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<button aria-controls="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle New Testament subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1_John_5:7–8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1_John_5:7–8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1 John 5:7–8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1_John_5:7–8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesus_in_the_New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Jesus in the New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesus_in_the_New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jesus_in_later_Christian_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesus_in_later_Christian_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Jesus in later Christian theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesus_in_later_Christian_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Spirit_in_the_New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Spirit_in_the_New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Holy Spirit in the New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Spirit_in_the_New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holy_Spirit_in_later_Christian_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Spirit_in_later_Christian_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Holy Spirit in later Christian theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Spirit_in_later_Christian_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_the_Council_of_Nicaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_Council_of_Nicaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Before the Council of Nicaea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_Council_of_Nicaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Council_of_Nicaea_(325)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Council_of_Nicaea_(325)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First Council of Nicaea (325)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Council_of_Nicaea_(325)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>First Council of Constantinople (381)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trinitarian_baptismal_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinitarian_baptismal_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Trinitarian baptismal formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinitarian_baptismal_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_God_in_three_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_God_in_three_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>One God in three persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_God_in_three_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perichoresis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perichoresis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Perichoresis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perichoresis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_and_immanent_Trinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_immanent_Trinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Economic and immanent Trinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_immanent_Trinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinity_and_love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinity_and_love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Trinity and love</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinity_and_love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinity_and_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinity_and_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Trinity and will</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinity_and_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinity_and_Christian_apologetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinity_and_Christian_apologetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Trinity and Christian apologetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinity_and_Christian_apologetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Political aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incomprehensibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incomprehensibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Incomprehensibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incomprehensibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_of_the_Trinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_of_the_Trinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Models of the Trinity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models_of_the_Trinity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Models of the Trinity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Models_of_the_Trinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_Trinitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_Trinitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Social Trinitarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_Trinitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nontrinitarian_Christian_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nontrinitarian_Christian_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nontrinitarian Christian beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nontrinitarian_Christian_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions'_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions'_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other religions' views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_religions'_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other religions' views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_religions'_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Artistic depictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artistic_depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Artistic depictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Artistic_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trinity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drie-eenheid" title="Drie-eenheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Drie-eenheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreifaltigkeit" title="Dreifaltigkeit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dreifaltigkeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%88%8B%E1%88%B4" title="ሥላሴ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥላሴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D4%A5%D1%88%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%B0%D1%85%D2%A9%D1%8B" title="Иԥшьоу ахҩы – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Иԥшьоу ахҩы" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB" title="ثالوث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثالوث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܬܠܝܬܝܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܠܝܬܝܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B5%D6%80%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սուրբ Երրորդութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սուրբ Երրորդութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinid%C3%A1" title="Santísima Trinidá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Santísima Trinidá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C3%BCqnum" title="Üç üqnum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üç üqnum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="ত্রিত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ত্রিত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam-it" title="Sam-it – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sam-it" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Тройца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тройца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Тройца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тройца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_(Kristiyanismo)" title="Trinidad (Kristiyanismo) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Trinidad (Kristiyanismo)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Света Троица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Света Троица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveto_Trojstvo" title="Sveto Trojstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sveto Trojstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinded_kristen" title="Trinded kristen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trinded kristen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%C3%ADssima_Trinitat" title="Santíssima Trinitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Santíssima Trinitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%C3%A7%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Виçпĕрлев – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Виçпĕрлев" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejsv%C4%9Bt%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%AD_Trojice" title="Nejsvětější Trojice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nejsvětější Trojice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Drindod" title="Y Drindod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Drindod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treenigheden" title="Treenigheden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Treenigheden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinit%C3%A4t" title="Trinität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trinität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmainsus" title="Kolmainsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolmainsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Αγία Τριάδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγία Τριάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad" title="Santísima Trinidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Santísima Trinidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_Triunuo" title="Sankta Triunuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankta Triunuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirutasun" title="Hirutasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hirutasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AB" title="تثلیث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تثلیث" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADeindin" title="Tríeindin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tríeindin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9_(christianisme)" title="Trinité (christianisme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trinité (christianisme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trije-ienheid" title="Trije-ienheid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Trije-ienheid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinit%C3%A2t" title="Trinitât – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Trinitât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tr%C3%ADon%C3%B3id" title="An Tríonóid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tríonóid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianaid" title="Trianaid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Trianaid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Trindade" title="Santa Trindade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Santa Trindade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EC%9C%84%EC%9D%BC%EC%B2%B4" title="삼위일체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삼위일체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B5%D6%80%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սուրբ Երրորդություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ Երրորդություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="त्रित्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्रित्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojstvo" title="Trojstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trojstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieso" title="Trieso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Trieso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritunggal" title="Tritunggal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tritunggal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitate" title="Trinitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Trinitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBathathu_Emnye" title="UBathathu Emnye – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UBathathu Emnye" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziqu_zinthathu" title="Ziqu zinthathu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ziqu zinthathu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heil%C3%B6g_%C3%BErenning" title="Heilög þrenning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heilög þrenning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinit%C3%A0" title="Trinità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trinità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9" title="השילוש הקדוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השילוש הקדוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritunggal" title="Tritunggal – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tritunggal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სამება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%88%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Үштік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үштік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utatu" title="Utatu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utatu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAyaneya_P%C3%AEroz" title="Sêyaneya Pîroz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sêyaneya Pîroz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitas" title="Trinitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Trinitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%ABsvien%C4%ABba" title="Trīsvienība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trīsvienība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ifaltegkeet" title="Dräifaltegkeet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dräifaltegkeet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trejyb%C4%97" title="Trejybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trejybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinia" title="Trinia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Trinia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinit%C3%A0_(cristianesim)" title="Trinità (cristianesim) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Trinità (cristianesim)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szenth%C3%A1roms%C3%A1g" title="Szentháromság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szentháromság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Свето Тројство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свето Тројство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinite" title="Trinite – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Trinite" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ത്രിത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ത്രിത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/It-Trinit%C3%A0_Mqaddsa" title="It-Trinità Mqaddsa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="It-Trinità Mqaddsa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="त्रैक्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="त्रैक्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="الثالوث الاقدس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الثالوث الاقدس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritunggal" title="Tritunggal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tritunggal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83ng-%C3%B4i-%C3%A9k-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Săng-ôi-ék-tā̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Săng-ôi-ék-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ариун Гурвал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ариун Гурвал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drie-eenheid" title="Drie-eenheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Drie-eenheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drijainhaid" title="Drijainhaid – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Drijainhaid" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93" title="三位一体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三位一体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_hellige_treenighet" title="Den hellige treenighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den hellige treenighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeininga" title="Treeininga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Treeininga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitat" title="Trinitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trinitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Кумытло – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кумытло" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddas_uchlik" title="Muqaddas uchlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muqaddas uchlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="تثلیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تثلیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%AF%E1%9E%80" title="ព្រះត្រីឯក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះត្រីឯក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B3jca_%C5%9Awi%C4%99ta" title="Trójca Święta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trójca Święta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trindade_(cristianismo)" title="Trindade (cristianismo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trindade (cristianismo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A2nta_Treime" title="Sfânta Treime – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sfânta Treime" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitad" title="Trinitad – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Trinitad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimsantin_Dyus" title="Kimsantin Dyus – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kimsantin Dyus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Свята Тройця – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Свята Тройця" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Троица – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Троица" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%85" title="Үстээх – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үстээх" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinia" title="Trinia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trinia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="ත්‍රිත්වය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ත්‍රිත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trinity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najsv%C3%A4tej%C5%A1ia_Trojica" title="Najsvätejšia Trojica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Najsvätejšia Trojica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_Trojica" title="Sveta Trojica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveta Trojica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B2" title="سیانەیی پیرۆز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیانەیی پیرۆز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Света Тројица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Света Тројица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojstvo" title="Trojstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trojstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolminaisuusoppi" title="Kolminaisuusoppi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolminaisuusoppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treenighetsl%C3%A4ran" title="Treenighetsläran – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Treenighetsläran" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santatlo" title="Santatlo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Santatlo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திரித்துவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரித்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="త్రిత్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="త్రిత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="ตรีเอกภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตรีเอกภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teslis" title="Teslis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teslis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Трійця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трійця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AB" title="تثلیث – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تثلیث" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%88%DA%86%D9%84%DB%88%D9%83_%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%AD%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ئۈچلۈك تەڭرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۈچلۈك تەڭرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Ng%C3%B4i" title="Ba Ngôi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ba Ngôi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9_(atuze)" title="Trinité (atuze) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Trinité (atuze)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_(kristianismo)" title="Trinidad (kristianismo) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Trinidad (kristianismo)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93" title="三位一体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="三位一体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94" title="三位一體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="三位一體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drie-eenheid" title="Drie-eenheid – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Drie-eenheid" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94" title="三位一體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三位一體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian doctrine that God is three persons</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holy Trinity (disambiguation)">Holy Trinity (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Trinity (disambiguation)">Trinity (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/220px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/330px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/440px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>A compact diagram of the Trinity, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a>" consisting of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> (Jesus), and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Holy Spirit">God the Holy Spirit</a> (the Shield is generally not intended to be a schematic diagram of the structure of God, but it presents a series of statements about the correlation between the persons of the Trinity)</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">Abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Christian views on poverty and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">Eye for an eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-denial" title="Self-denial">Self-denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_world,_the_flesh,_and_the_devil" title="The world, the flesh, and the devil">The world, the flesh, and the devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-reformation">Counter-reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemptus_mundi" title="Contemptus mundi">Contemptus mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation#Christianity" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">Redemption (theology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absence_of_good" title="Absence of good">Absence of good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Anti-LGBT rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_human_personhood" title="Beginning of human personhood">Beginning of human life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Catholic Church sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread of Christianity</a></li> 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:God_sidebar" title="Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:God_sidebar" title="Template talk:God sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:God_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of<br />Christian theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Palamas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">95 Theses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">From the Reformation to the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontotheology" title="Ontotheology">Onto-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Theological_critical_realism" title="Theological critical realism">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Since the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_religions" title="Theology of religions">of religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situational_ethics" title="Situational ethics">Situational ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie"><i>Nouvelle théologie</i> (<i>Ressourcement</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberal_theology" title="Postliberal theology">Postliberal  •  Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Continental philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_theology" title="Reconciliation theology">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">in Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopoetics" title="Theopoetics">Theopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_theology" title="Digital theology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_theology" title="Biblical theology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_theology" title="Constructive theology">Constructive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Eco-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Contextual_theology" title="Contextual theology">Contextualisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">Inculturation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_church_mission_theory" title="Indigenous church mission theory">Indigenous church mission theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Christian_theology" title="Sino-Christian theology">Sino-Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Feminism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theology" title="Queer theology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology"><i>Minjung</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_liberation_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian liberation theology">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theology" title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_theology" title="Dominion theology">Dominion theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology#Christianity" title="Exotheology">extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Christianity" title="Moderate Christianity">Moderate Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christianity" title="Conservative Christianity">Conservative Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_church" title="Emerging church">Emerging church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotheology" title="Biotheology">Biotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophysics" title="Theophysics">Theophysics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template talk:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Trinity</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Trinitas</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'triad', from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">trinus</i> 'threefold')<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddictionaries.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddictionaries.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian doctrine</a> concerning the nature of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, which defines <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">one God</a> existing in three, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coeternal" class="extiw" title="wikt:coeternal">coeternal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">consubstantial</a> <a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">divine persons</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaley2009323–350_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaley2009323–350-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamelli2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamelli2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">God the Holy Spirit</a>, three distinct persons (<i><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostases</a></i>) sharing one essence/substance/nature (<i><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">homoousion</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-def-lateran1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def-lateran1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> declared, it is the Father who <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beget" class="extiw" title="wikt:beget">begets</a>, the Son who is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/begotten" class="extiw" title="wikt:begotten">begotten</a>, and the Holy Spirit who proceeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Fourth_Lateran_Council_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourth_Lateran_Council-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, one essence/nature defines <em>what</em> God is, while the three persons define <em>who</em> God is.<sup id="cite_ref-thelogy-sanity_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelogy-sanity-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expresses at once their distinction and their indissoluble unity. Thus, the entire process of creation and <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> is viewed as a single shared action of the three divine persons, in which each person manifests the attributes unique to them in the Trinity, thereby proving that everything comes "from the Father," "through the Son," and "in the Holy Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This doctrine is called <b>Trinitarianism</b> and its adherents are called <b>Trinitarians</b>, while its opponents are called <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">antitrinitarians or nontrinitarians</a> and considered non-Christian by most mainline groups. Nontrinitarian positions include <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalism</a>. </p><p>While the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">books</a> that constitute the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the New Testament possesses a <a href="/wiki/Triad_(religion)" title="Triad (religion)">triadic</a> understanding of God<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201099–110_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201099–110-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contains a number of <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formulas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine of the Trinity was first formulated among the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christians</a> (mid-2nd century and later) and <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of the Church">fathers of the Church</a> as they attempted to understand the <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">relationship between Jesus and God</a> in their scriptural documents and prior traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Old Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> has been interpreted as referring to the Trinity in many places. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a>, specifically the first-person plural <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> in Genesis 1:26–27 and Genesis 3:22 ('Let <i>us</i> make man in <i>our</i> image [...] the man is become as one of <i>us</i>'). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Then God said, 'Let us make man in our image, after our likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.' [...] "Then the LORD God said, 'Behold, the man has become like one of us in knowing good and evil [...]"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Genesis 1:26, 3:22 ESV</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A traditional Christian interpretation of these pronouns is that they refer to a plurality of persons within the Godhead. Biblical commentator <a href="/wiki/Victor_P._Hamilton" title="Victor P. Hamilton">Victor P. Hamilton</a> outlines several interpretations, including the most widely held among Biblical scholars, which is that the pronouns do not refer to other persons within the Godhead but to the 'heavenly court' of <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_6" title="Isaiah 6">Isaiah 6</a>. Theologians <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Kline" title="Meredith Kline">Meredith Kline</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_von_Rad" title="Gerhard von Rad">Gerhard von Rad</a> argue for this view, as von Rad says, 'The extraordinary plural ("Let us") is to prevent one from referring God's image too directly to God the Lord. God includes himself among the heavenly beings of his court and thereby conceals himself in this majority.'<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton notes that this interpretation assumes that Genesis 1 is at variance with Isaiah 40:13–14, <i>Who has measured the Spirit of the Lord, or what man shows him his counsel? Whom did he consult, and who made him understand? Who taught him the path of justice, and taught him knowledge, and showed him the way of understanding?</i> That is, if the plural pronouns of Genesis 1 teach that God consults and creates with a 'heavenly court', then it contradicts the statement in Isaiah that God seeks the counsel of nobody. According to Hamilton, the best interpretation 'approaches the trinitarian understanding but employs less direct terminology'.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton-1990_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-1990-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 133">: 133 </span></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/D._J._A._Clines" class="mw-redirect" title="D. J. A. Clines">D. J. A. Clines</a>, he states that the plural reveals a 'duality within the Godhead' that recalls the 'Spirit of God' mentioned in verse 2, <i>And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.</i> Hamilton also says that it is unreasonable to assume that the author of Genesis was too theologically primitive to deal with such a concept as 'plurality within unity';<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton-1990_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-1990-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 134">: 134 </span></sup> Hamilton thus argues for a framework of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Christianity)" title="Progressive revelation (Christianity)">progressive revelation</a>, in which the doctrine of the Trinity is revealed at first obscurely then plainly in the New Testament. </p><p>Another of these places is the prophecy about the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> in Isaiah 9. The Messiah is called "Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace." Some Christians see this verse as meaning the Messiah will represent the Trinity on earth. This is because Counselor is a title for the Holy Spirit (John 14:26), the Trinity is God, Father is a title for God the Father, and Prince of Peace is a title for Jesus. This verse is also used to support the <a href="/wiki/Deity_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Deity of Christ">Deity of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another verse used to support the Deity of Christ is<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I saw in the night visions, and behold, with the clouds of heaven there came one like a son of man, and he came to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a> and was presented before him. And to him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him; his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom one that shall not be destroyed." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Daniel 7:13–14 ESV</cite></div></blockquote> <p>This is because both the Ancient of Days (God the Father) and the Son of Man (Jesus, Matt 16:13) have an everlasting dominion, which is ascribed to God in Psalm 145:13.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some also argue </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Then the Lord rained on Sodom and Gomorrah sulfur and fire from the Lord out of heaven."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Genesis 19:24 ESV</cite></div></blockquote> <p>to be Trinitarian in apparently distinguishing between the Lord in heaven and the Lord on earth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>People also see the Trinity when the Old Testament refers to God's word (Psalm 33:6), His Spirit (Isaiah 61:1), and Wisdom (Proverbs 9:1), as well as narratives such as the appearance of the three men to <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051652_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051652-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is generally agreed among Trinitarian Christian scholars that it would go beyond the intention and spirit of the Old Testament to correlate these notions directly with later Trinitarian doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1912_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1912-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> believed that a knowledge of the mystery was granted to the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> of the Old Testament, and that they identified the <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">divine messenger</a> of Genesis 16:7, Genesis 21:17, Genesis 31:11, Exodus 3:2 and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_(personification)" title="Wisdom (personification)">Wisdom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Biblical_wisdom_literature_and_Jewish_texts" title="Wisdom literature">sapiential books</a> with the Son, and "the spirit of the Lord" with the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1912_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1912-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Church Fathers, such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nazianzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Nazianzen">Gregory Nazianzen</a>, argued in his <i>Orations</i> that the revelation was gradual, claiming that the Father was proclaimed in the Old Testament openly, but the Son only obscurely, because "it was not safe, when the Godhead of the Father was not yet acknowledged, plainly to proclaim the Son".<sup id="cite_ref-nazianzen_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nazianzen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genesis 18–19 has been interpreted by Christians as a Trinitarian text. The narrative has the Lord appearing to Abraham, who was visited by three men.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Genesis 19, "the two angels" visited <a href="/wiki/Lot_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (Bible)">Lot</a> at Sodom.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interplay between Abraham on the one hand and the Lord/three men/the two angels on the other was an intriguing text for those who believed in a single God in three persons. <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> similarly, interpreted it such that Abraham was visited by God, who was accompanied by two angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justin supposed that the God who visited Abraham was distinguishable from the God who remains in the heavens, but was nevertheless identified as the (monotheistic) God. Justin interpreted the God who visited Abraham as Jesus, the second person of the Trinity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Augustine, in contrast, held that the three visitors to Abraham were the three persons of the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw no indication that the visitors were unequal, as would be the case in Justin's reading. Then in Genesis 19, two of the visitors were addressed by Lot in the singular: "Lot said to them, 'Not so, my lord<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (Gen. 19:18).<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine saw that Lot could address them as one because they had a single substance, despite the plurality of persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Augustine3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustine3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christians interpret the <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophanies</a>, or appearances of the <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a>, as revelations of a person distinct from God, who is nonetheless called God. This interpretation is found in Christianity as early as Justin Martyr and <a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a>, and reflects ideas that were already present in <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005573–578_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005573–578-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old Testament theophanies were thus seen as <a href="/wiki/Christophany" title="Christophany">Christophanies</a>, each a "preincarnate appearance of the Messiah".<sup id="cite_ref-bakerdict_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakerdict-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the books that constitute the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the New Testament contains several <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formulas</a>, including Matthew 28:19, 2 Corinthians 13:14, Ephesians 4:4–6, 1 Peter 1:2, and Revelation 1:4–6.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFee200252_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee200252-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflection by early Christians on passages such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>: "Go therefore and make <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> of all nations, <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptizing</a> them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>'s blessing: "The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the <a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">love of God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">fellowship</a> of the Holy Spirit be with you all", leading theologians across history in attempting to articulate the relationship between the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. </p><p>Eventually, the diverse references to God, Jesus, and the Spirit found in the New Testament were brought together to form the concept of the Trinity—one <a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a> subsisting in three persons and one <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">substance</a>. The concept of the Trinity was used to oppose alternative views of how the three are related and to defend the church against charges of worshiping two or three gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzgerCoogan1993782–783_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzgerCoogan1993782–783-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1_John_5:7–8"><span id="1_John_5:7.E2.80.938"></span>1 John 5:7–8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1 John 5:7–8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Biblical scholarship largely agrees that 1 John 5:7 seen in Latin and Greek texts after the 4th century and found in later translations such as the King James Translation, cannot be found in the oldest Greek and Latin texts. Verse 7 is known as the <a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Johannine Comma</a>, which most scholars agree to be a later addition by a later copyist or what is termed a <a href="/wiki/Bible_gloss" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible gloss">textual gloss</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman1968101_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman1968101-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not part of the original text.<sup id="cite_ref-1john5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1john5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This verse reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Because there are three in Heaven that testify – the Father, the Word and the Holy Spirit – and these three are one.</p></blockquote> <p>This verse is absent from the Ethiopic, Aramaic, Syriac, Slavic, early Armenian, Georgian, and Arabic translations of the Greek New Testament. It is primarily found in Latin manuscripts, although a minority of Greek, Slavonic and late Armenian manuscripts contain it.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald-2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.newadvent.org_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.newadvent.org-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesus_in_the_New_Testament">Jesus in the New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jesus in the New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_Bertram_von_Minden_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Meister_Bertram_von_Minden_009.jpg/220px-Meister_Bertram_von_Minden_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Meister_Bertram_von_Minden_009.jpg/330px-Meister_Bertram_von_Minden_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Meister_Bertram_von_Minden_009.jpg/440px-Meister_Bertram_von_Minden_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2420" /></a><figcaption>God in the person of the Son confronts <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Master_Bertram" title="Master Bertram">Master Bertram</a> (d. c. 1415)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, the public, collective devotional patterns towards Jesus in the early Christian community are reflective of Paul's perspective on the divine status of Jesus in what scholars have termed a "binitarian" pattern or shape of devotional practice (worship) in the New Testament, in which "God" and Jesus are thematized and invoked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0aCaqJGgJvACqbinitarianpattern_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0aCaqJGgJvACqbinitarianpattern-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus receives prayer (1 Corinthians 1:2; 2 Corinthians 12:8–9), the presence of Jesus is confessionally invoked by believers (1 Corinthians 16:22; Romans 10:9–13; Philippians 2:10–11), people are baptized in Jesus' name (1 Corinthians 6:11; Romans 6:3), Jesus is the reference in Christian fellowship for a religious ritual meal (the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a>; 1 Corinthians 11:17–34).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005134–152_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005134–152-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus is described as "existing in the very form of God" (Philippians 2:6), and having the "fullness of the Deity [living] in bodily form" (Colossians 2:9). Jesus is also in some verses directly called God (Romans 9:5,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titus 2:13, 2 Peter 1:1). </p><p> The Gospels depict Jesus as human through most of their narrative, but "[o]ne eventually discovers that he is a divine being manifest in flesh, and the point of the texts is in part to make his higher nature known in a kind of intellectual epiphany."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwa201953_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201953-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Gospels Jesus is described as forgiving sins, leading some theologians to believe Jesus is portrayed as God.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because Jesus forgives sins on the behalf of others, people normally only forgive transgressions against oneself. The teachers of the law next to Jesus recognizes this and said</p><blockquote><p>"Why does this fellow talk like that? He’s blaspheming! Who can forgive sins but God alone?” Mark 2:7</p></blockquote><p>Jesus also receives <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">προσκύνησις</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">proskynesis</a></i></span>) in the aftermath of the resurrection, a Greek term that either expresses the contemporary social gesture of bowing to a superior, either on one's knees or in full prostration (in Matthew 18:26 a slave performs <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">προσκύνησις</span></span> to his master so that he would not be sold after being unable to pay his debts). The term can also refer to the religious act of devotion towards a deity. While Jesus receives <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">προσκύνησις</span></span> a number of times in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic Gospels</a>, only a few can be said to refer to divine worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupp1996226_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupp1996226-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This includes Matthew 28:16–20, an account of the resurrected Jesus receiving worship from his <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> after proclaiming his authority over the cosmos and his ever-continuing presence with the disciples (forming an inclusion with the beginning of the Gospel, where Jesus is given the name Emmanuel, "God with us," a name that alludes to the God of Israel's ongoing presence with his followers throughout the Old Testament (Genesis 28:15; Deuteronomy 20:1).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHays201444–45_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays201444–45-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005337–338_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005337–338-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas some have argued that <a href="/wiki/Matthew_28:19" title="Matthew 28:19">Matthew 28:19</a> was an interpolation on account of its absence from the first few centuries of early Christian quotations, scholars largely accept the passage as authentic due to its supporting manuscript evidence and that it does appear to be either quoted in the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> (7:1–3)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2009134–135_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2009134–135-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at least reflected in the Didache as part of a common tradition from which both Matthew and the Didache emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimRepschinski2008124–125_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimRepschinski2008124–125-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus receiving divine worship in the post-resurrection accounts is further mirrored in Luke 24:52.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005345_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005345-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham2017516–519_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2017516–519-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005345_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005345-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a> depicts the early Christian movement as a public cult centered around Jesus in several passages. In Acts, it is common for individual Christians to "call" upon the name of Jesus (9:14, 21; 22:16), an idea precedented in the Old Testament descriptions of calling on the name of YHWH as a form of prayer. The story of Stephen depicts Stephen invoking and crying out to Jesus in the final moments of his life to receive his spirit (7:59–60). Acts further describes a common ritual practice inducting new members into the early Jesus sect by baptizing them in Jesus' name (2:38; 8:16; 10:48; 19:5).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005194–206_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005194–206-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Dale Allison</a>, Acts depicts the appearances of Jesus to Paul as a divine <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a>, styled on and identified with the God responsible for the theophany of <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> in the Old Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllison2016807–826_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllison2016807–826-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> has been seen as especially aimed at emphasizing Jesus' divinity, presenting Jesus as the <i><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></i>, pre-existent and divine, from its first words: "<a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God</a>" (John 1:1).<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-john_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-john-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gospel of John ends with Thomas's declaration that he believed Jesus was God, "My Lord and my God!" (John 20:28).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzgerCoogan1993782–783_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzgerCoogan1993782–783-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars agree that John 1:1 and John 20:28 identify Jesus with God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19701026,_1032_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19701026,_1032-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in a 1973 <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a> article, Philip B. Harner, <a href="/wiki/Professor_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a> of Religion at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg College">Heidelberg College</a>, claimed that the traditional translation of John 1:1c ("and the Word was God") is incorrect. He endorses the <a href="/wiki/New_English_Bible" title="New English Bible">New English Bible</a> translation of John 1:1c, "and what God was, the Word was."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Harner's claim has been criticized by other scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same article, Harner also noted that; "Perhaps the clause could be translated, 'the Word had the same nature as God". This would be one way of representing John's thought, which is, as I understand it, that the logos, no less than the theos, had the nature of theos," which in his case means the Word is as fully God as the person called "God".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John also portrays Jesus as the agent of creation of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1967142_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1967142-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jesus_in_later_Christian_theology">Jesus in later Christian theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jesus in later Christian theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some have suggested that John presents a hierarchy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke1900161ff._58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke1900161ff.-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolkinghorne2008395–396_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolkinghorne2008395–396-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he quotes Jesus as saying, "The Father is greater than I", a statement which was appealed to by <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian</a> groups such as <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonettiOden2002_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonettiOden2002-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, influential theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> argued this statement was to be understood as Jesus speaking about his human nature.<sup id="cite_ref-de-trinitate1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-trinitate1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dhspriory.org_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhspriory.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Spirit_in_the_New_Testament">Holy Spirit in the New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Holy Spirit in the New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior Israelite theology held that the Spirit is merely the divine presence of God himself,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodmanBlumberg200236_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodmanBlumberg200236-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> holds that the Holy Spirit is a distinct person of God the Father himself. This development begins early in the New Testament, as the Spirit of God receives much more emphasis and description comparably than it had in earlier Jewish writing. Whereas there are 75 references to the Spirit within the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and 35 identified in the non-biblical <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, the New Testament, despite its significantly shorter length, mentions the Spirit 275 times. In addition to its larger emphasis and importance placed on the Spirit in the New Testament, the Spirit is also described in much more personalized and individualized terms than earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a> writes; </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Moreover, the New Testament references often portray actions that seem to give the Spirit an intensely personal quality, probably more so than in Old Testament or ancient Jewish texts. So, for example, the Spirit "drove" Jesus into the wilderness (Mk 1:12; compare "led" in Mt. 4:1/Lk 4:1), and Paul refers to the Spirit interceding for believers (Romans 8:26–27) and witnessing to believers about their filial status with God (Romans 8:14–16). To cite other examples of this, in Acts the Spirit alerts Peter to the arrival of visitors from Cornelius (10:19), directs the church in Antioch to send forth Barnabas and Saul (13:2–4), guides the Jerusalem council to a decision about Gentile converts (15:28), at one point forbids Paul to missionize in Asia (16:6), and at another point warns Paul (via prophetic oracles) of trouble ahead in Jerusalem (21:11).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p> The Holy Spirit is described as God in the book of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></p><blockquote><p>But Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land? 4 While it remained unsold, did it not remain your own? And after it was sold, was it not at your disposal? Why is it that you have contrived this deed in your heart? You have not lied to man but to God". Acts 5:3–4</p></blockquote><p>Peter first says Ananias is lying to the Holy Spirit, he then says he is lying to God. </p><p>In the New Testament, the Spirit is not portrayed as the recipient of <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cultic</a> devotion, which instead, is typically offered to God the Father and to the risen/glorified Jesus. Although what became mainstream Christianity subsequently affirmed the propriety of including the Spirit as the recipient of worship as reflected in the developed form of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, perhaps the closest to this in the New Testament is in Matthew 28:19 and 2 Corinthians 13:14 which describe the Spirit as the subject of religious ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201864_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201864-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holy_Spirit_in_later_Christian_theology">Holy Spirit in later Christian theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Holy Spirit in later Christian theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a> was dissipating, the debate moved from the deity of Jesus Christ to the equality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and Son. On one hand, the <a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachi</a> sect declared that the Holy Spirit was an inferior person to the Father and Son. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a> argued that the Holy Spirit was equal to the Father and Son in nature or substance. </p><p>Although the main text used in defense of the deity of the Holy Spirit was Matthew 28:19, Cappadocian Fathers such as <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a> argued from other verses such as "But Peter said, 'Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land? While it remained unsold, did it not remain your own? And after it was sold, was it not at your disposal? Why is it that you have contrived this deed in your heart? You have not lied to men but to God.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (Acts 5:3–4). </p><p>Another passage the Cappadocian Fathers quoted from was "By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and by the breath of his mouth all their host" (Psalm 33:6). According to their understanding, because "breath" and "spirit" in Hebrew are both "רוּחַ" ("ruach"), Psalm 33:6 is revealing the roles of the Son and Holy Spirit as co-creators. And since, according to them,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because only the holy God can create holy beings such as the angels, the Son and Holy Spirit must be God. </p><p>Yet another argument from the Cappadocian Fathers to prove that the Holy Spirit is of the same nature as the Father and Son comes from "For who knows a person's thoughts except the spirit of that person, which is in him? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God" (1 Corinthians 2:11). They reasoned that this passage proves that the Holy Spirit has the same relationship to God as the spirit within us has to us.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cappadocian Fathers also quoted, "Do you not know that you are God's temple and that God's Spirit dwells in you?" (1 Corinthians 3:16) and reasoned that it would be blasphemous for an inferior being to take up residence in a temple of God, thus proving that the Holy Spirit is equal with the Father and the Son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._19_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._19-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They also combined "the servant does not know what his master is doing" (John 15:15) with 1 Corinthians 2:11 in an attempt to show that the Holy Spirit is not the slave of God, and therefore his equal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._21_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._21-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pneumatomachi contradicted the Cappadocian Fathers by quoting, "Are they not all ministering spirits sent out to serve for the sake of those who are to inherit salvation?" (Hebrews 1:14) in effect arguing that the Holy Spirit is no different from other created angelic spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendzen1911_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendzen1911-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church Fathers disagreed, saying that the Holy Spirit is greater than the angels, since the Holy Spirit is the one who grants the foreknowledge for prophecy (1 Corinthians 12:8–10) so that the angels could announce events to come.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_Council_of_Nicaea">Before the Council of Nicaea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Before the Council of Nicaea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogmatic_sarcophagus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dogmatic_sarcophagus.JPG/220px-Dogmatic_sarcophagus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dogmatic_sarcophagus.JPG/330px-Dogmatic_sarcophagus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dogmatic_sarcophagus.JPG/440px-Dogmatic_sarcophagus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">earliest known artwork</a> of the Trinity, the <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_Sarcophagus" title="Dogmatic Sarcophagus">Dogmatic or Trinity Sarcophagus</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>) Three similar figures, representing the Trinity, are involved in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>, whose much smaller figure is cut off at lower right; to her right, <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> lies on the ground<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn199168_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn199168-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the books that constitute the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, it was first formulated as early Christians attempted to understand the relationship between Jesus and God in their scriptural documents and prior traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Margaret Baker, trinitarian theology has roots in pre-Christian Palestinian beliefs about angels.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early reference to the three "persons" of later Trinitarian doctrines appears towards the end of the first century, where <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a> rhetorically asks in his <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">epistle</a> as to why corruption exists among some in the Christian community; "Do we not have one God, and one Christ, and one gracious Spirit that has been poured out upon us, and one calling in Christ?" (1 Clement 46:6).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar example is found in the first century <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a>, which directs Christians to "baptize in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> similarly refers to all three persons around AD 110, exhorting obedience to "Christ, and to the Father, and to the Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-ignatius_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ignatius-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pseudonymous <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a>, written sometime between the end of the first century and the beginning of the third century, possesses a "proto-trinitarian" view, such as in its narrative of how the inhabitants of the sixth heaven sing praises to "the primal Father and his Beloved Christ, and the Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005595–599_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005595–599-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> (AD 100 – c. 165) also writes, "in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-first-apology_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-apology-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justin Martyr is the first to use much of the terminology that would later become widespread in codified Trinitarian theology. For example, he describes that the Son and Father are the same "being" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ousia</i></span>) and yet are also distinct faces (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">prosopa</i></span>), anticipating the three persons (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hypostases</i></span>) that come with <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> and later authors. Justin describes how Jesus, the Son, is distinguishable from the Father but also derives from the Father, using the analogy of a fire (representing the Son) that is lit from its source, a torch (representing the Father).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005646_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005646-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At another point, Justin Martyr wrote that "we worship him [Jesus Christ] with reason, since we have learned that he is the Son of the living God himself, and believe him to be in second place and the prophetic Spirit in the third" (1 Apology 13, cf. ch. 60). About the Christian Baptism, he wrote that "in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit, they then receive the washing with water", highlighting the liturgical use of a Trinitarian formula.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_(Landauer_Altar)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adoration_of_the_Trinity_%28Landauer_Altar%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4969" data-file-height="5434" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Adoration of the Trinity</i> by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> (1511) From top to bottom: Holy Spirit (dove), God the Father and Christ on the cross</figcaption></figure> <p>The first of the early Church Fathers to be recorded using the word "Trinity" was <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a> writing in the late 2nd century. He defines the Trinity as God, his Word (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Logos</i></span>) and his Wisdom (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sophia</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-theophilus2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theophilus2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the context of a discussion of the first three days of creation, following the early Christian practice of identifying the Holy Spirit as the Wisdom of God.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first defense of the doctrine of the Trinity was by <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, who was born around 150–160 AD, explicitly "defined" the Trinity as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit and defended his theology against <a href="/wiki/Praxeas" title="Praxeas">Praxeas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tertullian_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tertullian-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he noted that the majority of the believers in his day found issue with his doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-against-praxeas1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-against-praxeas1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg/220px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg/330px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg/440px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities_-_1681-82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3538" data-file-height="5135" /></a><figcaption>The "Heavenly Trinity" joined to the "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Earthly Trinity</a>" through the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a>–<i><a href="/wiki/The_Heavenly_and_Earthly_Trinities" title="The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities">The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo">Murillo</a> (c. 1677)</figcaption></figure> <p>St. Justin and Clement of Alexandria referenced all three persons of the Trinity in their <a href="/wiki/Doxology" title="Doxology">doxologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">St. Basil</a> likewise, in the evening lighting of lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulhern1967205_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulhern1967205-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> (AD 185 – c. 253) has often been interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Subordinationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinationist">Subordinationist</a> – believing in shared divinity of the three persons but not in co-equality. (Some modern researchers have argued that Origen might have actually been anti-Subordinationist and that his own Trinitarian theology inspired the Trinitarian theology of the later <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamelli2011a_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamelli2011a-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard1970172–188_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard1970172–188-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of the Trinity can be seen as developing significantly during the first four centuries by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> in reaction to theological interpretations known as <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>. Adoptionism was the belief that Jesus was an ordinary man, born of Joseph and Mary, who became the Christ and Son of God at his baptism. In 269, the <a href="/wiki/Synods_of_Antioch" title="Synods of Antioch">Synods of Antioch</a> condemned <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a> for his Adoptionist theology, and also condemned the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Homoousios" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousios">homoousios</a></i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁμοούσιος</span></span>, "of the same being") in the modalist sense in which he used it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1913_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1913-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism#Beliefs" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian beliefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a> taught that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are essentially one and the same, the difference being simply verbal, describing different aspects or roles of a single being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick199387_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick199387-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this view Sabellius was excommunicated for <a href="/wiki/Heresy#Christianity" title="Heresy">heresy</a> in Rome c. 220. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Council_of_Nicaea_(325)"><span id="First_Council_of_Nicaea_.28325.29"></span>First Council of Nicaea (325)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First Council of Nicaea (325)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gl%C3%B3ria_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau_-_Ant%C3%B3nio_Manuel_da_Fonseca_(Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau,_Lisboa),_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gl%C3%B3ria_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau_-_Ant%C3%B3nio_Manuel_da_Fonseca_%28Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau%2C_Lisboa%29%2C_cropped.png/220px-Gl%C3%B3ria_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau_-_Ant%C3%B3nio_Manuel_da_Fonseca_%28Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau%2C_Lisboa%29%2C_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gl%C3%B3ria_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau_-_Ant%C3%B3nio_Manuel_da_Fonseca_%28Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau%2C_Lisboa%29%2C_cropped.png/330px-Gl%C3%B3ria_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau_-_Ant%C3%B3nio_Manuel_da_Fonseca_%28Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau%2C_Lisboa%29%2C_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gl%C3%B3ria_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau_-_Ant%C3%B3nio_Manuel_da_Fonseca_%28Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau%2C_Lisboa%29%2C_cropped.png/440px-Gl%C3%B3ria_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau_-_Ant%C3%B3nio_Manuel_da_Fonseca_%28Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau%2C_Lisboa%29%2C_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><i>The Glory of Saint Nicholas</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Manuel_da_Fonseca" title="António Manuel da Fonseca">António Manuel da Fonseca</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Nicholas of Myra</a>, a participant in the First Council of Nicaea, achieves the <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatific vision</a> in the shape of the Holy Trinity.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the fourth century, <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, as traditionally understood,<sup id="cite_ref-Arius_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arius-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taught that the Father existed prior to the Son who was not, by nature, God but rather a changeable creature who was granted the dignity of becoming "Son of God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 325, the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> adopted the Nicene Creed which described Christ as "God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father", and the "Holy Ghost" as the one by which "<a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">was incarnate</a> ... of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("the <a href="/wiki/Logos#Christianity" title="Logos">Word</a> was made flesh and dwelled among us"). About the Father and the Son, the creed used the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">homoousios</i></span> (of one substance) to define the relationship between the Father and the Son. After more than fifty years of debate, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">homoousios</i></span> was recognised as the hallmark of orthodoxy, and was further developed into the formula of "three persons, one being". </p><p>The Confession of the First Council of Nicaea, the Nicene Creed, said little about the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-BEoWR_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEoWR-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the First Council of Nicea (325) all attention was focused on the relationship between the Father and the Son, without making any similar statement about the Holy Spirit. In the words of the creed: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father [the only-begotten; that is, of the essence of the Father, God of God,] Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father; ... And [we believe] in the Holy Ghost. ...</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)"><span id="First_Council_of_Constantinople_.28381.29"></span>First Council of Constantinople (381)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First Council of Constantinople (381)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></div> <p>Later, at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381), the Nicene Creed would be expanded, known as Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, by saying that the Holy Spirit is worshiped and glorified together with the Father and the Son (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">συμπροσκυνούμενον καὶ συνδοξαζόμενον</span></span>), suggesting that he was also consubstantial with them: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds (æons), Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father; ... And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshiped and glorified, who spake by the prophets ...<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The doctrine of the divinity and personality of the Holy Spirit was developed by Athanasius in the last decades of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012193_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012193-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defended and refined the Nicene formula.<sup id="cite_ref-BEoWR_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEoWR-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 4th century, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a>), the doctrine had reached substantially its current form.<sup id="cite_ref-BEoWR_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEoWR-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa, and Basil the Great account for the Trinity saw that the distinctions between the three divine persons were solely in their inner divine relations. There are not three gods, God is one divine Being in three persons.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the Cappadocian Fathers used social analogies to describe the triune nature of God, Augustine of Hippo used psychological analogy. He believed that if man is created in the image of God, he is created in the image of the Trinity. Augustine's analogy for the Trinity is the memory, intelligence, and will in the mind of a man. In short, Christians do not have to think of three persons when they think of God; they may think of one person.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 6th century, some Latin-speaking churches added the words "and from the Son" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></i></span>) to the description of the procession of the Holy Spirit, words that were not included in the text by either the Council of Nicaea or that of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was incorporated into the liturgical practice of Rome in 1014.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Filioque</i></span> eventually became one of the main causes for the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> in 1054, and the failures of the repeated union attempts. </p><p>Gregory of Nazianzus would say of the Trinity, "No sooner do I conceive of the One than I am illumined by the splendour of the Three; no sooner do I distinguish Three than I am carried back into the One. When I think of any of the Three, I think of Him as the Whole, and my eyes are filled, and the greater part of what I am thinking escapes me. I cannot grasp the greatness of that One so as to attribute a greater greatness to the rest. When I contemplate the Three together, I see but one torch, and cannot divide or measure out the undivided light."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devotion to the Trinity centered in the French monasteries at Tours and Aniane where <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a> dedicated the abbey church to the Trinity in 872. Feast days were not instituted until 1091 at <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny</a> and 1162 at Canterbury and papal resistance continued until 1331.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulhern1967205_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulhern1967205-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Trinitarian" and "Trinitarianism" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Trinitarian (disambiguation)">Trinitarian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinitarian_baptismal_formula">Trinitarian baptismal formula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trinitarian baptismal formula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piero,_battesimo_di_cristo_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Piero%2C_battesimo_di_cristo_04.jpg/220px-Piero%2C_battesimo_di_cristo_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Piero%2C_battesimo_di_cristo_04.jpg/330px-Piero%2C_battesimo_di_cristo_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Piero%2C_battesimo_di_cristo_04.jpg/440px-Piero%2C_battesimo_di_cristo_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_(Piero_della_Francesca)" title="The Baptism of Christ (Piero della Francesca)">The Baptism of Christ</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a>, 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Baptism is generally conferred with the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a>, "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trinitarians identify this name with the Christian faith into which baptism is an initiation, as seen for example in the statement of <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a> (330–379): "We are bound to be baptized in the terms we have received, and to profess faith in the terms in which we have been baptized." The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381) also says, "This is the Faith of our baptism that teaches us to believe in the Name of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. According to this Faith there is one Godhead, Power, and Being of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be taken to indicate that baptism was associated with this formula from the earliest decades of the Church's existence. Other Trinitarian formulas found in the New Testament include in 2 Corinthians 13:14, 1 Corinthians 12:4–6, Ephesians 4:4–6, 1 Peter 1:2 and Revelation 1:4–5.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFee200252_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee200252-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneness Pentecostals">Oneness Pentecostals</a> demur from the Trinitarian view of baptism and emphasize baptism "in the name of Jesus Christ" only, what they hold to be the original apostolic formula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVondey201278_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVondey201278-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, they often focus on the baptisms in Acts. Those who place great emphasis on the baptisms in Acts often likewise question the authenticity of Matthew 28:19 in its present form.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most scholars of New Testament <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> accept the authenticity of the passage, since there are no variant manuscripts regarding the formula,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2009134–135_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2009134–135-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the extant form of the passage is attested in the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a><sup id="cite_ref-patristics_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patristics-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">patristic</a> works of the 1st and 2nd centuries: <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-patristics1_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patristics1-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-patristics2_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patristics2-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippolytus (writer)">Hippolytus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-patristics3_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patristics3-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-patristics4_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patristics4-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory Thaumaturgus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-patristics5_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patristics5-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commenting on Matthew 28:19, Gerhard Kittel states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This threefold relation [of Father, Son and Spirit] soon found fixed expression in the triadic formulae in 2 Corinthians 13:14<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1 Corinthians 12:4–6.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form is first found in the baptismal formula in Matthew 28:19 Did., 7. 1 and 3. ... [I]t is self-evident that Father, Son and Spirit are here linked in an indissoluble threefold relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-kittel3_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kittel3-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_God_in_three_persons">One God in three persons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: One God in three persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Trinitarian doctrine, God exists as three persons but is one being, having a single divine <a href="/wiki/Physis_(Christian_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Physis (Christian theology)">nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994226_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994226-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the Trinity are co-equal and co-eternal, one in essence, nature, power, action, and will. As stated in the <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a>, the Father is uncreated, the Son is uncreated, and the Holy Spirit is uncreated, and all three are eternal without beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-athanasian-creed_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-athanasian-creed-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit" are not names for different parts of God, but one name for God<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarth1975348–349_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarth1975348–349-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because three persons exist in God as one entity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegis1997307–309_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegis1997307–309-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They cannot be separate from one another. Each person is understood as having the identical essence or nature, not merely similar natures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Smet2010_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Smet2010-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Council_of_Toledo" title="Eleventh Council of Toledo">Eleventh Council of Toledo</a> (675) "For, when we say: He who is the Father is not the Son, we refer to the distinction of persons; but when we say: the Father is that which the Son is, the Son that which the Father is, and the Holy Spirit that which the Father is and the Son is, this clearly refers to the nature or substance".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> (1215) adds: "Therefore in God there is only a Trinity, not a quaternity, since each of the three persons is that reality – that is to say substance, essence or divine nature-which alone is the principle of all things, besides which no other principle can be found. This reality neither begets nor is begotten nor proceeds; the Father begets, the Son is begotten and the holy Spirit proceeds. Thus there is a distinction of persons but a unity of nature. Although therefore the Father is one person, the Son another person and the holy Spirit another person, they are not different realities, but rather that which is the Father is the Son and the holy Spirit, altogether the same; thus according to the orthodox and catholic faith they are believed to be consubstantial. "<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clarification of the relationships among the three Trinitarian <i>Persons</i> (divine persons, different from the sense of a "human self") advanced in the Magisterial statement promulgated by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1431–1449), though its formulation precedes the council: "These three persons are one God and not three gods, for the three are one substance, one essence, one nature, one Godhead, one infinity, one eternity, and everything (in them) is one where there is no opposition of relationship [<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">relationis oppositio</i></span>]".<sup id="cite_ref-Enchiridion_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enchiridion-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Magliola" title="Robert Magliola">Robert Magliola</a> explains that most theologians have taken <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">relationis oppositio</i></span> in the "Thomist" sense, namely, the "opposition of relationship" [in English we would say "oppositional relationship"] is one of <a href="/wiki/Contrariety" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrariety">contrariety</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Contradiction" title="Contradiction">contradiction</a>. The only "functions" that are applied <em>uniquely</em> to the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit respectively in Scripture are the following: "Paternity" to the Father, "Filiation" (Sonship) to the Son, and "Passive Spiration" or that which is "breathed out", to the Holy Spirit. Magliola goes on to explain: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Because such is the case (among other reasons), <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> rejects the "psychological" theories of Trinity which define the Father as Knower, for example, and the Son as the Known (i.e., Truth). Scripture in one place or another identifies Knowing with each of the three Persons all told. Which is to say, according to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">relationis oppositio</i></span>, Knowing (in our example) does not define the Persons [qua individual Persons] at all, but the Unity of God instead. (Scripture's attribution of Knowing to any one Person at any one time is said to be just "appropriated" to the Person: it does not really belong to that unique Person).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagliola2001404,_405_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagliola2001404,_405-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Magliola, continuing the Rahnerian stance, goes on to explain that the Divine Persons necessarily relate to each other in terms of "pure negative reference", that is, the three "Is Not" relations represented in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scutum Fidei</i></span> diagram are in each case a pure or absolute "Is Not". This is the case because the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">relationis oppositio</i></span> clause disallows the Persons to "share", qua Persons, the unique role that defines each of them. Lest he be misunderstood, Magliola, in a subsequent publication, makes sure to specify that each of the three Persons, while unique as a Person, is nonetheless—because of the Divine "consubstantiality" and "simplicity"—the <i>one</i> Reality that is God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagliola2014159–161_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagliola2014159–161-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perichoresis"><i>Perichoresis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Perichoresis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_FIRST_COUNCIL_OF_NICEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/THE_FIRST_COUNCIL_OF_NICEA.jpg/220px-THE_FIRST_COUNCIL_OF_NICEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/THE_FIRST_COUNCIL_OF_NICEA.jpg/330px-THE_FIRST_COUNCIL_OF_NICEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/THE_FIRST_COUNCIL_OF_NICEA.jpg/440px-THE_FIRST_COUNCIL_OF_NICEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption> A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a> in AD 325, at which the Deity of Christ was declared orthodox and <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> condemned</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Perichoresis</i></span> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, "going around", "envelopment") is a term used by some scholars to describe the relationship among the members of the Trinity. The Latin equivalent for this term is <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">circumincessio</i></span>. This concept refers for its basis to John 10:38,14:11,14:20,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Jesus is instructing the disciples concerning the meaning of his departure. His going to the Father, he says, is for their sake; so that he might come to them when the "other comforter" is given to them. Then, he says, his disciples will dwell in him, as he dwells in the Father, and the Father dwells in him, and the Father will dwell in them. This is so, according to the theory of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">perichoresis</i></span>, because the persons of the Trinity "reciprocally contain one another, so that one permanently envelopes and is permanently enveloped by, the other whom he yet envelopes" (<a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>, <i>Concerning the Trinity</i> 3:1).<sup id="cite_ref-hilary-john_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilary-john-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent exponent of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">perichoresis</i></span> was <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> (d. 749) who employed the concept as a technical term to describe both the interpenetration of the divine and human natures of Christ and the relationship between the hypostases of the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Perichoresis</i></span> effectively excludes the idea that God has parts, but rather is a <a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">simple being</a>. It also harmonizes well with the doctrine that the Christian's union with the Son in his humanity brings him into union with one who contains in himself, in Paul's words, "all the fullness of deity" and not a part.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Perichoresis</i></span> provides an intuitive figure of what this might mean. The Son, the eternal Word, is from all eternity the dwelling place of God; he is the "Father's house", just as the Son dwells in the Father and the Spirit; so that, when the Spirit is "given", then it happens as Jesus said, "I will not leave you as orphans; for I will come to you."<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_immanent_Trinity">Economic and immanent Trinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economic and immanent Trinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "immanent Trinity" focuses on who God is; the term "economic Trinity" focuses on what God does. According to the <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Fathers of the Church distinguish between theology (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">theologia</i></span>) and economy (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">oikonomia</i></span>). "Theology" refers to the mystery of God's inmost life within the Blessed Trinity and "economy" to all the works by which God reveals himself and communicates his life. Through the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">oikonomia</i></span> the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">theologia</i></span> is revealed to us; but conversely, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">theologia</i></span> illuminates the whole <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">oikonomia</i></span>. God's works reveal who he is in himself; the mystery of his inmost being enlightens our understanding of all his works. So it is, analogously, among human persons. A person discloses himself in his actions, and the better we know a person, the better we understand his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The whole divine economy is the common work of the three divine persons. For as the Trinity has only one and the same natures so too does it have only one and the same operation: "The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit are not three principles of creation but one principle." However, each divine person performs the common work according to his unique personal property. Thus the Church confesses, following the New Testament, "one God and Father from whom all things are, and one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom all things are, and one Holy Spirit in whom all things are". It is above all the divine missions of the Son's Incarnation and the gift of the Holy Spirit that show forth the properties of the divine persons.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene theologians</a> argued that everything the Trinity does is done by Father, Son, and Spirit working in unity with one will. The three persons of the Trinity always work inseparably, for their work is always the work of the one God. The Son's will cannot be different from the Father's because it is the Father's. They have but one will as they have but one being. Otherwise they would not be one God. On this point <a href="/wiki/St._Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Basil">St. Basil</a> said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When then He says, "I have not spoken of myself", and again, "As the Father said unto me, so I speak", and "The word which ye hear is not mine, but [the Father's] which sent me", and in another place, "As the Father gave me commandment, even so I do", it is not because He lacks deliberate purpose or power of initiation, nor yet because He has to wait for the preconcerted key-note, that he employs language of this kind. His object is to make it plain that His own will is connected in indissoluble union with the Father. Do not then let us understand by what is called a "commandment" a peremptory mandate delivered by organs of speech, and giving orders to the Son, as to a subordinate, concerning what He ought to do. Let us rather, in a sense befitting the Godhead, perceive a transmission of will, like the reflexion of an object in a mirror, passing without note of time from Father to Son.<sup id="cite_ref-despiritu_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-despiritu-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> the Son prayed to the Father, became a minor to the angels, became incarnate, obeyed the Father as to his human nature; as to his divine nature the Son remained God: "Thus, then, the fact that the Father glorifies, raises up, and exalts the Son does not show that the Son is less than the Father, except in His human nature. For, in the divine nature by which He is equal to the Father, the power of the Father and the Son is the same and their operation is the same."<sup id="cite_ref-dhspriory.org_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhspriory.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas stated that the mystery of the Son cannot be explicitly believed to be true without faith in the Trinity (<i>ST</i> IIa IIae, 2.7 resp. and 8 resp.).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hierarch_panagia_episcopi_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hierarch_panagia_episcopi_cropped.jpg/220px-Hierarch_panagia_episcopi_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hierarch_panagia_episcopi_cropped.jpg/330px-Hierarch_panagia_episcopi_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hierarch_panagia_episcopi_cropped.jpg/440px-Hierarch_panagia_episcopi_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption>A Greek <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> of Athanasius of Alexandria, the chief architect of the Nicene Creed, formulated at Nicaea</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> explained that the Son is eternally one in being with the Father, temporally and voluntarily subordinate in his incarnate ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-athanasius3_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-athanasius3-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such human traits, he argued, were not to be read back into the eternal Trinity. Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a> also insisted there was no economic inequality present within the Trinity. As Basil wrote: "We perceive the operation of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit to be one and the same, in no respect showing differences or variation; from this identity of operation we necessarily infer the unity of nature."<sup id="cite_ref-basil_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basil-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional theory of "appropriation" consists in attributing certain names, qualities, or operations to one of the Persons of the Trinity, not, however, to the exclusion of the others, but in preference to the others. This theory was established by the Latin Fathers of the fourth and fifth centuries, especially by <a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a>. In the Middle Ages, the theory was systematically taught by the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Schoolmen</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauvage1907_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauvage1907-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinity_and_love">Trinity and love</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Trinity and love"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Augustine "coupled the doctrine of the Trinity with <a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">anthropology</a>. Proceeding from the idea that humans are created by God according to the divine image, he attempted to explain the mystery of the Trinity by uncovering traces of the Trinity in the human personality".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first key of his exegesis is an interpersonal analogy of mutual love. In <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/On_the_Trinity" title="On the Trinity">De trinitate</a></i></span> (399–419) he wrote, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We are now eager to see whether that most excellent love is proper to the Holy Spirit, and if it is not so, whether the Father, or the Son, or the Holy Trinity itself is love, since we cannot contradict the most certain faith and the most weighty authority of Scripture which says: "God is love".<sup id="cite_ref-Augustine1_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustine1-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200225_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200225-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The Bible reveals it although only in the two neighboring verses <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a> 4:8.16, therefore one must ask if love itself is triune. Augustine found that it is, and consists of "three: the lover, the beloved, and the love."<sup id="cite_ref-Augustine2_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustine2-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200226_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200226-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reaffirming the <a href="/wiki/Scythian_monks#Theopaschite_doctrine" title="Scythian monks">theopaschite formula</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">unus de trinitate passus est carne</i></span> (meaning "One of the Trinity suffered in the flesh"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPool2011398_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPool2011398-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Aquinas wrote that Jesus suffered and died as to his human nature, as to his divine nature he could not suffer or die. "But the commandment to suffer clearly pertains to the Son only in His human nature. ... And the way in which Christ was raised up is like the way He suffered and died, that is, in the flesh. For it says in 1 Peter (4:1): 'Christ having suffered in the flesh' ... then, the fact that the Father glorifies, raises up, and exalts the Son does not show that the Son is less than the Father, except in His human nature. For, in the divine nature by which He is equal to the Father."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAquinas197591_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAquinas197591-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1900s the recovery of a substantially different formula of <a href="/wiki/Theopaschism" title="Theopaschism">theopaschism</a> took place: at least <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">unus de Trinitate passus est</i></span> (meaning "not only in the flesh").<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> had an impact not only on the <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a>, but also on that of Christianity with a profound rethinking of its <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">dogmatic theology</a>. Deeply affected by the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombs event</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYewangoe1987273_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYewangoe1987273-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as early as 1946 the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Kazoh_Kitamori" title="Kazoh Kitamori">Kazoh Kitamori</a> published <i>Theology of the Pain of God</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitamori2005v_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitamori2005v-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">theology of the Cross</a> pushed up to the immanent Trinity. This concept was later taken by both <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a>: in 1971 by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann" title="Jürgen Moltmann">Jürgen Moltmann</a>'s <i>The Crucified God</i>; in the 1972 "Preface to the Second Edition" of his 1969 <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> book <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Theologie der drei Tage</i></span> (English translation: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Mysterium_Paschale" title="Mysterium Paschale">The Mystery of Easter</a></i></span>) by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a>, who took a cue from <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> 13:8 (<a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">agni qui occisus est ab origine mundi</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">NIV</a>: "the Lamb who was slain from the creation of the world") to explore the "God is love" idea as an "<a href="/wiki/Eternal_super-kenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal super-kenosis">eternal super-kenosis</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar2000vii_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar2000vii-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of von Balthasar: "At this point, where the subject undergoing the 'hour' is the Son speaking with the Father, the controversial 'Theopaschist formula' has its proper place: 'One of the Trinity has suffered.' The formula can already be found in <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory Nazianzen</a>: 'We needed a ... crucified God'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar199255_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar199255-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But if theopaschism indicates only a Christological kenosis (or kenotic Christology), instead von Balthasar supports a Trinitarian kenosis:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMobley2021202_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMobley2021202-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The persons of the Trinity constitute themselves as who they are through the very act of pouring themselves out for each other".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimech2019103_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimech2019103-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows to clearly distinguish his idea from <a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a>. </p><p>Furthermore, following the concepts developed by <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>, the underlying question is whether the three Persons of the Trinity can experience <a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">self-love</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amor sui</i></span>), as well as whether for them, with the conciliar dogmatic formulation in terms that today we would call <a href="/wiki/Ontotheology" title="Ontotheology">ontotheological</a>, it is possible for <a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">aseity</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Causa_sui" title="Causa sui">causa sui</a></i></span>) to be valid. If the Father is not the Son or the Spirit since the generator/begetter is not the generated/begotten nor the generation/generative process and vice versa, and since the lover is neither the beloved nor the love dynamic between them and vice versa, Christianity has provided as a response a concept of divine ontology and <a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">love</a> different from common sense (<a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">omnibenevolence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity#Impassibility" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">impassibility</a>, etc.):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2000chpt._9_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2000chpt._9-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Oblation" title="Oblation">oblative</a>, sacrificial, martyrizing, crucifying, precisely kenotic concept. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinity_and_will">Trinity and will</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Trinity and will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/B._B._Warfield" title="B. B. Warfield">Benjamin B. Warfield</a> saw a principle of subordination in the "modes of operation" of the Trinity, but was also hesitant to ascribe the same to the "modes of subsistence" in relation of one to another. While noting that it is natural to see a subordination in function as reflecting a similar subordination in substance, he suggests that this might be the result of "an agreement by Persons of the Trinity – a 'Covenant' as it is technically called – by virtue of which a distinct function in the work of redemption is assumed by each."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarfield19153020–3021_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarfield19153020–3021-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinity_and_Christian_apologetics">Trinity and Christian apologetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Trinity and Christian apologetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, several analogies for the Trinity abound. The comparison is sometimes made between the triune God and <a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H<sub>2</sub>O</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonas2010_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonas2010-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seamands2009_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seamands2009-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as H<sub>2</sub>O can come in three <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">distinct forms</a> (liquid, solid, gas), so God appears as Father, Son, Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonas2010_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonas2010-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seamands2009_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seamands2009-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mathematical analogy, "1+1+1=3, but 1x1x1=1" is also used to explain the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonas2010_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonas2010-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_aspect">Political aspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Eusebius, Constantine suggested the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">homoousios</i></span> at the Council of Nicaea, though most scholars have doubted that Constantine had such knowledge and have thought that most likely Hosius had suggested the term to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarveyHunter2008_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarveyHunter2008-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine later changed his view about the Arians, who opposed the Nicene formula, and supported the bishops who rejected the formula,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did several of his successors, the first emperor to be baptized in the Nicene faith being <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosius the Great">Theodosius the Great</a>, emperor from 379 to 395.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incomprehensibility">Incomprehensibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Incomprehensibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Christians confess that the Trinity is fundamentally incomprehensible, and thus Christian confessions tend to maintain the doctrine as it is revealed in Scripture, but do not attempt to exhaustively analyse it or set forth its essence comprehensively, as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Berkhof" title="Louis Berkhof">Louis Berkhof</a> describes in his <i>Systematic Theology</i>.</p><blockquote><p>The Trinity is a mystery, not merely in the Biblical sense that it is a truth, which is formerly hidden, but is now revealed; but in the sense that man cannot comprehend it and make it intelligible. It is intelligible in some of its relations and modes of manifestation, but unintelligible in its essential nature. [... The Church] has never tried to explain the mystery of the Trinity, but only sought to formulate the doctrine of the Trinity in such a manner that the errors which endangered it were warded off.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models_of_the_Trinity">Models of the Trinity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Models of the Trinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although all trinitarians agree that there exists one God in three persons, trinitarian theologians have differed with each other on how to explain the workings and relations of the persons of the trinity. Among the trinitarian topics which have been debated by trinitarian theologians throughout history are the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_generation_of_the_Son" title="Eternal generation of the Son">eternal generation of the Son</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eternal_functional_subordination" title="Eternal functional subordination">the functional subordination of the Son</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_procession_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Eternal procession of the Holy Spirit">eternal procession of the Spirit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">ontological subordination of the persons of the trinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_church_of_SS_Peter_and_Paul_in_Brockdish_-_stained_glass_-_The_Holy_Trinity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_church_of_SS_Peter_and_Paul_in_Brockdish_-_stained_glass_-_The_Holy_Trinity.png/244px-The_church_of_SS_Peter_and_Paul_in_Brockdish_-_stained_glass_-_The_Holy_Trinity.png" decoding="async" width="244" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_church_of_SS_Peter_and_Paul_in_Brockdish_-_stained_glass_-_The_Holy_Trinity.png/366px-The_church_of_SS_Peter_and_Paul_in_Brockdish_-_stained_glass_-_The_Holy_Trinity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_church_of_SS_Peter_and_Paul_in_Brockdish_-_stained_glass_-_The_Holy_Trinity.png/488px-The_church_of_SS_Peter_and_Paul_in_Brockdish_-_stained_glass_-_The_Holy_Trinity.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>The trinity depicted in stained glass</figcaption></figure> <p>The doctrine of eternal generation is defined as a necessary and eternal act of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, in which he generates (or begets) <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> through communicating the whole divine essence to the Son. Generation is not defined as an act of the will, but is by necessity of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This doctrine has been affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian creed</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene creed</a><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by church fathers such as <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being mentioned explicitly first by <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen of Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who teach the traditional doctrine of eternal generation have often used biblical texts such as Proverbs 8:23,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psalm 2:7, Micah 5:2, John 5:26, John 1:18, 3:16, Colossians 1:15, 2 Corinthians 4:4 and Hebrews 1:3 to establish their understanding of eternal generation.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some modern theologians reject the doctrines of eternal generation and procession, disputing the idea that these texts teach the doctrine of eternal generation. Among theologians to reject eternal generation, <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> has argued that it introduces subordinationism into the trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_Trinitarianism">Social Trinitarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Social Trinitarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among modern trinitarian debates, the issue of <a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">social trinitarianism</a> is often discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although social trinitarianism is a diverse theological movement, many of its advocates argue that each of the persons of the trinity are to be defined as three centers of consciousness with each having their own individual volitions.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to what is often called "<a href="/wiki/Classical_trinitarianism" title="Classical trinitarianism">classical trinitarianism</a>" due to its association with many classical theologians such as Augustine, which instead distinguishes the persons by their eternal relations of begetting and procession.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nontrinitarian_Christian_beliefs">Nontrinitarian Christian beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nontrinitarian Christian beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> (or antitrinitarianism) refers to Christian belief systems that reject the doctrine of the Trinity as found in the Nicene Creed as not having a scriptural origin. Nontrinitarian views differ widely on the nature of God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. Various nontrinitarian views, such as <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> existed prior to the formal definition of the Trinity doctrine in AD 325, 360, and 431, at the Councils of Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-vonharnack_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonharnack-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the adoption of trinitarianism at <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople in 381</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> was driven from the Empire, retaining a foothold amongst the Germanic tribes. When the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> converted to Catholicism in 496, however, it gradually faded out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a> in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> of the 18th century, and in some groups arising during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arianism was condemned as <a href="/wiki/Heresy#Christianity" title="Heresy">heretical</a> by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea#Arian_controversy#Result_of_the_debate" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> and, lastly, with <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Ecumenical Council">Second Ecumenical Council</a> (Constantinople, 381 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson1999173_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1999173-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adoptionism was declared as heretical by the Ecumenical Council of Frankfurt, convened by the Emperor Charlemagne in 794 for the Latin West Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeens201664_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeens201664-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern nontrinitarian groups or <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> include <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Bible_Students" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawn Bible Students">Dawn Bible Students</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Living_Church_of_God" title="Living Church of God">Living Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostals</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Luz_del_Mundo" title="La Luz del Mundo">La Luz del Mundo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Seventh_Day)" title="Church of God (Seventh Day)">Seventh Day Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism#Modern_Christian_Unitarian_organizations" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_God" title="United Church of God">United Church of God</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd%27s_Chapel" title="The Shepherd's Chapel">The Shepherd's Chapel</a>. </p><p>As pointed out by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Jonathan Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 17th Century <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> was more religiously tolerant than other European countries of the time, but its dominant Calvinist Church drew the line at groups who denied the Trinity; this was considered an intolerable aberration, and such groups were subject to various forms of persecution in the Netherlands. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Colenso" title="John Colenso">John William Colenso</a> argued that the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> implies a Trinitarian-esque view of God, seeing the "Lord of the spirits", the "Elected one" and the "Divine power" each partaking of the name of God.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions'_views"><span id="Other_religions.27_views"></span>Other religions' views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other religions' views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Trinity" title="Talk:Trinity">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism's view of Jesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shituf" title="Shituf">Shituf</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> maintains a tradition of monotheism that excludes the possibility of a Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasséSmith2003239–241_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasséSmith2003239–241-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Judaism, God is understood to be the <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">absolute one</a>, indivisible, and incomparable being which is the ultimate cause of all existence. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalist</a> writings have a Trinitarian-esque view of God, speaking of "stages of God's being, aspects of the divine personality", with God being "three hidden lights, which constitute one essence and one root". Some Jewish philosophers additionally saw God as a "thinker, thinking and thought", taking from <a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian</a> analogies.<sup id="cite_ref-plato.stanford.edu_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> additionally says that "God is they, and they are it". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo"> Philo of Alexandria</a> recognized a threefold character of God, but had many differences from the Christian view of the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Trinity" title="Talk:Trinity">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Trinity" title="Islamic view of the Trinity">Islamic view of the Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haqq%E2%80%93Muhammad%E2%80%93Ali" title="Haqq–Muhammad–Ali">Haqq–Muhammad–Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk (Islam)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> considers <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> to be a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet</a>, but not divine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasséSmith2003239–241_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasséSmith2003239–241-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> to be absolutely indivisible (a concept known as <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2006"Trinity"_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006"Trinity"-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several verses of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> state that the doctrine of the Trinity is blasphemous. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Indeed, disbelievers have said, "Truly, Allah is Messiah, son of Mary." But Messiah said, "Children of Israel! Worship Allah, my lord and your lord." Indeed, whoever associates partners with Allah, surely Allah has forbidden them from Heaven, and fire is their resort. And there are no helpers for the wrongdoers. Indeed, disbelievers have said, "Truly, Allah is a third of three." Yet, there is no god except One God, and if they do not desist from what they say, a grievous punishment befalls the disbelievers. Will they not turn to Allah and ask His forgiveness? For Allah is most forgiving and merciful. Is not Messiah, son of Mary, only a messenger? Indeed, messengers had passed away prior to him. And his mother was an upright woman. They both ate food. Observe how we explain the signs for them, then observe how they turn away (from truth)!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Quran 5:72–75<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Interpretation of these verses by modern scholars has been varied. Verse 5:73 has been interpreted as a potential criticism of Syriac literature that references Jesus as "the third of three" and thus an attack on the view that Christ was divine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith20128note_7_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith20128note_7-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another interpretation is that this passage should be studied from a rhetorical perspective; so as not to be an error, but an intentional misrepresentation of the doctrine of the Trinity in order to demonstrate its absurdity from an Islamic perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZebiri2006274_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZebiri2006274-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Thomas states that verse 5:116 need not be seen as describing actually professed beliefs, but rather, giving examples of <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i> (claiming divinity for beings other than God) and a "warning against excessive devotion to Jesus and extravagant veneration of Mary, a reminder linked to the central theme of the Qur'an that there is only one God and He alone is to be worshipped."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2006"Trinity"_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006"Trinity"-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When read in this light, it can be understood as an admonition, "Against the divinization of Jesus that is given elsewhere in the Qur'an and a warning against the virtual divinization of Mary in the declaration of the fifth-century church councils that she is '<a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">God-bearer</a>'." Similarly, Gabriel Reynolds, Sidney Griffith and Mun'im Sirry argue that this Quranic verse is to be understood as an intentional caricature and rhetorical statement to warn from the dangers of deifiying Jesus or Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirry201447_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirry201447-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuwirthSells2016300–304_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuwirthSells2016300–304-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_depictions">Artistic depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Artistic depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trinity_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity in art">Trinity in art</a></div> <p>The Trinity is most commonly seen in <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> with the Spirit represented by a dove, as specified in the Gospel accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Christ</a>; he is nearly always shown with wings outspread. However depictions using three human figures appear occasionally in most periods of art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiller1971figs_1;_5–16_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971figs_1;_5–16-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Father and the Son are usually differentiated by age, and later by dress, but this too is not always the case. The usual depiction of the Father as an older man with a white beard may derive from the biblical <a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a>, which is often cited in defense of this sometimes controversial representation. However, in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> the Ancient of Days is usually understood to be God the Son, not God the Father (<i>see below</i>)—early <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> images show Christ as the Ancient of Days,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartlidgeElliott2001240_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartlidgeElliott2001240-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> became rare. When the Father is depicted in art, he is sometimes shown with a <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a> shaped like an <a href="/wiki/Equilateral_triangle" title="Equilateral triangle">equilateral triangle</a>, instead of a circle. The Son is often shown at the Father's right hand (Acts 7:56). He may be represented by a symbol—typically the Lamb (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Agnus_dei" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnus dei">agnus dei</a></i></span>) or a cross—or on a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, so that the Father is the only human figure shown at full size. In early medieval art, the Father may be represented by a hand appearing from a cloud in a blessing gesture, for example in scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Christ</a>. Later, in the West, the Throne of Mercy (or "Throne of Grace") became a common depiction. In this style, the Father (sometimes seated on a <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a>) is shown supporting either a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiller1971122–124_and_figs_409–414_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971122–124_and_figs_409–414-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, later, a slumped crucified Son, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a> (this type is distinguished in German as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Not Gottes</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiller1971219–224_and_figs_768–804_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971219–224_and_figs_768–804-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his outstretched arms, while the Dove hovers above or in between them. This subject continued to be popular until the 18th century at least. </p><p>By the end of the 15th century, larger representations, other than the Throne of Mercy, became effectively standardised, showing an older figure in plain robes for the Father, Christ with his torso partly bare to display the wounds of his <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a>, and the dove above or around them. In earlier representations both Father, especially, and Son often wear elaborate robes and crowns. Sometimes the Father alone wears a crown, or even a <a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">papal tiara</a>. </p><p>In the later part of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Era">Christian Era</a>, in Renaissance European iconography, the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Providence" title="Eye of Providence">Eye of Providence</a> began to be used as an explicit image of the Christian Trinity and associated with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">Divine Providence</a>. Seventeenth-century depictions of the Eye of Providence sometimes show it surrounded by clouds or <a href="/wiki/Sunburst" title="Sunburst">sunbursts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts198268–78_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts198268–78-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity-CROPPED.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of Trinity from Saint Denis Basilica in Paris (12th century)"><img alt="Depiction of Trinity from Saint Denis Basilica in Paris (12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity-CROPPED.jpg/65px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity-CROPPED.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity-CROPPED.jpg/97px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity-CROPPED.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity-CROPPED.jpg/129px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity-CROPPED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Depiction of Trinity from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Saint Denis Basilica</a> in Paris (12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Llanbeblig_Hours_(f._4v.)_God,_The_Holy_Spirit,_and_Christ_Crucified.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Father, The Holy Spirit, and Christ crucified, depicted in a Welsh manuscript c. 1390–1400"><img alt="The Father, The Holy Spirit, and Christ crucified, depicted in a Welsh manuscript c. 1390–1400" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._4v.%29_God%2C_The_Holy_Spirit%2C_and_Christ_Crucified.jpg/77px-Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._4v.%29_God%2C_The_Holy_Spirit%2C_and_Christ_Crucified.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._4v.%29_God%2C_The_Holy_Spirit%2C_and_Christ_Crucified.jpg/115px-Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._4v.%29_God%2C_The_Holy_Spirit%2C_and_Christ_Crucified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._4v.%29_God%2C_The_Holy_Spirit%2C_and_Christ_Crucified.jpg/154px-Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._4v.%29_God%2C_The_Holy_Spirit%2C_and_Christ_Crucified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Father, The Holy Spirit, and Christ crucified, depicted in a <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> manuscript <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1390–1400</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_Trinity_-_WGA05656.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Holy Trinity in an angelic glory over a landscape, by Lucas Cranach the Elder (d. 1553)"><img alt="The Holy Trinity in an angelic glory over a landscape, by Lucas Cranach the Elder (d. 1553)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_Trinity_-_WGA05656.jpg/84px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_Trinity_-_WGA05656.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_Trinity_-_WGA05656.jpg/126px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_Trinity_-_WGA05656.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_Trinity_-_WGA05656.jpg/168px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_Trinity_-_WGA05656.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="1003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Holy Trinity in an angelic glory over a landscape, by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> (d. 1553)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Albani_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="God the Father (top), and the Holy Spirit (represented by a dove) depicted above Jesus Painting by Francesco Albani (d. 1660)"><img alt="God the Father (top), and the Holy Spirit (represented by a dove) depicted above Jesus Painting by Francesco Albani (d. 1660)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Francesco_Albani_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg/95px-Francesco_Albani_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Francesco_Albani_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg/142px-Francesco_Albani_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Francesco_Albani_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg/190px-Francesco_Albani_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">God the Father (top), and the Holy Spirit (represented by a dove) depicted above Jesus Painting by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Albani" title="Francesco Albani">Francesco Albani</a> (d. 1660)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MurilloTrinity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="God the Father (top), the Holy Spirit (a dove), and the child Jesus, painting by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (d. 1682)"><img alt="God the Father (top), the Holy Spirit (a dove), and the child Jesus, painting by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (d. 1682)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MurilloTrinity.jpg/96px-MurilloTrinity.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MurilloTrinity.jpg/144px-MurilloTrinity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MurilloTrinity.jpg/192px-MurilloTrinity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">God the Father (top), the Holy Spirit (a dove), and the child Jesus, painting by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> (d. 1682)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pope Clement I prays to the Trinity, in a typical post-Renaissance depiction by Gianbattista Tiepolo (d. 1770)"><img alt="Pope Clement I prays to the Trinity, in a typical post-Renaissance depiction by Gianbattista Tiepolo (d. 1770)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_016.jpg/61px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="61" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_016.jpg/92px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_016.jpg/123px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement I">Clement I</a> prays to the Trinity, in a typical post-Renaissance depiction by <a href="/wiki/Gianbattista_Tiepolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianbattista Tiepolo">Gianbattista Tiepolo</a> (d. 1770)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fridolin_Leiber_-_Holy_Trinity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atypical depiction The Son is identified by a lamb, the Father an Eye of Providence, and the Spirit a dove; the painting is by Fridolin Leiber (d. 1912)."><img alt="Atypical depiction The Son is identified by a lamb, the Father an Eye of Providence, and the Spirit a dove; the painting is by Fridolin Leiber (d. 1912)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fridolin_Leiber_-_Holy_Trinity.jpg/92px-Fridolin_Leiber_-_Holy_Trinity.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fridolin_Leiber_-_Holy_Trinity.jpg/138px-Fridolin_Leiber_-_Holy_Trinity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fridolin_Leiber_-_Holy_Trinity.jpg/184px-Fridolin_Leiber_-_Holy_Trinity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Atypical depiction The Son is identified by a lamb, the Father an <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Providence" title="Eye of Providence">Eye of Providence</a>, and the Spirit a dove; the painting is by <a href="/wiki/Fridolin_Leiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Fridolin Leiber">Fridolin Leiber</a> (d. 1912).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_de_la_Rose_f._138r_(The_Trinity).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="13th-century depiction of the Trinity from a Roman de la Rose manuscript"><img alt="13th-century depiction of the Trinity from a Roman de la Rose manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Roman_de_la_Rose_f._138r_%28The_Trinity%29.jpg/109px-Roman_de_la_Rose_f._138r_%28The_Trinity%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Roman_de_la_Rose_f._138r_%28The_Trinity%29.jpg/163px-Roman_de_la_Rose_f._138r_%28The_Trinity%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Roman_de_la_Rose_f._138r_%28The_Trinity%29.jpg/217px-Roman_de_la_Rose_f._138r_%28The_Trinity%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">13th-century depiction of the Trinity from a <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro"><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_Rose" title="Roman de la Rose">Roman de la Rose</a></i></span> manuscript</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_by_Jeronimo_Cosida.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance painting by Jerónimo Cosida depicting Jesus as a triple deity Inner text: The Father is God; the Son is God; the Holy Spirit is God"><img alt="Renaissance painting by Jerónimo Cosida depicting Jesus as a triple deity Inner text: The Father is God; the Son is God; the Holy Spirit is God" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Trinity_by_Jeronimo_Cosida.jpg/83px-Trinity_by_Jeronimo_Cosida.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Trinity_by_Jeronimo_Cosida.jpg/125px-Trinity_by_Jeronimo_Cosida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Trinity_by_Jeronimo_Cosida.jpg/167px-Trinity_by_Jeronimo_Cosida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renaissance painting by <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Cosida" title="Jerónimo Cosida">Jerónimo Cosida</a> depicting Jesus as a <a href="/wiki/Triple_deity" title="Triple deity">triple deity</a> Inner text: The Father is God; the Son is God; the Holy Spirit is God</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EpitaphDreieinigkeit-BremerDom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Representation of the Trinity in the form of the mercy seat (epitaph from 1549)"><img alt="Representation of the Trinity in the form of the mercy seat (epitaph from 1549)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/EpitaphDreieinigkeit-BremerDom.jpg/78px-EpitaphDreieinigkeit-BremerDom.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/EpitaphDreieinigkeit-BremerDom.jpg/117px-EpitaphDreieinigkeit-BremerDom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/EpitaphDreieinigkeit-BremerDom.jpg/156px-EpitaphDreieinigkeit-BremerDom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Representation of the Trinity in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">mercy seat</a> (epitaph from 1549)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrey_Rublev_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Trinity by Russian icon painter Andrei Rublev, early 15th century: this portrayal of the three angels who visited Abraham at the Oak of Mamre (Genesis 18:1–8) was not intended as a literal or exact representation of the Trinity, but as a meditation upon the relational life of the Trinity through the Biblical narrative"><img alt="The Trinity by Russian icon painter Andrei Rublev, early 15th century: this portrayal of the three angels who visited Abraham at the Oak of Mamre (Genesis 18:1–8) was not intended as a literal or exact representation of the Trinity, but as a meditation upon the relational life of the Trinity through the Biblical narrative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andrey_Rublev_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/97px-Andrey_Rublev_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andrey_Rublev_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/145px-Andrey_Rublev_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andrey_Rublev_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/194px-Andrey_Rublev_-_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3231" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(Andrei_Rublev)" title="Trinity (Andrei Rublev)">The Trinity</a></i> by Russian icon painter <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev" title="Andrei Rublev">Andrei Rublev</a>, early 15th century: this portrayal of the three <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> who visited <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Oak_of_Mamre" title="Oak of Mamre">Oak of Mamre</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#18:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 18:1–8</a>) was not intended as a literal or exact representation of the Trinity, but as a meditation upon the relational life of the Trinity through the Biblical narrative</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_architecture">In architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClevelandCathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/ClevelandCathedral.jpg/220px-ClevelandCathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/ClevelandCathedral.jpg/330px-ClevelandCathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/ClevelandCathedral.jpg/440px-ClevelandCathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Three doors representing the trinity at <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Evangelist_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist (Cleveland, Ohio)">a cathedral in Cleveland, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Many Christian churches have three doors symbolizing the trinity. Other architectural features, such as windows or steps, are also grouped into three for this reason.<sup id="cite_ref-1919Kennedy_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1919Kennedy-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice originated in <a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">spolia</a> churches that were built from, and on top of, the remains of ancient pre-Christian holy structures.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples are the three <a href="/wiki/Royal_doors" title="Royal doors">royal doors</a> inside of Eastern churches and the trio of doors in the <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a>. A triangular floor plan can also symbolize the trinity, as in <a href="/wiki/Heiligen-Geist-Kapelle,_Bruck" title="Heiligen-Geist-Kapelle, Bruck">Heiligen-Geist-Kapelle</a> in Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruck_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruck-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Trinity has traditionally been a subject matter of strictly theological works focused on proving the doctrine of the Trinity and defending it against its critics. In recent years, however, the Trinity has made an entrance into the world of (Christian) literature through books such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shack_(Young_novel)" title="The Shack (Young novel)">The Shack</a></i>, published in 2007 and <i>The Trinity Story</i>, published in 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura#Younger_Avesta" title="Ahura">Ahuric triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_Trinity" title="Ayyavazhi Trinity">Ayyavazhi Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick#Legends" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pure_Ones" title="Three Pure Ones">Three Pure Ones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Trikaya</a>, the three Buddha bodies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>, Hinduism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a>, Hinduism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a>, a day to celebrate the doctrine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_deity" title="Triple deity">Triple deity</a>, an associated term in <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetra" title="Triquetra">Triquetra</a>, a symbol sometimes used to represent the Trinity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritheism" title="Tritheism">Tritheism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Augustine3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Augustine3_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine had poor knowledge of the Greek language, and no knowledge of Hebrew. So he trusted the Septuagint, which differentiates between <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κύριοι</span></span> ('lords', vocative plural) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κύριε</span></span> ('lord', vocative singular), even if the Hebrew verbal form,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נא-אדני</span>‎ (<i>na-adoni</i>), is exactly the same in both cases.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1john5-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1john5_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, the note in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%205:7–8&version=nrsv">1 John 5:7–8</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arius-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arius_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Very little of <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>' own writings have survived. We depend largely on quotations made by opponents which reflect what they thought he was saying. Furthermore, there was no single Arian party or agenda but rather various critics of the Nicene formula working from distinct perspectives.(<a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, pp. 95–, 247–) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enchiridion-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enchiridion_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDenzinger1962" class="citation cs2">Denzinger, Heinrich (1962), <a href="/wiki/Enchiridion_symbolorum,_definitionum_et_declarationum_de_rebus_fidei_et_morum" title="Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum"><i>Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum</i></a>, Herder, p. 1330</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enchiridion+symbolorum%2C+definitionum+et+declarationum+de+rebus+fidei+et+morum&rft.pages=1330&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Denzinger&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span> English trans. <a href="#CITEREFDupuisNeuner2001">Dupuis & Neuner 2001</a>, p. 111 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization (Christian)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Augustine1-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Augustine1_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.augustinus.it/latino/trinita/trinita_09.htm"><i>Veluti nunc cupimus videre utrum illa excellentissima caritas proprie Spiritus Sanctus sit. Quod si non est, aut Pater est caritas, aut Filius, aut ipsa Trinitas, quoniam resistere non possumus certissimae fidei, et validissimae auctoritati Scripturae dicentis: 'Deus caritas est'</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Augustine2-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Augustine2_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.augustinus.it/latino/trinita/trinita_09.htm"><i>Tria ergo sunt: amans, et quod amatur, et amor</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxforddictionaries.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxforddictionaries.com_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121226195336/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/trinity">"Definition of trinity in English"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries – English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/trinity">the original</a> on 26 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%E2%80%93+English&rft.atitle=Definition+of+trinity+in+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Ftrinity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaley2009323–350-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaley2009323–350_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaley2009">Daley 2009</a>, pp. 323–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamelli2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamelli2012_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamelli2012">Ramelli 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-def-lateran1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-def-lateran1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Definition of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> quoted in <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM">§253</a>. <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">substantia, essentia seu natura divina</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Enchiridion_symbolorum,_definitionum_et_declarationum_de_rebus_fidei_et_morum" title="Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum">DS</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catho.org/9.php?d=bxw#bpd">804</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fourth_Lateran_Council-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fourth_Lateran_Council_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707222231/https://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/lateran4.htm"><i>Fourth Lateran Council (1215) List of Constitutions: 2. On the error of abbot Joachim</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/lateran4.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourth+Lateran+Council+%281215%29+List+of+Constitutions%3A+2.+On+the+error+of+abbot+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2Fcouncils%2Flateran4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/greek-and-latin-traditions-regarding-the-procession-of-the-holy-spirit-2349">"Greek and Latin Traditions Regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit | EWTN"</a>. <i>EWTN Global Catholic Television Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN+Global+Catholic+Television+Network&rft.atitle=Greek+and+Latin+Traditions+Regarding+the+Procession+of+the+Holy+Spirit+%7C+EWTN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fcatholicism%2Flibrary%2Fgreek-and-latin-traditions-regarding-the-procession-of-the-holy-spirit-2349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFathers1215" class="citation book cs1">Fathers, Council (11 November 1215). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum12-2.htm"><i>Fourth Lateran Council : 1215 Council Fathers</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourth+Lateran+Council+%3A+1215+Council+Fathers&rft.date=1215&rft.aulast=Fathers&rft.aufirst=Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Fcouncils%2Fecum12-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thelogy-sanity-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thelogy-sanity_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730135009/http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2011/fsheed_trinityts_may2011.asp">"Frank Sheed, <i>Theology and Sanity</i>"</a>. Ignatiusinsight.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2011/fsheed_trinityts_may2011.asp">the original</a> on 30 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+Sheed%2C+Theology+and+Sanity&rft.pub=Ignatiusinsight.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ignatiusinsight.com%2Ffeatures2011%2Ffsheed_trinityts_may2011.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheed1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sheed" title="Frank Sheed">Sheed, Frank J.</a> (11 January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5kS8XXWKmwC"><i>Theology & Sanity</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing (published 1978). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826438829" title="Special:BookSources/9780826438829"><bdi>9780826438829</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>Nature answers the question what we are; person answers the question who we are. [...] Nature is the source of our operations, person does them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+%26+Sanity&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1978-01-11&rft.isbn=9780826438829&rft.aulast=Sheed&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5kS8XXWKmwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanch2024" class="citation web cs1">Blanch, Jorge (24 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themythiccross.com/the-trinity-historical-development">"The Trinity: Historical Development and Debates"</a>. <i>The Mythic Cross</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mythic+Cross&rft.atitle=The+Trinity%3A+Historical+Development+and+Debates&rft.date=2024-11-24&rft.aulast=Blanch&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemythiccross.com%2Fthe-trinity-historical-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201099–110-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201099–110_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2010">Hurtado 2010</a>, pp. 99–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanuariy2013">Januariy 2013</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchimandrite_Janurariy_(Ivliev)2013" class="citation book cs1">Archimandrite Janurariy (Ivliev) (9 March 2013) [2003]. "The Elements of Triadology in the New Testament". In <a href="/wiki/Melville_Y._Stewart" title="Melville Y. Stewart">Stewart, Melville Y.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJzdBgAAQBAJ"><i>The Trinity: East/West Dialogue</i></a>. Volume 24 of Studies in Philosophy and Religion. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media (published 2013). p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401703932" title="Special:BookSources/9789401703932"><bdi>9789401703932</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>Trinitarian formulas are found in New Testament books such as 1 Peter 1:2; and 2 Cor 13:13. But the formula used by John the mystery-seer is unique. Perhaps it shows John's original adaptation of Paul's dual formula.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Elements+of+Triadology+in+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Trinity%3A+East%2FWest+Dialogue&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Volume+24+of+Studies+in+Philosophy+and+Religion&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-03-09&rft.isbn=9789401703932&rft.au=Archimandrite+Janurariy+%28Ivliev%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJzdBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 644–648.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKline2016" class="citation book cs1">Kline, Meredith G. (2016). <i>Genesis: A New Commentary</i>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781619708525" title="Special:BookSources/9781619708525"><bdi>9781619708525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis%3A+A+New+Commentary&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers+Marketing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781619708525&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=Meredith+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Rad1961" class="citation book cs1">von Rad, Gerhard (1961). <i>Genesis</i>. Translated by Marks, John H. Chatham, Kent: W. L. Jenkins. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.place=Chatham%2C+Kent&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=W.+L.+Jenkins&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=von+Rad&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton-1990-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton-1990_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton-1990_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1990" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Victor P. (1990). <i>The Book of Genesis: chapters 1–17</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reasonable+Faith&rft.atitle=Doctrine+of+the+Last+Things+%28Part+1%29%3A+The+Second+Coming+of+Christ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Fpodcasts%2Fdefenders-podcast-series-3%2Fs3-doctrine-of-the-last-things%2Fdoctrine-of-the-last-things-part-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%20145%3A13&version=NIV">"Bible Gateway passage: Psalm 145:13 – New International Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Armenian manuscripts, which favour the reading of the Vulgate, are admitted to represent a Latin influence which dates from the twelfth century</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Epistles+of+Saint+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F08435a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0aCaqJGgJvACqbinitarianpattern-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0aCaqJGgJvACqbinitarianpattern_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2010">Hurtado 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0aCaqJGgJvAC&q=binitarian+pattern">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005134–152-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005134–152_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 134–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billmounce.com/monday-with-mounce/jesus-god-rom-9-5">"Is Jesus God? 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles4.htm#8">the original</a> on 28 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summa+Contra+Gentiles+Book+Four+Chapter+8&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2FContraGentiles4.htm%238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodmanBlumberg200236-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodmanBlumberg200236_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodmanBlumberg2002">Goodman & Blumberg 2002</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2018">Hurtado 2018</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201864-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201864_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2018">Hurtado 2018</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasil_of_Caesarea1980">Basil of Caesarea 1980</a>, Ch. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._19-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._19_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasil_of_Caesarea1980">Basil of Caesarea 1980</a>, Ch. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._21-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._21_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasil_of_Caesarea1980">Basil of Caesarea 1980</a>, Ch. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendzen1911-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendzen1911_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArendzen1911">Arendzen 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn199168-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn199168_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilburn1991">Milburn 1991</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1992" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Margaret (1992). <i>The Great Angel: A Study of Israel's Second God</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Apology%2C+LXI&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.viii.ii.lxi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005646-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005646_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm">"<i>Apology</i>, I, che. 61"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apology%2C+I%2C+che.+61&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0126.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theophilus2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theophilus2_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theophilus, Apologia ad Autolycum, Book II, Chapter 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theophilus, <i>To Autolycus</i>, 1.7 Cf. Irenaeus, <i>Against Heresies</i>, 4.20.1, pg. 3<br /><i>Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching</i>, pg. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tertullian-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tertullian_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian Against Praxeas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-against-praxeas1-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-against-praxeas1_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.ix.iii.html">"Against Praxeas, chapter 2"</a>. Ccel.org. 1 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Against+Praxeas%2C+chapter+2&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf03.v.ix.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulhern1967205-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulhern1967205_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulhern1967205_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulhern1967">Mulhern 1967</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamelli2011a-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamelli2011a_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamelli2011a">Ramelli 2011a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard1970172–188-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard1970172–188_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnard1970">Barnard 1970</a>, pp. 172–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1913-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1913_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapman1913">Chapman 1913</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick199387-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick199387_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1993">Chadwick 1993</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.iv.iii.html">"Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes"</a>. <i>Christian Classics Ethereal Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.atitle=Creeds+of+Christendom%2C+with+a+History+and+Critical+notes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fcreeds1.iv.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creeds.net/ancient/niceneg.htm">"The Nicaeno-Constantinopolitan Creed"</a>. <i>creeds.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=creeds.net&rft.atitle=The+Nicaeno-Constantinopolitan+Creed&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creeds.net%2Fancient%2Fniceneg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEoWR-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BEoWR_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEoWR_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEoWR_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Trinity". Britannica Encyclopaedia of World Religions. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.iv.iii.html">Creeds of Christendom</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012193-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012193_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012">Hornblower, Spawforth & Eidinow 2012</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley2013" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Bruce L. (2013). <i>Church History in Plain Language</i>. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History+in+Plain+Language&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Bruce+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley2013" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Bruce L. (2013). <i>Church History in Plain Language</i>. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History+in+Plain+Language&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Bruce+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a different view, see e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.xi.html">Excursus on the Words πίστιν ἑτέραν</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/PCCUFILQ.HTM"><i>Greek and Latin Traditions on Holy Spirit</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Latin+Traditions+on+Holy+Spirit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FCURIA%2FPCCUFILQ.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory of Nazianzus, <i>Orations</i> 40.41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:19&version=nrsv">Mt 28:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:19&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVondey201278-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVondey201278_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVondey2012">Vondey 2012</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patristics-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patristics_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">7:1, 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0714.htm">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patristics1-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patristics1_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epistle to the Philippians</i>, 2:13 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.v.xvii.ii.html">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patristics2-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patristics2_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>On Baptism</i> 8:6 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-03/anf03–49.htm#P11646_3280473">online</a>, <i>Against Praxeas</i>, 26:2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0317.htm">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patristics3-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patristics3_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Against Noetus</i>, 1:14 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0521.htm">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patristics4-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patristics4_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Seventh Council of Carthage</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-05/anf05–124.htm#P9402_2932994">"online"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Ffathers2%2FANF-05%2Fanf05%E2%80%93124.htm%23P9402_2932994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patristics5-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patristics5_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Sectional Confession of Faith</i>, 13:2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-06/anf06–14.htm#P784_222567">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Corinthians#13:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Corinthians">2 Cor. 13:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2012:4–6&version=nrsv">1 Cor. 12:4–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kittel3-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kittel3_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kittel, 3:108.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994226-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994226_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrudem1994">Grudem 1994</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-athanasian-creed-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-athanasian-creed_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/creeds/athanasian.creed.html">"Athanasian Creed"</a>. Ccel.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athanasian+Creed&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fcreeds%2Fathanasian.creed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarth1975348–349-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarth1975348–349_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarth1975">Barth 1975</a>, pp. 348–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegis1997307–309-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegis1997307–309_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegis1997">Pegis 1997</a>, pp. 307–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Smet2010-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Smet2010_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Smet2010">De Smet 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TOLEDO.HTM"><i>The Eleventh Council of Toledo (675)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eleventh+Council+of+Toledo+%28675%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FCOUNCILS%2FTOLEDO.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707222231/https://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/lateran4.htm"><i>Fourth Lateran Council (1215) List of Constitutions: 2. On the error of abbot Joachim</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/lateran4.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourth+Lateran+Council+%281215%29+List+of+Constitutions%3A+2.+On+the+error+of+abbot+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2Fcouncils%2Flateran4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFathers1215" class="citation book cs1">Fathers, Council (11 November 1215). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum12-2.htm"><i>Fourth Lateran Council : 1215 Council Fathers</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourth+Lateran+Council+%3A+1215+Council+Fathers&rft.date=1215&rft.aulast=Fathers&rft.aufirst=Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Fcouncils%2Fecum12-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagliola2001404,_405-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagliola2001404,_405_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagliola2001">Magliola 2001</a>, pp. 404, 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagliola2014159–161-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagliola2014159–161_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagliola2014">Magliola 2014</a>, pp. 159–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2010:38&version=nrsv">John 10:38,14:11,14:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hilary-john-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hilary-john_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf209.ii.v.ii.iii.html">"NPNF2-09. Hilary of Poitiers, John of Damascus | Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. Ccel.org. 13 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NPNF2-09.+Hilary+of+Poitiers%2C+John+of+Damascus+%26%23124%3B+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf209.ii.v.ii.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cross, F. L., ed. (1974). "Cicumincession". <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cicumincession&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2014:18&version=nrsv">John 14:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM"><i>CCC</i> §236</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM"><i>CCC</i> §258</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-despiritu-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-despiritu_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf208.vii.ix.html">"Basil the Great, De Spiritu Sancto, NPNF, Vol 8"</a>. Ccel.org. 13 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basil+the+Great%2C+De+Spiritu+Sancto%2C+NPNF%2C+Vol+8&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf208.vii.ix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Took2016" class="citation book cs1">John Took (15 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4XhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>Conversations with Kenelm: Essays on the Theology of the Commedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_Press" title="Ubiquity Press">Ubiquity Press</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909188082" title="Special:BookSources/9781909188082"><bdi>9781909188082</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1054304886">1054304886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Kenelm%3A+Essays+on+the+Theology+of+the+Commedia&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Ubiquity+Press&rft.date=2016-05-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1054304886&rft.isbn=9781909188082&rft.au=John+Took&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4XhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span> Quote (in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>): "mysterium Christi explicite credi non potest sine fide Trinitatis..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-athanasius3-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-athanasius3_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athanasius, 3.29 (p. 409)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-basil-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-basil_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basil "Letters", NPNF, Vol 8, 189.7 (p. 32)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauvage1907-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauvage1907_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauvage1907">Sauvage 1907</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefon2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stefon, Matt (10 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-Holy-Trinity#ref67486">"Christianity – The Holy Trinity | Attempts to define the Trinity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+%E2%80%93+The+Holy+Trinity+%7C+Attempts+to+define+the+Trinity&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.aulast=Stefon&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChristianity%2FThe-Holy-Trinity%23ref67486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200225-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200225_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo2002">Augustine of Hippo 2002</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200226-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200226_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo2002">Augustine of Hippo 2002</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPool2011398-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPool2011398_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPool2011">Pool 2011</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAquinas197591-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAquinas197591_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAquinas1975">Aquinas 1975</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span> <i>DS</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catho.org/9.php?d=bxo#bew">401</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">Pope John II</a>, letter <i>Olim quidem</i> addressed to the senators of Constantinople, March 534).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYewangoe1987273-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYewangoe1987273_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYewangoe1987">Yewangoe 1987</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitamori2005v-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitamori2005v_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitamori2005">Kitamori 2005</a>, p. v.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar2000vii-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar2000vii_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Balthasar2000">von Balthasar 2000</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar199255-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar199255_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Balthasar1992">von Balthasar 1992</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMobley2021202-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMobley2021202_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMobley2021">Mobley 2021</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimech2019103-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimech2019103_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimech2019">Dimech 2019</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2000chpt._9-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2000chpt._9_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2000">Carson 2000</a>, chpt. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.thegospelcoalition.org/documents/carson/1999_distorting_the_love_of_God.pdf">"On Distorting the Love of God"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Sacra" title="Bibliotheca Sacra">Bibliotheca Sacra</a></i>. <b>156</b> (January–March 1999): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bibliotheca+Sacra&rft.atitle=On+Distorting+the+Love+of+God&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=January%E2%80%93March+1999&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcarson%2F1999_distorting_the_love_of_God.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarfield19153020–3021-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarfield19153020–3021_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarfield1915">Warfield 1915</a>, pp. 3020–3021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonas2010-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jonas2010_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jonas2010_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jonas2010_152-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas2010" class="citation book cs1">Jonas, W. Glenn (1 January 2010). <i>Christianity</i>. Mercer University Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881462043" title="Special:BookSources/9780881462043"><bdi>9780881462043</bdi></a>. <q>Popular analogies for the Trinity abound. The comparison is sometimes made between the triune God and H<sub>2</sub>O. Just as H<sub>2</sub>O can come in three distinct forms (liquid, solid, gas), so God appears as Father, Son, Spirit. Or just as the sun cannot be separated from its rays of light and its felt heat, so the Son is the ray of the Father and the spirit is the heat of God. Or, to use a mathematical analogy: 1+1+1=3, but 1x1x1=1.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=9780881462043&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=W.+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seamands2009-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seamands2009_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seamands2009_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeamands2009" class="citation book cs1">Seamands, Stephen (20 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MX3M03qcGIC&pg=PA97"><i>Ministry in the Image of God: The Trinitarian Shape of Christian Service</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830876358" title="Special:BookSources/9780830876358"><bdi>9780830876358</bdi></a>. <q>Christians have always used various analogies to help make sense of the Trinity. Water, for example, can exist in three different states, as liquid, steam or ice. It is once substance (H<sub>2</sub>O) yet appears in three distinct forms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ministry+in+the+Image+of+God%3A+The+Trinitarian+Shape+of+Christian+Service&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.isbn=9780830876358&rft.aulast=Seamands&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5MX3M03qcGIC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarveyHunter2008-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarveyHunter2008_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarveyHunter2008">Harvey & Hunter 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation web cs1">Gill, N. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/godsreligion/p/aa082499.htm">"The Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140710210117/http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/godsreligion/p/aa082499.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arian+Controversy+and+the+Council+of+Nicea&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancienthistory.about.com%2Fcs%2Fgodsreligion%2Fp%2Faa082499.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schaff, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.vi.xv.html"><i>History of the Christian Church</i></a>. Vol. III. Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity (fifth revised ed.). §27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=%C2%A727&rft.edition=fifth+revised&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc3.iii.vi.xv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkhof1974" class="citation book cs1">Berkhof, Louis (1974). <i>Systematic Theology</i> (4th ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: W. B. Eerdman's Publishing Company. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080283020X" title="Special:BookSources/080283020X"><bdi>080283020X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=89&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=W.+B.+Eerdman%27s+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=080283020X&rft.aulast=Berkhof&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2012" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Kevin (7 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lo42zEOKobwC&dq=eternal+generation+wayne+grudem&pg=PA147"><i>The Eternal Generation of the Son: Maintaining Orthodoxy in Trinitarian Theology</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3965-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-3965-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eternal+Generation+of+the+Son%3A+Maintaining+Orthodoxy+in+Trinitarian+Theology&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-3965-0&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlo42zEOKobwC%26dq%3Deternal%2Bgeneration%2Bwayne%2Bgrudem%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2009" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Millard J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNVTBmnZTlUC&dq=J.+Oliver+Buswell+eternal+generation&pg=PA61"><i>Who's Tampering with the Trinity?: An Assessment of the Subordination Debate</i></a>. Kregel Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9918-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9918-0"><bdi>978-0-8254-9918-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Tampering+with+the+Trinity%3F%3A+An+Assessment+of+the+Subordination+Debate&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-9918-0&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Millard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNVTBmnZTlUC%26dq%3DJ.%2BOliver%2BBuswell%2Beternal%2Bgeneration%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyrie1999" class="citation book cs1">Ryrie, Charles C. (11 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F55Dx_kFcZIC"><i>Basic Theology: A Popular Systematic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth</i></a>. Moody Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57567-498-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57567-498-8"><bdi>978-1-57567-498-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Theology%3A+A+Popular+Systematic+Guide+to+Understanding+Biblical+Truth&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=1999-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-57567-498-8&rft.aulast=Ryrie&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF55Dx_kFcZIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldron2011" class="citation web cs1">Waldron, Sam (7 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbtseminary.org/the-trinity-17/">"Who's Tampering with the Trinity? (Part 17) The Eternal Procession of the Holy Spirit Proved"</a>. <i>Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Covenant+Baptist+Theological+Seminary&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Tampering+with+the+Trinity%3F+%28Part+17%29+The+Eternal+Procession+of+the+Holy+Spirit+Proved&rft.date=2011-12-07&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbtseminary.org%2Fthe-trinity-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06073a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Filioque"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Filioque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F06073a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeisner2004" class="citation book cs1">Beisner, E. Calvin (10 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgFLAwAAQBAJ&dq=Subordinationism+and+Arianism&pg=PA107"><i>God in Three Persons</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-545-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-545-5"><bdi>978-1-59244-545-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+in+Three+Persons&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2004-02-10&rft.isbn=978-1-59244-545-5&rft.aulast=Beisner&rft.aufirst=E.+Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgFLAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSubordinationism%2Band%2BArianism%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamelliMcGuckinAshwin-Siejkowski2021" class="citation book cs1">Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.; McGuckin, J. A.; Ashwin-Siejkowski, Piotr (16 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyJIEAAAQBAJ&dq=Origen+Subordinationism+and+Arianism&pg=PA435"><i>T&T Clark Handbook of the Early Church</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68039-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68039-6"><bdi>978-0-567-68039-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Handbook+of+the+Early+Church&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-567-68039-6&rft.aulast=Ramelli&rft.aufirst=Ilaria+L.+E.&rft.au=McGuckin%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Ashwin-Siejkowski%2C+Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyyJIEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DOrigen%2BSubordinationism%2Band%2BArianism%26pg%3DPA435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tabletalkmagazine.com/article/2019/12/god-the-son/">"God the Son"</a>. <i>Tabletalk</i>. 1 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tabletalk&rft.atitle=God+the+Son&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftabletalkmagazine.com%2Farticle%2F2019%2F12%2Fgod-the-son%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Charles. <i>Outlines of Theology</i>. <q>The eternal generation of the Son is commonly defined to be an eternal personal act of the Father, wherein by necessity of nature, not by choice of will, he generates the person (not the essence) of the Son, by communicating to him the whole indivisible substance of the Godhead, without division, alienation, or change, so that the Son is the express image of His Father's person, and eternally continues, not from the Father, but in the Father, and the Father in the Son</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Theology&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15047a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Blessed Trinity"</a>. <i>newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+The+Blessed+Trinity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15047a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkison" class="citation web cs1">Parkison, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://credomag.com/article/the-only-begotten-god/">"The Only Begotten God - Credo Magazine"</a>. <i>credomag.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=credomag.com&rft.atitle=The+Only+Begotten+God+-+Credo+Magazine&rft.aulast=Parkison&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcredomag.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-only-begotten-god%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Keith E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/trinitarian-agency-and-the-eternal-subordination-of-the-son-an-augustinian-perspective/">"Trinitarian Agency and the Eternal Subordination of the Son: An Augustinian Perspective"</a>. <i>The Gospel Coalition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.atitle=Trinitarian+Agency+and+the+Eternal+Subordination+of+the+Son%3A+An+Augustinian+Perspective&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Keith+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fthemelios%2Farticle%2Ftrinitarian-agency-and-the-eternal-subordination-of-the-son-an-augustinian-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgeworth2020" class="citation web cs1">Wedgeworth, Steven (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.thegospelcoalition.org/article/athanasius-on-the-simple-god-and-eternal-generation/">"Athanasius on the Simple God And Eternal Generation"</a>. <i>The Gospel Coalition | Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gospel+Coalition+%7C+Canada&rft.atitle=Athanasius+on+the+Simple+God+And+Eternal+Generation&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft.aulast=Wedgeworth&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca.thegospelcoalition.org%2Farticle%2Fathanasius-on-the-simple-god-and-eternal-generation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2022" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Wyatt (13 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.thegospelcoalition.org/columns/detrinitate/impassibility-makes-sense-of-our-faith-in-father-and-son/">"Impassibility Makes Sense of Our Faith in the Father and Son"</a>. <i>The Gospel Coalition | Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gospel+Coalition+%7C+Canada&rft.atitle=Impassibility+Makes+Sense+of+Our+Faith+in+the+Father+and+Son&rft.date=2022-02-13&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Wyatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fcolumns%2Fdetrinitate%2Fimpassibility-makes-sense-of-our-faith-in-father-and-son%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2012" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Kevin (7 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lo42zEOKobwC&dq=Eternal+generation+early+church&pg=PA87"><i>The Eternal Generation of the Son: Maintaining Orthodoxy in Trinitarian Theology</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3965-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-3965-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eternal+Generation+of+the+Son%3A+Maintaining+Orthodoxy+in+Trinitarian+Theology&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-3965-0&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlo42zEOKobwC%26dq%3DEternal%2Bgeneration%2Bearly%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heidelblog.net/2014/08/bavinck-on-eternal-generation/">"Bavinck On Eternal Generation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heidelblog" class="mw-redirect" title="The Heidelblog">The Heidelblog</a></i>. 28 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heidelblog&rft.atitle=Bavinck+On+Eternal+Generation&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheidelblog.net%2F2014%2F08%2Fbavinck-on-eternal-generation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reformation21.org/blogs/proverbs-823-the-eternal-gener.php">"Proverbs 8:23, the Eternal Generation of the Son and the History of Reformed Exegesis"</a>. <i>reformation21.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reformation21.org&rft.atitle=Proverbs+8%3A23%2C+the+Eternal+Generation+of+the+Son+and+the+History+of+Reformed+Exegesis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformation21.org%2Fblogs%2Fproverbs-823-the-eternal-gener.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ps.edu/eternal-generation/">"What is the Doctrine of Eternal Generation?"</a>. <i>Phoenix Seminary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Seminary&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Doctrine+of+Eternal+Generation%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fps.edu%2Feternal-generation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandersSwain2017" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Fred; Swain, Scott R. (21 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGVDDgAAQBAJ&dq=Micah+5%3A2+eternal+generation&pg=PA73"><i>Retrieving Eternal Generation</i></a>. Zondervan Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53788-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53788-5"><bdi>978-0-310-53788-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retrieving+Eternal+Generation&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft.isbn=978-0-310-53788-5&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Swain%2C+Scott+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdGVDDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMicah%2B5%253A2%2Beternal%2Bgeneration%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/scholarly-writings/christian-doctrines/is-god-the-son-begotten-in-his-divine-nature/">"Is God the Son Begotten in His Divine Nature? | Reasonable Faith"</a>. <i>reasonablefaith.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reasonablefaith.org&rft.atitle=Is+God+the+Son+Begotten+in+His+Divine+Nature%3F+%7C+Reasonable+Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Fwritings%2Fscholarly-writings%2Fchristian-doctrines%2Fis-god-the-son-begotten-in-his-divine-nature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2012" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Kevin (7 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lo42zEOKobwC&dq=eternal+generation+wayne+grudem&pg=PA147"><i>The Eternal Generation of the Son: Maintaining Orthodoxy in Trinitarian Theology</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3965-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-3965-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eternal+Generation+of+the+Son%3A+Maintaining+Orthodoxy+in+Trinitarian+Theology&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-3965-0&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlo42zEOKobwC%26dq%3Deternal%2Bgeneration%2Bwayne%2Bgrudem%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesMolnarMcCallFiddes2014" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Stephen R.; Molnar, Paul D.; McCall, Thomas H.; Fiddes, Paul (2 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl9tAgAAQBAJ"><i>Two Views on the Doctrine of the Trinity</i></a>. Zondervan Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49813-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49813-1"><bdi>978-0-310-49813-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Views+on+the+Doctrine+of+the+Trinity&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft.isbn=978-0-310-49813-1&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft.au=Molnar%2C+Paul+D.&rft.au=McCall%2C+Thomas+H.&rft.au=Fiddes%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPl9tAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reasonablefaith.org/question-answer/P50/monothelitism-and-the-trinity">"Monothelitism and the Trinity | Reasonable Faith"</a>. <i>www.reasonablefaith.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.reasonablefaith.org&rft.atitle=Monothelitism+and+the+Trinity+%7C+Reasonable+Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Fquestion-answer%2FP50%2Fmonothelitism-and-the-trinity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2021" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Matthew (2021). <i>Simply Trinity: The Unmanipulated Father, Son, and Spirit</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781540900074" title="Special:BookSources/9781540900074"><bdi>9781540900074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simply+Trinity%3A+The+Unmanipulated+Father%2C+Son%2C+and+Spirit&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781540900074&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2024" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Matthew (1 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-n2EAAAQBAJ&dq=classical+vs+social+trinitarianism&pg=PP438"><i>On Classical Trinitarianism: Retrieving the Nicene Doctrine of the Triune God</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5140-0035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5140-0035-9"><bdi>978-1-5140-0035-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Classical+Trinitarianism%3A+Retrieving+the+Nicene+Doctrine+of+the+Triune+God&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-5140-0035-9&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-n2EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dclassical%2Bvs%2Bsocial%2Btrinitarianism%26pg%3DPP438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vonharnack-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vonharnack_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Harnack1894" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">von Harnack, Adolf</a> (1 March 1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma1.ii.iii.iii.html">"History of Dogma"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2007</span>. <q>[In the 2nd century,] Jesus was either regarded as the man whom God hath chosen, in whom the Deity or the Spirit of God dwelt, and who, after being tested, was adopted by God and invested with dominion, (Adoptionist Christology); or Jesus was regarded as a heavenly spiritual being (the highest after God) who took flesh, and again returned to heaven after the completion of his work on earth (pneumatic Christology)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Dogma&rft.date=1894-03-01&rft.aulast=von+Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fharnack%2Fdogma1.ii.iii.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1999173-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson1999173_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson1999">Olson 1999</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeens201664-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeens201664_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeens2016">Meens 2016</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Jonathan Israel</a>, "The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColenso2022" class="citation book cs1">Colenso, John William (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZFtEAAAQBAJ&dq=book+of+Enoch+trinity&pg=RA1-PT60"><i>The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua: Critically examined. Part 3. Part 4</i></a> (2 ed.). BoD – Books on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-375-00420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-375-00420-0"><bdi>978-3-375-00420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentateuch+and+Book+of+Joshua%3A+Critically+examined.+Part+3.+Part+4.&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-375-00420-0&rft.aulast=Colenso&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeZFtEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbook%2Bof%2BEnoch%2Btrinity%26pg%3DRA1-PT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasséSmith2003239–241-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasséSmith2003239–241_189-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasséSmith2003239–241_189-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlasséSmith2003">Glassé & Smith 2003</a>, pp. 239–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plato.stanford.edu_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/judaic-islamic-trinity.html#JewMusTriPar">"Trinity > Judaic and Islamic Objections (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"</a>. <i>plato.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plato.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Trinity+%3E+Judaic+and+Islamic+Objections+%28Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftrinity%2Fjudaic-islamic-trinity.html%23JewMusTriPar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSMIAQAAIAAJ&dq=Philo+the+Jew+trinity&pg=PA614"><i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i></a>. Macmillan. 1895.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWSMIAQAAIAAJ%26dq%3DPhilo%2Bthe%2BJew%2Btrinity%26pg%3DPA614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006"Trinity"-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2006"Trinity"_192-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2006"Trinity"_192-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2006">Thomas 2006</a>, "Trinity".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legacy.quran.com/5/72-75">"Quran 5:72–75"</a>. <i>The Noble Qur'an – القرآن الكريم</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Noble+Qur%27an+%E2%80%93+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft.atitle=Quran+5%3A72%E2%80%9375&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegacy.quran.com%2F5%2F72-75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith20128note_7-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith20128note_7_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffith2012">Griffith 2012</a>, p. 8, note 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZebiri2006274-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZebiri2006274_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZebiri2006">Zebiri 2006</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESirry201447-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirry201447_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSirry2014">Sirry 2014</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuwirthSells2016300–304-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuwirthSells2016300–304_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeuwirthSells2016">Neuwirth & Sells 2016</a>, pp. 300–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971figs_1;_5–16-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiller1971figs_1;_5–16_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiller1971">Schiller 1971</a>, figs 1; 5–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartlidgeElliott2001240-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartlidgeElliott2001240_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCartlidgeElliott2001">Cartlidge & Elliott 2001</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971122–124_and_figs_409–414-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiller1971122–124_and_figs_409–414_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiller1971">Schiller 1971</a>, pp. 122–124 and figs 409–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971219–224_and_figs_768–804-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiller1971219–224_and_figs_768–804_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiller1971">Schiller 1971</a>, pp. 219–224 and figs 768–804.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts198268–78-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts198268–78_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotts1982">Potts 1982</a>, pp. 68–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saintjohncathedral.com/the-front-entrance">"The Front Entrance"</a>. <i>The Cathedral of Saint John the Evangelist</i>. Cleveland, Ohio. <q>A central doctrine of the Catholic Faith is symbolized in the three arches of the entrance the Three Persons of the Blessed Trinity. The center door symbolizes the Father, the north door the Son, and the south door the Holy Spirit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cathedral+of+Saint+John+the+Evangelist&rft.atitle=The+Front+Entrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaintjohncathedral.com%2Fthe-front-entrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1919Kennedy-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1919Kennedy_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1919" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Katherine (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Christian_Symbols/pFwyAQAAMAAJ"><i>Christian Symbols: Some Notes on Their Origin and Meaning</i></a>. A.R. Mowbray. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Symbols%3A+Some+Notes+on+Their+Origin+and+Meaning&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=A.R.+Mowbray&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FChristian_Symbols%2FpFwyAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2015" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Maria Fabricius (2015). <i>The Spolia Churches of Rome: Recycling Antiquity in the Middle Ages</i>. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spolia+Churches+of+Rome%3A+Recycling+Antiquity+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Maria+Fabricius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruck-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruck_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bruckmur.at/hgk/index.htm">"Sanierung Heiligen-Geist-Kapelle, Bruck an der Mur"</a> (in German). Bruck an der Mur<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanierung+Heiligen-Geist-Kapelle%2C+Bruck+an+der+Mur&rft.pub=Bruck+an+der+Mur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bruckmur.at%2Fhgk%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2016" class="citation journal cs1">Allison, Dale C. Jr (2016). "Acts 9: 1–9, 22: 6–11, 26: 12–18: Paul and Ezekiel". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>135</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">807–</span>826. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15699%2Fjbl.1354.2016.3138">10.15699/jbl.1354.2016.3138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Acts+9%3A+1%E2%80%939%2C+22%3A+6%E2%80%9311%2C+26%3A+12%E2%80%9318%3A+Paul+and+Ezekiel&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E807-%3C%2Fspan%3E826&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15699%2Fjbl.1354.2016.3138&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale+C.+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas1975" class="citation book cs1">Aquinas, Thomas (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fkIFDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22And+the+way+in+which+Christ+was+raised+up+is+like+the+way+He+suffered+and+died,+that+is,+in+the+flesh%22&pg=PT91"><i>Summa Contra Gentiles: Book 4: Salvation Chapter 4</i></a>. University of Notre Dame Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268074821" title="Special:BookSources/978-0268074821"><bdi>978-0268074821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summa+Contra+Gentiles%3A+Book+4%3A+Salvation+Chapter+4&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0268074821&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfkIFDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522And%2Bthe%2Bway%2Bin%2Bwhich%2BChrist%2Bwas%2Braised%2Bup%2Bis%2Blike%2Bthe%2Bway%2BHe%2Bsuffered%2Band%2Bdied%2C%2Bthat%2Bis%2C%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bflesh%2522%26pg%3DPT91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendzen1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Arendzen, John Peter (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pneumatomachi"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pneumatomachi">"Pneumatomachi" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pneumatomachi&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Arendzen&rft.aufirst=John+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oc3woz7Oq7kC&pg=PA25"><i>Augustine: On the Trinity Books 8–15</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521796651" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521796651"><bdi>978-0521796651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%3A+On+the+Trinity+Books+8%E2%80%9315&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521796651&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doc3woz7Oq7kC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1970" class="citation journal cs1">Barnard, L. W. (1970). "The Antecedents of Arius". <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">172–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1583070">10.2307/1583070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-6032">0042-6032</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1583070">1583070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vigiliae+Christianae&rft.atitle=The+Antecedents+of+Arius&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0042-6032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1583070%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1583070&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=L.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth, Karl</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TiOOG21J5PMC"><i>The Doctrine of the Word of God: (prolegomena to Church Dogmatics, Being Volume I, 1)</i></a>. T. & T. Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567090133" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567090133"><bdi>978-0567090133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+the+Word+of+God%3A+%28prolegomena+to+Church+Dogmatics%2C+Being+Volume+I%2C+1%29&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0567090133&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTiOOG21J5PMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasil_of_Caesarea1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcmPV9fjBxYC"><i>On the Holy Spirit</i></a>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913836743" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913836743"><bdi>978-0913836743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Holy+Spirit&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0913836743&rft.au=Basil+of+Caesarea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcmPV9fjBxYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bauckham, Richard (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fbullbiblrese.27.4.0503">"Is "High Human Christology" Sufficient? A Critical Response to J. R. Daniel Kirk's A Man Attested by God"</a>. <i>Bulletin for Biblical Research</i>. <b>27</b> (4). Penn State University Press: <span class="nowrap">503–</span>525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fbullbiblrese.27.4.0503">10.5325/bullbiblrese.27.4.0503</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/bullbiblrese.27.4.0503">10.5325/bullbiblrese.27.4.0503</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246577988">246577988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=Is+%22High+Human+Christology%22+Sufficient%3F+A+Critical+Response+to+J.+R.+Daniel+Kirk%27s+A+Man+Attested+by+God&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E525&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246577988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fbullbiblrese.27.4.0503%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fbullbiblrese.27.4.0503&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5325%252Fbullbiblrese.27.4.0503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brown, Raymond Edward (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsRPtSK3O7MC"><i>The Gospel According to John</i></a>. Vol. 2: XIII to XXI. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385037617" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385037617"><bdi>978-0385037617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+John&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0385037617&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbsRPtSK3O7MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._A._Carson" title="D. A. 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Inter-Varsity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851119755" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851119755"><bdi>978-0851119755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Difficult+Doctrine+of+the+Love+of+God&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0851119755&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Donald+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdifficultdoctrin00daca%2Fpage%2F8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartlidgeElliott2001" class="citation book cs1">Cartlidge, David R.; Elliott, James Keith (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o0LBvOMYArYC&pg=PA240"><i>Art and the Christian Apocrypha</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415233927" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415233927"><bdi>978-0415233927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+the+Christian+Apocrypha&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0415233927&rft.aulast=Cartlidge&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+James+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do0LBvOMYArYC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuny9zYbPVIC"><i>The Penguin History of the Church: The Early Church</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140231991" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140231991"><bdi>978-0140231991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+the+Church%3A+The+Early+Church&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0140231991&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcuny9zYbPVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chapman, Henry Palmer (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Paul of Samosata"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Paul_of_Samosata">"Paul of Samosata" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+of+Samosata&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Henry+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1900" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, William Newton (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CumZRm4c-GsC&pg=PA161"><i>An Outline of Christian Theology</i></a> (8th ed.). New York: Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+Christian+Theology&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=William+Newton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCumZRm4c-GsC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1652">"Trinity, doctrine of the"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192802903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192802903"><bdi>978-0192802903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trinity%2C+doctrine+of+the&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0192802903&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaley2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_E._Daley" title="Brian E. 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Leiden & Boston: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">323–</span>350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004174122" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004174122"><bdi>978-9004174122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Persons+in+God+and+the+Person+of+Christ+in+Patristic+Theology%3A+An+Argument+for+Parallel+Development&rft.btitle=God+in+Early+Christian+Thought&rft.place=Leiden+%26+Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9004174122&rft.aulast=Daley&rft.aufirst=Brian+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9bAyYn_QkbkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Smet2010" class="citation book cs1">De Smet, Richard (2010). Ivo Coelho (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMZOAQAAIAAJ"><i>Brahman and Person: Essays</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120834590" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120834590"><bdi>978-8120834590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahman+and+Person%3A+Essays&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8120834590&rft.aulast=De+Smet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCMZOAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimech2019" class="citation book cs1">Dimech, Pauline (2019). "9. 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Volume II: Learning and Leading in a Pluralist World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBKLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">103</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-13-6127-2">10.1007/978-981-13-6127-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9811361272" title="Special:BookSources/978-9811361272"><bdi>978-9811361272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+Von+Balthasars+Theoaesthetics+Applied+to+Religious+Education&rft.btitle=Global+Perspectives+on+Catholic+Religious+Education+in+Schools.+Volume+II%3A+Learning+and+Leading+in+a+Pluralist+World&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-13-6127-2&rft.isbn=978-9811361272&rft.aulast=Dimech&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBKLDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuisNeuner2001" class="citation book cs1">Dupuis, Jacques; Neuner, Josef (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TigvAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Christian Faith in the Doctrinal Documents of the Catholic Church</i></a> (7th ed.). Alba House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0818908934" title="Special:BookSources/978-0818908934"><bdi>978-0818908934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Faith+in+the+Doctrinal+Documents+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Alba+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0818908934&rft.aulast=Dupuis&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Neuner%2C+Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTigvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2018" class="citation book cs1">Hurtado, Larry (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OEpGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">"Observations on the "Monotheism" Affirmed in the New Testament"</a>. In Beeley, Christopher; Weedman, Mark (eds.). <i>The Bible and Early Trinitarian Theology</i>. Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813229959" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813229959"><bdi>978-0813229959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+%22Monotheism%22+Affirmed+in+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+Early+Trinitarian+Theology&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0813229959&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOEpGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFee2002" class="citation book cs1">Fee, Gordon (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSnyL06y0LYC&q=The%20Trinity%3A%20An%20Interdisciplinary%20Symposium%20on%20the%20Trinity&pg=PA49">"Paul and the Trinity: The experience of Christ and the Spirit for Paul's Understanding of God"</a>. In Davis, Stephen (ed.). <i>The Trinity: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Trinity</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199246120" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199246120"><bdi>978-0199246120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+and+the+Trinity%3A+The+experience+of+Christ+and+the+Spirit+for+Paul%27s+Understanding+of+God&rft.btitle=The+Trinity%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Symposium+on+the+Trinity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0199246120&rft.aulast=Fee&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSnyL06y0LYC%26q%3DThe%2520Trinity%253A%2520An%2520Interdisciplinary%2520Symposium%2520on%2520the%2520Trinity%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2009" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xC9GAdUGX5sC&q=matthew%2028%3A19%20interpolation&pg=PA156"><i>Baptism in the Early Church: History, Theology, and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802827487" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802827487"><bdi>978-0802827487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptism+in+the+Early+Church%3A+History%2C+Theology%2C+and+Liturgy+in+the+First+Five+Centuries&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0802827487&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxC9GAdUGX5sC%26q%3Dmatthew%252028%253A19%2520interpolation%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasséSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/page/239"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759101906" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759101906"><bdi>978-0759101906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0759101906&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Smith%2C+Huston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas%2Fpage%2F239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanBlumberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Roberta Louis; Blumberg, Sherry H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ0WUMe3y70C"><i>Teaching about God and Spirituality: A Resource for Jewish Settings</i></a>. Behrman House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0867050530" title="Special:BookSources/978-0867050530"><bdi>978-0867050530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+about+God+and+Spirituality%3A+A+Resource+for+Jewish+Settings&rft.pub=Behrman+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0867050530&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Roberta+Louis&rft.au=Blumberg%2C+Sherry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZ0WUMe3y70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2012" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Sidney H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-p66UJWB3WIC&pg=PA8"><i>The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400834020" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400834020"><bdi>978-1400834020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+the+Shadow+of+the+Mosque%3A+Christians+and+Muslims+in+the+World+of+Islam&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1400834020&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-p66UJWB3WIC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrudem1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Grudem" title="Wayne Grudem">Grudem, Wayne</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2DUPWk9ng3wC"><i>Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine</i></a>. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310286707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310286707"><bdi>978-0310286707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Biblical+Doctrine&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0310286707&rft.aulast=Grudem&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2DUPWk9ng3wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarveyHunter2008" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Susan Ashbrook; Hunter, David G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgPI7Jt1HewC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies</i></a>. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199271566" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199271566"><bdi>978-0199271566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199271566&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Susan+Ashbrook&rft.au=Hunter%2C+David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgPI7Jt1HewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHays2014" class="citation book cs1">Hays, Richard B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aP-LoAEACAAJ"><i>Reading Backwards: Figural Christology and the Fourfold Gospel Witness</i></a>. Baylor University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1481302326" title="Special:BookSources/978-1481302326"><bdi>978-1481302326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Backwards%3A+Figural+Christology+and+the+Fourfold+Gospel+Witness&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1481302326&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaP-LoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoskyns1967" class="citation book cs1">Hoskyns, Sir Edwyn Clement (1967). F. N. Davey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thefourthgospel0000unse/page/142/mode/2up"><i>The Fourth Gospel</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Faber & Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Gospel&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Hoskyns&rft.aufirst=Sir+Edwyn+Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthefourthgospel0000unse%2Fpage%2F142%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2005" class="citation book cs1">Hurtado, Larry (2005). <i>Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802831675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802831675"><bdi>978-0802831675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0802831675&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2010" class="citation book cs1">Hurtado, Larry (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0aCaqJGgJvAC"><i>God in New Testament Theology</i></a>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426719547" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426719547"><bdi>978-1426719547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+in+New+Testament+Theology&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1426719547&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0aCaqJGgJvAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanuariy2013" class="citation book cs1">Januariy, Archimandrite (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJzdBgAAQBAJ&q=%22The%20trinitarian%20teaching%20of%20St.%20Gregory%20Nazianzen%22&pg=PA98">"The Elements of Triadology in the New Testament"</a>. In Stewart, M. (ed.). <i>The Trinity: East/West Dialogue</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9401703932" title="Special:BookSources/978-9401703932"><bdi>978-9401703932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Elements+of+Triadology+in+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Trinity%3A+East%2FWest+Dialogue&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9401703932&rft.aulast=Januariy&rft.aufirst=Archimandrite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJzdBgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2520trinitarian%2520teaching%2520of%2520St.%2520Gregory%2520Nazianzen%2522%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joyce, George Hayward (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Blessed Trinity"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Blessed_Trinity">"Blessed Trinity" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blessed+Trinity&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=George+Hayward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012). "On Athanasius". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199545568" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199545568"><bdi>978-0199545568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Athanasius&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199545568&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Spawforth%2C+Antony&rft.au=Eidinow%2C+Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVWcAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitamori2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kazoh_Kitamori" title="Kazoh Kitamori">Kitamori, Kazoh</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NLAwAAQBAJ"><i>Theology of the Pain of God</i></a>. Translated by Graham Harrison from the Japanese <i>Kami no itami no shingaku</i>, revised edition 1958, first edition 1946. <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene, Oregon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock" title="Wipf and Stock">Wipf and Stock</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597522564" title="Special:BookSources/978-1597522564"><bdi>978-1597522564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+the+Pain+of+God&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1597522564&rft.aulast=Kitamori&rft.aufirst=Kazoh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2NLAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupp1996" class="citation book cs1">Kupp, David D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iXMbMjkxlFoC"><i>Matthew's Emmanuel: Divine Presence and God's People in the First Gospel</i></a>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521570077" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521570077"><bdi>978-0521570077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew%27s+Emmanuel%3A+Divine+Presence+and+God%27s+People+in+the+First+Gospel&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0521570077&rft.aulast=Kupp&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiXMbMjkxlFoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwa2019" class="citation book cs1">Litwa, M. David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53"><i>How the Gospels Became History: Jesus and Mediterranean Myths</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300249484" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300249484"><bdi>978-0300249484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Gospels+Became+History%3A+Jesus+and+Mediterranean+Myths&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0300249484&rft.aulast=Litwa&rft.aufirst=M.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNumDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagliola2001" class="citation book cs1">Magliola, Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKICgMrBzDoC&pg=PA401">"Two Models of Trinity: French Post-structuralist versus the Historical-critical argued in the Form of a Dialogue"</a>. In Oliva Blanchette; Tomonobu Imamichi; George F. McLean (eds.). <i>Philosophical Challenges and Opportunities of Globalization</i>. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: CRVP: Catholic U. of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565181298" title="Special:BookSources/978-1565181298"><bdi>978-1565181298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+Models+of+Trinity%3A+French+Post-structuralist+versus+the+Historical-critical+argued+in+the+Form+of+a+Dialogue&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Challenges+and+Opportunities+of+Globalization&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=CRVP%3A+Catholic+U.+of+America&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1565181298&rft.aulast=Magliola&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKICgMrBzDoC%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagliola2014" class="citation book cs1">Magliola, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48vCoQEACAAJ"><i>Facing Up to Real Doctrinal Difference: How Some Thought-Motifs from Derrida Can Nourish The Catholic-Buddhist Encounter</i></a>. Angelico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621380795" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621380795"><bdi>978-1621380795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+Up+to+Real+Doctrinal+Difference%3A+How+Some+Thought-Motifs+from+Derrida+Can+Nourish+The+Catholic-Buddhist+Encounter&rft.pub=Angelico+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1621380795&rft.aulast=Magliola&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48vCoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeens2016" class="citation book cs1">Meens, Rob (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3q6kDAAAQBAJ&q=adoptionism%2Bcouncil%2B794&pg=PA64"><i>Religious Franks: Religion and Power in the Frankish Kingdoms : Studies in Honour of Mayke de Jong</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719097638" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719097638"><bdi>978-0719097638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Franks%3A+Religion+and+Power+in+the+Frankish+Kingdoms+%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+Mayke+de+Jong&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0719097638&rft.aulast=Meens&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3q6kDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dadoptionism%252Bcouncil%252B794%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerEhrman1968" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, B.M.; Ehrman, B.D. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lA4WAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101"><i>The Text of New Testament</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5885009010" title="Special:BookSources/978-5885009010"><bdi>978-5885009010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+New+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-5885009010&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=B.M.&rft.au=Ehrman%2C+B.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlA4WAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerCoogan1993" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael David (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA782"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199743919" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199743919"><bdi>978-0199743919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0199743919&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft.au=Coogan%2C+Michael+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2KGVuym5OUC%26pg%3DPA782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilburn1991" class="citation book cs1">Milburn, Robert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcRTwsDq_Z4C&pg=PA68"><i>Early Christian Art and Architecture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520074122" title="Special:BookSources/0520074122"><bdi>0520074122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0520074122&rft.aulast=Milburn&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcRTwsDq_Z4C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMobley2021" class="citation book cs1">Mobley, Joshua (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yis8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202"><i>A Brief Systematic Theology of the Symbol</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567702524" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567702524"><bdi>978-0567702524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Systematic+Theology+of+the+Symbol&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0567702524&rft.aulast=Mobley&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYis8EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulhern1967" class="citation book cs1">Mulhern, Philip (1967). "Trinity, Holy, Devotion To". In Bernard L. Marthaler (ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia"><i>New Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>. McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/588876554">588876554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trinity%2C+Holy%2C+Devotion+To&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F588876554&rft.aulast=Mulhern&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuwirthSells2016" class="citation book cs1">Neuwirth, Angelika; Sells, Michael A (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32P7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA302"><i>Qur'ānic Studies Today</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317295662" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317295662"><bdi>978-1317295662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%27%C4%81nic+Studies+Today&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1317295662&rft.aulast=Neuwirth&rft.aufirst=Angelika&rft.au=Sells%2C+Michael+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32P7CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1999" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian00olso"><i>The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform</i></a></span>. InterVarsity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian00olso/page/173">173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830815050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830815050"><bdi>978-0830815050</bdi></a>. <q>sabellian heresy council constantinople.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christian+Theology%3A+Twenty+Centuries+of+Tradition+%26+Reform&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0830815050&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofchristian00olso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegis1997" class="citation book cs1">Pegis, Anton (1997). <i>Basic writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas</i>. Hackett Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872203808" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872203808"><bdi>978-0872203808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+writings+of+Saint+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.pub=Hackett+Pub&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0872203808&rft.aulast=Pegis&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolkinghorne2008" class="citation journal cs1">Polkinghorne, John (September 2008). "Book Review: The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief". <i>Theology</i>. <b>111</b> (863): <span class="nowrap">395–</span>396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0040571x0811100523">10.1177/0040571x0811100523</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-571X">0040-571X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170563171">170563171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theology&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+The+Language+of+God%3A+A+Scientist+Presents+Evidence+for+Belief&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=863&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E396&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170563171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0040-571X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0040571x0811100523&rft.aulast=Polkinghorne&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPool2011" class="citation book cs1">Pool, Jeff B. 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Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Havertown,_Pennsylvania" title="Havertown, Pennsylvania">Havertown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Casemate_Publishers" title="Casemate Publishers">Casemate Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0227173602" title="Special:BookSources/978-0227173602"><bdi>978-0227173602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Wounds.+Evil+and+Divine+Suffering&rft.place=Havertown%2C+Philadelphia&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0227173602&rft.aulast=Pool&rft.aufirst=Jeff+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DduCjBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1982" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Albert M. 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In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appropriation&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Sauvage&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schiller, Gertrud (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYnrAAAAMAAJ"><i>Iconography of Christian Art</i></a>. Vol. 1: Christ's Incarnation. Childhood. Baptism. Temptation. Transfiguration. Works and miracles. Lund Humphries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853312703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853312703"><bdi>978-0853312703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+Christian+Art&rft.pub=Lund+Humphries&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0853312703&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Gertrud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYnrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimRepschinski2008" class="citation book cs1">Sim, David C.; Repschinski, Boris (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-TeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124"><i>Matthew and his Christian Contemporaries</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567462312" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567462312"><bdi>978-0567462312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+and+his+Christian+Contemporaries&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0567462312&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Repschinski%2C+Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-TeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonettiOden2002" class="citation book cs1">Simonetti, Manlio; Oden, Thomas C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9dWxwEACAAJ"><i>Matthew 14–28</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830814695" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830814695"><bdi>978-0830814695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+14%E2%80%9328&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0830814695&rft.aulast=Simonetti&rft.aufirst=Manlio&rft.au=Oden%2C+Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9dWxwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirry2014" class="citation book cs1">Sirry, Mun'im (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Us4sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199359370" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199359370"><bdi>978-0199359370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scriptural+Polemics%3A+The+Qur%27an+and+Other+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199359370&rft.aulast=Sirry&rft.aufirst=Mun%27im&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUs4sAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2006" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, David (2006). "Trinity". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of the Qur'an"><i>Encyclopedia of the Qur'an</i></a>. Vol. V.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trinity&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Balthasar1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">von Balthasar, Hans (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1vIIrbed05sC&q=the%20awe%20inspiring%20rites%20of%20initiation&pg=PA55"><i>Theo-drama: Theological Dramatic Theory</i></a>. Vol. 3: Dramatis Personae: Persons in Christ. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814622810" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814622810"><bdi>978-0814622810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theo-drama%3A+Theological+Dramatic+Theory&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0814622810&rft.aulast=von+Balthasar&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1vIIrbed05sC%26q%3Dthe%2520awe%2520inspiring%2520rites%2520of%2520initiation%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Balthasar2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">von Balthasar, Hans Urs</a> (2000) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ&q=%22eternal+'super-Kenosis'%22&pg=PT7">"Preface to the Second Edition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ"><i>Mysterium Paschale. The Mystery of Easter</i></a>. Translated with an Introduction by <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">O.P.</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1681493480" title="Special:BookSources/978-1681493480"><bdi>978-1681493480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+to+the+Second+Edition&rft.btitle=Mysterium+Paschale.+The+Mystery+of+Easter&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1681493480&rft.aulast=von+Balthasar&rft.aufirst=Hans+Urs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk4hHDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522eternal%2B%27super-Kenosis%27%2522%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVondey2012" class="citation book cs1">Vondey, Wolfgang (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fvWupHo4i6MC&pg=PA78"><i>Pentecostalism: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567627315" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567627315"><bdi>978-0567627315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentecostalism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0567627315&rft.aulast=Vondey&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfvWupHo4i6MC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarfield1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_B._Warfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin B. Warfield">Warfield, Benjamin B.</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HX4PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3012">"§ 20 Trinity: The Question of Subordination"</a>. In James Orr (ed.). <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia</i>. Vol. 5. Howard-Severance Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A7+20+Trinity%3A+The+Question+of+Subordination&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopaedia&rft.pub=Howard-Severance+Company&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Warfield&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHX4PAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA3012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams, Rowan</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vaO8J3j7mvMC&pg=PA95"><i>Arius: Heresy and Tradition</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/SPCK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK">SPCK</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0334028505" title="Special:BookSources/978-0334028505"><bdi>978-0334028505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arius%3A+Heresy+and+Tradition&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0334028505&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvaO8J3j7mvMC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYewangoe1987" class="citation book cs1">Yewangoe, Andreas (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGJ4w6oVqoAC&q=%22Kazoh%20Kitamori%20is%20deeply%20%22inspired%22%20by%20the%20event%20of%20the%20atomic%20bomb%22%22as%20his%20starting%20point%20in%20approaching%20the%20pain%20of%20God%22&pg=PA273"><i>Theologia Crucis in Asia: Asian Christian Views on Suffering in the Face of Overwhelming Poverty and Multifaceted Religiosity in Asia</i></a>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9062036103" title="Special:BookSources/978-9062036103"><bdi>978-9062036103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theologia+Crucis+in+Asia%3A+Asian+Christian+Views+on+Suffering+in+the+Face+of+Overwhelming+Poverty+and+Multifaceted+Religiosity+in+Asia&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-9062036103&rft.aulast=Yewangoe&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGJ4w6oVqoAC%26q%3D%2522Kazoh%2520Kitamori%2520is%2520deeply%2520%2522inspired%2522%2520by%2520the%2520event%2520of%2520the%2520atomic%2520bomb%2522%2522as%2520his%2520starting%2520point%2520in%2520approaching%2520the%2520pain%2520of%2520God%2522%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZebiri2006" class="citation book cs1">Zebiri, Kate (2006). "Argumentation". In Rippin, Andrew (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an</i>. Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405178440" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405178440"><bdi>978-1405178440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Argumentation&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+the+Qur%27an&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1405178440&rft.aulast=Zebiri&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfeyev2013" class="citation book cs1">Alfeyev, Hilarion (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJzdBgAAQBAJ&q=%22The+trinitarian+teaching+of+St.+Gregory+Nazianzen%22&pg=PA107">"The Trinitarian Teaching of Saint Gregory Nazianzen"</a>. In Stewart, M. (ed.). <i>The Trinity: East/West Dialogue</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9401703932" title="Special:BookSources/978-9401703932"><bdi>978-9401703932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Trinitarian+Teaching+of+Saint+Gregory+Nazianzen&rft.btitle=The+Trinity%3A+East%2FWest+Dialogue&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9401703932&rft.aulast=Alfeyev&rft.aufirst=Hilarion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJzdBgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2Btrinitarian%2Bteaching%2Bof%2BSt.%2BGregory%2BNazianzen%2522%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2015" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Matthew W. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLHqBgAAQBAJ"><i>The Birth of the Trinity</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191045875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191045875"><bdi>978-0191045875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Trinity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0191045875&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Matthew+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRLHqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1902). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Sermons from the Latins/Sermon 33"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_from_the_Latins/Sermon_33">"Trinity Sunday: The Holy Trinity." </a></span>. <i>Sermons from the Latins</i>. Benziger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trinity+Sunday%3A+The+Holy+Trinity.&rft.btitle=Sermons+from+the+Latins&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeleyWeedman2018" class="citation book cs1">Beeley, Christopher; Weedman, Mark, eds. (2018). <i>The Bible and Early Trinitarian Theology</i>. Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813229966" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813229966"><bdi>978-0813229966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+Early+Trinitarian+Theology&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0813229966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmeryLevering2012" class="citation book cs1">Emery, Gilles; Levering, Matthew, eds. (2012). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Trinity</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199557813" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199557813"><bdi>978-0199557813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Trinity&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199557813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrillmeier1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Grillmeier" title="Aloys Grillmeier">Grillmeier, Aloys</a> (1975) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LH-cBwmmY2cC"><i>Christ in Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (451)</i></a>. Vol. 1 (2nd revised ed.). Atlanta: John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664223014" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664223014"><bdi>978-0664223014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+in+Christian+Tradition%3A+From+the+Apostolic+Age+to+Chalcedon+%28451%29&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0664223014&rft.aulast=Grillmeier&rft.aufirst=Aloys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLH-cBwmmY2cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fiddes" title="Paul Fiddes">Fiddes, Paul</a>, <i>Participating in God : a pastoral doctrine of the Trinity</i> (London: Darton, Longman, & Todd, 2000).</li> <li>Johnson, Thomas K., "What Difference Does the Trinity Make?" (Bonn: Culture and Science Publ., 2009).</li> <li>Hillar, Marian, <i>From Logos to Trinity. The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian.</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2012).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2012" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Stephen R. (2012). <i>The Quest for the Trinity: The Doctrine of God in Scripture, History and Modernity</i>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830839865" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830839865"><bdi>978-0830839865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Trinity%3A+The+Doctrine+of+God+in+Scripture%2C+History+and+Modernity&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0830839865&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>La Due, William J., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WvgLlSKW7oC">The Trinity guide to the Trinity</a></i> (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1563383953" title="Special:BookSources/978-1563383953">978-1563383953</a>).</li> <li>Morrison, M. (2013). <i>Trinitarian Conversations: Interviews With Ten Theologians</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetham2004" class="citation book cs1">Letham, Robert (2004). <i>The Holy Trinity : In Scripture, History, Theology, and Worship</i>. P & R. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875520001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875520001"><bdi>978-0875520001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Trinity+%3A+In+Scripture%2C+History%2C+Theology%2C+and+Worship&rft.pub=P+%26+R&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0875520001&rft.aulast=Letham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Collins1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_O%27Collins" title="Gerald O'Collins">O'Collins, Gerald</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tripersonalgodun0000ocol"><i>The Tripersonal God: Understanding and Interpreting the Trinity</i></a></span>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809138876" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809138876"><bdi>978-0809138876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tripersonal+God%3A+Understanding+and+Interpreting+the+Trinity&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0809138876&rft.aulast=O%27Collins&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftripersonalgodun0000ocol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonHall2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Olson, Roger E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hall_(theologian)" title="Christopher Hall (theologian)">Hall, Christopher A.</a> (2002). <i>The Trinity</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802848277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802848277"><bdi>978-0802848277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0802848277&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhan2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Phan" title="Peter C. Phan">Phan, Peter C.</a>, ed. (2011). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Trinity</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521877398" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521877398"><bdi>978-0521877398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Trinity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0521877398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamelli2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilaria_Ramelli" title="Ilaria Ramelli">Ramelli, Ilaria</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOF5DwAAQBAJ">"Gregory of Nyssa's Trinitarian Theology in Illud: Tunc et ipse filius. His Polemic against Arian Subordinationism and the ἀποκατάστασις"</a>. <i>Gregory of Nyssa: The Minor Treatises on Trinitarian Theology and Apollinarism</i>. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">445–</span>478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004194144" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004194144"><bdi>978-9004194144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gregory+of+Nyssa%27s+Trinitarian+Theology+in+Illud%3A+Tunc+et+ipse+filius.+His+Polemic+against+Arian+Subordinationism+and+the+%E1%BC%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82&rft.btitle=Gregory+of+Nyssa%3A+The+Minor+Treatises+on+Trinitarian+Theology+and+Apollinarism&rft.place=Leiden-Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E445-%3C%2Fspan%3E478&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004194144&rft.aulast=Ramelli&rft.aufirst=Ilaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOF5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>So, Damon W. K., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesus-trinity.co.uk/another-book"><i>Jesus' Revelation of His Father: A Narrative-Conceptual Study of the Trinity with Special Reference to Karl Barth</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014122655/http://www.jesus-trinity.co.uk/another-book">Archived</a> 14 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Milton Keynes: Paternoster, 2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/184227323X" title="Special:BookSources/184227323X">184227323X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpirago1904" class="citation book cs1">Spirago, Francis (1904). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Anecdotes and Examples Illustrating The Catholic Catechism/lesson3"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Anecdotes_and_Examples_Illustrating_The_Catholic_Catechism/lesson3">"Lesson 3: On the Unity and Trinity of God" </a></span>. <i>Anecdotes and Examples Illustrating The Catholic Catechism</i>. Translated by James Baxter. Benzinger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lesson+3%3A+On+the+Unity+and+Trinity+of+God&rft.btitle=Anecdotes+and+Examples+Illustrating+The+Catholic+Catechism&rft.pub=Benzinger+Brothers&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Spirago&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves2022" class="citation cs2">Reeves, Michael (2022), <i>Delighting in the Trinity: An Introduction to the Christian Faith</i>, InterVarsity Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830847075" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830847075"><bdi>978-0830847075</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delighting+in+the+Trinity%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Christian+Faith&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0830847075&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuggy2014" class="citation cs2">Tuggy, Dale (Summer 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html">"Trinity (History of Trinitarian Doctrines)"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trinity+%28History+of+Trinitarian+Doctrines%29&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Tuggy&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftrinity%2Ftrinity-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeedman2007" class="citation book cs1">Weedman, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z8GhJl6BG8C"><i>The Trinitarian Theology of Hilary of Poitiers</i></a>. Leiden-Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004162242" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004162242"><bdi>978-9004162242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinitarian+Theology+of+Hilary+of+Poitiers&rft.place=Leiden-Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004162242&rft.aulast=Weedman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Z8GhJl6BG8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Webb" title="Eugene Webb">Webb, Eugene</a>, <i>In Search of The Triune God: The Christian Paths of East and West</i> (Columbia, MO: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a>, 2014)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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title="q:Special:Search/Trinity">Trinity</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/trinity/v-1">"Trinity"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/">"Trinity" entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429162944/http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-formulation-and-defense-of-the-doctrine-of-the-trinity">A Formulation and Defense of the Doctrine of the Trinity</a> – A brief historical survey of patristic Trinitarian thought</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theopedia.com/Trinity">"Trinity" article at Theopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/doctrine-scripture/the-holy-trinity">Eastern Orthodox Trinitarian Theology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reading-rooms.tyndale.ca/trinity/">Doctrine of the Trinity Reading Room</a>: Extensive collection of online sources on the Trinity (Tyndale Seminary)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_footer" title="Template:Christian theology footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_theology_footer" title="Template talk:Christian theology footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_theology_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian theology footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_theology345" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_plenary_preservation" title="Verbal plenary preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocentricism">Theocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_proper" title="Theology proper">Theology proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_last_things" title="Four last things">Four last things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed <span class="nobold">(Calvinist)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mysteries" title="Sacred mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="God110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theism" title="Template:Theism"><abbr title="View this 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God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_theism" title="Agnostic theism">Agnostic theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism"><span class="wrap">Theological noncognitivism</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_deism" title="Ceremonial deism">Ceremonial deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_deism" title="Christian deism">Christian deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Polydeism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipolar_theism" title="Dipolar theism">Dipolar theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a 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title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Tenrikyo" title="God in Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks 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[\"CITEREFBasil_of_Caesarea1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauckham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeeleyWeedman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeisner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellarmine1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkhof1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanch2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCS_Lewis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartlidgeElliott2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColenso2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Smet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenzinger1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimech2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupuisNeuner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmeryLevering2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFathers1215\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiles2012\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGill\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlasséSmith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodmanBlumberg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrillmeier1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrudem1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarveyHunter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHays2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmesMolnarMcCallFiddes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoskyns1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtado2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtado2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtado2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanuariy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Took2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitamori2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKline2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKupp1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLetham2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitwa2019\"] = 1,\n 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-13T16:07:09Z","dateModified":"2025-02-10T03:24:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b3\/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg","headline":"Christian conception of God as consisting of three persons (hypostases) \u2014 the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit \u2014 sharing the same substance (ousia)"}</script> </body> </html>