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id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Old Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinitarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinitarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Trinitarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinitarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nontrinitarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nontrinitarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Nontrinitarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nontrinitarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greco-Romanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Romanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Greco-Romanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Romanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God_Worshipping_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God_Worshipping_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>God Worshipping Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God_Worshipping_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Western_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Western_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Western art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Western_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">God the Father</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="الله الآب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الله الآب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%92%DC%90_(%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%97%DC%90)" title="ܐܒܐ (ܐܠܗܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܒܐ (ܐܠܗܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios_Padre" title="Dios Padre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dios Padre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristianl%C4%B1qda_Ata" title="Xristianlıqda Ata – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xristianlıqda Ata" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="পিতা ঈশ্বর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিতা ঈশ্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Бог Айцец – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бог Айцец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Бог Отец – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бог Отец" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doue_an_Tad" title="Doue an Tad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Doue an Tad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9u_Pare" title="Déu Pare – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Déu Pare" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%AFh_Otec" title="Bůh Otec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bůh Otec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patre" title="Patre – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Patre" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud_Fader" title="Gud Fader – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gud Fader" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gott_der_Vater" title="Gott der Vater – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gott der Vater" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios_Padre" title="Dios Padre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dios Padre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_Patro" title="Dio Patro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dio Patro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainko_Aita" title="Jainko Aita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jainko Aita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="خدای پدر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدای پدر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieu_le_P%C3%A8re" title="Dieu le Père – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dieu le Père" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Pai" title="Deus Pai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deus Pai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%B6%80" title="성부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Հայր Աստված – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայր Աստված" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="परमपिता परमेश्वर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमपिता परमेश्वर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_Otac" title="Bog Otac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bog Otac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_Bapa" title="Allah Bapa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Allah Bapa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_Padre" title="Dio Padre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dio Padre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91" title="האל האב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האל האב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="მამა ღმერთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მამა ღმერთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungu_Baba" title="Mungu Baba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mungu Baba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Pater" title="Deus Pater – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Deus Pater" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievas_T%C4%97vas" title="Dievas Tėvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dievas Tėvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Господ-Отецот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Господ-Отецот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriamanitra_Ray" title="Andriamanitra Ray – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andriamanitra Ray" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="പിതാവായ ദൈവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിതാവായ ദൈവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla_l-Missier" title="Alla l-Missier – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Alla l-Missier" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="მუმა ღორონთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მუმა ღორონთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="الله الاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الله الاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhan_Bapa" title="Tuhan Bapa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tuhan Bapa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_de_Vader" title="God de Vader – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="God de Vader" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E7%A5%9E" title="父なる神 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="父なる神" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud_Fader" title="Gud Fader – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gud Fader" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud_Fader" title="Gud Fader – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gud Fader" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="خدا باپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خدا باپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3g_Ojciec" title="Bóg Ojciec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bóg Ojciec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus,_o_Pai" title="Deus, o Pai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deus, o Pai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumnezeu_Tat%C4%83l" title="Dumnezeu Tatăl – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dumnezeu Tatăl" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Бог Отец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бог Отец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patraternu" title="Patraternu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Patraternu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="God the Father" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boh_Otec" title="Boh Otec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Boh Otec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%AFg_Uoj%C4%87ec" title="Bůg Uojćec – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bůg Uojćec" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9" title="خودای باوک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خودای باوک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Бог Отац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бог Отац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_Otac" title="Bog Otac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bog Otac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadern" title="Fadern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fadern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyos_Ama" title="Diyos Ama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diyos Ama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தந்தையாம் கடவுள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தந்தையாம் கடவுள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="พระเจ้าพระบิดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าพระบิดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Tanr%C4%B1" title="Baba Tanrı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baba Tanrı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Бог Отець – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бог Отець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="خدا باپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خدا باپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAa_Cha" title="Chúa Cha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chúa Cha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%88%B6" title="圣父 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣父" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Title given to God in various religions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Godfather_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Godfather (disambiguation)">Godfather</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Vision_of_Ezekiel%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%22Vision_of_Ezekiel%27.jpg/220px-%22Vision_of_Ezekiel%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%22Vision_of_Ezekiel%27.jpg/330px-%22Vision_of_Ezekiel%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%22Vision_of_Ezekiel%27.jpg/440px-%22Vision_of_Ezekiel%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s 1518 depiction of Prophet <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">vision</a> of <i>God the Father</i> in glory</figcaption></figure> <p><b>God the Father</b> is a title given to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a>. In mainstream <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, God the Father is regarded as the first <a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">Person</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, followed by the second person, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a>, and the third person, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">God the Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emery2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emery2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the second century, Christian <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a> included affirmation of belief in "God the Father (<a href="/wiki/Almighty" class="mw-disambig" title="Almighty">Almighty</a>)", primarily in his capacity as "Father and creator of the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other 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decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Christians take the concept of God as the father of Jesus Christ metaphysically further than the concept of God as the creator and father of all people,<sup id="cite_ref-metaphor_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metaphor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as indicated in the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a> where the expression of belief in the "Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth" is immediately, but separately followed by in "Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord", thus expressing both senses of fatherhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity<span class="anchor" id="Christianity"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg/220px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg/330px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg/440px-Michelangelo%2C_Creation_of_Adam_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>God the Father depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, 1510</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Patriology_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriology (Christianity)">Patriology (Christianity)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Name_of_God_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of God in Christianity">Name of God in Christianity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In much of modern Christianity, God is addressed as the Father, in part because of his active interest in human affairs on the earth, in the way that a father would take an interest in his children who are dependent on him and as a father, he will respond to humanity, his children, acting in their best interests.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MillerX_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerX-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barth15_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many believe they can communicate with God and come closer to him through <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> – a key element of achieving communion with God.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, the title <i>Father</i> (capitalized) signifies God's role as the life-giver, the <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>, and powerful protector, often viewed as immense, <a href="/wiki/Omnipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent">omnipotent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscient" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniscient">omniscient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipresent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipresent">omnipresent</a> with infinite power and <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">charity</a> that goes beyond human understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, after completing his monumental work <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>, Catholic St. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> concluded that he had not yet begun to understand "God the Father".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the term "Father" implies <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">masculine characteristics</a>, God is usually defined as having the form of a spirit without any human biological gender, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> No. 239 specifically states that "<i>God is neither man nor woman: he is God</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although God is never directly addressed as "Mother", at times motherly attributes may be interpreted in <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> references such as a hymn of praise <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2042:14&version=nrsv">Isa 42:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2049:14–15&version=nrsv">Isa 49:14–15</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2066:12–13&version=nrsv">Isa 66:12–13</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the Christian concept of God the Father may be seen as a continuation of the Jewish concept, but with specific additions and changes, which over time made the Christian concept become even more distinct by the start of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-North111_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North111-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LarryH96_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarryH96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q72_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q72-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conformity to the Old Testament concepts is shown in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#4:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 4:10</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#4:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 4:8</a> where in <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">response to temptation</a> Jesus quotes <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Deuteronomy#6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy 6:13</a> and states: "It is written, you shall worship the Lord your God, and him only shall you serve."<sup id="cite_ref-North111_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North111-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Corinthians#8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 8:6</a> shows the distinct Christian teaching about the <i>agency of Christ</i> by first stating: "there is one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we unto him" and immediately continuing with "and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and we through him."<sup id="cite_ref-LarryH96_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarryH96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This passage clearly acknowledges the Jewish teachings on the uniqueness of God, yet also states the role of Jesus as an agent in creation.<sup id="cite_ref-LarryH96_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarryH96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian doctrine">Christian doctrine</a> began to fully diverge from Judaism through the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> in the second century and by the fourth century belief in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Trinity</a> was formalized.<sup id="cite_ref-LarryH96_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarryH96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q72_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q72-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mary Rose D'Angelo and James Barr, the Aramaic term <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_(Semitic)#Christendom" title="Ab (Semitic)">Abba</a></i> was in the early times of the New Testament neither markedly a <a href="/wiki/Term_of_endearment" title="Term of endearment">term of endearment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-JB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aram_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aram-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MRDA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRDA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor a formal word; but the word normally used by sons and daughters, throughout their lives, in the family context.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_001.png 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>An image of God the Father by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" title="Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Julius Schnorr</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thompson" title="Marianne Thompson">Marianne Thompson</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, God is called "Father" with a unique sense of familiarity. In addition to the sense in which God is "Father" to all men because he created the world (and in that sense "fathered" the world), the same God is also uniquely the law-giver to his <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a>. He maintains a special, <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(Biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant (Biblical)">covenantal</a> father–child relationship with the people, giving them the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, stewardship of his <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecies</a>, and a unique heritage in the things of God, calling Israel 'my son' because he delivered the descendants of Jacob out of slavery in Egypt <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to his covenants and oaths to their fathers, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, Isaiah 63:16 (JP) reads: "For You are our father, for Abraham did not know us, neither did Israel recognize us; You, O [YHWH], are our father; our redeemer of old is your name." To God, according to Judaism, is attributed the fatherly role of protector. He is titled the Father of the poor, of the orphan and the widow, their guarantor of justice. He is also titled the Father of the king, as the teacher and helper over the judge of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Alon Goshen-Gottstein, in the Old Testament "Father" is generally a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>; it is not a proper <a href="/wiki/Name_of_God_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of God in Judaism">name for God</a> but rather one of many titles by which Jews speak of and to God. According to Mark Sameth, references to God the Father convulsing in labor, giving birth, and suckling (Deuteronomy 32:13, 18) hint to a priestly belief, noted in the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a> and <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Lanci" class="extiw" title="it:Michelangelo Lanci">Michelangelo Lanci</a> respectively, that “God the Father” is a dual-gendered deity. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Christianity fatherhood is taken in a more literal and substantive sense, and is explicit about the need for the Son as a means of accessing the Father, making for a more <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> rather than metaphorical interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-metaphor_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metaphor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cima_da_Conegliano,_God_the_Father.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg/220px-Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg/330px-Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg/440px-Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption><i>God the Father</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cima_da_Conegliano" title="Cima da Conegliano">Cima da Conegliano</a>, <abbr>c.</abbr> 1510–1517</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a deep sense in which Christians believe that they are made participants in the eternal relationship of Father and Son, through Jesus Christ. Christians call themselves <i>adopted</i> children of God:<sup id="cite_ref-Paulway_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulway-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PaulPillar_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulPillar-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But when the fullness of time had come, God sent forth his Son, born of woman, born under the law, to redeem those who were under the law, so that we might receive adoption as sons. And because you are sons, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, "Abba! Father!” So you are no longer a slave, but a son, and if a son, then an heir through God.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%204:4–7&version=nrsv">Galatians 4:4–7</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Christianity the concept of God as the Father of Jesus is distinct from the concept of God as the creator and Father of all people, as indicated in the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The profession in the creed begins with expressing belief in the "Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth" and then immediately, but separately, in "Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord", thus expressing both senses of fatherhood within the creed.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:God_sidebar" title="Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:God_sidebar" title="Template talk:God sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:God_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the second century, <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Church</a> have included affirmation of belief in "God the Father (Almighty)", the primary reference being to "God in his capacity as Father and creator of the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This did not exclude either the fact the "eternal father of the universe was also the Father of Jesus the Christ" or that he had even "vouchsafed to adopt [the believer] as his son by grace".<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creeds in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Church">Eastern Church</a> (known to have come from a later date) began with an affirmation of faith in "one God" and almost always expanded this by adding "the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible" or words to that effect.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the first century, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a> had repeatedly referred to the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and linked the Father to creation, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/CLEMENT_OF_ROME/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians/Chapter_XIX" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/CLEMENT OF ROME/First Epistle to the Corinthians/Chapter XIX">1 Clement 19.2</a> stating: "let us look steadfastly to the Father and Creator of the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-Veli70_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veli70-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around AD 213 in <i>Adversus Praxeas</i> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_III/Anti-Marcion/Against_Praxeas/III" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Anti-Marcion/Against Praxeas/III">chapter 3</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> is believed to have provided a formal representation of the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, i.e. that God exists as one "substance" but three 'Persons': The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, and with God the Father being the Head.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson29_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson29-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tertullian also discussed how the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson29_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson29-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the expression "from the Father through the Son" is also found among them.<sup id="cite_ref-TertullianAdversusPraxea4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TertullianAdversusPraxea4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, which dates to 325, states that the Son (Jesus Christ) is "born of the Father before all ages", indicating that their <i>divine</i> Father-Son relationship is seen as not tied to an event within time or human history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinitarian">Trinitarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trinitarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/220px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/330px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/440px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> consisting of God the Father along with <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Holy Spirit">God the Holy Spirit</a></figcaption></figure> <p>To <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarian</a> Christians (which include <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>, and most but not all <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Protestant denominations</a>), God the Father is not a separate God from <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> (of whom Jesus is the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>, the other <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostases</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Christian Godhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromo515_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromo515-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxf263_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxf263-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCP_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCP-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theology</a>, God the Father is the <i>arche</i> or <i>principium</i> ("beginning"), the "source" or "origin" of both the Son and the Holy Spirit, and is considered the eternal source of the Godhead.<sup id="cite_ref-alan36_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alan36-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Father is the one who eternally begets the Son, and the Father through the Son eternally breathes the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Veli70_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veli70-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alan36_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alan36-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a member of the Trinity, God the Father is one with, co-equal to, co-eternal, and <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">consubstantial</a> with the Son and the Holy Spirit, each Person being the one eternal God and in no way separated: all alike are uncreated and omnipotent.<sup id="cite_ref-Veli70_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veli70-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, the Trinity is beyond reason and can only be known by revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxf263_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxf263-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VaticanReason_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaticanReason-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Trinitarian concept of God the Father is not <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> in that he is not viewed as identical to the universe or a vague notion that persists in it, but exists fully outside of creation, as its creator.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromo515_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromo515-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kess68_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kess68-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is viewed as a loving and caring God, a Heavenly Father who is active both in the world and in people's lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromo515_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromo515-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kess68_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kess68-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created all things visible and invisible in love and wisdom, and created man for his own sake.<sup id="cite_ref-Kess68_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kess68-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of Trinitarian theology of God the Father in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a> was based on two key ideas: first the shared identity of the <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and the God of Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and then the self-distinction and yet the unity between Jesus and his Father.<sup id="cite_ref-Triglobal10_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triglobal10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-global169_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global169-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of the unity of Son and Father is <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#11:27" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 11:27</a>: "No one knows the Son except the Father and no one knows the Father except the Son", asserting the mutual knowledge of Father and Son.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromiley571_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromiley571-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of fatherhood of God does appear in the Old Testament, but is not a major theme.<sup id="cite_ref-Triglobal10_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triglobal10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Veli37_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veli37-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the view of God as the Father is used in the Old Testament, it only became a focus in the New Testament, as Jesus frequently referred to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Triglobal10_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triglobal10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Veli37_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veli37-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is manifested in the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> which combines the earthly needs of daily bread with the reciprocal concept of forgiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-Veli37_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veli37-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And Jesus' emphasis on his special relationship with the Father highlights the importance of the distinct yet unified natures of Jesus and the Father, building to the unity of Father and Son in the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Veli37_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veli37-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The paternal view of God as the Father extends beyond Jesus to his disciples, and the entire Church, as reflected in the petitions Jesus submitted to the Father for his followers at the end of the <i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></i>, the night before <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">his crucifixion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RobN26_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobN26-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instances of this in the Farewell Discourse are <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#14:20" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 14:20</a> as Jesus addresses the disciples: "I am in my Father, and you in me, and I in you" and in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#17:22" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 17:22</a> as he prays to the Father: "I have given them the glory that you gave me, that they may be one as we are one."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nontrinitarian">Nontrinitarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nontrinitarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/170px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/255px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/340px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>' depiction of God the Father and the Son <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of Christian groups and communities reject the doctrine of a co-equal Trinity, and generally teach that God the Father is supreme, but nontrinitarian Christian groups differ somewhat from one another in their views regarding God the Father and Christ the Son.<sup id="cite_ref-Metzger3643_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger3643-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, including its largest denomination <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church), the most prominent conception of "the Godhead" is as a divine council of three distinct beings: the Father (who is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>), the Son Jesus (who is identified with <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> of the Old Testament), and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christian_denominational_variations)#Latter_Day_Saints" title="Holy Spirit (Christian denominational variations)">Holy Spirit</a>. The Father and Son are considered to have perfected, physical bodies, while the Holy Spirit has a body of spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LDS Church members believe God the Father presides over both the Son and Holy Spirit, where God the Father is greater than both, but they are one in the sense that they have a unity of purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most denominations in the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> also believe God (often referred to as Heavenly Father) has at least one spouse referred to as <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a>, and together they are called <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Parents" title="Heavenly Parents">Heavenly Parents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_Yahweh" title="Assemblies of Yahweh">Assemblies of Yahweh</a> are <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarian">nontrinitarian</a>, believing that the Father is greater than the Son in all things, and that the Holy Spirit is not equal to the Father, and is not an actual person, but is God's "power" or "character" in action. They refer to God the Father as "<a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yahweh Assemblies and other <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Movement" title="Sacred Name Movement">Sacred Name groups</a> generally teach that Christ the Son was God's first and prime creation, and was used to create everything else.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe that the Messiah, whom they call "<a href="/wiki/Yahshuah" title="Yahshuah">Yahshua</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Yeshua" title="Yeshua">Yeshua</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Yeshua" title="Yeshua">Yehoshua</a>", died for man's sins, and is to be honored as the Anointed Lord, but that God the Father (Yahweh) is the True God that all "true worshippers" ultimately serve and worship. They teach that the Father is the only eternal one.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witness">Jehovah's Witness</a> theology, only God the Father (<a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a>) is the one true almighty God, even over his Son Jesus Christ. They teach that the Logos is God's Only-begotten Son, and that the Holy Spirit is God's active force (projected energy). They believe that the Father and the Son are united in divine purpose, administration, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law" title="Biblical law">legislation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">man's salvation</a>, but are not one being and are not equal in power. While the Witnesses acknowledge Jesus’ pre-existence, perfection, and unique "Sonship" from God the Father, and believe that the Logos had an essential role in creation and redemption, and is the Messiah, they believe that only the Father is without beginning. They say that the Son was the Father's only direct creation, before all ages. While both Persons are highly honored, taught, and preached, in their interpretations of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#17:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 17:3</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#14:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 14:28</a>, God the Father is emphasized in Jehovah's Witness meetings and services more than Christ the Son, as they teach that the Father is greater than the Son.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a> teaches that God is a singular spirit who is one person, not three divine persons, individuals or minds. God the Father is the title of the supreme creator. The titles of the Son and Holy Spirit are merely titles reflecting the different personal manifestations of the One True God the Father in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-basic.doctrine.list.father.is.holy.ghost_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basic.doctrine.list.father.is.holy.ghost-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Synthesis plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/40px-Ambox_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/60px-Ambox_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/80px-Ambox_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">synthesis of material</a> which does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiably mention</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_removal#Irrelevant_information" title="Wikipedia:Content removal">relate</a> to the main topic.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:God_the_Father#There_is_only_one_religion_with_the_title_"God_the_Father"" title="Talk:God the Father">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">similarities exist</a> among religions, the common language and the shared concepts about God and his title <i>Father</i> among the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religions</a> is quite limited, and each religion has very specific belief structures and religious nomenclature with respect to the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Byrne2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrne2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a religious teacher in one faith may be able to explain the concepts to his own audience with ease, significant barriers remain in communicating those concepts across religious boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Byrne2_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrne2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Romanism">Greco-Romanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Greco-Romanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greco-Roman pagans believed in an original <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Triad" title="Capitoline Triad">triad</a>. Over time, the names and gods of the triad were changed—except for <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, which means "Father Jove" and comes from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a> <i>Djous Patēr</i>, from <i>Djous</i> (“day, sky”) + <i>Patēr</i> (“father”), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dy%C4%93us" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyēus">Dyḗws</a></i> (literally “the bright one”), root nomen agentis from <i>Dyew</i>- (“to be bright, day sky”), and <i>Ph₂tḗr</i> (“father”). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_Worshipping_Society">God Worshipping Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: God Worshipping Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_Worshipping_Society" title="God Worshipping Society">God Worshipping Society</a></div> <p>A syncretic sect created by <a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</a>, that mixed <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, the objective of this sect was to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchus</a> and restore power to the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>. God consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Triad_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triad (religious)">triad</a> made up of <a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a> (the Supreme Emperor in ancient Chinese worship), <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> as the eldest son and Hong as the youngest son. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, chapter 9, verse 17, stated: "I am the Father of this world, the Mother, the Dispenser and the Grandfather", one commentator adding: "God being the source of the universe and the beings in it, He is held as the Father, the Mother and the Grandfather".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A genderless <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> is also considered the creator and Life-giver, and the <a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a> goddess is viewed as the divine mother and life-bearer.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a></div> <p>Unlike in Judaism, the term "father" is not formally applied to God by Muslims, and the Christian notion of the Trinity is rejected in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans38_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans38-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though traditional Islamic teaching does not formally prohibit using the term "Father" in reference to God, it does not propagate or encourage it. There are some <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">narratives</a> of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> in which he compares the mercy of God toward his worshipers to that of a mother to her infant child.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic teaching rejects the Christian father-son relationship of God and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a>, and states that Jesus is a prophet of God, not the Son of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans38_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans38-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic theology strictly reiterates the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Absolute Oneness</a> of God, and totally separates him from other beings (whether humans, angel or any other holy figure), and rejects any form of <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualism</a> or Trinitarianism. Chapter 112 of the Quran states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “He is God—One ˹and Indivisible˺; God—the Sustainer ˹needed by all˺. He has never had offspring, nor was He born. And there is none comparable to Him.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Ikhlas" title="Al-Ikhlas">Surah Al-Ikhlas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/112?startingVerse=1">112:1–4</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God in Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ab_(Semitic)#Hebrew" title="Ab (Semitic)">Av</a></div> <p>In Judaism, the use of the "Father" title is generally a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>, referring to the role as Life-giver and Law-giver, and is one of many titles by which Jews speak of and to God.<sup id="cite_ref-metaphor_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metaphor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish concept of God is that God is non-corporeal, transcendent and immanent, the ultimate source of love,<sup id="cite_ref-BergerDWyschogrodM_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BergerDWyschogrodM-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SingerT1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingerT1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SingerT2_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingerT2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KaplanA_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaplanA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a metaphorical "Father".<sup id="cite_ref-metaphor_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metaphor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> term for father (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אבא</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_(Semitic)#Judaism" title="Ab (Semitic)">abba</a></i>) appears in traditional <a href="/wiki/Jewish_liturgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish liturgy">Jewish liturgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayers</a> to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> (e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a>). </p><p>According to Ariela Pelaia, in a prayer of <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, Areshet Sfateinu, an ambivalent attitude toward God is demonstrated, due to his role as a father and as a king. Free translation of the relevant sentence may be: "today every creature is judged, either as sons or as slaves. If as sons, forgive us like a father forgives his son. If as slaves, we wait, hoping for good, until the verdict, your holy majesty."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another famous prayer emphasizing this dichotomy is called <a href="/wiki/Avinu_Malkeinu" title="Avinu Malkeinu">Avinu Malkeinu</a>, which means "Our Father Our King" in Hebrew. Usually the entire congregation will sing the last verse of this prayer in unison, which says: "Our Father, our King, answer us as though we have no deed to plead our cause, save us with mercy and loving-kindness."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">God in Sikhism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Granth">Guru Granth</a> consistently refers to the creator as "He" and "Father". This is because the Granth is written in north Indian Indo-Aryan languages (mixture of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and dialects of Hindi) which have no neutral gender. Since the Granth says that the God is indescribable, God has no gender according to Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Real_Sikhism_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Real_Sikhism-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God in the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh scripture">Sikh scriptures</a> has been referred to by several names, picked from Indian and Semitic traditions. He is called in terms of human relations as father, mother, brother, relation, friend, lover, beloved, husband. Other names, expressive of his supremacy, are <i>thakur</i>, <i>prabhu</i>, <i>svami</i>, <i>sah</i>, <i>patsah</i>, <i>sahib</i>, <i>sain</i> (Lord, Master).<sup id="cite_ref-Real_Sikhism_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Real_Sikhism-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Western_art">In Western art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In Western art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father in Western art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GodInvitingChristDetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/GodInvitingChristDetail.jpg/220px-GodInvitingChristDetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/GodInvitingChristDetail.jpg/330px-GodInvitingChristDetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/GodInvitingChristDetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of God the Father (detail), <a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_Grebber" title="Pieter de Grebber">Pieter de Grebber</a>, 1654</figcaption></figure> <p>For about a thousand years, no attempt was made to portray God the Father in human form, because early Christians believed that the words of Exodus 33:20 "Thou canst not see my face: for there shall no man see Me and live" and of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> 1:18: "No man hath seen God at any time" were meant to apply not only to the Father, but to all attempts at the depiction of the Father.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornwell2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornwell2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically only a small part of the body of Father would be represented, usually the hand, or sometimes the face, but rarely the whole person, and in many images, the figure of the Son supplants the Father, so a smaller portion of the person of the Father is depicted.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early medieval period God was often represented by Christ as the <i><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></i>, which continued to be very common even after the separate figure of God the Father appeared. Western art eventually required some way to illustrate the presence of the Father, so through successive representations a set of artistic styles for the depiction of the Father in human form gradually emerged around the tenth century AD. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Herreyns_I_-_God_the_Father.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jacob_Herreyns_I_-_God_the_Father.jpg/220px-Jacob_Herreyns_I_-_God_the_Father.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jacob_Herreyns_I_-_God_the_Father.jpg/330px-Jacob_Herreyns_I_-_God_the_Father.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jacob_Herreyns_I_-_God_the_Father.jpg/440px-Jacob_Herreyns_I_-_God_the_Father.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><i>God the Father</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Herreyns_the_Elder" title="Jacob Herreyns the Elder">Jacob Herreyns the Elder</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the twelfth century depictions of a figure of God the Father, essentially based on the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> had started to appear in French manuscripts and in stained glass church windows in England. In the 14th century the illustrated <a href="/wiki/Naples_Bible" title="Naples Bible">Naples Bible</a> had a depiction of God the Father in the <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">Burning bush</a>. By the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Rohan_Book_of_Hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohan Book of Hours">Rohan Book of Hours</a> included depictions of God the Father in human form or <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> imagery. Though the depiction remains rare and often controversial in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> art, by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> artistic representations of God the Father were freely used in the Western Church.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_filiation" title="Divine filiation">Divine filiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Alone" title="God Alone">God Alone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Ravasio" title="Eugenia Ravasio">Eugenia Ravasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_father" title="Sky father">Sky father</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Emery2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emery2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGilles_Emery2011" class="citation book cs1">Gilles Emery (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjnangEACAAJ"><i>The Trinity: An Introduction to Catholic Doctrine on the Triune God</i></a>. Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1864-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1864-9"><bdi>978-0-8132-1864-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity%3A+An+Introduction+to+Catholic+Doctrine+on+the+Triune+God&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1864-9&rft.au=Gilles+Emery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTjnangEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelly-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kelly_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelly_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelly_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelly_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, J.N.D. <i>Early Christian Creeds</i> Longmans:1960, pp. 136, 139, 195 respectively</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metaphor-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metaphor_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metaphor_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metaphor_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metaphor_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6CyZ7FLra?url=http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/uploads/media/god_the_father_in_rabbinic_judaism_and_christianity_01.pdf">"God the Father in Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity: Transformed Background or Common Ground?, Alon Goshen-Gottstein. The Elijah Interfaith Institute, first published in Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 38:4, Spring 2001"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>elijah-interfaith.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/uploads/media/god_the_father_in_rabbinic_judaism_and_christianity_01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elijah-interfaith.org&rft.atitle=God+the+Father+in+Rabbinic+Judaism+and+Christianity%3A+Transformed+Background+or+Common+Ground%3F%2C+Alon+Goshen-Gottstein.+The+Elijah+Interfaith+Institute%2C+first+published+in+Journal+of+Ecumenical+Studies%2C+38%3A4%2C+Spring+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elijah-interfaith.org%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2Fgod_the_father_in_rabbinic_judaism_and_christianity_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neville-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neville_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neville_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neville_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert C. Neville, <i>Symbols of Jesus: a Christology of symbolic engagement</i>, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521003539" title="Special:BookSources/0521003539">0521003539</a> p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartolo-Abela,_M.2012" class="citation book cs1">Bartolo-Abela, M. (2012). <i>The Divine Heart of God the Father</i> (2nd ed.). p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0983715290" title="Special:BookSources/978-0983715290"><bdi>978-0983715290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Heart+of+God+the+Father&rft.pages=108&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0983715290&rft.au=Bartolo-Abela%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillerX-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MillerX_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John W. Miller, <i>Calling God "Father"</i> (November 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809138972" title="Special:BookSources/0809138972">0809138972</a> pages x–xii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barth15-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barth15_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Barth, <i>Church Dogmatics, Vol. 2.1, Section 31: The Doctrine of God</i> (23 September 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567012859" title="Special:BookSources/0567012859">0567012859</a> pp. 15–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Devotion to the Divine Heart of God the Father</i> (3rd ed.). 2012. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9837152-8-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9837152-8-3"><bdi>978-0-9837152-8-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devotion+to+the+Divine+Heart+of+God+the+Father&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-9837152-8-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Floyd H. Barackman, 2002 <i>Practical Christian Theology</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-2380-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-2380-5">0-8254-2380-5</a> p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John W. Miller, <i>Calling God "Father"</i> (November 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809138972" title="Special:BookSources/0809138972">0809138972</a> p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Kimbrough, 2006 <i>Contemplating God the Father</i> B&H Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805440836" title="Special:BookSources/0805440836">0805440836</a> p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas W. Petrisko, 2001 <i>The Kingdom of Our Father</i> St. Andrew's Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1891903187" title="Special:BookSources/1891903187">1891903187</a> p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bordwell, 2002, <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, Continuum International Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0860123248" title="Special:BookSources/978-0860123248">978-0860123248</a> p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM">Catechism at the Vatican website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303003725/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM">Archived</a> 3 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John W. Miller, <i>Calling God "Father": Essays on the Bible, Fatherhood and Culture</i> (November 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809138972" title="Special:BookSources/0809138972">0809138972</a> pp. 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-North111-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-North111_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-North111_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy North and Loren T. Stuckenbruck, <i>Early Jewish and Christian Monotheism</i> (27 May 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567082938" title="Special:BookSources/0567082938">0567082938</a> pp. 111–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LarryH96-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LarryH96_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LarryH96_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LarryH96_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LarryH96_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry W. Hurtado, <i>One God, One Lord: Early Christian Devotion and Ancient Jewish Monotheism</i> (25 October 2003) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup> pp. 96–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Q72-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Q72_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Q72_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas D. McGonigle and James F. Quigley, <i>A History of the Christian Tradition, Vol. I</i> (September 1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809129647" title="Special:BookSources/0809129647">0809129647</a> pp. 72–75, 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JB_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Barr, "Abba isn't 'daddy'", <i>Journal of Theological Studies</i>, 39:28–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aram-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aram_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aramaicdesigns.blogspot.com/2009/06/abba-isnt-daddy-traditional-aramaic.html">"The Aramaic Blog: Abba Isn't Daddy – The Traditional Aramaic Father's Day Discussion"</a>. <i>aramaicdesigns.blogspot.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aramaicdesigns.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=The+Aramaic+Blog%3A+Abba+Isn%27t+Daddy+%E2%80%93+The+Traditional+Aramaic+Father%27s+Day+Discussion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faramaicdesigns.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F06%2Fabba-isnt-daddy-traditional-aramaic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MRDA-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MRDA_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Rose D'Angelo, "Abba and 'Father': Imperial Theology and the Jesus Traditions", <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>, Vol. 111, No. 4 (Winter, 1992), pp. 615–616</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham2011" class="citation book cs1">Bauckham, Richard (2011). <i>Jesus</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199575275" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199575275"><bdi>978-0199575275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199575275&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Hosea%2011:1">Hosea 11:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marianne Meye Thompson, <i>The promise of the Father: Jesus and God in the New Testament</i> ch. 2 God as Father in the Old Testament and Second Temple Judaism p.35 2000. "Christian theologians have often accentuated the distinctiveness of the portrait of God as Father in the New Testament on the basis of an alleged discontinuity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSameth2020" class="citation book cs1">Sameth, Mark (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozzpDwAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Name:+A+History+of+the+Dual-Gendered+Hebrew+Name+for+God%22"><i>The Name: A History of the Dual-Gendered Hebrew Name for God</i></a>. Wipf and Stock. pp. 127n71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9384-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9384-7"><bdi>978-1-5326-9384-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Name%3A+A+History+of+the+Dual-Gendered+Hebrew+Name+for+God&rft.pages=127n71&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-9384-7&rft.aulast=Sameth&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozzpDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BName%3A%2BA%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDual-Gendered%2BHebrew%2BName%2Bfor%2BGod%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22earlier+form+1551;+final+state+1566%22&pg=PA337"><i>Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God</i></a>. Boston: Brill. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004288171" title="Special:BookSources/9789004288171"><bdi>9789004288171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tetragrammaton%3A+Western+Christians+and+the+Hebrew+Name+of+God.&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789004288171&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xyoBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522earlier%2Bform%2B1551%3B%2Bfinal%2Bstate%2B1566%2522%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostel1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Postel, Guillaume</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmkytAEACAAJ"><i>Le thrésor des prophéties de l'univers</i></a> (in French). p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789024702039" title="Special:BookSources/9789024702039"><bdi>9789024702039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+thr%C3%A9sor+des+proph%C3%A9ties+de+l%27univers&rft.pages=211&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9789024702039&rft.aulast=Postel&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEmkytAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanci1845" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lanci, Michelangelo (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-q4WAAAAQAAJ&dq=Paralipomeni+Alla+Illustrazione+Della+Sagra+Scrittura&pg=PR15"><i>Paralipomeni alla illustrazione della sagra Scrittura</i></a> (in Italian) (Facsimile of the first ed.). Dondey-Dupre. pp. 100–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1274016911" title="Special:BookSources/978-1274016911"><bdi>978-1274016911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paralipomeni+alla+illustrazione+della+sagra+Scrittura&rft.pages=100-113&rft.edition=Facsimile+of+the+first&rft.pub=Dondey-Dupre&rft.date=1845&rft.isbn=978-1274016911&rft.aulast=Lanci&rft.aufirst=Michelangelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-q4WAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DParalipomeni%2BAlla%2BIllustrazione%2BDella%2BSagra%2BScrittura%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paulway-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paulway_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian W. Scott, <i>Paul's Way of Knowing</i> (1 December 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801036097" title="Special:BookSources/0801036097">0801036097</a> pp. 159–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaulPillar-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaulPillar_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. O'Grady, <i>Pillars of Paul's Gospel: Galatians and Romans</i> (May 1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080913327X" title="Special:BookSources/080913327X">080913327X</a> p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veli70-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Veli70_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veli70_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veli70_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Veli-Matti_K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen" title="Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen">Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen</a>, <i>The Doctrine of God: A Global Introduction</i> 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801027527" title="Special:BookSources/0801027527">0801027527</a> pp. 70–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson29-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson29_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson29_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger E. Olson, Christopher Alan Hall, <i>The Trinity</i> 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802848273" title="Special:BookSources/0802848273">0802848273</a> pp. 29–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Osborn, <i>Tertullian, First Theologian of the West</i> (4 December 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521524954" title="Special:BookSources/0521524954">0521524954</a> pp. 116–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TertullianAdversusPraxea4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TertullianAdversusPraxea4_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian <i>Adversus Praxeas</i> 4 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_III/Anti-Marcion/Against_Praxeas/IV" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Anti-Marcion/Against Praxeas/IV">ANF 3:599–600</a>): "I believe the Spirit to proceed from no other source than from the Father through the Son"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian <i>Adversus Praxeas</i> 5 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_III/Anti-Marcion/Against_Praxeas/V" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Anti-Marcion/Against Praxeas/V">ANF 3:600–601</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'CollinsFarrugia2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_O%27Collins" title="Gerald O'Collins">O'Collins, Gerald</a>; Farrugia, Mario (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0mPBQAAQBAJ"><i>Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872818-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872818-4"><bdi>978-0-19-872818-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism%3A+The+Story+of+Catholic+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=157&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872818-4&rft.aulast=O%27Collins&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Farrugia%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ0mPBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromo515-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromo515_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromo515_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromo515_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey W. Bromiley, <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E–J</i> (March 1982) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802837824" title="Special:BookSources/0802837824">0802837824</a> pp. 515–516</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxf263-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxf263_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxf263_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilles Emery O. P. and Matthew Levering, <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Trinity</i> (27 October 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199557810" title="Special:BookSources/0199557810">0199557810</a> p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCP-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UCP_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Critical Terms for Religious Studies.</i> Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1998. <i>Credo Reference</i>. 27 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alan36-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alan36_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alan36_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Richardson and John Bowden, <i>The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology</i> (1 January 1983) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664227481" title="Special:BookSources/0664227481">0664227481</a> p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VaticanReason-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VaticanReason_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catholic catechism at the Vatican web site, items: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c1p2.htm#242">242</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c1p2.htm#245">245</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c1p2.htm#237">237</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kess68-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kess68_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kess68_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kess68_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Koessler, <i>God Our Father</i> (13 September 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802440681" title="Special:BookSources/0802440681">0802440681</a> p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catholic Catechism items: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c1p6.htm#356">356</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c1p4.htm#295">295</a> at the Vatican web site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Triglobal10-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Triglobal10_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Triglobal10_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Triglobal10_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, <i>The Trinity: Global Perspectives</i> (17 January 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664228909" title="Special:BookSources/0664228909">0664228909</a> pp. 10–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-global169-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-global169_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William A. Dyrness, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Juan F. Martinez and Simon Chan, <i>Global Dictionary of Theology</i> (10 October 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0830824545" title="Special:BookSources/0830824545">0830824545</a> p. 169–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromiley571-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley571_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey W. Bromiley, <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i> 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802837859" title="Special:BookSources/0802837859">0802837859</a> pp. 571–572</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veli37-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Veli37_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veli37_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veli37_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veli37_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, <i>The Doctrine of God: A Global Introduction</i> 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801027527" title="Special:BookSources/0801027527">0801027527</a> p. 37–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RobN26-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RobN26_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert C. Neville, <i>Symbols of Jesus</i> (4 February 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521003539" title="Special:BookSources/0521003539">0521003539</a> pp. 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel B. Stevick, <i>Jesus and His Own: A Commentary on John 13–17</i> (29 April 2011) Eeardmans <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802848656" title="Special:BookSources/0802848656">0802848656</a> p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzger3643-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metzger3643_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Louis Metzger, <i>Trinitarian Soundings in Systematic Theology</i> 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567084108" title="Special:BookSources/0567084108">0567084108</a> pp. 36, 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/true-to-the-faith/godhead?lang=eng">"Godhead"</a>, <i>True to the Faith</i>, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=True+to+the+Faith&rft.atitle=Godhead&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Ftrue-to-the-faith%2Fgodhead%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span>. See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/true-to-the-faith/god-the-father">"God the Father"</a>, <i>True to the Faith</i>, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=True+to+the+Faith&rft.atitle=God+the+Father&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Ftrue-to-the-faith%2Fgod-the-father&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"ONE. See God, Godhead; Unity", <i>Guide to the Scriptures</i>, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guide+to+the+Scriptures&rft.atitle=ONE.+See+God%2C+Godhead%3B+Unity&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/2007/10/the-only-true-god-and-jesus-christ-whom-he-hath-sent">"The only true God and Jesus Christ whom He hath sent"</a>, <i>Jeffrey R Holland</i>, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jeffrey+R+Holland&rft.atitle=The+only+true+God+and+Jesus+Christ+whom+He+hath+sent&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fgeneral-conference%2F2007%2F10%2Fthe-only-true-god-and-jesus-christ-whom-he-hath-sent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoench_Charles1988" class="citation journal cs1">Moench Charles, Melodie (Fall 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V21N03_75.pdf">"The Need for a New Mormon Heaven"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Need+for+a+New+Mormon+Heaven&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Moench+Charles&rft.aufirst=Melodie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V21N03_75.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox1992" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox, Linda (30 June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6bHN1Ka12cC&pg=PA72">"The Mormon Concept of a Mother in Heaven"</a>. <i>Sisters in Spirit: Mormon Women in Historical and Cultural Perspective</i>. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252062965" title="Special:BookSources/0252062965"><bdi>0252062965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mormon+Concept+of+a+Mother+in+Heaven&rft.btitle=Sisters+in+Spirit%3A+Mormon+Women+in+Historical+and+Cultural+Perspective&rft.place=Champaign%2C+IL&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1992-06-30&rft.isbn=0252062965&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6bHN1Ka12cC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyce2016" class="citation news cs1">Noyce, David (14 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4549096&itype=CMSID">"Meet the (heavenly) parents: Mormon leaders are mentioning this divine duo more often"</a>. <i>The Salt Lake Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Meet+the+%28heavenly%29+parents%3A+Mormon+leaders+are+mentioning+this+divine+duo+more+often&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft.aulast=Noyce&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.sltrib.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D4549096%26itype%3DCMSID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.halleluyah.org/who-we-are/statement-of-faith">What We Believe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006104118/https://www.halleluyah.org/who-we-are/statement-of-faith">Archived</a> 6 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Assembly of Yahweh. Retrieved 19 May 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnn, Phillip -<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.watchman.org/profile/assembliesyahwehpro.htm">Assemblies of Yahweh Profile</a> Retrieved 19 May 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yaiy.org/Magazine/articles/0901trinity.html">The Trinity Controversy Solved!</a> - Beacon Magazine. 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Insight on the Scriptures</i>. Vol. 2. 1988. p. 1019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insight+on+the+Scriptures&rft.pages=1019&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Roberts – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67oUMY9BV?url=http://www.wupc.org/downloads/OnenessVsTrinity.pdf">Oneness vs. Trinitarian Theology</a> – Westland United Pentecostal Church. Retrieved 13 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-basic.doctrine.list.father.is.holy.ghost-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-basic.doctrine.list.father.is.holy.ghost_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also David Bernard, <i>A Handbook of Basic Doctrines</i>, Word Aflame Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0932581374" title="Special:BookSources/0932581374">0932581374</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byrne2-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne2_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne2_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Máire Byrne, <i>The Names of God in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: A Basis for Interfaith Dialogue:</i> (8 September 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/144115356X" title="Special:BookSources/144115356X">144115356X</a> pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Srimath Swami Chidbhavananda, <i>The Bhagavad Gita</i> 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8180851478" title="Special:BookSources/8180851478">8180851478</a> p. 501</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Scott Littleton, <i>Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology Set</i> 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761475591" title="Special:BookSources/0761475591">0761475591</a> p. 908</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Kreeft, <i>Fundamentals of the Faith</i> 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/089870202X" title="Special:BookSources/089870202X">089870202X</a> p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hans38-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hans38_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hans38_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Köchler, <i>The Concept of Monotheism in Islam and Christianity</i> 1982 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3700303394" title="Special:BookSources/3700303394">3700303394</a> p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alister E. McGrath, <i>Christian Theology: An Introduction</i> (12 October 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1444335146" title="Special:BookSources/1444335146">1444335146</a> pp. 237–238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnah.com/bukhari/78/30">"Hadith – Book of Good Manners and Form (Al-Adab) – Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. sunnah.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hadith+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Good+Manners+and+Form+%28Al-Adab%29+%E2%80%93+Sahih+al-Bukhari+-+Sunnah.com+%E2%80%93+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft.pub=sunnah.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fbukhari%2F78%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BergerDWyschogrodM-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BergerDWyschogrodM_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerWyschogrod,_Michael1978" class="citation book cs1">Berger, David; Wyschogrod, Michael (1978). <i>Jews and "Jewish Christianity"</i>. [New York]: KTAV Publ. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870686755" title="Special:BookSources/0870686755"><bdi>0870686755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+%22Jewish+Christianity%22&rft.place=%5BNew+York%5D&rft.pub=KTAV+Publ.+House&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0870686755&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Wyschogrod%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SingerT1-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SingerT1_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2010" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Tovia (2010). <i>Let's Get Biblical</i>. RNBN Publishers; 2nd edition (2010). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615348391" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615348391"><bdi>978-0615348391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Get+Biblical&rft.pub=RNBN+Publishers%3B+2nd+edition+%282010%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0615348391&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Tovia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SingerT2-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SingerT2_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2010" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Tovia (2010). <i>Let's Get Biblical – In depth Study Guide</i>. Outreach Judaism (1998). <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006RBS3K">B0006RBS3K</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Get+Biblical+%E2%80%93+In+depth+Study+Guide&rft.pub=Outreach+Judaism+%281998%29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006RBS3K%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Tovia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KaplanA-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KaplanA_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1985" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Aryeh (1985). <i>The real Messiah? a Jewish response to missionaries</i> (New ed.). New York: National Conference of Synagogue Youth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1879016118" title="Special:BookSources/978-1879016118"><bdi>978-1879016118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+real+Messiah%3F+a+Jewish+response+to+missionaries&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=National+Conference+of+Synagogue+Youth&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1879016118&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+the+Father" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/the_real_messiah.pdf">The real Messiah (pdf)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ariela Pelaia – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judaism.about.com/od/holidays/a/roshhashanah.htm">What Is Rosh HaShanah?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135540/http://judaism.about.com/od/holidays/a/roshhashanah.htm">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The Jewish New Year of Rosh HaShanah – Rosh HaShanah Liturgy – About.com – Judaism. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Real_Sikhism-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Real_Sikhism_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Real_Sikhism_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realsikhism.com/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1218577576&ucat=7">Real Sikhism – God</a> – Who is God? What does God look like? – Real Sikhism – Exploring the Sikh Religion. Retrieved 8 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornwell2-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornwell2_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Cornwell, 2009 <i>Saints, Signs, and Symbols: The Symbolic Language of Christian Art</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081922345X" title="Special:BookSources/081922345X">081922345X</a> p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolphe Napoléon Didron, 2003 <i>Christian iconography: or The history of Christian art in the middle ages</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/076614075X" title="Special:BookSources/076614075X">076614075X</a> p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Ferguson, 1996 <i>Signs & symbols in Christian art</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195014324" title="Special:BookSources/0195014324">0195014324</a> p. 92</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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title="Trinity">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed <span class="nobold">(Calvinist)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" 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