selected+Sugyot+from+Tractate+Avodah+Zarah&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535682-3&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christine+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMoXnikN3x8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacher1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bacher" title="Wilhelm Bacher">Bacher, Wilhelm</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14213-talmud">"Talmud"</a>. In I. Singer, C. Adler (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 12. <a href="/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls" title="Funk & Wagnalls">Funk & Wagnalls</a>. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-09</span></span>. <q>The general designation of the Palestinian Talmud as "Talmud Yerushalmi," or simply as "Yerushalmi," is precisely analogous to that of the Palestinian Targum. The term originated in the geonic period, when, however, the work received also the more precise designations of "Talmud of Palestine," "Talmud of the Land of Israel," "Talmud of the West," and "Talmud of the Western Lands."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Talmud&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Bacher&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F14213-talmud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yw-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yw_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yw_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/1266720/overview-talmud-yerushalmi.html">"An Overview of the Talmud Yerushalmi – The Yeshiva World"</a>. <i>www.theyeshivaworld.com</i>. May 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theyeshivaworld.com&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+the+Talmud+Yerushalmi+%E2%80%93+The+Yeshiva+World&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyeshivaworld.com%2Fnews%2Fheadlines-breaking-stories%2F1266720%2Foverview-talmud-yerushalmi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sac-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sac_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Gersh, <i>The Sacred Books of the Jews</i>, 1968, Stein and Day, New York, p. 123:<br />"The two versions also use different dialects, the Palestinian being written in a mixture of Hebrew and west-Aramaic, the Babylonian in a mixture of Hebrew and east-Aramaic."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmud_Yerushalmi_Codex_Leidenn.d." class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Talmud Yerushalmi Codex Leiden</a> (n.d.). <i>Talmud Yerushalmi Codex Leiden, Scal. 3</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 1–4 (facsimile ed.). Jerusalem: Makor Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829454181">829454181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talmud+Yerushalmi+Codex+Leiden%2C+Scal.+3&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.edition=facsimile&rft.pub=Makor+Publishing+Ltd.&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F829454181&rft.au=Talmud+Yerushalmi+Codex+Leiden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yehuda Levi Nahum, <i>Hasifat Genuzim Miteman</i> (Revelation of Ancient Yemenite Treasures), Holon (Israel) 1971, pp. 19–29 (article: "Fragment of Mishnah and Jerusalem Talmud <i>Shevi'it</i> (chapter 7), by Prof. Zvi Meir Rabinowitz).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yehuda Ratzaby, <i>Dictionary of the Hebrew Language used by Yemenite Jews</i> (<b>אוצר לשון הקדש שלבני תימן</b>), Tel-Aviv 1978, s.v. דּוּכֵּהּ (p. 54).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:937041">"Talmūd Yerūšalmī : or Jerusalem Talmud Or. 4720"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Libraries">Leiden University Libraries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887.1%2Fitem%3A937041">1887.1/item:937041</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talm%C5%ABd+Yer%C5%AB%C5%A1alm%C4%AB+%3A+or+Jerusalem+Talmud+Or.+4720&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Libraries&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887.1%2Fitem%3A937041&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1887.1%2Fitem%3A937041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.ebr.133">Vatican Library - Vat. ebr. 133</a>, <i>Sotah</i> (ff. 1r–21r), <i>Berakhot</i> (ff. 22r–50v), <i>Pe'ah</i> (ff. 50v–66r), <i>Demai</i> (ff. 66r–80r), <i>Kilayim</i> (ff. 80r–94v), <i>Shevi'it</i> (ff. 94v–107v), <i>Terumot</i> (ff. 107v–125v), <i>Ma'aserot</i> (ff. 126r–135r), <i>Ma'aser Sheni</i> (ff. 135r–144v), <i>Ḥallah</i> (ff. 144v–148v) and <i>Orlah</i> (ff.148v–151v).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Stemberger, <i>Einleitung in Talmud und Midrasch</i> (München 1992), p. 172–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2011" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Hillel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35952439">"Early Halakhic Literature"</a>. In Bonfil, Robert; Talgam, Rina; Stroumsa, Guy G.; Irshai, Oded (eds.). <i>Jews in Byzantium : Dialectics of Minority and Majority Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 629–630.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Halakhic+Literature&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Byzantium+%3A+Dialectics+of+Minority+and+Majority+Culture&rft.pages=629-630&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35952439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmsler2023" class="citation book cs1">Amsler, Monika (2023). <i>The Babylonian Talmud and late antique book culture</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-29733-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-29733-2"><bdi>978-1-009-29733-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Babylonian+Talmud+and+late+antique+book+culture&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-29733-2&rft.aulast=Amsler&rft.aufirst=Monika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmsler2023" class="citation book cs1">Amsler, Monika (2023). <i>The Babylonian Talmud and late antique book culture</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-29733-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-29733-2"><bdi>978-1-009-29733-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Babylonian+Talmud+and+late+antique+book+culture&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-29733-2&rft.aulast=Amsler&rft.aufirst=Monika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YArieh1980-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YArieh1980_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYitzhaki1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99" class="extiw" title="he:אריה יצחקי">Yitzhaki, Arieh</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Hebrew]</span> (1980). "Ḥūrvat Parwah – Synagogue of 'Reḥob' (חורבת פרוה - בית-הכנסת של רחוב)". <i>Israel Guide - Jerusalem</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 8. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745203905">745203905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4%C5%ABrvat+Parwah+%E2%80%93+Synagogue+of+%27Re%E1%B8%A5ob%27+%28%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%94+-+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%29&rft.btitle=Israel+Guide+-+Jerusalem&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Keter+Publishing+House%2C+in+affiliation+with+the+Israel+Ministry+of+Defence&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F745203905&rft.aulast=Yitzhaki&rft.aufirst=Arieh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demsky1979-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Demsky1979_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemsky1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Demsky" title="Aaron Demsky">Demsky, A.</a> (1979). "The Permitted Villages of Sebaste in the Reḥov Mosaic". <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal" title="Israel Exploration Journal">Israel Exploration Journal</a></i>. <b>29</b> (3/4): 182–193. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925724">27925724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Permitted+Villages+of+Sebaste+in+the+Re%E1%B8%A5ov+Mosaic&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=182-193&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27925724%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Demsky&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinsaltz1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Steinsaltz, Adin</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialtalmud00stei"><i>The Essential Talmud</i></a></span>. BasicBooks, A Division of HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02063-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02063-1"><bdi>0-465-02063-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Talmud&rft.pub=BasicBooks%2C+A+Division+of+HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-465-02063-1&rft.aulast=Steinsaltz&rft.aufirst=Adin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialtalmud00stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Talmud Yerushalmi</i>, vol. 1, <i>B’rachot</i>, Friedman’s <i>Oz ve-Hadar</i> edition, New-York 2010, Introduction, p. 17; <i>Geonic Responsa from the Geniza</i> (Simha Assaf), pp. 125–126. The original Hebrew and Aramaic: ומילתא דפסיקא בתלמוד דילנא לא סמכינן בה על תלמודא דבני ארץ ישראל הואיל ושנים רבות איפסיקא הוראה מתמן בשמאדא והכא הוא דאיתבררי מסקני</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Talmud Yerushalmi</i>, vol. 1, <i>B’rachot</i>, Friedman’s <i>Oz ve-Hadar</i> edition, New-York 2010, Introduction, p. 19, who quotes from <i>Sefer Ha-Eshkol</i> of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Isaac_of_Narbonne" title="Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne">Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne</a>, vol. 2, Benjamin Hirsch (Zvi) Auerbach’s edition, Halberstadt 1868, s.v. <i>Hilchos Sefer-Torah</i>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=31467&st=&pgnum=51&hilite=">49</a> (Responsum of Rabbi Hai Gaon). The original Hebrew: כל מה שמצינו בתלמוד ארץ ישראל ואין חולק עליו בתלמודנו, או שנותן טעם יפה לדבריו נאחזנו ונסמוך עליו, דלא גרע מפירושי הראשונים</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ej-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ej_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/judah-ben-yakar">"Judah ben Yakar"</a>. Encyclopaedia Judaica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judah+ben+Yakar&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fjudah-ben-yakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Printed in most editions of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bet_Habechirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bet Habechirah (page does not exist)">Bet Habechirah</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99" class="extiw" title="he:בית הבחירה למאירי">he</a>]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The latter two were published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avraham_Sofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avraham Sofer (page does not exist)">Avraham Sofer</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8_(%D7%A8%D7%91)" class="extiw" title="he:אברהם סופר (רב)">he</a>]</sup> and available online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/7054">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Available online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/65194">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/49585"><i>Berakhoth Talmud Yerushalmi</i></a> (<b>ברכות תלמוד ירושלמי</b>), with commentary by Solomon Sirilio, ed. <a href="/wiki/Meir_Lehmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Meir Lehmann">Meir Lehmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayence">Mayence</a> 1875.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Printed in Vilna edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Published from manuscript by Rabbi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Francus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Francus (page does not exist)">Israel Francus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A1" class="extiw" title="he:ישראל פרנצוס">he</a>]</span> in 1967, and reprinted in the Oz Vehadar edition of the Yerushalmi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108091029/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966474-2,00.html">"Religion: Giving The Talmud to the Jews"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 1988-01-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966474-2,00.html">the original</a> on November 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Religion%3A+Giving+The+Talmud+to+the+Jews&rft.date=1988-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C966474-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJerusalem+Talmud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinsaltz" class="citation web cs1">Steinsaltz, Rabbi Adin Even-Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231224152/http://www.steinsaltz.org/dynamic/content.asp?id=4">"The Aleph Society- Let My People Know"</a>. <i>The Aleph Society</i>. 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(1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14213-talmud">"Talmud"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. 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href="http://kodesh.snunit.k12.il/b/r/r0.htm">Full Text of the Talmud Yerushalmi (Hebrew)</a> Snunit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerushalmionline.org">The Talmud Yerushalmi in 750 MP3s</a> - from YerushalmiOnline.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=32&letter=T#119">The Talmud Yerushalmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>, 1906</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3866469,00.html">Lost segment of Jerusalem Talmud unearthed in Geneva</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Azkari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Israel_Benveniste" title="Joshua ben Israel Benveniste">Joshua ben Israel Benveniste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_of_Fulda" title="Elijah of Fulda">Elijah of Fulda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_ben_Naphtali_Fr%C3%A4nkel" title="David ben Naphtali Fränkel">David ben Naphtali Fränkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Abraham_Kahana" title="Jacob ben Abraham Kahana">Jacob ben Abraham Kahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Margolies" title="Moses Margolies">Moses Margolies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yechiel_Michel_Epstein" title="Yechiel Michel Epstein">Yechiel Michel HaLevi Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meir_Marim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meir Marim (page does not exist)">Meir Marim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Saul_Nathansohn" title="Joseph Saul Nathansohn">Joseph Saul HaLevi Nathansohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Dovid_Wilovsky" title="Yaakov Dovid Wilovsky">Yaakov Dovid Wilovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisroel_ben_Shmuel_of_Shklov" title="Yisroel ben Shmuel of Shklov">Yisroel ben Shmuel of Shklov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yechiel_Bar-Lev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yechiel Bar-Lev (page does not exist)">Yechiel Bar-Lev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yisroel_Chaim_Daiches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yisroel Chaim Daiches (page does not exist)">Yisroel Chaim Daiches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Kanievsky" title="Chaim Kanievsky">Chaim Kanievsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchok_Isaac_Krasilschikov" title="Yitzchok Isaac Krasilschikov">Yitzchok Isaac Krasilschikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Lieberman" title="Saul Lieberman">Saul Lieberman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost commentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Ziemba" title="Menachem Ziemba">Menachem Ziemba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unpublished commentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Mordecai_Zacuto" title="Moses ben Mordecai Zacuto">Moses ben Mordecai Zacuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Feinstein" title="Moshe Feinstein">Moshe Feinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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