CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Autoimmunity Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="o-yEKJPzNEZznpvEYd_s72BDG9K6mdJWGhgoxt5_-CmG6na9PUjXYcqt1qAvV_HTfjcALQLQu6uiMa0Y1TLxwA" /> <link href="/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?after=50%2C20258853" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Autoimmunity Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'dc2ad41da5d7ea682babd20f90650302fb0a3a36'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14016,"monthly_visitors":"99 million","monthly_visitor_count":99567017,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":99,"user_count":282977188,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739790050000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739790050000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-40698df34f913bd208bb70f09d2feb7c6286046250be17a4db35bba2c08b0e2f.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-a22f75d8519394c21253dae46c8c5d60ad36ea68c7d494347ec64229d8c1cf85.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-5708a105dd66b4c7d0ef30b7c094b1048423f0042bd2a7b123f2d99ee3cf46d9.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Autoimmunity</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">9,883 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Autoimmunity</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Autoimmunity">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67560764" data-work_id="67560764" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67560764/Reconceiving_autoimmunity_An_overview">Reconceiving autoimmunity: An overview</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Three interconnected positions are advocated: (1) although serving as a useful model, the immune self does not exist as such; (2) instead of a self/nonself demarcation, the immune system &#39;sees&#39; itself, i.e., it does not ignore the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67560764" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Three interconnected positions are advocated: (1) although serving as a useful model, the immune self does not exist as such; (2) instead of a self/nonself demarcation, the immune system &#39;sees&#39; itself, i.e., it does not ignore the &#39;self&#39; or attack the &#39;other;&#39; but exhibits a spectrum of responses, which when viewed from outside the system appear as discrimination of &#39;self&#39; and &#39;nonself&#39; based on certain criteria of reactivity. When immune reactions are conceived in terms of normal physiology and open exchange with the environment, where borders dividing host and foreign are elusive and changing, host defense is only part of the immune system&#39;s functions, which actually comprise two basic tasks: protection, i.e., to preserve host integrity, and maintenance of organismic identity. And thus (3) if the spectrum of immunity is enlarged, differentiating low reactive &#39;autoimmune&#39; reactions from activated immune responses against the &#39;...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67560764" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="de0985d339d4f6dbb13d4877845e1ca9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78331518,"asset_id":67560764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78331518/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8781609" href="https://bu.academia.edu/AlfredTauber">Alfred Tauber</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8781609" type="text/json">{"id":8781609,"first_name":"Alfred","last_name":"Tauber","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"AlfredTauber","display_name":"Alfred Tauber","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/AlfredTauber?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8781609/3222050/3791806/s65_alfred.tauber.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67560764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67560764"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67560764, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67560764", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_67560764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67560764; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_67560764"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_67560764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67560764"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67560764; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67560764]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67560764").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67560764").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67560764"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7043" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbiosis">Symbiosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7043" type="text/json">{"id":7043,"name":"Symbiosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbiosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9846" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9846" type="text/json">{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67560764]'), work: {"id":67560764,"title":"Reconceiving autoimmunity: An overview","created_at":"2022-01-07T13:45:30.710-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67560764/Reconceiving_autoimmunity_An_overview?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_67560764","summary":"Three interconnected positions are advocated: (1) although serving as a useful model, the immune self does not exist as such; (2) instead of a self/nonself demarcation, the immune system \u0026#39;sees\u0026#39; itself, i.e., it does not ignore the \u0026#39;self\u0026#39; or attack the \u0026#39;other;\u0026#39; but exhibits a spectrum of responses, which when viewed from outside the system appear as discrimination of \u0026#39;self\u0026#39; and \u0026#39;nonself\u0026#39; based on certain criteria of reactivity. When immune reactions are conceived in terms of normal physiology and open exchange with the environment, where borders dividing host and foreign are elusive and changing, host defense is only part of the immune system\u0026#39;s functions, which actually comprise two basic tasks: protection, i.e., to preserve host integrity, and maintenance of organismic identity. And thus (3) if the spectrum of immunity is enlarged, differentiating low reactive \u0026#39;autoimmune\u0026#39; reactions from activated immune responses against the \u0026#39;...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78331518,"asset_id":67560764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8781609,"first_name":"Alfred","last_name":"Tauber","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"AlfredTauber","display_name":"Alfred Tauber","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/AlfredTauber?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8781609/3222050/3791806/s65_alfred.tauber.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7043,"name":"Symbiosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbiosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=12320"},{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=12320"},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=12320"},{"id":84924,"name":"Immunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":324154,"name":"Immune system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_system?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17991246" data-work_id="17991246" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17991246/Complicating_autoimmune_diseases_in_myasthenia_gravis_a_review">Complicating autoimmune diseases in myasthenia gravis: a review</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune disease of skeletal muscle endplates. MG subgroup is relevant for comorbidity, but usually not accounted for. MG patients have an increased risk for complicating autoimmune diseases, most... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17991246" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune disease of skeletal muscle endplates. MG subgroup is relevant for comorbidity, but usually not accounted for. MG patients have an increased risk for complicating autoimmune diseases, most commonly autoimmune thyroid disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we present concomitant autoimmune disorders associated with the different MG subgroups, and show how this influences treatment and prognosis. Concomitant MG should always be considered in patients with an autoimmune disorder and developing new neuromuscular weakness, fatigue or respiratory failure. When a second autoimmune disorder is suspected, MG should be included as a differential diagnosis.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17991246" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b1405d5bd481b3f7ac94f9bab571d625" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39817266,"asset_id":17991246,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39817266/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37924557" href="https://helse-bergen.academia.edu/JoneOwe">Jone Owe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37924557" type="text/json">{"id":37924557,"first_name":"Jone","last_name":"Owe","domain_name":"helse-bergen","page_name":"JoneOwe","display_name":"Jone Owe","profile_url":"https://helse-bergen.academia.edu/JoneOwe?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17991246 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17991246"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17991246, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17991246", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17991246 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17991246; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17991246"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17991246 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17991246"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17991246; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17991246]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17991246").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17991246").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17991246"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17991246]'), work: {"id":17991246,"title":"Complicating autoimmune diseases in myasthenia gravis: a review","created_at":"2015-11-08T23:11:31.434-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17991246/Complicating_autoimmune_diseases_in_myasthenia_gravis_a_review?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_17991246","summary":"Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune disease of skeletal muscle endplates. MG subgroup is relevant for comorbidity, but usually not accounted for. MG patients have an increased risk for complicating autoimmune diseases, most commonly autoimmune thyroid disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we present concomitant autoimmune disorders associated with the different MG subgroups, and show how this influences treatment and prognosis. Concomitant MG should always be considered in patients with an autoimmune disorder and developing new neuromuscular weakness, fatigue or respiratory failure. When a second autoimmune disorder is suspected, MG should be included as a differential diagnosis.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39817266,"asset_id":17991246,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37924557,"first_name":"Jone","last_name":"Owe","domain_name":"helse-bergen","page_name":"JoneOwe","display_name":"Jone Owe","profile_url":"https://helse-bergen.academia.edu/JoneOwe?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36102808" data-work_id="36102808" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36102808/Ferri_B_A_2018_Metaphors_of_Contagion_and_the_Autoimmune_Body_Feminist_Formations_30_1_1_20">Ferri, B.A. (2018) Metaphors of Contagion and the Autoimmune Body. Feminist Formations, 30(1), 1-20.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The response to an uncontrolled spread of disease often incites a commingling of medical, moral, and political panic. Whether in the context of threats presented by early plagues, to contemporary super viruses, to lead toys, contagion,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36102808" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The response to an uncontrolled spread of disease often incites a commingling of medical, moral, and political panic. Whether in the context of threats presented by early plagues, to contemporary super viruses, to lead toys, contagion, via transmission , makes interconnections visible, among and across peoples, cultures, objects, forms of commerce, and more. In this article, I use an intersectional disability studies framework to first discuss how, faced with the bio-insecurity of contagion, responses typically invoke discourses of war, empire, and what Priscilla Wald calls " medical nativism " (2008, 9). I then discuss how metaphors of autoimmunity often simply shift this discourse from concerns about external terror to that of internal terror (Sengupta 2014). Viewing autoimmunity from this vantage point, the body/nation is still viewed as vulnerable to attack, but the victim and the villain are the self/same. In the final section, I posit that a reimagined ethic of autoimmunity could offer new and fruitful ways to think about self/other relations that rely on mutual recognition and reject the binary, oppositional stance that undergirds annihilation. Keywords: autoimmunity / contagion / intersectional disability studies / metaphors of disease and illness / war metaphors</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36102808" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f20884e9817d140ef78a59c3f37ea1e7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55993906,"asset_id":36102808,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55993906/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="108412" href="https://syr.academia.edu/BethFerri">Beth Ferri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="108412" type="text/json">{"id":108412,"first_name":"Beth","last_name":"Ferri","domain_name":"syr","page_name":"BethFerri","display_name":"Beth Ferri","profile_url":"https://syr.academia.edu/BethFerri?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/108412/29679/56072214/s65_beth.ferri.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36102808 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36102808"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36102808, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36102808", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36102808 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36102808; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36102808"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36102808 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36102808"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36102808; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36102808]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36102808").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36102808").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36102808"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1138" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies">Women's Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1138" type="text/json">{"id":1138,"name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1192" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory">Feminist Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1192" type="text/json">{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2260" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disability_Studies">Disability Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2260" type="text/json">{"id":2260,"name":"Disability Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disability_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4608" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Disability_Studies">Feminist Disability Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4608" type="text/json">{"id":4608,"name":"Feminist Disability Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Disability_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36102808]'), work: {"id":36102808,"title":"Ferri, B.A. (2018) Metaphors of Contagion and the Autoimmune Body. Feminist Formations, 30(1), 1-20.","created_at":"2018-03-07T10:53:58.733-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36102808/Ferri_B_A_2018_Metaphors_of_Contagion_and_the_Autoimmune_Body_Feminist_Formations_30_1_1_20?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_36102808","summary":"The response to an uncontrolled spread of disease often incites a commingling of medical, moral, and political panic. Whether in the context of threats presented by early plagues, to contemporary super viruses, to lead toys, contagion, via transmission , makes interconnections visible, among and across peoples, cultures, objects, forms of commerce, and more. In this article, I use an intersectional disability studies framework to first discuss how, faced with the bio-insecurity of contagion, responses typically invoke discourses of war, empire, and what Priscilla Wald calls \" medical nativism \" (2008, 9). I then discuss how metaphors of autoimmunity often simply shift this discourse from concerns about external terror to that of internal terror (Sengupta 2014). Viewing autoimmunity from this vantage point, the body/nation is still viewed as vulnerable to attack, but the victim and the villain are the self/same. In the final section, I posit that a reimagined ethic of autoimmunity could offer new and fruitful ways to think about self/other relations that rely on mutual recognition and reject the binary, oppositional stance that undergirds annihilation. Keywords: autoimmunity / contagion / intersectional disability studies / metaphors of disease and illness / war metaphors","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55993906,"asset_id":36102808,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":56490418,"asset_id":36102808,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":108412,"first_name":"Beth","last_name":"Ferri","domain_name":"syr","page_name":"BethFerri","display_name":"Beth Ferri","profile_url":"https://syr.academia.edu/BethFerri?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/108412/29679/56072214/s65_beth.ferri.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1138,"name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":2260,"name":"Disability Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disability_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":4608,"name":"Feminist Disability Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Disability_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13959376" data-work_id="13959376" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13959376/Widmontologia_Teoria_filozoficzna_i_praktyka_artystyczna_ponowoczesno%C5%9Bci">Widmontologia. Teoria filozoficzna i praktyka artystyczna ponowoczesności</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Przysługujący widmom wywrotowy, niemalże rewolucyjny potencjał został odsunięty oraz zagubiony poprzez pozbycie się tej kontrowersyjnej kategorii z terytorium metafizyki i zbyt pośpieszne odesłanie jej do przestrzeni badań nad literaturą,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13959376" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Przysługujący widmom wywrotowy, niemalże rewolucyjny potencjał został odsunięty oraz zagubiony poprzez pozbycie się tej kontrowersyjnej kategorii z terytorium metafizyki i zbyt pośpieszne odesłanie jej do przestrzeni badań nad literaturą, sprowadzając ją jedynie do roli użytecznego, bezpiecznego narzędzia interpretacji. <br /> <br />Książka Andrzeja Marca odzyskuje niepokojący charakter widmontologii i ponownie wprowadza widma do myśli metafizycznej. Czym nawiedzona i przeniknięta jest tradycyjna metafizyka, co właściwie ją dręczy, nie daje spokoju oraz nieustannie podmywa jej stabilność? <br /> <br />Kategoria widma Derridy posłużyła Marcowi przede wszystkim do rozważań nad charakterem współczesności i przeobrażeń, jakie dokonały się w obrębie myśli ponowoczesnej. Współczesna kultura, zdaniem Marca, stała się miejscem powstawania widm, nieustannie powracających z przeszłości. Uznając, że nie jesteśmy już w stanie tworzyć utopijnych wizji przyszłości, autor stara się zdać sprawę z widmowego charakteru współczesnej kultury, analizując m. in. strategie vintage, retro, nurt no future w kulturze lat 70. czy nurt fantastyki naukowej w literaturze.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13959376" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dd06f08cae9aee8ee5047f54e71db834" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56840903,"asset_id":13959376,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56840903/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1934801" href="https://amu.academia.edu/AndrzejMarzec">Andrzej Marzec</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1934801" type="text/json">{"id":1934801,"first_name":"Andrzej","last_name":"Marzec","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AndrzejMarzec","display_name":"Andrzej Marzec","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AndrzejMarzec?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1934801/652084/20810388/s65_andrzej.marzec.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13959376 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13959376"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13959376, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13959376", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13959376 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13959376; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13959376"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13959376 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13959376"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13959376; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13959376]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13959376").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13959376").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13959376"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">226</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="196" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Future_Studies">Future Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="196" type="text/json">{"id":196,"name":"Future Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Future_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13959376]'), work: {"id":13959376,"title":"Widmontologia. Teoria filozoficzna i praktyka artystyczna ponowoczesności","created_at":"2015-07-12T14:40:50.058-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13959376/Widmontologia_Teoria_filozoficzna_i_praktyka_artystyczna_ponowoczesno%C5%9Bci?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_13959376","summary":"Przysługujący widmom wywrotowy, niemalże rewolucyjny potencjał został odsunięty oraz zagubiony poprzez pozbycie się tej kontrowersyjnej kategorii z terytorium metafizyki i zbyt pośpieszne odesłanie jej do przestrzeni badań nad literaturą, sprowadzając ją jedynie do roli użytecznego, bezpiecznego narzędzia interpretacji. \r\n \r\nKsiążka Andrzeja Marca odzyskuje niepokojący charakter widmontologii i ponownie wprowadza widma do myśli metafizycznej. Czym nawiedzona i przeniknięta jest tradycyjna metafizyka, co właściwie ją dręczy, nie daje spokoju oraz nieustannie podmywa jej stabilność? \r\n \r\nKategoria widma Derridy posłużyła Marcowi przede wszystkim do rozważań nad charakterem współczesności i przeobrażeń, jakie dokonały się w obrębie myśli ponowoczesnej. Współczesna kultura, zdaniem Marca, stała się miejscem powstawania widm, nieustannie powracających z przeszłości. Uznając, że nie jesteśmy już w stanie tworzyć utopijnych wizji przyszłości, autor stara się zdać sprawę z widmowego charakteru współczesnej kultury, analizując m. in. strategie vintage, retro, nurt no future w kulturze lat 70. czy nurt fantastyki naukowej w literaturze.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56840903,"asset_id":13959376,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1934801,"first_name":"Andrzej","last_name":"Marzec","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AndrzejMarzec","display_name":"Andrzej Marzec","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AndrzejMarzec?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1934801/652084/20810388/s65_andrzej.marzec.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":196,"name":"Future Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Future_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":808,"name":"Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":863,"name":"Visual Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=12320"},{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=12320"},{"id":939,"name":"Media Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Archaeology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":945,"name":"Performing Arts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performing_Arts?f_ri=12320"},{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities?f_ri=12320"},{"id":979,"name":"Analog Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analog_Circuits?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1052,"name":"Atheism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atheism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1386,"name":"Art Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1555,"name":"Film Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1568,"name":"Film Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1595,"name":"Memory (Cognitive Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_Cognitive_Psychology_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2018,"name":"Plato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plato?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2122,"name":"Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2123,"name":"Death Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2473,"name":"Material Culture Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Material_Culture_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2527,"name":"Heritage Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2601,"name":"Film Music And Sound","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Music_And_Sound?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2858,"name":"Popular Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2869,"name":"Digital Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Media?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3145,"name":"Literature and cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_and_cinema?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3225,"name":"Visual Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Culture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3301,"name":"Film Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Analysis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3303,"name":"Human Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3354,"name":"Poststructuralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poststructuralism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3371,"name":"Public Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3987,"name":"History and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4052,"name":"Arts Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arts_Education?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4115,"name":"Nostalgia (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nostalgia_Psychology_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4195,"name":"Cultural Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4474,"name":"Critical Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Thinking?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4868,"name":"Deconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deconstruction?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5239,"name":"Death \u0026 Dying (Thanatology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death_and_Dying_Thanatology_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5288,"name":"Philosophy of Film","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Film?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5290,"name":"Philosophy of Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5301,"name":"Film Genre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Genre?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5463,"name":"Performance Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5960,"name":"Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":6343,"name":"Historical memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":6865,"name":"Digital Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Culture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":7067,"name":"Cultural History Of Ghosts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History_Of_Ghosts?f_ri=12320"},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":7773,"name":"Everyday Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Everyday_Aesthetics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8002,"name":"Youth Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Youth_Culture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8102,"name":"Futurism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Futurism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8104,"name":"Mourning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mourning?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8356,"name":"Culture Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8436,"name":"Edmund Husserl","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Edmund_Husserl?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8437,"name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martin_Heidegger?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8538,"name":"Working Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8850,"name":"Melancholy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Melancholy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8927,"name":"Art and Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_and_Science?f_ri=12320"},{"id":9539,"name":"Materialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materialism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":9721,"name":"Music Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Music_Aesthetics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10167,"name":"Hauntology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hauntology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10444,"name":"Postmodernism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postmodernism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10821,"name":"Cultural Materialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Materialism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":11452,"name":"Memory Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":11455,"name":"Social and Collective Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Collective_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":11467,"name":"Visual Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Communication?f_ri=12320"},{"id":11483,"name":"Cultural Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":11927,"name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault?f_ri=12320"},{"id":12040,"name":"Jacques Derrida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacques_Derrida?f_ri=12320"},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":12578,"name":"Memory (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_Psychology_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":12644,"name":"Commemoration and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commemoration_and_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":13950,"name":"Collective Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":13966,"name":"History of Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":14067,"name":"Literature and Visual Arts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_and_Visual_Arts?f_ri=12320"},{"id":14190,"name":"Nihilism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nihilism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":15341,"name":"Aesthetics and Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetics_and_Ethics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":15342,"name":"Aesthetics and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetics_and_Politics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":15686,"name":"History of Atheism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Atheism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":16032,"name":"Baudrillard","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Baudrillard?f_ri=12320"},{"id":16196,"name":"Film \u0026 Digital Video","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_and_Digital_Video?f_ri=12320"},{"id":16226,"name":"Materiality (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materiality_Anthropology_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":16235,"name":"Popular And Political Cultures Of Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_And_Political_Cultures_Of_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":17178,"name":"Ancient Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Philosophy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":17562,"name":"Death and Burial (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death_and_Burial_Archaeology_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":17754,"name":"Derridean Deconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derridean_Deconstruction?f_ri=12320"},{"id":18214,"name":"Social Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":18606,"name":"Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heidegger?f_ri=12320"},{"id":18739,"name":"Afterlife studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afterlife_studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":19258,"name":"Cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cinema?f_ri=12320"},{"id":19405,"name":"Cultural Heritage Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage_Management?f_ri=12320"},{"id":19626,"name":"Public Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":19712,"name":"Dance and Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dance_and_Aesthetics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":20868,"name":"Theory and Practice of Visual Arts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_and_Practice_of_Visual_Arts?f_ri=12320"},{"id":20993,"name":"Plato and Platonism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plato_and_Platonism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":21742,"name":"Anthropology of Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Death?f_ri=12320"},{"id":22047,"name":"Digital Media Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Media_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":22453,"name":"Materiality of Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materiality_of_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":22656,"name":"Hospitality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":22792,"name":"Melancholia (Art)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Melancholia_Art_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":22797,"name":"Critical Thinking and Creativity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Thinking_and_Creativity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":22832,"name":"Curatorial Practice (Art)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curatorial_Practice_Art_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":23918,"name":"Culture and Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture_and_Cognition?f_ri=12320"},{"id":24003,"name":"Postmodernism (Literature)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postmodernism_Literature_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":25107,"name":"Film Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Aesthetics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":25552,"name":"Consumption and Material Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumption_and_Material_Culture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":26291,"name":"Postmodern Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postmodern_Literature?f_ri=12320"},{"id":26379,"name":"Aestheticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aestheticism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":26558,"name":"Visual Arts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Arts?f_ri=12320"},{"id":27573,"name":"Derrida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derrida?f_ri=12320"},{"id":27764,"name":"Vintage Fashion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vintage_Fashion?f_ri=12320"},{"id":28299,"name":"Argumentation Theory and Critical Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Argumentation_Theory_and_Critical_Thinking?f_ri=12320"},{"id":29109,"name":"Postmodern Literary Theory and Popular Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postmodern_Literary_Theory_and_Popular_Culture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":30335,"name":"Grief (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grief_Psychology_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":30638,"name":"Memory and materiality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_and_materiality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":30965,"name":"Jacques Derrida \u0026 Deconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacques_Derrida_and_Deconstruction?f_ri=12320"},{"id":31286,"name":"Afterlife landscapes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afterlife_landscapes?f_ri=12320"},{"id":31323,"name":"Heidegger and Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heidegger_and_Technology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":31491,"name":"Jean Baudrillard","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jean_Baudrillard?f_ri=12320"},{"id":31793,"name":"Sound Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sound_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":33194,"name":"Postmodern Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postmodern_Theology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":33457,"name":"Material Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Material_Culture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":34292,"name":"Poststructuralist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poststructuralist_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":34632,"name":"Film","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film?f_ri=12320"},{"id":37328,"name":"Art and Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_and_Philosophy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":37479,"name":"Philosophy of Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Death?f_ri=12320"},{"id":38481,"name":"Aesthetics and Theory of Arts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetics_and_Theory_of_Arts?f_ri=12320"},{"id":38980,"name":"Heidegger's Being and Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heideggers_Being_and_Time?f_ri=12320"},{"id":39466,"name":"Paul Virilio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paul_Virilio?f_ri=12320"},{"id":42042,"name":"Nostalgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nostalgia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":42298,"name":"Film and Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_and_Media_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":43349,"name":"Fine Arts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fine_Arts?f_ri=12320"},{"id":43395,"name":"Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage?f_ri=12320"},{"id":46519,"name":"Future","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Future?f_ri=12320"},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":49664,"name":"Oral History and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oral_History_and_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":49701,"name":"Revenants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revenants?f_ri=12320"},{"id":51380,"name":"Visual Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":51610,"name":"Postmodernity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postmodernity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":52745,"name":"Cinema Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cinema_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":53039,"name":"Haunting and Spectrality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haunting_and_Spectrality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":54603,"name":"Death and Dying, Mourning and Remembrance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death_and_Dying_Mourning_and_Remembrance?f_ri=12320"},{"id":57670,"name":"Art and Mourning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_and_Mourning?f_ri=12320"},{"id":60268,"name":"Postmodern","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postmodern?f_ri=12320"},{"id":60353,"name":"Complicated Grief","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complicated_Grief?f_ri=12320"},{"id":64128,"name":"Ulrich Beck","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ulrich_Beck?f_ri=12320"},{"id":74013,"name":"Artes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artes?f_ri=12320"},{"id":74640,"name":"New Atheism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Atheism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":79465,"name":"Materiality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materiality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":80698,"name":"Films","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Films?f_ri=12320"},{"id":81108,"name":"Media Archeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Archeology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":91963,"name":"Aesthetic Experience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetic_Experience?f_ri=12320"},{"id":95682,"name":"Atheism/Secular Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atheism_Secular_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":105081,"name":"Death and the afterlife","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death_and_the_afterlife?f_ri=12320"},{"id":105082,"name":"Death, burial, and concepts of the afterlife","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death_burial_and_concepts_of_the_afterlife?f_ri=12320"},{"id":106738,"name":"Public mourning and burial","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_mourning_and_burial?f_ri=12320"},{"id":108743,"name":"Arts and Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arts_and_Sciences?f_ri=12320"},{"id":111116,"name":"Consumption of nostalgia and retro items","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consumption_of_nostalgia_and_retro_items?f_ri=12320"},{"id":113473,"name":"Art and Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_and_Design?f_ri=12320"},{"id":122565,"name":"Hipsters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hipsters?f_ri=12320"},{"id":131910,"name":"Postmodernizm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postmodernizm?f_ri=12320"},{"id":134327,"name":"Material Culture \u0026 Materiality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Material_Culture_and_Materiality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":151313,"name":"Marxism and Hauntology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism_and_Hauntology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":152751,"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences?f_ri=12320"},{"id":159218,"name":"Death, Grief, and Mourning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death_Grief_and_Mourning?f_ri=12320"},{"id":164153,"name":"Grief and Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grief_and_Loss?f_ri=12320"},{"id":166076,"name":"Cultural Revivalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Revivalism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":166425,"name":"Monsters, Ghosts, Haunting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monsters_Ghosts_Haunting?f_ri=12320"},{"id":178369,"name":"Grief","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grief?f_ri=12320"},{"id":182681,"name":"Nostalgia and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nostalgia_and_Memory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":191350,"name":"Franco Berardi (Bifo)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Franco_Berardi_Bifo_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":196661,"name":"Platón","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plat%C3%B3n?f_ri=12320"},{"id":199933,"name":"History of Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Humanities?f_ri=12320"},{"id":234644,"name":"Mourning and melancholia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mourning_and_melancholia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":250231,"name":"Catastrophism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catastrophism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":250546,"name":"End of the art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/End_of_the_art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":256667,"name":"Arts and Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arts_and_Humanities?f_ri=12320"},{"id":264788,"name":"Art History, Exhibition History, Museum and Curating Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History_Exhibition_History_Museum_and_Curating_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":289649,"name":"Revival","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revival?f_ri=12320"},{"id":299778,"name":"Depression and Melancholy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression_and_Melancholy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":311276,"name":"Hypnagogia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hypnagogia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":317687,"name":"Modern Atheism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Atheism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":317884,"name":"Wolf-man","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wolf-man?f_ri=12320"},{"id":350815,"name":"Glitch Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glitch_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":387143,"name":"Nostalgia and home","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nostalgia_and_home?f_ri=12320"},{"id":410947,"name":"Filozofia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filozofia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":425177,"name":"Franco Bifo Berardi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Franco_Bifo_Berardi?f_ri=12320"},{"id":445622,"name":"Curating contemporary art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curating_contemporary_art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":455426,"name":"Cinema and Television","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cinema_and_Television?f_ri=12320"},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":501614,"name":"Media and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_and_Culture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":507685,"name":"Art and Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_and_Art_History?f_ri=12320"},{"id":517572,"name":"Hostipitality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hostipitality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":519076,"name":"Retromania","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retromania?f_ri=12320"},{"id":597022,"name":"Death and Mourning in Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death_and_Mourning_in_Contemporary_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":620285,"name":"History of Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Philosophy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":625866,"name":"Culture and death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture_and_death?f_ri=12320"},{"id":648991,"name":"Grief, Loss, Bereavement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grief_Loss_Bereavement?f_ri=12320"},{"id":672885,"name":"Specters of Marx","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Specters_of_Marx?f_ri=12320"},{"id":699897,"name":"Widmontologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Widmontologia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":727416,"name":"Concepts of Modernism and Postmodernism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concepts_of_Modernism_and_Postmodernism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":783745,"name":"Hipster Consumerism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hipster_Consumerism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":888449,"name":"Vintage Revival","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vintage_Revival?f_ri=12320"},{"id":910947,"name":"Justyna Bargielska","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justyna_Bargielska?f_ri=12320"},{"id":972791,"name":"Hauntings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hauntings?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1004456,"name":"Spectres In Cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectres_In_Cinema?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1122248,"name":"History of Hipsters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Hipsters?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1222774,"name":"Continental Philosophy and Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_and_Aesthetics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1223618,"name":"Writing in Visual Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_in_Visual_Art?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1301935,"name":"Modernism and Postmodernism In Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modernism_and_Postmodernism_In_Architecture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1336395,"name":"Abraham and Torok","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abraham_and_Torok-1?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1384961,"name":"Hauntology (Music)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hauntology_Music_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1455599,"name":"Hipster Subculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hipster_Subculture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1516151,"name":"Spectres of Marx","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectres_of_Marx?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1556410,"name":"Full Length Movies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Full_Length_Movies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1599595,"name":"Retrofuturism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrofuturism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1663568,"name":"Death and Grief and Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Death_and_Grief_and_Social_Media?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1725429,"name":"Modernity and Hauntings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modernity_and_Hauntings?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1819294,"name":"Wilhelm Sasnal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wilhelm_Sasnal?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11958275" data-work_id="11958275" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/11958275/Violence_and_Resistance_Beyond_P%C3%B3lemos_Foucault_and_Derrida_Between_Power_and_Unpower">Violence and Resistance Beyond Pólemos: Foucault and Derrida Between Power and Unpower</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">“Power is war, the continuation of war by other means”: Foucault’s reversal of Clausewitz’s formula has become a staple of critical theory — but it remains highly problematic on a conceptual level. Elaborated during Foucault’s 1976... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11958275" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">“Power is war, the continuation of war by other means”: Foucault’s reversal of Clausewitz’s formula has become a staple of critical theory — but it remains highly problematic on a conceptual level. Elaborated during Foucault’s 1976 lectures (“Society Must Be Defended”), this work-hypothesis theorises “basic warfare” [la guerre fondamentale] as the teleological horizon of socio-political relations. Following Boulainvilliers, Foucault champions this polemological approach, conceived as a purely descriptive discourse on “real” politics and war, against the philosophico-juridical conceptuality attached to liberal society (Hobbes’s Leviathan being here the prime example). <br />However, in doing so, Foucault did not interrogate the conceptual validity of notions such as power and war, therefore interlinking them without questioning their ontological status. This problematic conflation was partly rectified in 1982, as Foucault proposed a more dynamic definition of power relations: “actions over potential actions”. <br />I argue, somewhat polemically, that Foucault’s hermeneutics of power still involves a teleological violence, dependent on a polemological representation of human relations as essentially instrumental: this resembles what Derrida names, in “Heidegger’s Ear”, an “anthropolemology”. However, I show that all conceptualisation of power implies its self-deconstruction. This self-deconstructive (or autoimmune) structure supposes an archi-originary unpower prior to power: power presupposes an excess within power, an excessive force, another violence making it both possible and impossible. There is something within power located “beyond the power principle” (Derrida). This (self-)excess signifies a limitless resistantiality co-extensive with power-relationality. It also allows the reversal of pólemos into its opposite, as unpower opens politics and warfare to the messianic call of a pre-political, pre-ontological disruption: the archi-originary force of différance. This force, unconditional, challenges Foucault’s conceptualisations of power, suggesting an originary performativity located before or beyond hermeneutics of power-knowledge, disrupting theoreticity as well as empiricity by pointing to their ontological complicity.<br />The bulk of this essay is dedicated to sketching the theoretical implications of this deconstructive reading of Foucault with respect to the methodology and conceptuality of political science and social theory.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11958275" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b45c8f4818780d09b29b502c623572d4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63286010,"asset_id":11958275,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63286010/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2357791" rel="nofollow" href="https://uai.academia.edu/T_C_Mercier">Thomas Clément MERCIER</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2357791" type="text/json">{"id":2357791,"first_name":"Thomas Clément","last_name":"MERCIER","domain_name":"uai","page_name":"T_C_Mercier","display_name":"Thomas Clément MERCIER","profile_url":"https://uai.academia.edu/T_C_Mercier?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2357791/743316/55133078/s65_thomas_cl_ment.mercier.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11958275 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11958275"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11958275, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11958275", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11958275 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11958275; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11958275"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11958275 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11958275"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11958275; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11958275]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11958275").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11958275").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11958275"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">257</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11958275]'), work: {"id":11958275,"title":"Violence and Resistance Beyond Pólemos: Foucault and Derrida Between Power and Unpower","created_at":"2015-04-15T07:32:39.552-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11958275/Violence_and_Resistance_Beyond_P%C3%B3lemos_Foucault_and_Derrida_Between_Power_and_Unpower?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_11958275","summary":"“Power is war, the continuation of war by other means”: Foucault’s reversal of Clausewitz’s formula has become a staple of critical theory — but it remains highly problematic on a conceptual level. Elaborated during Foucault’s 1976 lectures (“Society Must Be Defended”), this work-hypothesis theorises “basic warfare” [la guerre fondamentale] as the teleological horizon of socio-political relations. Following Boulainvilliers, Foucault champions this polemological approach, conceived as a purely descriptive discourse on “real” politics and war, against the philosophico-juridical conceptuality attached to liberal society (Hobbes’s Leviathan being here the prime example). \nHowever, in doing so, Foucault did not interrogate the conceptual validity of notions such as power and war, therefore interlinking them without questioning their ontological status. This problematic conflation was partly rectified in 1982, as Foucault proposed a more dynamic definition of power relations: “actions over potential actions”. \nI argue, somewhat polemically, that Foucault’s hermeneutics of power still involves a teleological violence, dependent on a polemological representation of human relations as essentially instrumental: this resembles what Derrida names, in “Heidegger’s Ear”, an “anthropolemology”. However, I show that all conceptualisation of power implies its self-deconstruction. This self-deconstructive (or autoimmune) structure supposes an archi-originary unpower prior to power: power presupposes an excess within power, an excessive force, another violence making it both possible and impossible. There is something within power located “beyond the power principle” (Derrida). This (self-)excess signifies a limitless resistantiality co-extensive with power-relationality. It also allows the reversal of pólemos into its opposite, as unpower opens politics and warfare to the messianic call of a pre-political, pre-ontological disruption: the archi-originary force of différance. This force, unconditional, challenges Foucault’s conceptualisations of power, suggesting an originary performativity located before or beyond hermeneutics of power-knowledge, disrupting theoreticity as well as empiricity by pointing to their ontological complicity.\nThe bulk of this essay is dedicated to sketching the theoretical implications of this deconstructive reading of Foucault with respect to the methodology and conceptuality of political science and social theory.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63286010,"asset_id":11958275,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2357791,"first_name":"Thomas Clément","last_name":"MERCIER","domain_name":"uai","page_name":"T_C_Mercier","display_name":"Thomas Clément MERCIER","profile_url":"https://uai.academia.edu/T_C_Mercier?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2357791/743316/55133078/s65_thomas_cl_ment.mercier.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":209,"name":"Social Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":244,"name":"Psychoanalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychoanalysis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":579,"name":"Strategy (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=12320"},{"id":893,"name":"Pragmatism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":899,"name":"Legitimacy and Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority?f_ri=12320"},{"id":938,"name":"Critical Discourse Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":957,"name":"Cultural Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Sociology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":972,"name":"Self and Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_and_Identity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2089,"name":"Social Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2337,"name":"Performance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2729,"name":"Hospitality Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitality_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2993,"name":"Sociology of Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Knowledge?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3064,"name":"Heterotopia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heterotopia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3114,"name":"Queer Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3115,"name":"Posthumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Posthumanism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3200,"name":"Praxis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Praxis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3231,"name":"Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3233,"name":"Animal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3234,"name":"Animal Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Ethics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3353,"name":"Subjectivities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjectivities?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3354,"name":"Poststructuralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poststructuralism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3661,"name":"Sovereignty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sovereignty?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3873,"name":"Strategic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3876,"name":"Hobbes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hobbes?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4195,"name":"Cultural Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4401,"name":"Jean-Luc Nancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jean-Luc_Nancy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4433,"name":"Self-Determination Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self-Determination_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4474,"name":"Critical Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Thinking?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4823,"name":"Critical Legal Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Legal_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4868,"name":"Deconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deconstruction?f_ri=12320"},{"id":4917,"name":"Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5340,"name":"Jurgen Habermas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jurgen_Habermas?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5372,"name":"Post-Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Marxism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5535,"name":"Critical Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Security_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5539,"name":"Language and Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Ideology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5815,"name":"Identity politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_politics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5960,"name":"Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":6013,"name":"Performativity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performativity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":6225,"name":"Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_War?f_ri=12320"},{"id":6463,"name":"History of Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Sexuality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":6728,"name":"Philosophy Of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Law?f_ri=12320"},{"id":6749,"name":"Cultural Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Politics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender?f_ri=12320"},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=12320"},{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":7982,"name":"Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8004,"name":"Resistance (Social)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance_Social_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8326,"name":"Political Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Legitimacy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8411,"name":"Émmanuel Lévinas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%C3%89mmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8453,"name":"Maurice Blanchot","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maurice_Blanchot?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8470,"name":"Empowerment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empowerment?f_ri=12320"},{"id":9405,"name":"Post-Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Colonialism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":9590,"name":"Self Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Care?f_ri=12320"},{"id":9650,"name":"Cultural Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Identity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10142,"name":"Gender Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10167,"name":"Hauntology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hauntology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10256,"name":"Violence/Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence_Power?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10342,"name":"Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10348,"name":"Identity Politics (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Politics_Political_Science_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10387,"name":"Subjectivity (Identity Politics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjectivity_Identity_Politics_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10444,"name":"Postmodernism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postmodernism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10492,"name":"Thomas Hobbes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thomas_Hobbes?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10610,"name":"Survival Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survival_Analysis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10633,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10806,"name":"Marxist theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxist_theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":10853,"name":"Activity Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activity_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":11563,"name":"Performance and performativity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_and_performativity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":11848,"name":"Social Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Ontology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":11927,"name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault?f_ri=12320"},{"id":12040,"name":"Jacques Derrida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacques_Derrida?f_ri=12320"},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":12651,"name":"Archive Fever","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archive_Fever?f_ri=12320"},{"id":12754,"name":"Language Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Ideology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":12824,"name":"Intersubjectivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersubjectivity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":13197,"name":"Language and Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Identity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":13229,"name":"History Of Madness And Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Madness_And_Psychiatry?f_ri=12320"},{"id":13788,"name":"Catherine Malabou","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catherine_Malabou?f_ri=12320"},{"id":13995,"name":"Postcolonial Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":14105,"name":"Levinas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Levinas?f_ri=12320"},{"id":14197,"name":"Autonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":14256,"name":"Subjectivity In Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjectivity_In_Discourse?f_ri=12320"},{"id":14386,"name":"Agonistic Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agonistic_Pluralism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":15488,"name":"Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ernesto_Laclau_and_Chantal_Mouffe?f_ri=12320"},{"id":16323,"name":"Biopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopolitics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":16376,"name":"Cultural Studies (Communication)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies_Communication_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":17754,"name":"Derridean Deconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derridean_Deconstruction?f_ri=12320"},{"id":18127,"name":"Baruch Spinoza","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Baruch_Spinoza?f_ri=12320"},{"id":18640,"name":"Ideology and Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_and_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":18995,"name":"Critique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critique?f_ri=12320"},{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":19118,"name":"Pragmatism (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatism_Philosophy_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":19191,"name":"Knowledge and Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_and_Power?f_ri=12320"},{"id":19357,"name":"Individuation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Individuation?f_ri=12320"},{"id":20719,"name":"Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpretation?f_ri=12320"},{"id":20827,"name":"Politics Of Identities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_Of_Identities?f_ri=12320"},{"id":22120,"name":"Politics and Friendship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_and_Friendship?f_ri=12320"},{"id":22292,"name":"Political Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ideology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":22547,"name":"Social and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":22656,"name":"Hospitality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":24140,"name":"Biopower","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopower?f_ri=12320"},{"id":24879,"name":"Hegemony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegemony?f_ri=12320"},{"id":25582,"name":"Social and Political Theories of Justice \u0026 Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Theories_of_Justice_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=12320"},{"id":25660,"name":"Decision Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":26321,"name":"Critical Legal Studies and Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Legal_Studies_and_Empire?f_ri=12320"},{"id":27269,"name":"Subjectivity Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjectivity_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":27573,"name":"Derrida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derrida?f_ri=12320"},{"id":27982,"name":"Theories of Sovereignty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Sovereignty?f_ri=12320"},{"id":29108,"name":"Feminist Literary Theory and Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Literary_Theory_and_Gender_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":29110,"name":"Ideology and Discourse Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_and_Discourse_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":30095,"name":"Cultural power and resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_power_and_resistance?f_ri=12320"},{"id":30223,"name":"Antagonist politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antagonist_politics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":30361,"name":"Foucault (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":30965,"name":"Jacques Derrida \u0026 Deconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacques_Derrida_and_Deconstruction?f_ri=12320"},{"id":31103,"name":"Performativity of Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performativity_of_Gender?f_ri=12320"},{"id":34292,"name":"Poststructuralist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poststructuralist_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":34442,"name":"Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsibility?f_ri=12320"},{"id":36467,"name":"Language Ideologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Ideologies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":36979,"name":"Use of Force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Use_of_Force?f_ri=12320"},{"id":36990,"name":"Event Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Event_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":37647,"name":"Gramsci and Cultural Hegemony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gramsci_and_Cultural_Hegemony?f_ri=12320"},{"id":39525,"name":"Discipline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discipline?f_ri=12320"},{"id":39824,"name":"International Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":41213,"name":"Political Subjectivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Subjectivity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":43594,"name":"Jean-François Lyotard","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard?f_ri=12320"},{"id":44006,"name":"Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":44722,"name":"Power and domination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_and_domination?f_ri=12320"},{"id":46271,"name":"Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":48672,"name":"Chantal Mouffe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chantal_Mouffe?f_ri=12320"},{"id":49405,"name":"Symbolic violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbolic_violence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":49425,"name":"Engagement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engagement?f_ri=12320"},{"id":49663,"name":"Women and Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Gender_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":52096,"name":"Foucault power/knowledge - discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_power_knowledge_-_discourse?f_ri=12320"},{"id":53039,"name":"Haunting and Spectrality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haunting_and_Spectrality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":53390,"name":"Power relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_relations?f_ri=12320"},{"id":53828,"name":"Polemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polemology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":54236,"name":"Etienne Balibar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etienne_Balibar?f_ri=12320"},{"id":54659,"name":"Subjectivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjectivity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":54941,"name":"Biopolitics (in Agamben, Foucault and Negri)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopolitics_in_Agamben_Foucault_and_Negri_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":55196,"name":"Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction. Knowledge, Power and Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Reproduction_and_Social_Reproduction._Knowledge_Power_and_Education?f_ri=12320"},{"id":55577,"name":"Survival","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survival?f_ri=12320"},{"id":60235,"name":"Alterity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alterity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":60903,"name":"Critical Legal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Legal_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":61448,"name":"Power, conflict and violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_conflict_and_violence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":70724,"name":"Neo-Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo-Marxism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":70962,"name":"Theories of power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_power?f_ri=12320"},{"id":71526,"name":"Soft Power and International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soft_Power_and_International_Relations?f_ri=12320"},{"id":77274,"name":"Symbolic Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbolic_Capital?f_ri=12320"},{"id":77724,"name":"Philosophy of Praxis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Praxis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":77969,"name":"Identity and Alterity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_and_Alterity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":91722,"name":"Philosophy of the Subject","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_the_Subject?f_ri=12320"},{"id":94532,"name":"Immanence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immanence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":96098,"name":"Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance?f_ri=12320"},{"id":98376,"name":"Jürgen Habermas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas?f_ri=12320"},{"id":100218,"name":"Clausewitz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clausewitz?f_ri=12320"},{"id":102352,"name":"Heterotopias","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heterotopias?f_ri=12320"},{"id":107547,"name":"Agonism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agonism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":110388,"name":"Biopower and Biopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopower_and_Biopolitics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":111931,"name":"Ethics and Politics of Friendship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_and_Politics_of_Friendship?f_ri=12320"},{"id":116541,"name":"Event Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Event_Study?f_ri=12320"},{"id":123951,"name":"Political Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Power?f_ri=12320"},{"id":135292,"name":"Phenomenology of Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenomenology_of_Violence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":137587,"name":"International Relations, Security, Strategic Studies, Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Security_Strategic_Studies_Politics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":142522,"name":"Domestication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestication?f_ri=12320"},{"id":148419,"name":"Sociology of power and knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_power_and_knowledge?f_ri=12320"},{"id":150067,"name":"Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegemony_and_Counter-Hegemony?f_ri=12320"},{"id":151313,"name":"Marxism and Hauntology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism_and_Hauntology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":151317,"name":"Use of force in international law and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Use_of_force_in_international_law_and_international_relations?f_ri=12320"},{"id":155212,"name":"Herrschaft","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Herrschaft?f_ri=12320"},{"id":160841,"name":"Ideologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideologia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":198879,"name":"Post-structuralism (especially the work of Jacques Derrida)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-structuralism_especially_the_work_of_Jacques_Derrida_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":204255,"name":"Posthegemony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Posthegemony?f_ri=12320"},{"id":220464,"name":"Politics and International relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_and_International_relations?f_ri=12320"},{"id":222851,"name":"Biopolítica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopol%C3%ADtica?f_ri=12320"},{"id":228979,"name":"Symbolic Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbolic_Power?f_ri=12320"},{"id":231588,"name":"Spectrality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrality?f_ri=12320"},{"id":257285,"name":"Social and political science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_political_science?f_ri=12320"},{"id":258502,"name":"Foucault Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":258942,"name":"War and Peace Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_and_Peace_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":279368,"name":"Carl von Clausewitz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carl_von_Clausewitz?f_ri=12320"},{"id":285166,"name":"Alteridad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alteridad?f_ri=12320"},{"id":298072,"name":"Ethics of Care of the Self","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_of_Care_of_the_Self?f_ri=12320"},{"id":339161,"name":"Politics of Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Identity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":347292,"name":"State sovereignty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_sovereignty?f_ri=12320"},{"id":358581,"name":"Critical War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_War_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":366453,"name":"Subjectivation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjectivation?f_ri=12320"},{"id":370144,"name":"Cogito and the History of Madness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness?f_ri=12320"},{"id":375041,"name":"Antagonism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antagonism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":378179,"name":"Institutionalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutionalization?f_ri=12320"},{"id":382027,"name":"Powerlessness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Powerlessness?f_ri=12320"},{"id":390915,"name":"Power and Subjectivation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_and_Subjectivation?f_ri=12320"},{"id":392820,"name":"Discipline and Punish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discipline_and_Punish?f_ri=12320"},{"id":421462,"name":"Altérité","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alt%C3%A9rit%C3%A9?f_ri=12320"},{"id":444538,"name":"Linguistic violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_violence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":488034,"name":"Critical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Anthropology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":513795,"name":"Michel Foucault and the theory of Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault_and_the_theory_of_Power?f_ri=12320"},{"id":530276,"name":"Rogues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rogues?f_ri=12320"},{"id":566353,"name":"Infrapolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrapolitics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":606197,"name":"Logocentrism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logocentrism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":623625,"name":"Subjectification and Intersubjectification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subjectification_and_Intersubjectification?f_ri=12320"},{"id":642869,"name":"Critical Military Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Military_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":661751,"name":"Agonistic Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agonistic_Democracy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":672885,"name":"Specters of Marx","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Specters_of_Marx?f_ri=12320"},{"id":719990,"name":"Archive Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archive_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":785274,"name":"Care Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Care_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":874579,"name":"Politics of Friendship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Friendship?f_ri=12320"},{"id":882032,"name":"Legitimidad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimidad?f_ri=12320"},{"id":951126,"name":"Ethnicity and Identity Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity_and_Identity_Politics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":952730,"name":"Pouvoir Politique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pouvoir_Politique?f_ri=12320"},{"id":958273,"name":"Emmanuel Levinas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emmanuel_Levinas?f_ri=12320"},{"id":964146,"name":"Political Praxis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Praxis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":966833,"name":"Gewalt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gewalt?f_ri=12320"},{"id":968103,"name":"Archive Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archive_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":972605,"name":"Power; Subjection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Subjection?f_ri=12320"},{"id":973140,"name":"Power and Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_and_Knowledge?f_ri=12320"},{"id":982866,"name":"Agonistic and Tragic Modes of Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agonistic_and_Tragic_Modes_of_Political_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1005863,"name":"Linguistic Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Power?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1124349,"name":"Event Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Event_Theory?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1166760,"name":"Ipseity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ipseity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1198960,"name":"Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1230868,"name":"Phallocentricism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phallocentricism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1249719,"name":"Emmanuel Lévinas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1297772,"name":"Spectralité","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectralite?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1477285,"name":"Michel Foucault: The subject and power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault_The_subject_and_power?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1675888,"name":"Violence and Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence_and_Power?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1745337,"name":"Derrida Hauntology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derrida_Hauntology?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47072655" data-work_id="47072655" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47072655/The_DC_HIL_Syndecan_4_Pathway_Regulates_Autoimmune_Responses_through_Myeloid_Derived_Suppressor_Cells">The DC-HIL/Syndecan-4 Pathway Regulates Autoimmune Responses through Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47072655" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="16cdb90277c7ac48960d1e80e0c56d31" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66361951,"asset_id":47072655,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66361951/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="122044848" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JinSungChung">Jin-Sung Chung</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="122044848" type="text/json">{"id":122044848,"first_name":"Jin-Sung","last_name":"Chung","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JinSungChung","display_name":"Jin-Sung Chung","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JinSungChung?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/122044848/30775575/28482184/s65_jin-sung.chung.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47072655 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47072655"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47072655, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47072655", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_47072655 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47072655; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_47072655"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_47072655 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47072655"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47072655; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47072655]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47072655").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47072655").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47072655"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6599" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Cytometry">Flow Cytometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6599" type="text/json">{"id":6599,"name":"Flow Cytometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Cytometry?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology_of_the_Gut">Immunology of the Gut</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18327" type="text/json">{"id":18327,"name":"Immunology of the Gut","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology_of_the_Gut?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47072655]'), work: {"id":47072655,"title":"The DC-HIL/Syndecan-4 Pathway Regulates Autoimmune Responses through Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells","created_at":"2021-04-20T16:54:20.912-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47072655/The_DC_HIL_Syndecan_4_Pathway_Regulates_Autoimmune_Responses_through_Myeloid_Derived_Suppressor_Cells?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_47072655","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66361951,"asset_id":47072655,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":122044848,"first_name":"Jin-Sung","last_name":"Chung","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JinSungChung","display_name":"Jin-Sung Chung","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JinSungChung?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/122044848/30775575/28482184/s65_jin-sung.chung.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":6599,"name":"Flow Cytometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Cytometry?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":18327,"name":"Immunology of the Gut","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology_of_the_Gut?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":43127,"name":"Chemokines and chemokine receptors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemokines_and_chemokine_receptors?f_ri=12320"},{"id":49018,"name":"Spleen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spleen?f_ri=12320"},{"id":82978,"name":"Reactive Oxygen Species","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reactive_Oxygen_Species?f_ri=12320"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=12320"},{"id":93922,"name":"Nitric oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_oxide?f_ri=12320"},{"id":280237,"name":"T lymphocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T_lymphocytes?f_ri=12320"},{"id":989400,"name":"Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Autoimmune_Encephalomyelitis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1105845,"name":"Myeloid Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myeloid_Cells?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1186610,"name":"DNA binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_binding_proteins?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1956441,"name":"Adoptive Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adoptive_Transfer?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2058663,"name":"Interferon gamma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interferon_gamma?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2399077,"name":"Syndecan-4","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syndecan-4?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44433388 coauthored" data-work_id="44433388" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44433388/Clinical_Aspects_of_Janus_Kinase_JAK_Inhibitors_in_the_Cardiovascular_System_in_Patients_with_Rheumatoid_Arthritis">Clinical Aspects of Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors in the Cardiovascular System in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, a novel class of targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), have shown their safety and efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and are being intensively tested in other autoimmune and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44433388" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, a novel class of targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), have shown their safety and efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and are being intensively tested in other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Targeting several cytokines with a single small compound leads to blocking the physiological response of hundreds of genes, thereby providing the background to stabilize the immune response. Unfortunately, blocking many cytokines with a single drug may also bring some negative consequences. In this review, we focused on the activity of JAK inhibitors in the cardiovascular system of patients with RA. Special emphasis was put on the modification of heart performance, progression of atherosclerosis, lipid profile disturbance, and risk of thromboembolic complications. We also discussed potential pathophysiological mechanisms that may be responsible for such JAK inhibitor-associated side effects.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44433388" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="600c859f0aea974380391543bc22fb34" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64851387,"asset_id":44433388,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64851387/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="177147557" href="https://bham.academia.edu/MdAsifulIslam">Md Asiful Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="177147557" type="text/json">{"id":177147557,"first_name":"Md Asiful","last_name":"Islam","domain_name":"bham","page_name":"MdAsifulIslam","display_name":"Md Asiful Islam","profile_url":"https://bham.academia.edu/MdAsifulIslam?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/177147557/49082379/78313397/s65_md_asiful.islam.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44433388">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44433388"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/Ma%C5%82gorzataEngelmann">Małgorzata Engelmann</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44433388'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44433388').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44433388 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44433388"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44433388, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44433388", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44433388 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44433388; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44433388"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44433388 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44433388"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44433388; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44433388]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44433388").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44433388").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44433388"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4366" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular">Cardiovascular</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4366" type="text/json">{"id":4366,"name":"Cardiovascular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8015" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8015" type="text/json">{"id":8015,"name":"Atherosclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atherosclerosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12733" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatoid_Arthritis">Rheumatoid Arthritis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12733" type="text/json">{"id":12733,"name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatoid_Arthritis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44433388]'), work: {"id":44433388,"title":"Clinical Aspects of Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors in the Cardiovascular System in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","created_at":"2020-11-04T05:30:29.773-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44433388/Clinical_Aspects_of_Janus_Kinase_JAK_Inhibitors_in_the_Cardiovascular_System_in_Patients_with_Rheumatoid_Arthritis?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_44433388","summary":"Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, a novel class of targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), have shown their safety and efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and are being intensively tested in other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Targeting several cytokines with a single small compound leads to blocking the physiological response of hundreds of genes, thereby providing the background to stabilize the immune response. Unfortunately, blocking many cytokines with a single drug may also bring some negative consequences. In this review, we focused on the activity of JAK inhibitors in the cardiovascular system of patients with RA. Special emphasis was put on the modification of heart performance, progression of atherosclerosis, lipid profile disturbance, and risk of thromboembolic complications. We also discussed potential pathophysiological mechanisms that may be responsible for such JAK inhibitor-associated side effects.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64851387,"asset_id":44433388,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":177147557,"first_name":"Md Asiful","last_name":"Islam","domain_name":"bham","page_name":"MdAsifulIslam","display_name":"Md Asiful Islam","profile_url":"https://bham.academia.edu/MdAsifulIslam?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/177147557/49082379/78313397/s65_md_asiful.islam.jpg"},{"id":178690504,"first_name":"Małgorzata","last_name":"Engelmann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MałgorzataEngelmann","display_name":"Małgorzata Engelmann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Ma%C5%82gorzataEngelmann?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4366,"name":"Cardiovascular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":8015,"name":"Atherosclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atherosclerosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12733,"name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatoid_Arthritis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":24735,"name":"Cardiovascular disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_disease?f_ri=12320"},{"id":39001,"name":"Pathophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pathophysiology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":49161,"name":"Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Safety?f_ri=12320"},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":126465,"name":"Efficacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Efficacy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":312834,"name":"Cardiovascular system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_system?f_ri=12320"},{"id":438985,"name":"Methotrexate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methotrexate?f_ri=12320"},{"id":698785,"name":"Side Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Side_Effect?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1259885,"name":"Jak/Stat signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jak_Stat_signaling?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2767868,"name":"janus kinase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/janus_kinase?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2921907,"name":"JAK inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/JAK_inhibitors?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29643167" data-work_id="29643167" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29643167/Decreased_phagocytosis_of_apoptotic_cells_in_diseased_SLE_mice">Decreased phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in diseased SLE mice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Antibodies against nucleosomes are a serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Apoptotic cells are the unique source of nucleosomes, which are formed through cleavage of chromatin by nucleases. These nucleosomes and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29643167" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Antibodies against nucleosomes are a serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Apoptotic cells are the unique source of nucleosomes, which are formed through cleavage of chromatin by nucleases. These nucleosomes and other autoantigens targeted in SLE are expressed in apoptotic blebs or at the surface of apoptotic cells. Therefore, it is conceivable that circulating antibodies can influence apoptotic cell clearance. Using an in vitro phagocytosis assay, we analysed the phagocytic efficacy for apoptotic cells of resident peritoneal macrophages from pre-morbid and diseased lupus mice. The assay was carried out in the presence of autologous serum, using autologous apoptotic thymocytes as targets. Under these conditions macrophages from diseased MRL/lpr and NZB NZW(F1) lupus mice, and from age-matched NZB mice showed a decreased phagocytic efficacy (decrease 47%, 48% and 37%, respectively compared to measurements in pre-morbid mice). The cause of this decrease resides in the serum, and is not due to an acquired defect of macrophages. In conclusion, during disease progression in murine SLE, apoptotic cell clearance becomes impaired, which might amplify further disease progression.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29643167" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="723d795b25ee01ae20ae95a3a61572a2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50080576,"asset_id":29643167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50080576/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46496846" href="https://radboudumc.academia.edu/JoBerden">Jo Berden</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46496846" type="text/json">{"id":46496846,"first_name":"Jo","last_name":"Berden","domain_name":"radboudumc","page_name":"JoBerden","display_name":"Jo Berden","profile_url":"https://radboudumc.academia.edu/JoBerden?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29643167 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29643167"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29643167, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29643167", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29643167 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29643167; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29643167"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29643167 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29643167"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29643167; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29643167]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29643167").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29643167").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29643167"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24731" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24731" type="text/json">{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66614" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus">Systemic Lupus Erythematosus</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="66614" type="text/json">{"id":66614,"name":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29643167]'), work: {"id":29643167,"title":"Decreased phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in diseased SLE mice","created_at":"2016-11-03T07:43:33.191-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29643167/Decreased_phagocytosis_of_apoptotic_cells_in_diseased_SLE_mice?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_29643167","summary":"Antibodies against nucleosomes are a serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Apoptotic cells are the unique source of nucleosomes, which are formed through cleavage of chromatin by nucleases. These nucleosomes and other autoantigens targeted in SLE are expressed in apoptotic blebs or at the surface of apoptotic cells. Therefore, it is conceivable that circulating antibodies can influence apoptotic cell clearance. Using an in vitro phagocytosis assay, we analysed the phagocytic efficacy for apoptotic cells of resident peritoneal macrophages from pre-morbid and diseased lupus mice. The assay was carried out in the presence of autologous serum, using autologous apoptotic thymocytes as targets. Under these conditions macrophages from diseased MRL/lpr and NZB NZW(F1) lupus mice, and from age-matched NZB mice showed a decreased phagocytic efficacy (decrease 47%, 48% and 37%, respectively compared to measurements in pre-morbid mice). The cause of this decrease resides in the serum, and is not due to an acquired defect of macrophages. In conclusion, during disease progression in murine SLE, apoptotic cell clearance becomes impaired, which might amplify further disease progression.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50080576,"asset_id":29643167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46496846,"first_name":"Jo","last_name":"Berden","domain_name":"radboudumc","page_name":"JoBerden","display_name":"Jo Berden","profile_url":"https://radboudumc.academia.edu/JoBerden?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":66614,"name":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=12320"},{"id":211309,"name":"Nucleosomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleosomes?f_ri=12320"},{"id":280237,"name":"T lymphocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T_lymphocytes?f_ri=12320"},{"id":376644,"name":"Phagocytosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phagocytosis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors?f_ri=12320"},{"id":584615,"name":"Disease Progression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Progression?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5263216" data-work_id="5263216" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5263216/The_possible_role_of_physical_exercise_on_the_treatment_of_idiopathic_inflammatory_myopathies">The possible role of physical exercise on the treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a heterogeneous group of diseases that share some symptoms such as muscular weakness and inflammation of skeletal muscle. Complete recovery of muscle function with pharmacological treatment... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5263216" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a heterogeneous group of diseases that share some symptoms such as muscular weakness and inflammation of skeletal muscle. Complete recovery of muscle function with pharmacological treatment does not always occur, suggesting that physical inability is a great concern for these patients. In this context, it has been speculated that physical exercise could result in functional benefits to patients with IIM, leading to an improvement in quality of life. In fact, recent studies of polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) support the notion that exercise training improves or at least stabilizes muscle strength and functional ability without inducing disease flares. Importantly, these benefits were observed not only during the chronic phase, but also in the course of active disease. This positive effect was found to be long term, as demonstrated by a six-month significant improvement in exercise capacity and strength. Together, these findings indicate that a well controlled exercise program can be recommended for patients with DM and PM. The optimal exercise modality training and the underlying mechanism for this encouraging response remain to be determined in future studies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5263216" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="56bd90e3de59a77d36e0362d1f4e96c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49375673,"asset_id":5263216,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49375673/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7215906" href="https://ssddsds.academia.edu/AntonioJunior">Antonio Junior</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7215906" type="text/json">{"id":7215906,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Junior","domain_name":"ssddsds","page_name":"AntonioJunior","display_name":"Antonio Junior","profile_url":"https://ssddsds.academia.edu/AntonioJunior?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/4935d09a300521ae855f439fb354f32d?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5263216 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5263216"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5263216, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5263216", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5263216 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5263216; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5263216"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5263216 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5263216"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5263216; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5263216]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5263216").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5263216").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5263216"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7470" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_life">Quality of life</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7470" type="text/json">{"id":7470,"name":"Quality of life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_life?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12426" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome">Treatment Outcome</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12426" type="text/json">{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5263216]'), work: {"id":5263216,"title":"The possible role of physical exercise on the treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","created_at":"2013-11-29T10:44:23.764-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5263216/The_possible_role_of_physical_exercise_on_the_treatment_of_idiopathic_inflammatory_myopathies?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_5263216","summary":"Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a heterogeneous group of diseases that share some symptoms such as muscular weakness and inflammation of skeletal muscle. Complete recovery of muscle function with pharmacological treatment does not always occur, suggesting that physical inability is a great concern for these patients. In this context, it has been speculated that physical exercise could result in functional benefits to patients with IIM, leading to an improvement in quality of life. In fact, recent studies of polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) support the notion that exercise training improves or at least stabilizes muscle strength and functional ability without inducing disease flares. Importantly, these benefits were observed not only during the chronic phase, but also in the course of active disease. This positive effect was found to be long term, as demonstrated by a six-month significant improvement in exercise capacity and strength. Together, these findings indicate that a well controlled exercise program can be recommended for patients with DM and PM. The optimal exercise modality training and the underlying mechanism for this encouraging response remain to be determined in future studies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49375673,"asset_id":5263216,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7215906,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Junior","domain_name":"ssddsds","page_name":"AntonioJunior","display_name":"Antonio Junior","profile_url":"https://ssddsds.academia.edu/AntonioJunior?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/4935d09a300521ae855f439fb354f32d?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":7470,"name":"Quality of life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_life?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":25443,"name":"Exercise therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_therapy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":44530,"name":"Muscle strength","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muscle_strength?f_ri=12320"},{"id":62692,"name":"Spinal Muscular Atrophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spinal_Muscular_Atrophy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":135185,"name":"Exercise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise?f_ri=12320"},{"id":170918,"name":"Electromyography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electromyography?f_ri=12320"},{"id":357849,"name":"Skeletal Muscle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skeletal_Muscle?f_ri=12320"},{"id":407851,"name":"Myositis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myositis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":638048,"name":"Physical Exercise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Exercise?f_ri=12320"},{"id":724423,"name":"Dermatomyositis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dermatomyositis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":798099,"name":"Muscle Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muscle_Function?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2225972,"name":"Polymyositis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymyositis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2432192,"name":"Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Idiopathic_Inflammatory_Myopathies?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21022668" data-work_id="21022668" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21022668/Vitamin_D_and_musculoskeletal_health_cardiovascular_disease_autoimmunity_and_cancer_Recommendations_for_clinical_practice">Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: Recommendations for clinical practice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Background: There is increasing evidence that, in addition to the well-known effects on musculoskeletal health, vitamin D status may be related to a number of non-skeletal diseases.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21022668" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a1766403609374410b6ee8f91025d3c9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41675437,"asset_id":21022668,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41675437/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42111359" href="https://independent.academia.edu/saragandini1">sara gandini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42111359" type="text/json">{"id":42111359,"first_name":"sara","last_name":"gandini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"saragandini1","display_name":"sara gandini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/saragandini1?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42111359/11503214/12830053/s65_sara.gandini.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21022668 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21022668"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21022668, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21022668", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21022668 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21022668; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21022668"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21022668 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21022668"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21022668; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21022668]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21022668").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21022668").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21022668"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4531" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Trial">Clinical Trial</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4531" type="text/json">{"id":4531,"name":"Clinical Trial","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Trial?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9531" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitamin_D">Vitamin D</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9531" type="text/json">{"id":9531,"name":"Vitamin D","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitamin_D?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium">Calcium</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9534" type="text/json">{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21022668]'), work: {"id":21022668,"title":"Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: Recommendations for clinical practice","created_at":"2016-01-28T00:32:28.456-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21022668/Vitamin_D_and_musculoskeletal_health_cardiovascular_disease_autoimmunity_and_cancer_Recommendations_for_clinical_practice?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_21022668","summary":"Background: There is increasing evidence that, in addition to the well-known effects on musculoskeletal health, vitamin D status may be related to a number of non-skeletal diseases.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41675437,"asset_id":21022668,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42111359,"first_name":"sara","last_name":"gandini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"saragandini1","display_name":"sara gandini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/saragandini1?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42111359/11503214/12830053/s65_sara.gandini.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":4531,"name":"Clinical Trial","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Trial?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":9531,"name":"Vitamin D","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitamin_D?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":24735,"name":"Cardiovascular disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_disease?f_ri=12320"},{"id":52836,"name":"Clinical Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Practice?f_ri=12320"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=12320"},{"id":147861,"name":"Expert Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expert_Opinion?f_ri=12320"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=12320"},{"id":324154,"name":"Immune system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_system?f_ri=12320"},{"id":469018,"name":"Neoplasms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoplasms?f_ri=12320"},{"id":559242,"name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_Diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1036777,"name":"Epidemiologic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiologic_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1114577,"name":"Vitamin D Deficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitamin_D_Deficiency?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1256683,"name":"Bone and Bones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_and_Bones?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16215294" data-work_id="16215294" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16215294/Statins_and_their_potential_targets_in_multiple_sclerosis_therapy">Statins and their potential targets in multiple sclerosis therapy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CNS-demyelinating disease characterised by relapsing and chronic neurological impairment. While traditionally CNS autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells have been considered the culprits in the initial phase of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16215294" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CNS-demyelinating disease characterised by relapsing and chronic neurological impairment. While traditionally CNS autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells have been considered the culprits in the initial phase of the disease, recent observations have altered this concept. It is now recognised that other T lymphocyte subclasses can initiate CNS demyelination. In addition, other cell types and molecules may play an important role in MS pathogenesis. There is overwhelming evidence that MS is a dynamic process, in which recurrent episodes of blood–brain barrier disruption and CNS inflammation play a crucial role in early disease stages, leading eventually to the largely irreversible changes of demyelination, gliosis and axonal degeneration. These observations may have important therapeutic implications. Within the last ten years, several medications have been approved for MS treatment. These agents, all of which are given parenterally, are only partially effective and are often associated with adverse effects and potential toxicities. The number and different types of medications used for MS are likely to increase in the near future, as several novel therapies are currently tested in clinical trials. 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, ‘statins’, are cholesterol-lowering drugs that are given orally, are safe and have biological effects independent of their cholesterol-reducing properties. Recent reports have shown that statins have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of MS. This article will outline experimental evidence that suggests potential clinical benefits of statins for MS patients.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16215294" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a012e77058646ab5bd27df33112501ea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38902183,"asset_id":16215294,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38902183/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33297897" href="https://ucsf.academia.edu/ScottZamvil">Scott Zamvil</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33297897" type="text/json">{"id":33297897,"first_name":"Scott","last_name":"Zamvil","domain_name":"ucsf","page_name":"ScottZamvil","display_name":"Scott Zamvil","profile_url":"https://ucsf.academia.edu/ScottZamvil?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16215294 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16215294"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16215294, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16215294", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_16215294 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16215294; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_16215294"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_16215294 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16215294"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16215294; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16215294]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16215294").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16215294").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16215294"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3097" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3097" type="text/json">{"id":3097,"name":"Multiple sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_sclerosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32913" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroimmunology">Neuroimmunology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32913" type="text/json">{"id":32913,"name":"Neuroimmunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroimmunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16215294]'), work: {"id":16215294,"title":"Statins and their potential targets in multiple sclerosis therapy","created_at":"2015-09-26T17:45:30.047-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16215294/Statins_and_their_potential_targets_in_multiple_sclerosis_therapy?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_16215294","summary":"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CNS-demyelinating disease characterised by relapsing and chronic neurological impairment. While traditionally CNS autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells have been considered the culprits in the initial phase of the disease, recent observations have altered this concept. It is now recognised that other T lymphocyte subclasses can initiate CNS demyelination. In addition, other cell types and molecules may play an important role in MS pathogenesis. There is overwhelming evidence that MS is a dynamic process, in which recurrent episodes of blood–brain barrier disruption and CNS inflammation play a crucial role in early disease stages, leading eventually to the largely irreversible changes of demyelination, gliosis and axonal degeneration. These observations may have important therapeutic implications. Within the last ten years, several medications have been approved for MS treatment. These agents, all of which are given parenterally, are only partially effective and are often associated with adverse effects and potential toxicities. The number and different types of medications used for MS are likely to increase in the near future, as several novel therapies are currently tested in clinical trials. 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, ‘statins’, are cholesterol-lowering drugs that are given orally, are safe and have biological effects independent of their cholesterol-reducing properties. Recent reports have shown that statins have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of MS. This article will outline experimental evidence that suggests potential clinical benefits of statins for MS patients.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38902183,"asset_id":16215294,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33297897,"first_name":"Scott","last_name":"Zamvil","domain_name":"ucsf","page_name":"ScottZamvil","display_name":"Scott Zamvil","profile_url":"https://ucsf.academia.edu/ScottZamvil?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":3097,"name":"Multiple sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_sclerosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":32913,"name":"Neuroimmunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroimmunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":167643,"name":"Statins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statins?f_ri=12320"},{"id":175647,"name":"T cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T_cells?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1623988,"name":"Multiple Sclerosis therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_Sclerosis_therapy?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29284052" data-work_id="29284052" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29284052/Induction_of_Salivary_Gland_Epithelial_Cell_Injury_in_Sjogrens_Syndrome_In_Vitro_Assessment_of_T_Cell_derived_Cytokines_and_Fas_Protein_Expression">Induction of Salivary Gland Epithelial Cell Injury in Sjogren's Syndrome: In Vitro Assessment of T Cell-derived Cytokines and Fas Protein Expression</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an exocrinopathy characterized by T cell infiltrates, salivary gland epithelial cell (SGEC) apoptosis and high Fas and FasL expression. To address the participation of T cell-derived cytokines and of Fas... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29284052" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an exocrinopathy characterized by T cell infiltrates, salivary gland epithelial cell (SGEC) apoptosis and high Fas and FasL expression. To address the participation of T cell-derived cytokines and of Fas apoptotic pathway in SS glandular lesions, we utilized non-neoplastic SGEC lines established from SS patients and controls. Possibly attesting to their intrinsic activation, cell lines derived from SS patients displayed significantly higher constitutive Fas and FasL than controls. Surface co-expression of Fas and FasL was not associated with spontaneous fratricide apoptosis. SGEC were resistant to anti-Fas-mediated apoptosis (possibly owing to the constitutive expression of anti-apoptotic proteins cFLIP and Bcl-2), but became sensitive after protein or RNA synthesis inhibition. IFN-and TNF-were able to upregulate surface Fas and FasL, whereas IL-1 downregulated surface FasL. IFN-(but not several other cytokines) reduced the survival of SGEC in a dose-and time-dependent manner and induced Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis, directly and via anoikia. Dexamethasone inhibited the upregulation of Fas and FasL by IFN-and the induction of SGEC apoptosis and detachment by anti-Fas mAb or IFN-. Our findings indicate the injurious role of IFN-for the salivary epithelia of SS patients through the induction of Fas-mediated apoptosis and anoikia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29284052" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6327d3f626d589e368c382f0e44434ea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49729812,"asset_id":29284052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49729812/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33593972" href="https://uoa.academia.edu/MenelaosManoussakis">Menelaos N . Manoussakis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33593972" type="text/json">{"id":33593972,"first_name":"Menelaos","last_name":"Manoussakis","domain_name":"uoa","page_name":"MenelaosManoussakis","display_name":"Menelaos N . Manoussakis","profile_url":"https://uoa.academia.edu/MenelaosManoussakis?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33593972/16821943/17070366/s65_menelaos.manoussakis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29284052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29284052"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29284052, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29284052", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29284052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29284052; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29284052"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29284052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29284052"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29284052; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29284052]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29284052").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29284052").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29284052"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9111" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines">Cytokines</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9111" type="text/json">{"id":9111,"name":"Cytokines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22050" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytotoxicity">Cytotoxicity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22050" type="text/json">{"id":22050,"name":"Cytotoxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytotoxicity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29284052]'), work: {"id":29284052,"title":"Induction of Salivary Gland Epithelial Cell Injury in Sjogren's Syndrome: In Vitro Assessment of T Cell-derived Cytokines and Fas Protein Expression","created_at":"2016-10-19T21:59:12.439-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29284052/Induction_of_Salivary_Gland_Epithelial_Cell_Injury_in_Sjogrens_Syndrome_In_Vitro_Assessment_of_T_Cell_derived_Cytokines_and_Fas_Protein_Expression?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_29284052","summary":"Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an exocrinopathy characterized by T cell infiltrates, salivary gland epithelial cell (SGEC) apoptosis and high Fas and FasL expression. To address the participation of T cell-derived cytokines and of Fas apoptotic pathway in SS glandular lesions, we utilized non-neoplastic SGEC lines established from SS patients and controls. Possibly attesting to their intrinsic activation, cell lines derived from SS patients displayed significantly higher constitutive Fas and FasL than controls. Surface co-expression of Fas and FasL was not associated with spontaneous fratricide apoptosis. SGEC were resistant to anti-Fas-mediated apoptosis (possibly owing to the constitutive expression of anti-apoptotic proteins cFLIP and Bcl-2), but became sensitive after protein or RNA synthesis inhibition. IFN-and TNF-were able to upregulate surface Fas and FasL, whereas IL-1 downregulated surface FasL. IFN-(but not several other cytokines) reduced the survival of SGEC in a dose-and time-dependent manner and induced Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis, directly and via anoikia. Dexamethasone inhibited the upregulation of Fas and FasL by IFN-and the induction of SGEC apoptosis and detachment by anti-Fas mAb or IFN-. Our findings indicate the injurious role of IFN-for the salivary epithelia of SS patients through the induction of Fas-mediated apoptosis and anoikia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49729812,"asset_id":29284052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33593972,"first_name":"Menelaos","last_name":"Manoussakis","domain_name":"uoa","page_name":"MenelaosManoussakis","display_name":"Menelaos N . Manoussakis","profile_url":"https://uoa.academia.edu/MenelaosManoussakis?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33593972/16821943/17070366/s65_menelaos.manoussakis.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":9111,"name":"Cytokines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":22050,"name":"Cytotoxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytotoxicity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":38650,"name":"Cell Division","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Division?f_ri=12320"},{"id":57801,"name":"Dexamethasone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dexamethasone?f_ri=12320"},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=12320"},{"id":147196,"name":"Monoclonal Antibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monoclonal_Antibodies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":280237,"name":"T lymphocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T_lymphocytes?f_ri=12320"},{"id":379416,"name":"Epithelial cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epithelial_cells?f_ri=12320"},{"id":394477,"name":"Time Dependent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Dependent?f_ri=12320"},{"id":438955,"name":"Sjogren´s Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sjogren_s_Syndrome?f_ri=12320"},{"id":501806,"name":"Protein Expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Expression?f_ri=12320"},{"id":966167,"name":"Salivary Gland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salivary_Gland?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1901293,"name":"Salivary Glands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salivary_Glands?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2058663,"name":"Interferon gamma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interferon_gamma?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18942907 coauthored" data-work_id="18942907" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18942907/A_Possible_Mechanism_behind_Autoimmune_Disorders_Discovered_By_Genome_Wide_Linkage_and_Association_Analysis_in_Celiac_Disease">A Possible Mechanism behind Autoimmune Disorders Discovered By Genome-Wide Linkage and Association Analysis in Celiac Disease</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Celiac disease is a common autoimmune disorder characterized by an intestinal inflammation triggered by gluten, a storage protein found in wheat, rye and barley. Similar to other autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, psoriasis and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18942907" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Celiac disease is a common autoimmune disorder characterized by an intestinal inflammation triggered by gluten, a storage protein found in wheat, rye and barley. Similar to other autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease is the result of an immune response to self-antigens leading to tissue destruction and production of autoantibodies. Common diseases like celiac disease have a complex pattern of inheritance with inputs from both environmental as well as additive and non-additive genetic factors. In the past few years, Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have been successful in finding genetic risk variants behind many common diseases and traits. To complement and add to the previous findings, we performed a GWAS including 206 trios from 97 nuclear Swedish and Norwegian families affected with celiac disease. By stratifying for HLA-DQ, we identified a new genome-wide significant risk locus covering the DUSP10 gene. To further investigate the associations from the GWAS we performed pathway analyses and two-locus interaction analyses. These analyses showed an over-representation of genes involved in type 2 diabetes and identified a set of candidate mechanisms and genes of which some were selected for mRNA expression analysis using small intestinal biopsies from 98 patients. Several genes were expressed differently in the small intestinal mucosa from patients with celiac autoimmunity compared to intestinal mucosa from control patients. From top-scoring regions we identified susceptibility genes in several categories: 1) polarity and epithelial cell functionality; 2) intestinal smooth muscle; 3) growth and energy homeostasis, including proline and glutamine metabolism; and finally 4) innate and adaptive immune system. These genes and pathways, including specific functions of DUSP10, together reveal a new potential biological mechanism that could influence the genesis of celiac disease, and possibly also other chronic disorders with an inflammatory component.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18942907" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d64c3180aa1451e8a0646129a84f589a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40342642,"asset_id":18942907,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40342642/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39076587" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SAdamovic">Svetlana Adamovic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39076587" type="text/json">{"id":39076587,"first_name":"Svetlana","last_name":"Adamovic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SAdamovic","display_name":"Svetlana Adamovic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SAdamovic?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18942907">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18942907"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/LarsBrowaldh">Lars Browaldh</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18942907'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18942907').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18942907 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18942907"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18942907, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18942907", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18942907 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18942907; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18942907"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18942907 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18942907"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18942907; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18942907]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18942907").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18942907").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18942907"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64933" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child">Child</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="64933" type="text/json">{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71304" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases">Autoimmune diseases</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="71304" type="text/json">{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18942907]'), work: {"id":18942907,"title":"A Possible Mechanism behind Autoimmune Disorders Discovered By Genome-Wide Linkage and Association Analysis in Celiac Disease","created_at":"2015-11-24T12:18:57.024-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18942907/A_Possible_Mechanism_behind_Autoimmune_Disorders_Discovered_By_Genome_Wide_Linkage_and_Association_Analysis_in_Celiac_Disease?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_18942907","summary":"Celiac disease is a common autoimmune disorder characterized by an intestinal inflammation triggered by gluten, a storage protein found in wheat, rye and barley. Similar to other autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease is the result of an immune response to self-antigens leading to tissue destruction and production of autoantibodies. Common diseases like celiac disease have a complex pattern of inheritance with inputs from both environmental as well as additive and non-additive genetic factors. In the past few years, Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have been successful in finding genetic risk variants behind many common diseases and traits. To complement and add to the previous findings, we performed a GWAS including 206 trios from 97 nuclear Swedish and Norwegian families affected with celiac disease. By stratifying for HLA-DQ, we identified a new genome-wide significant risk locus covering the DUSP10 gene. To further investigate the associations from the GWAS we performed pathway analyses and two-locus interaction analyses. These analyses showed an over-representation of genes involved in type 2 diabetes and identified a set of candidate mechanisms and genes of which some were selected for mRNA expression analysis using small intestinal biopsies from 98 patients. Several genes were expressed differently in the small intestinal mucosa from patients with celiac autoimmunity compared to intestinal mucosa from control patients. From top-scoring regions we identified susceptibility genes in several categories: 1) polarity and epithelial cell functionality; 2) intestinal smooth muscle; 3) growth and energy homeostasis, including proline and glutamine metabolism; and finally 4) innate and adaptive immune system. These genes and pathways, including specific functions of DUSP10, together reveal a new potential biological mechanism that could influence the genesis of celiac disease, and possibly also other chronic disorders with an inflammatory component.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40342642,"asset_id":18942907,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39076587,"first_name":"Svetlana","last_name":"Adamovic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SAdamovic","display_name":"Svetlana Adamovic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SAdamovic?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":39439867,"first_name":"Lars","last_name":"Browaldh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LarsBrowaldh","display_name":"Lars Browaldh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LarsBrowaldh?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":71668,"name":"Celiac Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celiac_Disease?f_ri=12320"},{"id":220780,"name":"PLoS one","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one?f_ri=12320"},{"id":224794,"name":"Genetic linkage analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_linkage_analysis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":291136,"name":"Intestines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intestines?f_ri=12320"},{"id":309981,"name":"Human Genome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Genome?f_ri=12320"},{"id":324154,"name":"Immune system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_system?f_ri=12320"},{"id":460445,"name":"Nuclear Family","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_Family?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1819399,"name":"Case Control Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Studies?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1941320" data-work_id="1941320" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1941320/Dcir_deficiency_causes_development_of_autoimmune_diseases_in_mice_due_to_excess_expansion_of_dendritic_cells">Dcir deficiency causes development of autoimmune diseases in mice due to excess expansion of dendritic cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1941320" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c188ff5d0b07c38d3b315441796e072e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":28028449,"asset_id":1941320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/28028449/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2513889" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AkiNa">Aki Na</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2513889" type="text/json">{"id":2513889,"first_name":"Aki","last_name":"Na","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AkiNa","display_name":"Aki Na","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AkiNa?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2513889/783716/974056/s65_aki.na.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1941320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1941320"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1941320, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1941320", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1941320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1941320; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1941320"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1941320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1941320"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1941320; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1941320]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1941320").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1941320").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1941320"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">25</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="167" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology">Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="167" type="text/json">{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="606" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiology">Cardiology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="606" type="text/json">{"id":606,"name":"Cardiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1941320]'), work: {"id":1941320,"title":"Dcir deficiency causes development of autoimmune diseases in mice due to excess expansion of dendritic cells","created_at":"2012-09-16T16:27:41.409-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1941320/Dcir_deficiency_causes_development_of_autoimmune_diseases_in_mice_due_to_excess_expansion_of_dendritic_cells?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_1941320","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":28028449,"asset_id":1941320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2513889,"first_name":"Aki","last_name":"Na","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AkiNa","display_name":"Aki Na","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AkiNa?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2513889/783716/974056/s65_aki.na.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":606,"name":"Cardiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":623,"name":"Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":626,"name":"Oncology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oncology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3642,"name":"Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":5072,"name":"Molecular Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Medicine?f_ri=12320"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=12320"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=12320"},{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=12320"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=12320"},{"id":35539,"name":"Dendritic Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dendritic_Cells?f_ri=12320"},{"id":66613,"name":"Autoimmune Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_Disease?f_ri=12320"},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=12320"},{"id":131495,"name":"Heart","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heart?f_ri=12320"},{"id":153279,"name":"Dendritic cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dendritic_cell?f_ri=12320"},{"id":280237,"name":"T lymphocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T_lymphocytes?f_ri=12320"},{"id":782251,"name":"Cell Proliferation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Proliferation?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1664707,"name":"Bone Marrow Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_Marrow_Cells?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28947342" data-work_id="28947342" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28947342/HLA_genes_associated_with_autoimmunity_and_progression_to_disease_in_type_1_diabetes">HLA genes associated with autoimmunity and progression to disease in type 1 diabetes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type I DM) is caused by an autoimmune process which culminates in destruction of pancreatic beta cells with resultant loss of insulin production. Preceding the clinical diagnosis of type I DM is a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28947342" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type I DM) is caused by an autoimmune process which culminates in destruction of pancreatic beta cells with resultant loss of insulin production. Preceding the clinical diagnosis of type I DM is a preclinical stage characterized by autoantibodies to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and a tyrosine phosphatase-like molecule (IA-2). We have studied both HLA class I and class 2 allele distributions in diabetic probands and autoantibody positive individuals in members of 452 families recruited for the Australian type I diabetes DNA repository. The results demonstrate that progression to autoimmunity as measured by the appearance of autoantibodies is strongly associated with the class 2 alleles DRB1*03 and DRB*04 and with DRB1*03/04 heterozygosity. In contrast, the progression to clinical disease appears associated with class I alleles A24, A30 and B18 while A1, A28, B14 and B56 appear negatively associated. The class 2 alleles appear to have a minimal role in the progression from autoantibody positivity to clinical disease. These results are consistent with the view that CD4 þ T cells responding to peptides in the context of class 2 molecules are responsible for initiating autoantibody production, while the destruction of islet cells leading to clinical expression of the disease is the function of CD8 þ T cells recognizing relevant peptides in the context of class I molecules.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28947342" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="90d3539fe62abfa77c3d86c5013ab7e0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49385564,"asset_id":28947342,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49385564/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39645888" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TaitB">Brian D Tait</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39645888" type="text/json">{"id":39645888,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Tait","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TaitB","display_name":"Brian D Tait","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TaitB?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28947342 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28947342"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28947342, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28947342", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28947342 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28947342; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28947342"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28947342 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28947342"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28947342; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28947342]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28947342").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28947342").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28947342"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86952" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haplotypes">Haplotypes</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="86952" type="text/json">{"id":86952,"name":"Haplotypes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haplotypes?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244814" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences">Clinical Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="244814" type="text/json">{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28947342]'), work: {"id":28947342,"title":"HLA genes associated with autoimmunity and progression to disease in type 1 diabetes","created_at":"2016-10-05T16:27:45.133-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28947342/HLA_genes_associated_with_autoimmunity_and_progression_to_disease_in_type_1_diabetes?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_28947342","summary":"Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type I DM) is caused by an autoimmune process which culminates in destruction of pancreatic beta cells with resultant loss of insulin production. Preceding the clinical diagnosis of type I DM is a preclinical stage characterized by autoantibodies to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and a tyrosine phosphatase-like molecule (IA-2). We have studied both HLA class I and class 2 allele distributions in diabetic probands and autoantibody positive individuals in members of 452 families recruited for the Australian type I diabetes DNA repository. The results demonstrate that progression to autoimmunity as measured by the appearance of autoantibodies is strongly associated with the class 2 alleles DRB1*03 and DRB*04 and with DRB1*03/04 heterozygosity. In contrast, the progression to clinical disease appears associated with class I alleles A24, A30 and B18 while A1, A28, B14 and B56 appear negatively associated. The class 2 alleles appear to have a minimal role in the progression from autoantibody positivity to clinical disease. These results are consistent with the view that CD4 þ T cells responding to peptides in the context of class 2 molecules are responsible for initiating autoantibody production, while the destruction of islet cells leading to clinical expression of the disease is the function of CD8 þ T cells recognizing relevant peptides in the context of class I molecules.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49385564,"asset_id":28947342,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39645888,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Tait","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TaitB","display_name":"Brian D Tait","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TaitB?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":86952,"name":"Haplotypes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haplotypes?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1482586,"name":"Autoantibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoantibodies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1819399,"name":"Case Control Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Studies?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27284380" data-work_id="27284380" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27284380/Isolation_and_Comparison_of_Natural_and_Recombinant_Human_CENP_A_Autoantigen">Isolation and Comparison of Natural and Recombinant Human CENP-A Autoantigen</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27284380" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8110e3bbf3d7465d99627d0ec2d23fd7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47543597,"asset_id":27284380,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47543597/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51389337" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BillingsPeter">Peter Billings</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51389337" type="text/json">{"id":51389337,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Billings","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BillingsPeter","display_name":"Peter Billings","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BillingsPeter?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27284380 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27284380"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27284380, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27284380", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27284380 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27284380; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27284380"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27284380 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27284380"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27284380; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27284380]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27284380").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27284380").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27284380"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line">Cell line</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57808" type="text/json">{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="92318" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_sclerosis">Systemic sclerosis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="92318" type="text/json">{"id":92318,"name":"Systemic sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_sclerosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27284380]'), work: {"id":27284380,"title":"Isolation and Comparison of Natural and Recombinant Human CENP-A Autoantigen","created_at":"2016-07-26T15:40:45.048-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27284380/Isolation_and_Comparison_of_Natural_and_Recombinant_Human_CENP_A_Autoantigen?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_27284380","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47543597,"asset_id":27284380,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51389337,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Billings","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BillingsPeter","display_name":"Peter Billings","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BillingsPeter?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":92318,"name":"Systemic sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_sclerosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":193464,"name":"Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Dodecyl_Sulfate-Polyacrylamide_Gel_Electrophoresis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":246560,"name":"High Pressure Liquid Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure_Liquid_Chromatography?f_ri=12320"},{"id":422325,"name":"HeLa cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HeLa_cells?f_ri=12320"},{"id":959510,"name":"Recombinant Protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_Protein?f_ri=12320"},{"id":990417,"name":"Recombinant Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_Proteins?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1864827,"name":"Autoantigens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoantigens?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18902809" data-work_id="18902809" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18902809/The_potential_pharmacologic_mechanisms_of_omalizumab_in_patients_with_chronic_spontaneous_urticaria">The potential pharmacologic mechanisms of omalizumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In patients given a diagnosis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), there are no obvious external triggers, and the factors that initiate the clinical symptoms of wheal, flare, and itch arise from within the patient. Most patients with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18902809" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In patients given a diagnosis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), there are no obvious external triggers, and the factors that initiate the clinical symptoms of wheal, flare, and itch arise from within the patient. Most patients with CSU have an autoimmune cause: some patients produce IgE autoantibodies against autoantigens, such as thyroperoxidase or double-stranded DNA, whereas other patients make IgG autoantibodies against FcεRI, IgE, or both, which might chronically activate mast cells and basophils. In the remainder of patients with CSU, the nature of the abnormalities has not yet been identified. Accumulating evidence has shown that IgE, by binding to FcεRI on mast cells without FcεRI cross-linking, can promote the proliferation and survival of mast cells and thus maintain and expand the pool of mast cells. IgE and FcεRI engagement can also decrease the release threshold of mast cells and increase their sensitivity to various stimuli through either FcεRI or other receptors...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18902809" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="94b59776d90299b8015a563eecc2bad7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40319997,"asset_id":18902809,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40319997/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39027220" href="https://charite-de.academia.edu/MarcusMaurer">Marcus Maurer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39027220" type="text/json">{"id":39027220,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Maurer","domain_name":"charite-de","page_name":"MarcusMaurer","display_name":"Marcus Maurer","profile_url":"https://charite-de.academia.edu/MarcusMaurer?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39027220/11464973/12787791/s65_marcus.maurer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18902809 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18902809"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18902809, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18902809", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18902809 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18902809; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18902809"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18902809 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18902809"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18902809; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18902809]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18902809").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18902809").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18902809"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12426" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome">Treatment Outcome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12426" type="text/json">{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15570" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mast_Cells">Mast Cells</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15570" type="text/json">{"id":15570,"name":"Mast Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mast_Cells?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18902809]'), work: {"id":18902809,"title":"The potential pharmacologic mechanisms of omalizumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria","created_at":"2015-11-23T23:27:22.207-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18902809/The_potential_pharmacologic_mechanisms_of_omalizumab_in_patients_with_chronic_spontaneous_urticaria?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_18902809","summary":"In patients given a diagnosis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), there are no obvious external triggers, and the factors that initiate the clinical symptoms of wheal, flare, and itch arise from within the patient. Most patients with CSU have an autoimmune cause: some patients produce IgE autoantibodies against autoantigens, such as thyroperoxidase or double-stranded DNA, whereas other patients make IgG autoantibodies against FcεRI, IgE, or both, which might chronically activate mast cells and basophils. In the remainder of patients with CSU, the nature of the abnormalities has not yet been identified. Accumulating evidence has shown that IgE, by binding to FcεRI on mast cells without FcεRI cross-linking, can promote the proliferation and survival of mast cells and thus maintain and expand the pool of mast cells. IgE and FcεRI engagement can also decrease the release threshold of mast cells and increase their sensitivity to various stimuli through either FcεRI or other receptors...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40319997,"asset_id":18902809,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39027220,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Maurer","domain_name":"charite-de","page_name":"MarcusMaurer","display_name":"Marcus Maurer","profile_url":"https://charite-de.academia.edu/MarcusMaurer?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39027220/11464973/12787791/s65_marcus.maurer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":15570,"name":"Mast Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mast_Cells?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":97269,"name":"Chronic Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease?f_ri=12320"},{"id":168977,"name":"Allergens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Allergens?f_ri=12320"},{"id":176180,"name":"Immunoglobulin E","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunoglobulin_E?f_ri=12320"},{"id":588139,"name":"Urticaria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urticaria?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1826493,"name":"Clinical Allergy and Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Allergy_and_Immunology?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12948235" data-work_id="12948235" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12948235/The_Revolution_of_Epigenetics_in_the_Field_of_Autoimmunity">The Revolution of Epigenetics in the Field of Autoimmunity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Autoimmunity is believed to develop when genetically predisposed individuals encounter epigenetic modifications in response to environmental factors. Recent advances in the understanding of epigenetic mechanisms, their contribution to the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12948235" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Autoimmunity is believed to develop when genetically predisposed individuals encounter epigenetic modifications in response to environmental factors. Recent advances in the understanding of epigenetic mechanisms, their contribution to the immune function, and to the development of autoimmunity are presented in this special issue of Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology. Potential new therapeutic strategies and biomarkers are also addressed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12948235" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7037ba2d35713a2a5f376b855ac3eaf4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45829545,"asset_id":12948235,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45829545/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32132920" href="https://faculte-medecine-brest.academia.edu/YvesRenaudineau">Yves Renaudineau</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32132920" type="text/json">{"id":32132920,"first_name":"Yves","last_name":"Renaudineau","domain_name":"faculte-medecine-brest","page_name":"YvesRenaudineau","display_name":"Yves Renaudineau","profile_url":"https://faculte-medecine-brest.academia.edu/YvesRenaudineau?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32132920/9777437/10893200/s65_yves.renaudineau.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12948235 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12948235"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12948235, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12948235", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12948235 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12948235; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12948235"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12948235 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12948235"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12948235; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12948235]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12948235").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12948235").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12948235"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71304" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases">Autoimmune diseases</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="71304" type="text/json">{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="568482" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers">Biological markers</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="568482" type="text/json">{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12948235]'), work: {"id":12948235,"title":"The Revolution of Epigenetics in the Field of Autoimmunity","created_at":"2015-06-12T08:38:50.087-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12948235/The_Revolution_of_Epigenetics_in_the_Field_of_Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_12948235","summary":"Autoimmunity is believed to develop when genetically predisposed individuals encounter epigenetic modifications in response to environmental factors. Recent advances in the understanding of epigenetic mechanisms, their contribution to the immune function, and to the development of autoimmunity are presented in this special issue of Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology. Potential new therapeutic strategies and biomarkers are also addressed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45829545,"asset_id":12948235,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32132920,"first_name":"Yves","last_name":"Renaudineau","domain_name":"faculte-medecine-brest","page_name":"YvesRenaudineau","display_name":"Yves Renaudineau","profile_url":"https://faculte-medecine-brest.academia.edu/YvesRenaudineau?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32132920/9777437/10893200/s65_yves.renaudineau.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_53094288" data-work_id="53094288" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53094288/Autoimmunity_Including_Intestinal_Beh%C3%A7et_Disease_Bearing_the_KRAS_Mutation_in_Lymphocytes_A_Case_Report">Autoimmunity Including Intestinal Behçet Disease Bearing the KRAS Mutation in Lymphocytes: A Case Report</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We experienced the case of a 3-year-old male with a very rare combination of autoimmunity, including immune thrombocytopenia, recurrent Henoch-Schönlein purpura and intestinal Behçet disease. Exome sequencing of the patient&#39;s... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_53094288" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We experienced the case of a 3-year-old male with a very rare combination of autoimmunity, including immune thrombocytopenia, recurrent Henoch-Schönlein purpura and intestinal Behçet disease. Exome sequencing of the patient&#39;s peripheral blood mononuclear cells identified a KRAS G13C mutation. Interestingly, the KRAS G13C mutation was observed in T and B lymphocytes, as well as natural killer cells, but not granulocytes. Our case was completely phenotypically different from RASopathies and did not meet the criteria for Ras-associated lymphoproliferative disease or juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. This is the first reported case in which the KRAS mutation existed only in the lymphoid lineage. Based on the findings of our case and the current literature, it is clear that the RAS mutation in lymphoid cells is tightly linked with various autoimmune symptoms. The presence of the RAS mutation in lymphocytes should be reconsidered as a pathogenesis in cases of autoimmunity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/53094288" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ad2724af0fc7ea64db9990ef6f62acf6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70042712,"asset_id":53094288,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70042712/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="64298811" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HiroshiMoritake">Hiroshi Moritake</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="64298811" type="text/json">{"id":64298811,"first_name":"Hiroshi","last_name":"Moritake","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HiroshiMoritake","display_name":"Hiroshi Moritake","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HiroshiMoritake?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_53094288 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="53094288"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 53094288, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_53094288", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_53094288 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53094288; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_53094288"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_53094288 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="53094288"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53094288; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53094288]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_53094288").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_53094288").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="53094288"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="631" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="631" type="text/json">{"id":631,"name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48057" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA">DNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48057" type="text/json">{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="74780" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation">Mutation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="74780" type="text/json">{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=53094288]'), work: {"id":53094288,"title":"Autoimmunity Including Intestinal Behçet Disease Bearing the KRAS Mutation in Lymphocytes: A Case Report","created_at":"2021-09-21T02:26:44.829-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/53094288/Autoimmunity_Including_Intestinal_Beh%C3%A7et_Disease_Bearing_the_KRAS_Mutation_in_Lymphocytes_A_Case_Report?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_53094288","summary":"We experienced the case of a 3-year-old male with a very rare combination of autoimmunity, including immune thrombocytopenia, recurrent Henoch-Schönlein purpura and intestinal Behçet disease. Exome sequencing of the patient\u0026#39;s peripheral blood mononuclear cells identified a KRAS G13C mutation. Interestingly, the KRAS G13C mutation was observed in T and B lymphocytes, as well as natural killer cells, but not granulocytes. Our case was completely phenotypically different from RASopathies and did not meet the criteria for Ras-associated lymphoproliferative disease or juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. This is the first reported case in which the KRAS mutation existed only in the lymphoid lineage. Based on the findings of our case and the current literature, it is clear that the RAS mutation in lymphoid cells is tightly linked with various autoimmune symptoms. The presence of the RAS mutation in lymphocytes should be reconsidered as a pathogenesis in cases of autoimmunity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70042712,"asset_id":53094288,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":64298811,"first_name":"Hiroshi","last_name":"Moritake","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HiroshiMoritake","display_name":"Hiroshi Moritake","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HiroshiMoritake?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":631,"name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":868560,"name":"Lymphocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lymphocytes?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1634669,"name":"Exome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exome?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2482159,"name":"DNA mutational analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_mutational_analysis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2489700,"name":"Child preschool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_preschool?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=12320"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5143910" data-work_id="5143910" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5143910/Urticaria_and_systemic_diseases">Urticaria and systemic diseases</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Rev Ass Med Brasil 1999; 45(4): 349-56 349 URTICÁRIA E DOENÇAS SISTÊMICAS</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5143910" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="22994b08ddc21cb4d3218d2613561318" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49432223,"asset_id":5143910,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49432223/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6330281" href="https://usp-br.academia.edu/PauloCriado">Paulo Criado</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6330281" type="text/json">{"id":6330281,"first_name":"Paulo","last_name":"Criado","domain_name":"usp-br","page_name":"PauloCriado","display_name":"Paulo Criado","profile_url":"https://usp-br.academia.edu/PauloCriado?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6330281/2584207/3002118/s65_paulo.criado.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5143910 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5143910"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5143910, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5143910", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5143910 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5143910; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5143910"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5143910 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5143910"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5143910; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5143910]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5143910").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5143910").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5143910"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="97269" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease">Chronic Disease</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="97269" type="text/json">{"id":97269,"name":"Chronic Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="587528" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacterial_infections">Bacterial infections</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="587528" type="text/json">{"id":587528,"name":"Bacterial infections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacterial_infections?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="588139" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urticaria">Urticaria</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="588139" type="text/json">{"id":588139,"name":"Urticaria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urticaria?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5143910]'), work: {"id":5143910,"title":"Urticaria and systemic diseases","created_at":"2013-11-18T16:19:34.437-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5143910/Urticaria_and_systemic_diseases?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_5143910","summary":"Rev Ass Med Brasil 1999; 45(4): 349-56 349 URTICÁRIA E DOENÇAS SISTÊMICAS","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49432223,"asset_id":5143910,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6330281,"first_name":"Paulo","last_name":"Criado","domain_name":"usp-br","page_name":"PauloCriado","display_name":"Paulo Criado","profile_url":"https://usp-br.academia.edu/PauloCriado?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6330281/2584207/3002118/s65_paulo.criado.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":97269,"name":"Chronic Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":587528,"name":"Bacterial infections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacterial_infections?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":588139,"name":"Urticaria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urticaria?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":742440,"name":"Parasitic Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parasitic_Diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":879551,"name":"Angioedema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Angioedema?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1007684,"name":"Virus diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_diseases?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69028320 coauthored" data-work_id="69028320" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69028320/The_possible_role_of_autoimmunity_in_the_pathogenesis_of_diabetes_in_B_thalassemia_major">The possible role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes in B-thalassemia major</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes associated with B-thalassemia, we studied a cohort of 53 B-thalassemic individuals, under long term blood transfusion, that included twelve patients... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69028320" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes associated with B-thalassemia, we studied a cohort of 53 B-thalassemic individuals, under long term blood transfusion, that included twelve patients with diabetes (22.6%). MATERIAL AND METHODS To evaluate the activation of an autoimmune response, individuals were tested for islet cell antibodies (ICA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies, insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and serum anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA). RESULTS Nine of the total B-thalassemic population (16.98%) were ICA-positive. The frequency of ICA-positive subjects among thalassemic individuals was higher than in the general population. Five (41.6%) of the ICA-positive individuals were diabetic. Of these, three were serum C-peptide-negative (&lt;0.21 nmol/l). HLA class II typing of our thalassemic population did not reveal significantly different allelic frequencies with respect to the control population. CONCLUSIONS Our stud...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69028320" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0e89ea05c39e9bef566299595dfbe91a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79284879,"asset_id":69028320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79284879/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="59954006" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LCaramellino">L. Caramellino</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="59954006" type="text/json">{"id":59954006,"first_name":"L.","last_name":"Caramellino","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LCaramellino","display_name":"L. Caramellino","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LCaramellino?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-69028320">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-69028320"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/SPinach">S. Pinach</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/QCarta">Q. Carta</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-69028320'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-69028320').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69028320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69028320"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69028320, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69028320", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_69028320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69028320; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_69028320"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_69028320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69028320"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69028320; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69028320]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69028320").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69028320").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69028320"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71511" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes_mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="71511" type="text/json">{"id":71511,"name":"Diabetes mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes_mellitus?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69028320]'), work: {"id":69028320,"title":"The possible role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes in B-thalassemia major","created_at":"2022-01-21T09:39:12.522-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69028320/The_possible_role_of_autoimmunity_in_the_pathogenesis_of_diabetes_in_B_thalassemia_major?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_69028320","summary":"OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes associated with B-thalassemia, we studied a cohort of 53 B-thalassemic individuals, under long term blood transfusion, that included twelve patients with diabetes (22.6%). MATERIAL AND METHODS To evaluate the activation of an autoimmune response, individuals were tested for islet cell antibodies (ICA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies, insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and serum anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA). RESULTS Nine of the total B-thalassemic population (16.98%) were ICA-positive. The frequency of ICA-positive subjects among thalassemic individuals was higher than in the general population. Five (41.6%) of the ICA-positive individuals were diabetic. Of these, three were serum C-peptide-negative (\u0026lt;0.21 nmol/l). HLA class II typing of our thalassemic population did not reveal significantly different allelic frequencies with respect to the control population. CONCLUSIONS Our stud...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79284879,"asset_id":69028320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":59954006,"first_name":"L.","last_name":"Caramellino","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LCaramellino","display_name":"L. Caramellino","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LCaramellino?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":59914159,"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Pinach","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SPinach","display_name":"S. Pinach","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SPinach?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":213277637,"first_name":"Q.","last_name":"Carta","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"QCarta","display_name":"Q. Carta","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/QCarta?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":71511,"name":"Diabetes mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes_mellitus?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=12320"},{"id":627890,"name":"Blood Transfusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_Transfusion?f_ri=12320"},{"id":979424,"name":"Beta Thalassemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beta_Thalassemia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1161028,"name":"Glucose Intolerance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucose_Intolerance?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1482586,"name":"Autoantibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoantibodies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1598058,"name":"Glutamate decarboxylase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate_decarboxylase?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1705044,"name":"islets of Langerhans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/islets_of_Langerhans?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1819400,"name":"Cohort Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cohort_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1893465,"name":"Insulin antibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insulin_antibodies?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12858599" data-work_id="12858599" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12858599/PRKDC_mutations_associated_with_immunodeficiency_granuloma_and_autoimmune_regulator_dependent_autoimmunity">PRKDC mutations associated with immunodeficiency, granuloma, and autoimmune regulator-dependent autoimmunity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">PRKDC encodes for DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a kinase that forms part of a complex (DNA-dependent protein kinase [DNA-PK]) crucial for DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. In mice DNA-PK... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12858599" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">PRKDC encodes for DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a kinase that forms part of a complex (DNA-dependent protein kinase [DNA-PK]) crucial for DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. In mice DNA-PK also interacts with the transcription factor autoimmune regulator (AIRE) to promote central T-cell tolerance. We sought to understand the causes of an inflammatory disease with granuloma and autoimmunity associated with decreasing T- and B-cell counts over time that had been diagnosed in 2 unrelated patients. Genetic, molecular, and functional analyses were performed to characterize an inflammatory disease evocative of a combined immunodeficiency. We identified PRKDC mutations in both patients. These patients exhibited a defect in DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Whole-blood mRNA analysis revealed a strong interferon signature. On activation, memory T cells displayed a skewed cytokine response typical of TH2 and TH1 but not TH...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12858599" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b885ca53a31cb4a7079a756c84ccf421" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45885637,"asset_id":12858599,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45885637/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31977875" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CapucinePicard">Capucine Picard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31977875" type="text/json">{"id":31977875,"first_name":"Capucine","last_name":"Picard","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CapucinePicard","display_name":"Capucine Picard","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CapucinePicard?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12858599 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12858599"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12858599, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12858599", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12858599 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12858599; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12858599"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12858599 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12858599"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12858599; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12858599]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12858599").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12858599").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12858599"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23323" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factors">Transcription Factors</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23323" type="text/json">{"id":23323,"name":"Transcription Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factors?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12858599]'), work: {"id":12858599,"title":"PRKDC mutations associated with immunodeficiency, granuloma, and autoimmune regulator-dependent autoimmunity","created_at":"2015-06-08T01:31:51.022-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12858599/PRKDC_mutations_associated_with_immunodeficiency_granuloma_and_autoimmune_regulator_dependent_autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_12858599","summary":"PRKDC encodes for DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a kinase that forms part of a complex (DNA-dependent protein kinase [DNA-PK]) crucial for DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. In mice DNA-PK also interacts with the transcription factor autoimmune regulator (AIRE) to promote central T-cell tolerance. We sought to understand the causes of an inflammatory disease with granuloma and autoimmunity associated with decreasing T- and B-cell counts over time that had been diagnosed in 2 unrelated patients. Genetic, molecular, and functional analyses were performed to characterize an inflammatory disease evocative of a combined immunodeficiency. We identified PRKDC mutations in both patients. These patients exhibited a defect in DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Whole-blood mRNA analysis revealed a strong interferon signature. On activation, memory T cells displayed a skewed cytokine response typical of TH2 and TH1 but not TH...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45885637,"asset_id":12858599,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31977875,"first_name":"Capucine","last_name":"Picard","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CapucinePicard","display_name":"Capucine Picard","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CapucinePicard?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":23323,"name":"Transcription Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factors?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=12320"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=12320"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=12320"},{"id":678853,"name":"B Lymphocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/B_Lymphocytes?f_ri=12320"},{"id":709514,"name":"Granuloma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Granuloma?f_ri=12320"},{"id":894787,"name":"Immune Tolerance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_Tolerance?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1482586,"name":"Autoantibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoantibodies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1826493,"name":"Clinical Allergy and Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Allergy_and_Immunology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2177223,"name":"Skin Neoplasms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin_Neoplasms?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25685583" data-work_id="25685583" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25685583/Increased_serum_osteopontin_levels_in_autistic_children_Relation_to_the_disease_severity">Increased serum osteopontin levels in autistic children: Relation to the disease severity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Autoimmunity to brain may play an etiopathogenic role in autism. Osteopontin is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to play an important role in various autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases. Osteopontin induces IL-17... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25685583" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Autoimmunity to brain may play an etiopathogenic role in autism. Osteopontin is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to play an important role in various autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases. Osteopontin induces IL-17 production by T-helper 17 lymphocytes, the key players in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Anti-osteopontin treatment reduces the clinical severity of some autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases by reducing IL-17 production. We are the first to measure serum osteopontin levels, by ELISA, in 42 autistic children in comparison to 42 healthy-matched children. The relationship between serum osteopontin levels and the severity of autism, which was assessed by using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), was also studied. Autistic children had significantly higher serum osteopontin levels than healthy controls (P < 0.001). Increased serum osteopontin levels were found in 80.95% (34/42) of autistic children. Children with severe autism had significantly higher serum osteopontin levels than patients with mild to moderate autism (P = 0.02). Moreover, serum osteopontin levels of autistic patients had significant positive correlations with CARS (P = 0.007). In conclusions, serum osteopontin levels were increased in many autistic children and they were significantly correlated to the severity of autism. Further wide-scale studies are warranted to shed light on the etiopathogenic role of osteopontin in autism and to investigate its relation to IL-17 and brain-specific auto-antibodies, which are indicators of autoimmunity, in these patients. The therapeutic role of anti-osteopontin antibodies in amelioration of autistic manifestations should also be studied.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25685583" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="09182abe55ab3badf303002ba6a3f236" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46026229,"asset_id":25685583,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46026229/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49329943" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LailaalAyadhi">Laila al-Ayadhi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49329943" type="text/json">{"id":49329943,"first_name":"Laila","last_name":"al-Ayadhi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LailaalAyadhi","display_name":"Laila al-Ayadhi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LailaalAyadhi?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25685583 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25685583"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25685583, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25685583", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25685583 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25685583; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25685583"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25685583 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25685583"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25685583; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25685583]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25685583").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25685583").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25685583"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2249" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism">Autism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2249" type="text/json">{"id":2249,"name":"Autism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25685583]'), work: {"id":25685583,"title":"Increased serum osteopontin levels in autistic children: Relation to the disease severity","created_at":"2016-05-28T14:08:48.339-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25685583/Increased_serum_osteopontin_levels_in_autistic_children_Relation_to_the_disease_severity?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_25685583","summary":"Autoimmunity to brain may play an etiopathogenic role in autism. Osteopontin is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to play an important role in various autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases. Osteopontin induces IL-17 production by T-helper 17 lymphocytes, the key players in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Anti-osteopontin treatment reduces the clinical severity of some autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases by reducing IL-17 production. We are the first to measure serum osteopontin levels, by ELISA, in 42 autistic children in comparison to 42 healthy-matched children. The relationship between serum osteopontin levels and the severity of autism, which was assessed by using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), was also studied. Autistic children had significantly higher serum osteopontin levels than healthy controls (P \u003c 0.001). Increased serum osteopontin levels were found in 80.95% (34/42) of autistic children. Children with severe autism had significantly higher serum osteopontin levels than patients with mild to moderate autism (P = 0.02). Moreover, serum osteopontin levels of autistic patients had significant positive correlations with CARS (P = 0.007). In conclusions, serum osteopontin levels were increased in many autistic children and they were significantly correlated to the severity of autism. Further wide-scale studies are warranted to shed light on the etiopathogenic role of osteopontin in autism and to investigate its relation to IL-17 and brain-specific auto-antibodies, which are indicators of autoimmunity, in these patients. The therapeutic role of anti-osteopontin antibodies in amelioration of autistic manifestations should also be studied.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46026229,"asset_id":25685583,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49329943,"first_name":"Laila","last_name":"al-Ayadhi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LailaalAyadhi","display_name":"Laila al-Ayadhi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LailaalAyadhi?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":2249,"name":"Autism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=12320"},{"id":137946,"name":"Disease Severity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Severity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":203376,"name":"Osteopontin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osteopontin?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2463800,"name":"Severity of Illness Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Severity_of_Illness_Index?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25439273 coauthored" data-work_id="25439273" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25439273/Influence_of_Thyroid_Autoimmunity_and_Maternal_Age_on_the_Risk_of_Miscarriage">Influence of Thyroid Autoimmunity and Maternal Age on the Risk of Miscarriage</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25439273" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="257ced1d6fdb9235145d21977348af3f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45756327,"asset_id":25439273,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45756327/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48929715" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LinoSieiro">Lino Sieiro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48929715" type="text/json">{"id":48929715,"first_name":"Lino","last_name":"Sieiro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LinoSieiro","display_name":"Lino Sieiro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LinoSieiro?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-25439273">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-25439273"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ufrj.academia.edu/MVaisman">Mario Vaisman</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-25439273'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-25439273').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25439273 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25439273"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25439273, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25439273", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25439273 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25439273; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25439273"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25439273 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25439273"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25439273; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25439273]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25439273").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25439273").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25439273"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9821" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil">Brazil</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9821" type="text/json">{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25439273]'), work: {"id":25439273,"title":"Influence of Thyroid Autoimmunity and Maternal Age on the Risk of Miscarriage","created_at":"2016-05-18T15:24:24.175-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25439273/Influence_of_Thyroid_Autoimmunity_and_Maternal_Age_on_the_Risk_of_Miscarriage?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_25439273","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45756327,"asset_id":25439273,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48929715,"first_name":"Lino","last_name":"Sieiro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LinoSieiro","display_name":"Lino Sieiro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LinoSieiro?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":225914204,"first_name":"Mario","last_name":"Vaisman","domain_name":"ufrj","page_name":"MVaisman","display_name":"Mario Vaisman","profile_url":"https://ufrj.academia.edu/MVaisman?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/225914204/83025668/71639470/s65_mario.vaisman.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":55175,"name":"Peroxidase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peroxidase?f_ri=12320"},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=12320"},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":76078,"name":"Thyroid gland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thyroid_gland?f_ri=12320"},{"id":141399,"name":"Thyroxine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thyroxine?f_ri=12320"},{"id":151448,"name":"American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American?f_ri=12320"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=12320"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=12320"},{"id":402446,"name":"Maternal Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maternal_Age?f_ri=12320"},{"id":532052,"name":"Thyroid Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thyroid_Diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors?f_ri=12320"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1482586,"name":"Autoantibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoantibodies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1819400,"name":"Cohort Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cohort_Studies?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24898528" data-work_id="24898528" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24898528/The_environment_geo_epidemiology_and_autoimmune_disease_Rheumatoid_arthritis">The environment, geo-epidemiology, and autoimmune disease: Rheumatoid arthritis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24898528" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="18990db79e3eeb994c866125ef2e11ab" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45220365,"asset_id":24898528,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45220365/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32067276" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PierreYouinou">Pierre Youinou</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32067276" type="text/json">{"id":32067276,"first_name":"Pierre","last_name":"Youinou","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PierreYouinou","display_name":"Pierre Youinou","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PierreYouinou?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24898528 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24898528"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24898528, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24898528", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24898528 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24898528; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24898528"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24898528 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24898528"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24898528; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24898528]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24898528").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24898528").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24898528"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9815" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries">Developing Countries</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9815" type="text/json">{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24898528]'), work: {"id":24898528,"title":"The environment, geo-epidemiology, and autoimmune disease: Rheumatoid arthritis","created_at":"2016-04-30T01:47:04.573-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24898528/The_environment_geo_epidemiology_and_autoimmune_disease_Rheumatoid_arthritis?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_24898528","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45220365,"asset_id":24898528,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32067276,"first_name":"Pierre","last_name":"Youinou","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PierreYouinou","display_name":"Pierre Youinou","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PierreYouinou?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":12733,"name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatoid_Arthritis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":66613,"name":"Autoimmune Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_Disease?f_ri=12320"},{"id":70854,"name":"Developing Country","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Country?f_ri=12320"},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":75318,"name":"Smoking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Smoking?f_ri=12320"},{"id":75826,"name":"Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europe?f_ri=12320"},{"id":174502,"name":"Incidence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Incidence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=12320"},{"id":253469,"name":"North America","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_America?f_ri=12320"},{"id":289330,"name":"Prevalence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prevalence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=12320"},{"id":670043,"name":"Joints","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Joints?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1162211,"name":"Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Tyrosine_Phosphatases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1208706,"name":"Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57717512" data-work_id="57717512" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57717512/Autoantibodies_to_CD45_in_Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus">Autoantibodies to CD45 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Western blotting with U937 cell extracts as the substrate, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with U937-, Jurkat-and Daudi cell-purified CD45 molecules were used to detect anti-CD45 reactivity in patients with systemic lupus... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_57717512" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Western blotting with U937 cell extracts as the substrate, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with U937-, Jurkat-and Daudi cell-purified CD45 molecules were used to detect anti-CD45 reactivity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). By immunoblotting, 16 of 64 SLE sera were shown to be positive (25.0%). In the ELISAs, 13 out of 18 SLE sera reacted with the target CD45. Of these, three were not detectable on the blot. Importantly, 12 of these ELISA-positive sera contained IgM and IgG autoantibodies. Neuraminidase-treatment of U937-precipitated CD45 molecules enhanced the reactivity to most of the isoforms, indicating that the antibodies may bind to asialylated polysaccharides.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57717512" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5d807e9d790627d377a868f5a1785971" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72481559,"asset_id":57717512,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72481559/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="203157919" href="https://independent.academia.edu/lecorrerozenn">rozenn le corre</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="203157919" type="text/json">{"id":203157919,"first_name":"rozenn","last_name":"le corre","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"lecorrerozenn","display_name":"rozenn le corre","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/lecorrerozenn?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57717512 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57717512"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57717512, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57717512", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_57717512 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57717512; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_57717512"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_57717512 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57717512"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57717512; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57717512]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57717512").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57717512").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57717512"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line">Cell line</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57808" type="text/json">{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66614" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus">Systemic Lupus Erythematosus</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="66614" type="text/json">{"id":66614,"name":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57717512]'), work: {"id":57717512,"title":"Autoantibodies to CD45 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","created_at":"2021-10-14T00:26:42.849-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/57717512/Autoantibodies_to_CD45_in_Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_57717512","summary":"Western blotting with U937 cell extracts as the substrate, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with U937-, Jurkat-and Daudi cell-purified CD45 molecules were used to detect anti-CD45 reactivity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). By immunoblotting, 16 of 64 SLE sera were shown to be positive (25.0%). In the ELISAs, 13 out of 18 SLE sera reacted with the target CD45. Of these, three were not detectable on the blot. Importantly, 12 of these ELISA-positive sera contained IgM and IgG autoantibodies. Neuraminidase-treatment of U937-precipitated CD45 molecules enhanced the reactivity to most of the isoforms, indicating that the antibodies may bind to asialylated polysaccharides.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72481559,"asset_id":57717512,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":203157919,"first_name":"rozenn","last_name":"le corre","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"lecorrerozenn","display_name":"rozenn le corre","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/lecorrerozenn?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":66614,"name":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":216943,"name":"CD","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CD?f_ri=12320"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=12320"},{"id":462111,"name":"Western blot","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_blot?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1272906,"name":"Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Linked_Immunosorbent_Assay?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1482586,"name":"Autoantibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoantibodies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1819399,"name":"Case Control Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Studies?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2936970" data-work_id="2936970" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2936970/Proposed_biomolecular_theory_of_fasting_during_fevers_due_to_infection">Proposed biomolecular theory of fasting during fevers due to infection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The folk admonition to “starve a fever” may have a scientific basis. Fevers due to infectious organisms that produce neuraminidase (sialidase) may contribute to the pathophysiology of autoimmune conditions. Neuraminidase unmasks host... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2936970" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The folk admonition to “starve a fever” may have a scientific basis. Fevers due to infectious organisms that produce neuraminidase (sialidase) may contribute to the pathophysiology of autoimmune conditions. Neuraminidase unmasks host cellular lectins that interact with food lectins and can induce human leukocyte antigen type II (HLA II) expression. HLA II can then bind food lectins and serve as targets for antibody production. Some of these antibodies can then cross-react and attack healthy tissue, inducing disease. The example of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is discussed, helping to explain why infectious organisms and dairy product ingestion appear to be linked to some cases of this disease. Genetic variants and other factors may contribute to disease pathogenesis, so this model does not explain all instances of autoimmune disease. Fasting as a way to avoid the process by not introducing food lectins is briefly reviewed. Neuraminidase inhibitors might be useful in preventing genesis of autoimmunity during infection, although this possibility has not been formally tested.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2936970" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3229064e8b60cb89f23f48f155339f40" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31796258,"asset_id":2936970,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31796258/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="681444" href="https://bastyr.academia.edu/EricYarnell">Eric L Yarnell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="681444" type="text/json">{"id":681444,"first_name":"Eric","last_name":"Yarnell","domain_name":"bastyr","page_name":"EricYarnell","display_name":"Eric L Yarnell","profile_url":"https://bastyr.academia.edu/EricYarnell?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/681444/459082/12790858/s65_eric.yarnell.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2936970 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2936970"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2936970, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2936970", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2936970 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2936970; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2936970"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2936970 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2936970"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2936970; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2936970]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2936970").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2936970").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2936970"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="645" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="645" type="text/json">{"id":645,"name":"Rheumatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4088" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturopathic_Medicine">Naturopathic Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4088" type="text/json">{"id":4088,"name":"Naturopathic Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturopathic_Medicine?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Allergy">Food Allergy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47258" type="text/json">{"id":47258,"name":"Food Allergy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Allergy?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2936970]'), work: {"id":2936970,"title":"Proposed biomolecular theory of fasting during fevers due to infection","created_at":"2013-03-08T08:52:37.560-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2936970/Proposed_biomolecular_theory_of_fasting_during_fevers_due_to_infection?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_2936970","summary":"The folk admonition to “starve a fever” may have a scientific basis. Fevers due to infectious organisms that produce neuraminidase (sialidase) may contribute to the pathophysiology of autoimmune conditions. Neuraminidase unmasks host cellular lectins that interact with food lectins and can induce human leukocyte antigen type II (HLA II) expression. HLA II can then bind food lectins and serve as targets for antibody production. Some of these antibodies can then cross-react and attack healthy tissue, inducing disease. The example of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is discussed, helping to explain why infectious organisms and dairy product ingestion appear to be linked to some cases of this disease. Genetic variants and other factors may contribute to disease pathogenesis, so this model does not explain all instances of autoimmune disease. Fasting as a way to avoid the process by not introducing food lectins is briefly reviewed. Neuraminidase inhibitors might be useful in preventing genesis of autoimmunity during infection, although this possibility has not been formally tested.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31796258,"asset_id":2936970,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":681444,"first_name":"Eric","last_name":"Yarnell","domain_name":"bastyr","page_name":"EricYarnell","display_name":"Eric L Yarnell","profile_url":"https://bastyr.academia.edu/EricYarnell?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/681444/459082/12790858/s65_eric.yarnell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":645,"name":"Rheumatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":4088,"name":"Naturopathic Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturopathic_Medicine?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":47258,"name":"Food Allergy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Allergy?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39071755" data-work_id="39071755" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39071755/Anemia_of_chronic_diseases">Anemia of chronic diseases</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background Anemia is a common blood condition that affects populations in both rich and poor countries. The most prevalent anemia after iron deficiency anemia is the anemia of chronic disease. It is usually observed as a non-specific... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39071755" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background<br />Anemia is a common blood condition that affects populations in both rich and poor countries.  The most prevalent anemia after iron deficiency anemia is the anemia of chronic disease. It is usually observed as a non-specific anemia in patients with infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, and may cause diagnostic challenges. Routine diagnostic tests are performed in these patients, but recently, new blood markers such as hepcidin antimicrobial peptide are used to evaluate the severity of the disease.  <br /><br />Objective<br />To evaluate the association between inflammatory disease and the potential risk for anemia in pediatric age-groups. <br /><br />Methods and materials<br />In this study were involved 64 children aged 0 to 18 years old, hospitalized in ‘’Pediatric Service’’, the University Medical Center of Tirana “Mother Teresa”, during May 2018. Patients were diagnosed with diseases associated with the inflammatory process. Complete blood count (CBC) tests and other tests that detect inflammation such as C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (CRP and ESR), were determined in patients with hemoglobin (Hb)  levels < 11.5 g/dl. The CBC parameters are measured using Automated Cell Counter machines, ESR is measured using Westergren method, CRP test is based on the principle of the latex agglutination, and the colorimetric method is used for serum iron measurement. All the cases involved in this study were evaluated other examinations and laboratory tests, which were significant in the determination of the diagnosis.<br /><br />Results <br />The average age of patients included in the study was 2.65 years old among which 56.25%  were male and 44.75% were female. 12.5% of patients had blood malignancies, 34.4% had acute bacterial diseases, 18.7% had chronic bacterial diseases, 23.4% had viral infections and 10.9% had autoimmune diseases. Patients with chronic bacterial diseases and viral infections had significantly higher levels of ESR (ESR=29.83, N=0-13mm/h) than others. Levels of CRP were higher in patients with acute bacterial diseases (CRP=52.84, N=3-20mg/dl), and the levels of hemoglobin were lower in patients with autoimmune diseases (Hb=9.14, N=13-16 ±2 mg/dl). This was presented with a high variance in the values of ESR (σ^2 = 286.09) and  CRP ( σ^2= 2002.28). The evaluations revealed a moderate positive correlation between Hb and RBC (R^2=0.15), a mild negative correlation between Hb and ESR, also between Hb and CRP.<br /><br /><br /><br />Conclusion<br />The time span and the degree of the inflammation which coexists with the underlying disease, determine the type of anemia which associates them. These results suggest that in this pediatric age-group, the treatment should focus on the underlying disease in order to correct anemia. <br /><br />Keywords<br />anemia, inflammation, pediatric age-group, hemoglobin, CRP, ESR, iron metabolism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39071755" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a8f8fe538c8cdaa1f2a9bc415fa9b190" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59187686,"asset_id":39071755,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59187686/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="62610195" href="https://fakultetimjekesise.academia.edu/ArtjolaPuja">Artjola Puja</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="62610195" type="text/json">{"id":62610195,"first_name":"Artjola","last_name":"Puja","domain_name":"fakultetimjekesise","page_name":"ArtjolaPuja","display_name":"Artjola Puja","profile_url":"https://fakultetimjekesise.academia.edu/ArtjolaPuja?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62610195/21012064/60848436/s65_artjola.puja.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39071755 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39071755"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39071755, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39071755", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39071755 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39071755; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39071755"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39071755 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39071755"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39071755; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39071755]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39071755").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39071755").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39071755"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9334" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation">Inflammation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9334" type="text/json">{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survey_Research">Survey Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14238" type="text/json">{"id":14238,"name":"Survey Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survey_Research?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="97269" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease">Chronic Disease</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="97269" type="text/json">{"id":97269,"name":"Chronic Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39071755]'), work: {"id":39071755,"title":"Anemia of chronic diseases","created_at":"2019-05-09T06:51:20.779-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39071755/Anemia_of_chronic_diseases?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_39071755","summary":"Background\nAnemia is a common blood condition that affects populations in both rich and poor countries. The most prevalent anemia after iron deficiency anemia is the anemia of chronic disease. It is usually observed as a non-specific anemia in patients with infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, and may cause diagnostic challenges. Routine diagnostic tests are performed in these patients, but recently, new blood markers such as hepcidin antimicrobial peptide are used to evaluate the severity of the disease. \n\nObjective\nTo evaluate the association between inflammatory disease and the potential risk for anemia in pediatric age-groups. \n\nMethods and materials\nIn this study were involved 64 children aged 0 to 18 years old, hospitalized in ‘’Pediatric Service’’, the University Medical Center of Tirana “Mother Teresa”, during May 2018. Patients were diagnosed with diseases associated with the inflammatory process. Complete blood count (CBC) tests and other tests that detect inflammation such as C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (CRP and ESR), were determined in patients with hemoglobin (Hb) levels \u003c 11.5 g/dl. The CBC parameters are measured using Automated Cell Counter machines, ESR is measured using Westergren method, CRP test is based on the principle of the latex agglutination, and the colorimetric method is used for serum iron measurement. All the cases involved in this study were evaluated other examinations and laboratory tests, which were significant in the determination of the diagnosis.\n\nResults \nThe average age of patients included in the study was 2.65 years old among which 56.25% were male and 44.75% were female. 12.5% of patients had blood malignancies, 34.4% had acute bacterial diseases, 18.7% had chronic bacterial diseases, 23.4% had viral infections and 10.9% had autoimmune diseases. Patients with chronic bacterial diseases and viral infections had significantly higher levels of ESR (ESR=29.83, N=0-13mm/h) than others. Levels of CRP were higher in patients with acute bacterial diseases (CRP=52.84, N=3-20mg/dl), and the levels of hemoglobin were lower in patients with autoimmune diseases (Hb=9.14, N=13-16 ±2 mg/dl). This was presented with a high variance in the values of ESR (σ^2 = 286.09) and CRP ( σ^2= 2002.28). The evaluations revealed a moderate positive correlation between Hb and RBC (R^2=0.15), a mild negative correlation between Hb and ESR, also between Hb and CRP.\n\n\n\nConclusion\nThe time span and the degree of the inflammation which coexists with the underlying disease, determine the type of anemia which associates them. These results suggest that in this pediatric age-group, the treatment should focus on the underlying disease in order to correct anemia. \n\nKeywords\nanemia, inflammation, pediatric age-group, hemoglobin, CRP, ESR, iron metabolism.\n\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59187686,"asset_id":39071755,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":62610195,"first_name":"Artjola","last_name":"Puja","domain_name":"fakultetimjekesise","page_name":"ArtjolaPuja","display_name":"Artjola Puja","profile_url":"https://fakultetimjekesise.academia.edu/ArtjolaPuja?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62610195/21012064/60848436/s65_artjola.puja.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":14238,"name":"Survey Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survey_Research?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":97269,"name":"Chronic Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":136346,"name":"Anemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anemia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":196568,"name":"Posters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Posters?f_ri=12320"},{"id":306058,"name":"Red Blood Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Red_Blood_Cells?f_ri=12320"},{"id":743647,"name":"Haematological Malignancies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haematological_Malignancies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":989633,"name":"Iron Deficiency Anemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_Deficiency_Anemia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1208258,"name":"Viral and Bacterial Pathogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_and_Bacterial_Pathogenesis?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22590211" data-work_id="22590211" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22590211/Important_role_of_mast_cells_in_multiple_sclerosis">Important role of mast cells in multiple sclerosis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Autoimmunity is a disease that occurs when the body tissue is attacked by its own immune system. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune illness which triggers neurological progressive and persistent functions. MS is associated with an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22590211" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Autoimmunity is a disease that occurs when the body tissue is attacked by its own immune system. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune illness which triggers neurological progressive and persistent functions. MS is associated with an abnormal B-cell response and upregulation of T-cell reactivity against a multitude of antigens. Mast cells are the first line of the innate immune system and act by de-granulating and secreting chemical mediators and cytokines. Their participation on the central nervous system has been recognized since the beginning of the last century. They have an important role in autoimmune disease, including MS where they mediate inflammation and demyelinization by presenting myelin antigens to T cells or disrupting the blood–brain barrier and permitting entry of inflammatory cells and cytokines. The participation of mast cells in MS is demonstrated by gene overexpression of chemical mediators and inflammatory cytokines. Here we report the relationship and involvement between mast cells and multiple sclerosis.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22590211" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9914424faf9934a0e87764879fee7db0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43193777,"asset_id":22590211,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43193777/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32241714" href="https://unich-it.academia.edu/PioConti">Pio Conti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32241714" type="text/json">{"id":32241714,"first_name":"Pio","last_name":"Conti","domain_name":"unich-it","page_name":"PioConti","display_name":"Pio Conti","profile_url":"https://unich-it.academia.edu/PioConti?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32241714/11726885/14149274/s65_pio.conti.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22590211 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22590211"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22590211, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22590211", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22590211 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22590211; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22590211"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22590211 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22590211"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22590211; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22590211]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22590211").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22590211").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22590211"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3097" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3097" type="text/json">{"id":3097,"name":"Multiple sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_sclerosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9111" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines">Cytokines</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9111" type="text/json">{"id":9111,"name":"Cytokines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9334" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation">Inflammation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9334" type="text/json">{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22590211]'), work: {"id":22590211,"title":"Important role of mast cells in multiple sclerosis","created_at":"2016-02-29T03:54:31.291-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22590211/Important_role_of_mast_cells_in_multiple_sclerosis?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_22590211","summary":"Autoimmunity is a disease that occurs when the body tissue is attacked by its own immune system. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune illness which triggers neurological progressive and persistent functions. MS is associated with an abnormal B-cell response and upregulation of T-cell reactivity against a multitude of antigens. Mast cells are the first line of the innate immune system and act by de-granulating and secreting chemical mediators and cytokines. Their participation on the central nervous system has been recognized since the beginning of the last century. They have an important role in autoimmune disease, including MS where they mediate inflammation and demyelinization by presenting myelin antigens to T cells or disrupting the blood–brain barrier and permitting entry of inflammatory cells and cytokines. The participation of mast cells in MS is demonstrated by gene overexpression of chemical mediators and inflammatory cytokines. Here we report the relationship and involvement between mast cells and multiple sclerosis.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43193777,"asset_id":22590211,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32241714,"first_name":"Pio","last_name":"Conti","domain_name":"unich-it","page_name":"PioConti","display_name":"Pio Conti","profile_url":"https://unich-it.academia.edu/PioConti?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32241714/11726885/14149274/s65_pio.conti.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3097,"name":"Multiple sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_sclerosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":9111,"name":"Cytokines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":15570,"name":"Mast Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mast_Cells?f_ri=12320"},{"id":19848,"name":"T Cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T_Cell_biology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13678426 coauthored" data-work_id="13678426" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13678426/Novel_autoantibody_markers_for_early_and_seronegative_rheumatoid_arthritis">Novel autoantibody markers for early and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">K. Somers), piet.geusens@ scarlet.be (P. Geusens), <a href="mailto:Dirk.elewaut@ugent.be" rel="nofollow">Dirk.elewaut@ugent.be</a> (D. Elewaut), fillip.dekeyser@ ugent.be (F. De Keyser), <a href="mailto:Jean-luc.rummens@jessazh.be" rel="nofollow">Jean-luc.rummens@jessazh.be</a> (J.-L. Rummens), <a href="mailto:M.coenen@antrg.umcn.nl" rel="nofollow">M.coenen@antrg.umcn.nl</a> (M. Coenen), <a href="mailto:m.blom@reuma.umcn.nl" rel="nofollow">m.blom@reuma.umcn.nl</a> (M.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13678426" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">K. Somers), piet.geusens@ scarlet.be (P. Geusens), <a href="mailto:Dirk.elewaut@ugent.be" rel="nofollow">Dirk.elewaut@ugent.be</a> (D. Elewaut), fillip.dekeyser@ ugent.be (F. De Keyser), <a href="mailto:Jean-luc.rummens@jessazh.be" rel="nofollow">Jean-luc.rummens@jessazh.be</a> (J.-L. Rummens), <a href="mailto:M.coenen@antrg.umcn.nl" rel="nofollow">M.coenen@antrg.umcn.nl</a> (M. Coenen), <a href="mailto:m.blom@reuma.umcn.nl" rel="nofollow">m.blom@reuma.umcn.nl</a> (M. Blom), piet. <a href="mailto:stinissen@uhasselt.be" rel="nofollow">stinissen@uhasselt.be</a> (P. Stinissen), <a href="mailto:veerle.somers@uhasselt.be" rel="nofollow">veerle.somers@uhasselt.be</a> (V. Somers).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13678426" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f9faa3998f6f2d7e523f4c54452716b3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45071004,"asset_id":13678426,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45071004/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32824472" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MariekeCoenen">Marieke Coenen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32824472" type="text/json">{"id":32824472,"first_name":"Marieke","last_name":"Coenen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariekeCoenen","display_name":"Marieke Coenen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariekeCoenen?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-13678426">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-13678426"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uhasselt.academia.edu/VeerleSomers">Veerle Somers</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13678426'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13678426').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13678426 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13678426"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13678426, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13678426", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13678426 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13678426; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13678426"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13678426 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13678426"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13678426; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13678426]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13678426").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13678426").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13678426"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12733" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatoid_Arthritis">Rheumatoid Arthritis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12733" type="text/json">{"id":12733,"name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatoid_Arthritis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35830" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osteoarthritis">Osteoarthritis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="35830" type="text/json">{"id":35830,"name":"Osteoarthritis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osteoarthritis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13678426]'), work: {"id":13678426,"title":"Novel autoantibody markers for early and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis","created_at":"2015-07-05T22:51:32.533-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13678426/Novel_autoantibody_markers_for_early_and_seronegative_rheumatoid_arthritis?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_13678426","summary":"K. Somers), piet.geusens@ scarlet.be (P. Geusens), Dirk.elewaut@ugent.be (D. Elewaut), fillip.dekeyser@ ugent.be (F. De Keyser), Jean-luc.rummens@jessazh.be (J.-L. Rummens), M.coenen@antrg.umcn.nl (M. Coenen), m.blom@reuma.umcn.nl (M. Blom), piet. stinissen@uhasselt.be (P. Stinissen), veerle.somers@uhasselt.be (V. Somers).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45071004,"asset_id":13678426,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32824472,"first_name":"Marieke","last_name":"Coenen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariekeCoenen","display_name":"Marieke Coenen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariekeCoenen?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":32877039,"first_name":"Veerle","last_name":"Somers","domain_name":"uhasselt","page_name":"VeerleSomers","display_name":"Veerle Somers","profile_url":"https://uhasselt.academia.edu/VeerleSomers?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12733,"name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatoid_Arthritis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":35830,"name":"Osteoarthritis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osteoarthritis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":108961,"name":"Rheumatic Heart Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatic_Heart_Disease?f_ri=12320"},{"id":130513,"name":"Phage display","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phage_display?f_ri=12320"},{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=12320"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1272906,"name":"Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Linked_Immunosorbent_Assay?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1482586,"name":"Autoantibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoantibodies?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13136769" data-work_id="13136769" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13136769/Towards_systemic_sclerosis_and_away_from_primary_biliary_cirrhosis_the_case_of_PTPN22">Towards systemic sclerosis and away from primary biliary cirrhosis: the case of PTPN22</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Primary biliary cirrhosis (</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13136769" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4d484dfa2ff7f398add8ae55b6809579" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45641706,"asset_id":13136769,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45641706/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32391167" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PietroInvernizzi">Pietro Invernizzi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32391167" type="text/json">{"id":32391167,"first_name":"Pietro","last_name":"Invernizzi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PietroInvernizzi","display_name":"Pietro Invernizzi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PietroInvernizzi?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13136769 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13136769"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13136769, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13136769", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13136769 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13136769; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13136769"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13136769 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13136769"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13136769; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13136769]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13136769").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13136769").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13136769"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13136769]'), work: {"id":13136769,"title":"Towards systemic sclerosis and away from primary biliary cirrhosis: the case of PTPN22","created_at":"2015-06-21T01:26:21.496-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13136769/Towards_systemic_sclerosis_and_away_from_primary_biliary_cirrhosis_the_case_of_PTPN22?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_13136769","summary":"Primary biliary cirrhosis (","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45641706,"asset_id":13136769,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32391167,"first_name":"Pietro","last_name":"Invernizzi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PietroInvernizzi","display_name":"Pietro Invernizzi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PietroInvernizzi?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21394434" data-work_id="21394434" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21394434/Vertigo_and_autoimmunity">Vertigo and autoimmunity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Autoimmune inner ear disease probably accounts for less than 1% of all cases of balance disorders, but its incidence is often overlooked due to the absence of a speciWc diagnostic test. Furthermore, in several systemic autoimmune diseases... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21394434" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Autoimmune inner ear disease probably accounts for less than 1% of all cases of balance disorders, but its incidence is often overlooked due to the absence of a speciWc diagnostic test. Furthermore, in several systemic autoimmune diseases the vestibulo-cochlear system may be aVected. Clinical features comprise generalized imbalance, ataxia, motion intolerance, episodic vertigo and positional vertigo. An autoimmune mechanism seems to be responsible for 6% of unilateral and 16% of bilateral forms of Ménière's disease. Oscillopsia and disequilibrium secondary to a bilateral vestibular paresis are probably caused by an autoimmune response in 5% of cases. Balance disorders of central origin may be due to other immuno-mediated disorders such as multiple sclerosis, brainstem encephalitis and vasculitidis. Aim of this paper is to assess the clinical features of autoimmune vertigo disorders through a systematic literature review.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21394434" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ce1d45417f2a79c02b1f097b69315c70" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41850292,"asset_id":21394434,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41850292/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42465521" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertoBovo">Roberto Bovo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42465521" type="text/json">{"id":42465521,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Bovo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertoBovo","display_name":"Roberto Bovo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertoBovo?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21394434 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21394434"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21394434, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21394434", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21394434 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21394434; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21394434"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21394434 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21394434"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21394434; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21394434]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21394434").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21394434").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21394434"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3097" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3097" type="text/json">{"id":3097,"name":"Multiple sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_sclerosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66613" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_Disease">Autoimmune Disease</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="66613" type="text/json">{"id":66613,"name":"Autoimmune Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_Disease?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66683" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_Literature_Review">Systematic Literature Review</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="66683" type="text/json">{"id":66683,"name":"Systematic Literature Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_Literature_Review?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21394434]'), work: {"id":21394434,"title":"Vertigo and autoimmunity","created_at":"2016-02-01T05:06:32.958-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21394434/Vertigo_and_autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_21394434","summary":"Autoimmune inner ear disease probably accounts for less than 1% of all cases of balance disorders, but its incidence is often overlooked due to the absence of a speciWc diagnostic test. Furthermore, in several systemic autoimmune diseases the vestibulo-cochlear system may be aVected. Clinical features comprise generalized imbalance, ataxia, motion intolerance, episodic vertigo and positional vertigo. An autoimmune mechanism seems to be responsible for 6% of unilateral and 16% of bilateral forms of Ménière's disease. Oscillopsia and disequilibrium secondary to a bilateral vestibular paresis are probably caused by an autoimmune response in 5% of cases. Balance disorders of central origin may be due to other immuno-mediated disorders such as multiple sclerosis, brainstem encephalitis and vasculitidis. Aim of this paper is to assess the clinical features of autoimmune vertigo disorders through a systematic literature review.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41850292,"asset_id":21394434,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42465521,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Bovo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertoBovo","display_name":"Roberto Bovo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertoBovo?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3097,"name":"Multiple sclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_sclerosis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":66613,"name":"Autoimmune Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_Disease?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":66683,"name":"Systematic Literature Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_Literature_Review?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":162159,"name":"Differential Diagnosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_Diagnosis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":180673,"name":"Hearing Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hearing_Loss?f_ri=12320"},{"id":197299,"name":"Inner Ear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inner_Ear?f_ri=12320"},{"id":221430,"name":"Vertigo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vertigo?f_ri=12320"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=12320"},{"id":709507,"name":"Diagnostic Test","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diagnostic_Test?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13485139" data-work_id="13485139" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13485139/Pathogenesis_diagnosis_and_treatment_of_Rasmussen_encephalitis_A_European_consensus_statement">Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Rasmussen encephalitis: A European consensus statement</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare but severe immunemediated brain disorder leading to unilateral hemispheric atrophy, associated progressive neurological dysfunction and intractable seizures. Recent data on the pathogenesis of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13485139" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare but severe immunemediated brain disorder leading to unilateral hemispheric atrophy, associated progressive neurological dysfunction and intractable seizures. Recent data on the pathogenesis of the disease, its clinical and paraclinical presentation, and therapeutic approaches are summarized. Based on these data, we propose formal diagnostic criteria and a therapeutic pathway for the management of RE patients.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13485139" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="411a43d2f5433c51f0c8d72d5fce8620" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45286225,"asset_id":13485139,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45286225/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32697005" href="https://univ-paris5.academia.edu/OlivierDulac">Olivier Dulac</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32697005" type="text/json">{"id":32697005,"first_name":"Olivier","last_name":"Dulac","domain_name":"univ-paris5","page_name":"OlivierDulac","display_name":"Olivier Dulac","profile_url":"https://univ-paris5.academia.edu/OlivierDulac?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13485139 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13485139"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13485139, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13485139", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13485139 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13485139; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13485139"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13485139 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13485139"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13485139; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13485139]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13485139").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13485139").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13485139"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7648" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7648" type="text/json">{"id":7648,"name":"Epilepsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epilepsy?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34021" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T_cell_receptor">T cell receptor</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="34021" type="text/json">{"id":34021,"name":"T cell receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T_cell_receptor?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13485139]'), work: {"id":13485139,"title":"Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Rasmussen encephalitis: A European consensus statement","created_at":"2015-07-01T04:23:53.077-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13485139/Pathogenesis_diagnosis_and_treatment_of_Rasmussen_encephalitis_A_European_consensus_statement?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_13485139","summary":"Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare but severe immunemediated brain disorder leading to unilateral hemispheric atrophy, associated progressive neurological dysfunction and intractable seizures. Recent data on the pathogenesis of the disease, its clinical and paraclinical presentation, and therapeutic approaches are summarized. Based on these data, we propose formal diagnostic criteria and a therapeutic pathway for the management of RE patients.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45286225,"asset_id":13485139,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32697005,"first_name":"Olivier","last_name":"Dulac","domain_name":"univ-paris5","page_name":"OlivierDulac","display_name":"Olivier Dulac","profile_url":"https://univ-paris5.academia.edu/OlivierDulac?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7648,"name":"Epilepsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epilepsy?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":34021,"name":"T cell receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T_cell_receptor?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=12320"},{"id":98913,"name":"Blood brain barrier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_brain_barrier?f_ri=12320"},{"id":126863,"name":"Immunotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunotherapy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":162159,"name":"Differential Diagnosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_Diagnosis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":375439,"name":"Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Single_Photon_Emission_Computed_Tomography?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1109079,"name":"Encephalitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Encephalitis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1489223,"name":"Intravenous Immunoglobulin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intravenous_Immunoglobulin?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2012816,"name":"Glutamate Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate_Receptor?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2330264,"name":"Diagnostic Criteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diagnostic_Criteria?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20396599" data-work_id="20396599" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20396599/Co_crystal_structure_of_TACI_and_APRIL_BAFF_BAFF_heteromer_Structural_insights_into_ligand_receptor_binding_affinities">Co-crystal structure of TACI and APRIL-BAFF-BAFF heteromer: Structural insights into ligand-receptor binding affinities</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The human B cell survival factor, B cell activation factor (BAFF), and its closely related homologue, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), modulate B cell functions by binding to three receptors, BAFFR, TACI and BCMA. APRIL binds more... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20396599" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The human B cell survival factor, B cell activation factor (BAFF), and its closely related homologue, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), modulate B cell functions by binding to three receptors, BAFFR, TACI and BCMA. APRIL binds more strongly to BCMA than to TACI while the opposite is true for BAFF.  In addition, BAFF, but not APRIL, binds to BAFF-R with high affinity.  Both BAFF and APRIL are known to form homotrimers and heterotrimers, which display different affinities for their cognate receptors.  To understand the structural basis underlying the different binding affinities, we solved the crystal structure of the APRIL-BAFF-BAFF heterotrimer, either alone or bound to TACI.  Analysis of these structures and comparative analysis of previously solved structures of BAFF and APRIL in complex with BAFFR, TACI or BCMA revealed that the charged residues of BAFF and APRIL are crucial determinants of receptor binding affinities, conferring homotrimers and heterotrimers with a variety of signaling strength to modulate responses of immune cells.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20396599" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="79d81fb496756b4253065e53b87ec828" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41339595,"asset_id":20396599,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41339595/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41772601" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SengLaiTan">Seng-Lai Tan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41772601" type="text/json">{"id":41772601,"first_name":"Seng-Lai","last_name":"Tan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SengLaiTan","display_name":"Seng-Lai Tan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SengLaiTan?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41772601/11303577/12610804/s65_seng-lai.tan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20396599 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20396599"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20396599, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20396599", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20396599 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20396599; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20396599"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20396599 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20396599"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20396599; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20396599]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20396599").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20396599").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20396599"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9334" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation">Inflammation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9334" type="text/json">{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11816" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tumor_Immunology">Tumor Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11816" type="text/json">{"id":11816,"name":"Tumor Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tumor_Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20396599]'), work: {"id":20396599,"title":"Co-crystal structure of TACI and APRIL-BAFF-BAFF heteromer: Structural insights into ligand-receptor binding affinities","created_at":"2016-01-19T21:10:58.946-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20396599/Co_crystal_structure_of_TACI_and_APRIL_BAFF_BAFF_heteromer_Structural_insights_into_ligand_receptor_binding_affinities?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_20396599","summary":"The human B cell survival factor, B cell activation factor (BAFF), and its closely related homologue, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), modulate B cell functions by binding to three receptors, BAFFR, TACI and BCMA. APRIL binds more strongly to BCMA than to TACI while the opposite is true for BAFF. In addition, BAFF, but not APRIL, binds to BAFF-R with high affinity. Both BAFF and APRIL are known to form homotrimers and heterotrimers, which display different affinities for their cognate receptors. To understand the structural basis underlying the different binding affinities, we solved the crystal structure of the APRIL-BAFF-BAFF heterotrimer, either alone or bound to TACI. Analysis of these structures and comparative analysis of previously solved structures of BAFF and APRIL in complex with BAFFR, TACI or BCMA revealed that the charged residues of BAFF and APRIL are crucial determinants of receptor binding affinities, conferring homotrimers and heterotrimers with a variety of signaling strength to modulate responses of immune cells.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41339595,"asset_id":20396599,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41772601,"first_name":"Seng-Lai","last_name":"Tan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SengLaiTan","display_name":"Seng-Lai Tan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SengLaiTan?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41772601/11303577/12610804/s65_seng-lai.tan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":11816,"name":"Tumor Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tumor_Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":22255,"name":"Cancer Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Research?f_ri=12320"},{"id":22404,"name":"Epigenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics?f_ri=12320"},{"id":47065,"name":"Proteostasis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteostasis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":497524,"name":"Tumor Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tumor_Metabolism?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19020050" data-work_id="19020050" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19020050/Adverse_reactions_to_food_constituents_allergy_intolerance_and_autoimmunity">Adverse reactions to food constituents: allergy, intolerance, and autoimmunity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Food allergies and intolerance represent important health concerns to consumers who are predisposed to these illnesses. Unlike many current food safety issues, food sensitivities are complicated by both complex and multiple individual... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19020050" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Food allergies and intolerance represent important health concerns to consumers who are predisposed to these illnesses. Unlike many current food safety issues, food sensitivities are complicated by both complex and multiple individual adverse reactions, which can vary from emotional to pathophysiological ailments. In some instances, the underlying mechanisms that result in the development of food allergies or intolerance have marked differences but produce common symptoms. The present-day diagnosis of these disorders can be impeded by intrinsic limitations in generating accurate information from patient history and biochemical, physicochemical, and immunochemical tests. Oral challenge tests represent effective methods for confirming and testing food allergens and food intolerance; however, these procedures are often restricted to clinical trials. It is important to be able to distinguish among food allergy, intolerance, and autoimmune disease in the management of these disorders. The role of food in the development of autoimmune disease may be exemplified by celiac disease, a food-induced enteropathy, requiring exposure to prolamins in wheat, rye, and barley. Various wheat and soy protein sources, including the soy protein isolates used to make infant formulas, have been related to juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), a common chronic disease of childhood. Employing food process technologies to eliminate food constituents with potential for intolerance in some individuals is a potentially viable approach for reducing risk to food-related disorders. Finally, the development of food labelling regulations that require the identification of potential food allergens or agents for intolerance in the ingredient declaration on prepackaged food is a positive step toward the prevention of severe adverse reactions in hypersensitive individuals.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19020050" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c4f127870bb208de885c81fc45be8b7d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40385248,"asset_id":19020050,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40385248/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39174039" href="https://wix.academia.edu/DKitts">D. Kitts</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39174039" type="text/json">{"id":39174039,"first_name":"D.","last_name":"Kitts","domain_name":"wix","page_name":"DKitts","display_name":"D. Kitts","profile_url":"https://wix.academia.edu/DKitts?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19020050 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19020050"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19020050, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19020050", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19020050 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19020050; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19020050"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19020050 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19020050"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19020050; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19020050]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19020050").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19020050").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19020050"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="167" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology">Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="167" type="text/json">{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7603" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food">Food</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7603" type="text/json">{"id":7603,"name":"Food","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54114" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canada">Canada</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="54114" type="text/json">{"id":54114,"name":"Canada","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canada?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19020050]'), work: {"id":19020050,"title":"Adverse reactions to food constituents: allergy, intolerance, and autoimmunity","created_at":"2015-11-25T18:04:26.569-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19020050/Adverse_reactions_to_food_constituents_allergy_intolerance_and_autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_19020050","summary":"Food allergies and intolerance represent important health concerns to consumers who are predisposed to these illnesses. Unlike many current food safety issues, food sensitivities are complicated by both complex and multiple individual adverse reactions, which can vary from emotional to pathophysiological ailments. In some instances, the underlying mechanisms that result in the development of food allergies or intolerance have marked differences but produce common symptoms. The present-day diagnosis of these disorders can be impeded by intrinsic limitations in generating accurate information from patient history and biochemical, physicochemical, and immunochemical tests. Oral challenge tests represent effective methods for confirming and testing food allergens and food intolerance; however, these procedures are often restricted to clinical trials. It is important to be able to distinguish among food allergy, intolerance, and autoimmune disease in the management of these disorders. The role of food in the development of autoimmune disease may be exemplified by celiac disease, a food-induced enteropathy, requiring exposure to prolamins in wheat, rye, and barley. Various wheat and soy protein sources, including the soy protein isolates used to make infant formulas, have been related to juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), a common chronic disease of childhood. Employing food process technologies to eliminate food constituents with potential for intolerance in some individuals is a potentially viable approach for reducing risk to food-related disorders. Finally, the development of food labelling regulations that require the identification of potential food allergens or agents for intolerance in the ingredient declaration on prepackaged food is a positive step toward the prevention of severe adverse reactions in hypersensitive individuals.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40385248,"asset_id":19020050,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39174039,"first_name":"D.","last_name":"Kitts","domain_name":"wix","page_name":"DKitts","display_name":"D. Kitts","profile_url":"https://wix.academia.edu/DKitts?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":7603,"name":"Food","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":54114,"name":"Canada","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canada?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":71668,"name":"Celiac Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celiac_Disease?f_ri=12320"},{"id":78534,"name":"Lactose intolerance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactose_intolerance?f_ri=12320"},{"id":85636,"name":"Food Labeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Labeling?f_ri=12320"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk?f_ri=12320"},{"id":844702,"name":"Food Handling \u0026 Hygiene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Handling_and_Hygiene?f_ri=12320"},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23042836" data-work_id="23042836" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23042836/Antibodies_against_neo_epitope_tTg_complexed_to_gliadin_are_different_and_more_reliable_then_anti_tTg_for_the_diagnosis_of_pediatric_celiac_disease">Antibodies against neo-epitope tTg complexed to gliadin are different and more reliable then anti-tTg for the diagnosis of pediatric celiac disease</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The neo-epitope tTg (tTg-neo) autoantibody, never challenged the anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTg) premier-ship, recommended by ESPGHAN, for celiac disease (CD) diagnosis. Pediatric CD (PCD), abdominal pains and normal children, normal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23042836" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The neo-epitope tTg (tTg-neo) autoantibody, never challenged the anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTg) premier-ship, recommended by ESPGHAN, for celiac disease (CD) diagnosis. Pediatric CD (PCD), abdominal pains and normal children, normal adults, and rheumatoid arthritis patients, were tested using the following ELISAs detecting IgA, IgG or both IgA and IgG (check): AESKULISA® tTg (tTg; RUO) and AESKULISA® tTg-neo. Higher OD activity was detected for tTg-neo IgA, IgG and IgA + IgG than for tTg. tTg-neo IgA, IgG correlated better with intestinal damage than tTg. The tTg-neo combined IgA + IgG ELISA kit had higher sensitivity and a comparable specificity for the diagnosis of PCD. The drop in the % competition was much higher with the tTg-neo then the tTg antibodies. The false positivity of the tTg was significantly higher than the tTg-neo one. Serological diagnostic performances, reflection of intestinal damage, diverse epitopes and false positivity were better with the tTg-neo.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23042836" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="94e94a258e67b27f21d138e7a730af4b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43549285,"asset_id":23042836,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43549285/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11543359" href="https://technion.academia.edu/aaronlerner">aaron lerner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11543359" type="text/json">{"id":11543359,"first_name":"aaron","last_name":"lerner","domain_name":"technion","page_name":"aaronlerner","display_name":"aaron lerner","profile_url":"https://technion.academia.edu/aaronlerner?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11543359/7960091/18527269/s65_aaron.lerner.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23042836 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23042836"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23042836, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23042836", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23042836 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23042836; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23042836"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23042836 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23042836"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23042836; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23042836]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23042836").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23042836").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23042836"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71668" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celiac_Disease">Celiac Disease</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="71668" type="text/json">{"id":71668,"name":"Celiac Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celiac_Disease?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="166587" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mucosal_Immunology">Mucosal Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="166587" type="text/json">{"id":166587,"name":"Mucosal Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mucosal_Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="372430" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serological_Assays">Serological Assays</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="372430" type="text/json">{"id":372430,"name":"Serological Assays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serological_Assays?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23042836]'), work: {"id":23042836,"title":"Antibodies against neo-epitope tTg complexed to gliadin are different and more reliable then anti-tTg for the diagnosis of pediatric celiac disease","created_at":"2016-03-09T08:04:25.013-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23042836/Antibodies_against_neo_epitope_tTg_complexed_to_gliadin_are_different_and_more_reliable_then_anti_tTg_for_the_diagnosis_of_pediatric_celiac_disease?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_23042836","summary":"The neo-epitope tTg (tTg-neo) autoantibody, never challenged the anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTg) premier-ship, recommended by ESPGHAN, for celiac disease (CD) diagnosis. Pediatric CD (PCD), abdominal pains and normal children, normal adults, and rheumatoid arthritis patients, were tested using the following ELISAs detecting IgA, IgG or both IgA and IgG (check): AESKULISA® tTg (tTg; RUO) and AESKULISA® tTg-neo. Higher OD activity was detected for tTg-neo IgA, IgG and IgA + IgG than for tTg. tTg-neo IgA, IgG correlated better with intestinal damage than tTg. The tTg-neo combined IgA + IgG ELISA kit had higher sensitivity and a comparable specificity for the diagnosis of PCD. The drop in the % competition was much higher with the tTg-neo then the tTg antibodies. The false positivity of the tTg was significantly higher than the tTg-neo one. Serological diagnostic performances, reflection of intestinal damage, diverse epitopes and false positivity were better with the tTg-neo.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43549285,"asset_id":23042836,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11543359,"first_name":"aaron","last_name":"lerner","domain_name":"technion","page_name":"aaronlerner","display_name":"aaron lerner","profile_url":"https://technion.academia.edu/aaronlerner?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11543359/7960091/18527269/s65_aaron.lerner.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":71668,"name":"Celiac Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celiac_Disease?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":166587,"name":"Mucosal Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mucosal_Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":372430,"name":"Serological Assays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serological_Assays?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14497186" data-work_id="14497186" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14497186/Diagnosis_and_classification_of_eosinophilic_fasciitis">Diagnosis and classification of eosinophilic fasciitis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recently, a group of experts in the field suggested to rename ChurgeStrauss syndrome as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). This condition, first described in 1951, is a rare small-and medium-sizedevessel vasculitis... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14497186" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recently, a group of experts in the field suggested to rename ChurgeStrauss syndrome as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). This condition, first described in 1951, is a rare small-and medium-sizedevessel vasculitis characterized by an almost constant association with asthma and eosinophilia, and, by the presence of anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) in 30e38% of the patients. Vasculitis typically develops in a previously asthmatic and eosinophilic middle-aged patient. Asthma is severe, associated with eosinophilia and extrapulmonary symptoms. Most frequently EGPA involves the peripheral nerves and skin. Other organs, however, may be affected and must be screened for vasculitis, especially those associated with a poorer prognosis, such as the heart, kidney and gastrointestinal tract, as assessed by the recently revised Five-Factor Score (FFS). Recent insights, particularly concerning clinical differences associated with ANCA status, showed that EGPA patients might constitute a heterogeneous group. Thus, EGPA patients with anti-MPO ANCA suffered more, albeit not exclusively, from vasculitis symptoms, such as glomerulonephritis, mononeuritis multiplex and alveolar hemorrhage, whereas ANCA-negative patients more frequently develop heart involvement. This observation led to the hypothesis that EGPA might be divided into different clinical and pathophysiological subtypes, which could be managed better with more specifically adapted therapies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14497186" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bcf7df8a18522cb0b6f83000112e127a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44111687,"asset_id":14497186,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44111687/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33443702" href="https://univ-paris5.academia.edu/Lo%C3%AFcGuillevin">Loïc Guillevin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33443702" type="text/json">{"id":33443702,"first_name":"Loïc","last_name":"Guillevin","domain_name":"univ-paris5","page_name":"LoïcGuillevin","display_name":"Loïc Guillevin","profile_url":"https://univ-paris5.academia.edu/Lo%C3%AFcGuillevin?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33443702/175648088/165692630/s65_lo_c.guillevin.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14497186 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14497186"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14497186, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14497186", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14497186 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14497186; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14497186"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14497186 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14497186"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14497186; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14497186]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14497186").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14497186").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14497186"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37826" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopsy">Biopsy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37826" type="text/json">{"id":37826,"name":"Biopsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopsy?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classification">Classification</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="106145" type="text/json">{"id":106145,"name":"Classification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classification?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14497186]'), work: {"id":14497186,"title":"Diagnosis and classification of eosinophilic fasciitis","created_at":"2015-07-29T15:29:00.170-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14497186/Diagnosis_and_classification_of_eosinophilic_fasciitis?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_14497186","summary":"Recently, a group of experts in the field suggested to rename ChurgeStrauss syndrome as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). This condition, first described in 1951, is a rare small-and medium-sizedevessel vasculitis characterized by an almost constant association with asthma and eosinophilia, and, by the presence of anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) in 30e38% of the patients. Vasculitis typically develops in a previously asthmatic and eosinophilic middle-aged patient. Asthma is severe, associated with eosinophilia and extrapulmonary symptoms. Most frequently EGPA involves the peripheral nerves and skin. Other organs, however, may be affected and must be screened for vasculitis, especially those associated with a poorer prognosis, such as the heart, kidney and gastrointestinal tract, as assessed by the recently revised Five-Factor Score (FFS). Recent insights, particularly concerning clinical differences associated with ANCA status, showed that EGPA patients might constitute a heterogeneous group. Thus, EGPA patients with anti-MPO ANCA suffered more, albeit not exclusively, from vasculitis symptoms, such as glomerulonephritis, mononeuritis multiplex and alveolar hemorrhage, whereas ANCA-negative patients more frequently develop heart involvement. This observation led to the hypothesis that EGPA might be divided into different clinical and pathophysiological subtypes, which could be managed better with more specifically adapted therapies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44111687,"asset_id":14497186,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33443702,"first_name":"Loïc","last_name":"Guillevin","domain_name":"univ-paris5","page_name":"LoïcGuillevin","display_name":"Loïc Guillevin","profile_url":"https://univ-paris5.academia.edu/Lo%C3%AFcGuillevin?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33443702/175648088/165692630/s65_lo_c.guillevin.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":37826,"name":"Biopsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopsy?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":106145,"name":"Classification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classification?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":162159,"name":"Differential Diagnosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_Diagnosis?f_ri=12320"},{"id":162553,"name":"Skin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin?f_ri=12320"},{"id":174502,"name":"Incidence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Incidence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":289330,"name":"Prevalence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prevalence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":677382,"name":"Churg Strauss Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Churg_Strauss_Syndrome?f_ri=12320"},{"id":763802,"name":"ANCA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ANCA?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1180711,"name":"Eosinophilia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eosinophilia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1413449,"name":"Microscopic Polyangiitis Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microscopic_Polyangiitis_Market?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13136864" data-work_id="13136864" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13136864/Definition_of_human_autoimmunity_autoantibodies_versus_autoimmune_disease">Definition of human autoimmunity — autoantibodies versus autoimmune disease</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The critical function of the immune system is to discriminate self from non-self. Tolerance against self-antigens is a highly regulated process and, in order to maintain it, the immune system must be able to distinguish selfreactive... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13136864" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The critical function of the immune system is to discriminate self from non-self. Tolerance against self-antigens is a highly regulated process and, in order to maintain it, the immune system must be able to distinguish selfreactive lymphocytes as they develop. The presence of autoantibodies is the consequence of breakdown of tolerance and, although they are an important serological feature of autoimmune diseases, their presence is not exclusive of these conditions. Antibodies against self-antigens are also found in cancer, during massive tissue damage and even in healthy subjects. Natural autoantibodies provide immediate protection against infection and also prevent inflammation by facilitating the clearance of oxidized lipids, oxidized proteins, and apoptotic cells; their role in development of autoimmunity is still unclear. Detection of serum autoantibodies in clinical practice has become more available to clinicians worldwide while providing a powerful diagnostic tool. This review discusses the clinical significance of autoantibodies, their pathogenic mechanisms in autoimmune diseases and, finally, illustrates the technology available for appropriate autoantibody detection.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13136864" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dc51b4f6dfdffe8f856de1f7cd7ecec0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45683044,"asset_id":13136864,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45683044/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32391167" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PietroInvernizzi">Pietro Invernizzi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32391167" type="text/json">{"id":32391167,"first_name":"Pietro","last_name":"Invernizzi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PietroInvernizzi","display_name":"Pietro Invernizzi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PietroInvernizzi?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13136864 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13136864"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13136864, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13136864", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13136864 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13136864; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13136864"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13136864 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13136864"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13136864; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13136864]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13136864").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13136864").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13136864"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9334" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation">Inflammation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9334" type="text/json">{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51789" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibodies">Antibodies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51789" type="text/json">{"id":51789,"name":"Antibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibodies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13136864]'), work: {"id":13136864,"title":"Definition of human autoimmunity — autoantibodies versus autoimmune disease","created_at":"2015-06-21T01:28:13.667-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13136864/Definition_of_human_autoimmunity_autoantibodies_versus_autoimmune_disease?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_13136864","summary":"The critical function of the immune system is to discriminate self from non-self. Tolerance against self-antigens is a highly regulated process and, in order to maintain it, the immune system must be able to distinguish selfreactive lymphocytes as they develop. The presence of autoantibodies is the consequence of breakdown of tolerance and, although they are an important serological feature of autoimmune diseases, their presence is not exclusive of these conditions. Antibodies against self-antigens are also found in cancer, during massive tissue damage and even in healthy subjects. Natural autoantibodies provide immediate protection against infection and also prevent inflammation by facilitating the clearance of oxidized lipids, oxidized proteins, and apoptotic cells; their role in development of autoimmunity is still unclear. Detection of serum autoantibodies in clinical practice has become more available to clinicians worldwide while providing a powerful diagnostic tool. This review discusses the clinical significance of autoantibodies, their pathogenic mechanisms in autoimmune diseases and, finally, illustrates the technology available for appropriate autoantibody detection.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45683044,"asset_id":13136864,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32391167,"first_name":"Pietro","last_name":"Invernizzi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PietroInvernizzi","display_name":"Pietro Invernizzi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PietroInvernizzi?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":51789,"name":"Antibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibodies?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":52836,"name":"Clinical Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Practice?f_ri=12320"},{"id":66613,"name":"Autoimmune Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_Disease?f_ri=12320"},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":181569,"name":"Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteins?f_ri=12320"},{"id":225993,"name":"Lipid Oxidation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipid_Oxidation?f_ri=12320"},{"id":324154,"name":"Immune system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_system?f_ri=12320"},{"id":469018,"name":"Neoplasms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoplasms?f_ri=12320"},{"id":894787,"name":"Immune Tolerance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_Tolerance?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1142759,"name":"Healthy Subjects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Healthy_Subjects?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1482586,"name":"Autoantibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoantibodies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1864827,"name":"Autoantigens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoantigens?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8845450" data-work_id="8845450" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8845450/Derrida_and_the_Immune_System">Derrida and the Immune System</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8845450" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9db582836b7d01fe21252e0dcdab1df4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35184489,"asset_id":8845450,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35184489/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="505571" href="https://elte.academia.edu/AndreaTimar">Andrea Timar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="505571" type="text/json">{"id":505571,"first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Timar","domain_name":"elte","page_name":"AndreaTimar","display_name":"Andrea Timar","profile_url":"https://elte.academia.edu/AndreaTimar?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/505571/174967/22687363/s65_andrea.timar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8845450 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8845450"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8845450, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8845450", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8845450 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8845450; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8845450"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8845450 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8845450"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8845450; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8845450]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8845450").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8845450").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8845450"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15321" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roberto_Esposito">Roberto Esposito</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15321" type="text/json">{"id":15321,"name":"Roberto Esposito","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roberto_Esposito?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8845450]'), work: {"id":8845450,"title":"Derrida and the Immune System","created_at":"2014-10-18T17:13:33.952-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8845450/Derrida_and_the_Immune_System?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_8845450","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35184489,"asset_id":8845450,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":505571,"first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Timar","domain_name":"elte","page_name":"AndreaTimar","display_name":"Andrea Timar","profile_url":"https://elte.academia.edu/AndreaTimar?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/505571/174967/22687363/s65_andrea.timar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":15321,"name":"Roberto Esposito","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roberto_Esposito?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":27573,"name":"Derrida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derrida?f_ri=12320"},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=12320"},{"id":84924,"name":"Immunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":95854,"name":"Critical Terrorism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Terrorism_Studies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":324154,"name":"Immune system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_system?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44927856" data-work_id="44927856" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44927856/Covid_Disobedience_and_the_Autoimmune_Self_Destruction_of_Liberal_Individualism">Covid Disobedience and the Autoimmune Self-Destruction of Liberal Individualism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this short article, I discuss a form of civil disobedience that emerged during the Covid-19 pandemic: the refusal to comply with lockdown rules. Because such rule-breakers often claim that they are acting to preserve freedom, I ask... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44927856" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this short article, I discuss a form of civil disobedience that emerged during the Covid-19 pandemic: the refusal to comply with lockdown rules. Because such rule-breakers often claim that they are acting to preserve freedom, I ask whether their unwillingness to help prevent the spread of the virus is symptomatic of neoliberal individualism. Drawing on Jacques Derrida's work on autoimmunity, I argue that Covid disobedience is ironically self-defeating, because in exacerbating the crisis the rule-breakers force governments to adopt increasingly draconian measures. Lockdown-refusers evidently believe that the protection of their individual rights is more important than the protection of vulnerable members of society, but this is an illusion. The self-sufficiency that they presuppose is a myth that sustains liberalism, and which has been debunked by the interdependency that the pandemic reveals.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44927856" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e9ee563d7ccb8f6bb2f4ec2284a97987" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":102400388,"asset_id":44927856,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/102400388/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="71784244" href="https://open.academia.edu/ChristopherGriffin">Christopher Griffin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="71784244" type="text/json">{"id":71784244,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Griffin","domain_name":"open","page_name":"ChristopherGriffin","display_name":"Christopher Griffin","profile_url":"https://open.academia.edu/ChristopherGriffin?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/71784244/50801068/159620118/s65_christopher.griffin.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44927856 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44927856"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44927856, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44927856", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44927856 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44927856; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44927856"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44927856 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44927856"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44927856; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44927856]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44927856").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44927856").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44927856"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4568" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberalism">Liberalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4568" type="text/json">{"id":4568,"name":"Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberalism?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12040" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacques_Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12040" type="text/json">{"id":12040,"name":"Jacques Derrida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacques_Derrida?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22547" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Philosophy">Social and Political Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22547" type="text/json">{"id":22547,"name":"Social and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44927856]'), work: {"id":44927856,"title":"Covid Disobedience and the Autoimmune Self-Destruction of Liberal Individualism","created_at":"2021-01-18T07:27:23.241-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44927856/Covid_Disobedience_and_the_Autoimmune_Self_Destruction_of_Liberal_Individualism?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_44927856","summary":"In this short article, I discuss a form of civil disobedience that emerged during the Covid-19 pandemic: the refusal to comply with lockdown rules. Because such rule-breakers often claim that they are acting to preserve freedom, I ask whether their unwillingness to help prevent the spread of the virus is symptomatic of neoliberal individualism. Drawing on Jacques Derrida's work on autoimmunity, I argue that Covid disobedience is ironically self-defeating, because in exacerbating the crisis the rule-breakers force governments to adopt increasingly draconian measures. Lockdown-refusers evidently believe that the protection of their individual rights is more important than the protection of vulnerable members of society, but this is an illusion. The self-sufficiency that they presuppose is a myth that sustains liberalism, and which has been debunked by the interdependency that the pandemic reveals.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":102400388,"asset_id":44927856,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":71784244,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Griffin","domain_name":"open","page_name":"ChristopherGriffin","display_name":"Christopher Griffin","profile_url":"https://open.academia.edu/ChristopherGriffin?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/71784244/50801068/159620118/s65_christopher.griffin.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4568,"name":"Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberalism?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12040,"name":"Jacques Derrida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacques_Derrida?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":22547,"name":"Social and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":23534,"name":"Individualism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Individualism?f_ri=12320"},{"id":36742,"name":"Civil disobedience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_disobedience?f_ri=12320"},{"id":165579,"name":"Interdependence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdependence?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18745300" data-work_id="18745300" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18745300/Force_and_Vulnerability_in_Philosophy_and_Science_Husserl_Derrida_Stiegler">Force and Vulnerability in Philosophy and Science: Husserl, Derrida, Stiegler</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Putting the question of the long development and inheritance of immune functions (phylogenesis) in touch with that of cultural inheritance (epiphylogenesis), the article questions lines of continuity between somatic mutation,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18745300" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Putting the question of the long development and inheritance of immune functions (phylogenesis) in touch with that of cultural inheritance (epiphylogenesis), the article questions lines of continuity between somatic mutation, consciousness, technics, time, and media. For instance, drawing on a tradition that acknowledges Immanuel Kant, Edmund Husserl, Theodor Adorno, and Martin Heidegger, Bernard Stiegler’s attempt to mobilize the structure of the trace in the philosophy of Jacques Derrida results in a profound challenge to a technics that can be regarded as a powerful complement to biological evolutionary inheritance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18745300" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fbb2728592345c21f39e884b3f4c0fe0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40232316,"asset_id":18745300,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40232316/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="221325" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnPhillips246">John W P Phillips</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="221325" type="text/json">{"id":221325,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Phillips","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JohnPhillips246","display_name":"John W P Phillips","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JohnPhillips246?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/221325/1962126/7185338/s65_john.phillips.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18745300 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18745300"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18745300, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18745300", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18745300 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18745300; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18745300"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18745300 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18745300"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18745300; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18745300]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18745300").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18745300").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18745300"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8434" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bernard_Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8434" type="text/json">{"id":8434,"name":"Bernard Stiegler","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bernard_Stiegler?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8436" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Edmund_Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8436" type="text/json">{"id":8436,"name":"Edmund Husserl","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Edmund_Husserl?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12040" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacques_Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12040" type="text/json">{"id":12040,"name":"Jacques Derrida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacques_Derrida?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18745300]'), work: {"id":18745300,"title":"Force and Vulnerability in Philosophy and Science: Husserl, Derrida, Stiegler","created_at":"2015-11-21T03:23:17.765-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18745300/Force_and_Vulnerability_in_Philosophy_and_Science_Husserl_Derrida_Stiegler?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_18745300","summary":"Putting the question of the long development and inheritance of immune functions (phylogenesis) in touch with that of cultural inheritance (epiphylogenesis), the article questions lines of continuity between somatic mutation, consciousness, technics, time, and media. For instance, drawing on a tradition that acknowledges Immanuel Kant, Edmund Husserl, Theodor Adorno, and Martin Heidegger, Bernard Stiegler’s attempt to mobilize the structure of the trace in the philosophy of Jacques Derrida results in a profound challenge to a technics that can be regarded as a powerful complement to biological evolutionary inheritance. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40232316,"asset_id":18745300,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":221325,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Phillips","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JohnPhillips246","display_name":"John W P Phillips","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JohnPhillips246?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/221325/1962126/7185338/s65_john.phillips.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8434,"name":"Bernard Stiegler","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bernard_Stiegler?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":8436,"name":"Edmund Husserl","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Edmund_Husserl?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12040,"name":"Jacques Derrida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacques_Derrida?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":27573,"name":"Derrida","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derrida?f_ri=12320"},{"id":38371,"name":"Husserlian phenomenology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Husserlian_phenomenology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":66854,"name":"Autoimmunity (Derrida)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity_Derrida_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":198879,"name":"Post-structuralism (especially the work of Jacques Derrida)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-structuralism_especially_the_work_of_Jacques_Derrida_?f_ri=12320"},{"id":221943,"name":"Philosophy of the Other, Agamben, Derrida and the ontological question of the Animal.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_the_Other_Agamben_Derrida_and_the_ontological_question_of_the_Animal?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13451202" data-work_id="13451202" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13451202/The_pain_of_fibromyalgia_syndrome_is_due_to_muscle_hypoperfusion_induced_by_regional_vasomotor_dysregulation">The pain of fibromyalgia syndrome is due to muscle hypoperfusion induced by regional vasomotor dysregulation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a condition of chronic muscle pain and fatigue of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. There is limited support for the various hypotheses espoused to account for the manifestations of FMS, including... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13451202" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a condition of chronic muscle pain and fatigue of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. There is limited support for the various hypotheses espoused to account for the manifestations of FMS, including immunogenic, endocrine, and neurological mechanisms. Treatment, partially effective at best, is directed toward symptomatic relief without the benefit of targeting known, underlying pathology. A noteworthy commonality among partially effective therapies is a vasodilatory effect. This is true both of conventional treatments, unconventional treatments such as intravenous micronutrient therapy, and lifestyle treatments, specifically graduated exercise. The pain of fibromyalgia is described in terms suggestive of the pain in muscles following extreme exertion and anaerobic metabolism. Taken together, these characteristics suggest that the pain could be induced by vasomotor dysregulation, and vasoconstriction in muscle, leading to low-level ischemia and its metabolic sequelae. Vasodilatory influences, including physical activity, relieve the pain of FMS by increasing muscle perfusion. There are some preliminary data consistent with this hypothesis, and nothing known about FMS that refutes it. The hypothesis that the downstream cause of FMS symptoms is muscle hypoperfusion due to regional vasomotor dysregulation has clear implications for treatment; is testable with current technology; and should be investigated.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13451202" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c2bc15bd1057e5f20782e513399ad8d8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45332658,"asset_id":13451202,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45332658/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32677181" href="https://theconsultationcenter.academia.edu/AtherAli">Ather Ali</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32677181" type="text/json">{"id":32677181,"first_name":"Ather","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"theconsultationcenter","page_name":"AtherAli","display_name":"Ather Ali","profile_url":"https://theconsultationcenter.academia.edu/AtherAli?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13451202 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13451202"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13451202, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13451202", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13451202 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13451202; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13451202"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13451202 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13451202"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13451202; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13451202]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13451202").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13451202").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13451202"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40165" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pain_Management">Pain Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="40165" type="text/json">{"id":40165,"name":"Pain Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pain_Management?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88061" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibromyalgia">Fibromyalgia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="88061" type="text/json">{"id":88061,"name":"Fibromyalgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibromyalgia?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="93922" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_oxide">Nitric oxide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="93922" type="text/json">{"id":93922,"name":"Nitric oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_oxide?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13451202]'), work: {"id":13451202,"title":"The pain of fibromyalgia syndrome is due to muscle hypoperfusion induced by regional vasomotor dysregulation","created_at":"2015-06-30T12:57:22.605-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13451202/The_pain_of_fibromyalgia_syndrome_is_due_to_muscle_hypoperfusion_induced_by_regional_vasomotor_dysregulation?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_13451202","summary":"Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a condition of chronic muscle pain and fatigue of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. There is limited support for the various hypotheses espoused to account for the manifestations of FMS, including immunogenic, endocrine, and neurological mechanisms. Treatment, partially effective at best, is directed toward symptomatic relief without the benefit of targeting known, underlying pathology. A noteworthy commonality among partially effective therapies is a vasodilatory effect. This is true both of conventional treatments, unconventional treatments such as intravenous micronutrient therapy, and lifestyle treatments, specifically graduated exercise. The pain of fibromyalgia is described in terms suggestive of the pain in muscles following extreme exertion and anaerobic metabolism. Taken together, these characteristics suggest that the pain could be induced by vasomotor dysregulation, and vasoconstriction in muscle, leading to low-level ischemia and its metabolic sequelae. Vasodilatory influences, including physical activity, relieve the pain of FMS by increasing muscle perfusion. There are some preliminary data consistent with this hypothesis, and nothing known about FMS that refutes it. The hypothesis that the downstream cause of FMS symptoms is muscle hypoperfusion due to regional vasomotor dysregulation has clear implications for treatment; is testable with current technology; and should be investigated.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45332658,"asset_id":13451202,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32677181,"first_name":"Ather","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"theconsultationcenter","page_name":"AtherAli","display_name":"Ather Ali","profile_url":"https://theconsultationcenter.academia.edu/AtherAli?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":40165,"name":"Pain Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pain_Management?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":88061,"name":"Fibromyalgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibromyalgia?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":93922,"name":"Nitric oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_oxide?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":134095,"name":"Muscles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muscles?f_ri=12320"},{"id":161534,"name":"Perfusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perfusion?f_ri=12320"},{"id":234187,"name":"Recurrence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recurrence?f_ri=12320"},{"id":343667,"name":"Theoretical Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Models?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1273995,"name":"Fibromyalgia syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibromyalgia_syndrome?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13384558" data-work_id="13384558" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13384558/Angioedema_due_to_acquired_C1_inhibitor_deficiency_A_bridging_condition_between_autoimmunity_and_lymphoproliferation">Angioedema due to acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency: A bridging condition between autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Angioedema due to an acquired deficiency in the inhibitor of the first component of human complement (CI-INH) is a rare syndrome that is usually identified as acquired angioedema (AAE). The clinical features of C1-INH deficiency, which... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13384558" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Angioedema due to an acquired deficiency in the inhibitor of the first component of human complement (CI-INH) is a rare syndrome that is usually identified as acquired angioedema (AAE). The clinical features of C1-INH deficiency, which may also be of genetic origin (hereditary angioedema, HAE), include subcutaneous, non-pruritic swelling, involvement of the upper respiratory tract, and abdominal pain due to partial obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike those with HAE, AAE patients have no family history of angioedema and are characterised by the late onset of symptoms and various responses to treatment due to the hypercatabolism of C1-INH. The reduction in C1-INH function leads to activation of the classical complement pathway and complement consumption, as well as activation of the contact system leading to the generation of the vasoactive peptide bradykinin, increased vascular permeability, and angioedema. AAE is frequently associated with lymphoproliferative diseases ranging from monoclonal gammopathies of uncertain significance (MGUS) to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and/or anti-C1-INH inactivating autoantibodies. The coexistence of true B cell malignancy, non-malignant B cell proliferation and pathogenic autoimmune responses suggests that AAE patients are all affected by altered B cell proliferation control although their clinical evolution may vary.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13384558" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f20a2e24f351e00573409be0d57fdb85" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45399775,"asset_id":13384558,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45399775/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32611643" href="https://unimi.academia.edu/RobertoCastelli">Roberto Castelli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32611643" type="text/json">{"id":32611643,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Castelli","domain_name":"unimi","page_name":"RobertoCastelli","display_name":"Roberto Castelli","profile_url":"https://unimi.academia.edu/RobertoCastelli?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13384558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13384558"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13384558, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13384558", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13384558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13384558; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13384558"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13384558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13384558"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13384558; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13384558]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13384558").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13384558").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13384558"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_history">Family history</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32159" type="text/json">{"id":32159,"name":"Family history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_history?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13384558]'), work: {"id":13384558,"title":"Angioedema due to acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency: A bridging condition between autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation","created_at":"2015-06-28T09:55:37.596-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13384558/Angioedema_due_to_acquired_C1_inhibitor_deficiency_A_bridging_condition_between_autoimmunity_and_lymphoproliferation?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_13384558","summary":"Angioedema due to an acquired deficiency in the inhibitor of the first component of human complement (CI-INH) is a rare syndrome that is usually identified as acquired angioedema (AAE). The clinical features of C1-INH deficiency, which may also be of genetic origin (hereditary angioedema, HAE), include subcutaneous, non-pruritic swelling, involvement of the upper respiratory tract, and abdominal pain due to partial obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike those with HAE, AAE patients have no family history of angioedema and are characterised by the late onset of symptoms and various responses to treatment due to the hypercatabolism of C1-INH. The reduction in C1-INH function leads to activation of the classical complement pathway and complement consumption, as well as activation of the contact system leading to the generation of the vasoactive peptide bradykinin, increased vascular permeability, and angioedema. AAE is frequently associated with lymphoproliferative diseases ranging from monoclonal gammopathies of uncertain significance (MGUS) to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and/or anti-C1-INH inactivating autoantibodies. The coexistence of true B cell malignancy, non-malignant B cell proliferation and pathogenic autoimmune responses suggests that AAE patients are all affected by altered B cell proliferation control although their clinical evolution may vary.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45399775,"asset_id":13384558,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32611643,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Castelli","domain_name":"unimi","page_name":"RobertoCastelli","display_name":"Roberto Castelli","profile_url":"https://unimi.academia.edu/RobertoCastelli?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":32159,"name":"Family history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_history?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":537759,"name":"Gastrointestinal Tract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastrointestinal_Tract?f_ri=12320"},{"id":879551,"name":"Angioedema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Angioedema?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1142512,"name":"Vascular Permeability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vascular_Permeability?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1180715,"name":"Abdominal Pain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abdominal_Pain?f_ri=12320"},{"id":2343348,"name":"Upper respiratory tract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Upper_respiratory_tract?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14409274 coauthored" data-work_id="14409274" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14409274/The_complexity_of_Sj%C3%B6grens_syndrome_Novel_aspects_on_pathogenesis">The complexity of Sjögren's syndrome: Novel aspects on pathogenesis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14409274" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c7b68314b29d7472bf1070010aab0f10" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44169817,"asset_id":14409274,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44169817/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33351541" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RolandJonsson">Roland Jonsson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33351541" type="text/json">{"id":33351541,"first_name":"Roland","last_name":"Jonsson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RolandJonsson","display_name":"Roland Jonsson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RolandJonsson?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-14409274">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-14409274"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uib.academia.edu/SilkeAppel">Silke Appel</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-14409274'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-14409274').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14409274 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14409274"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14409274, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14409274", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14409274 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14409274; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14409274"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14409274 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14409274"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14409274; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14409274]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14409274").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14409274").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14409274"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35539" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dendritic_Cells">Dendritic Cells</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="35539" type="text/json">{"id":35539,"name":"Dendritic Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dendritic_Cells?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35637" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics">Molecular Mechanics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="35637" type="text/json">{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14409274]'), work: {"id":14409274,"title":"The complexity of Sjögren's syndrome: Novel aspects on pathogenesis","created_at":"2015-07-26T11:10:17.715-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14409274/The_complexity_of_Sj%C3%B6grens_syndrome_Novel_aspects_on_pathogenesis?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_14409274","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44169817,"asset_id":14409274,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33351541,"first_name":"Roland","last_name":"Jonsson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RolandJonsson","display_name":"Roland Jonsson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RolandJonsson?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":33562574,"first_name":"Silke","last_name":"Appel","domain_name":"uib","page_name":"SilkeAppel","display_name":"Silke Appel","profile_url":"https://uib.academia.edu/SilkeAppel?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":35539,"name":"Dendritic Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dendritic_Cells?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":66613,"name":"Autoimmune Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_Disease?f_ri=12320"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=12320"},{"id":153279,"name":"Dendritic cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dendritic_cell?f_ri=12320"},{"id":438955,"name":"Sjogren´s Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sjogren_s_Syndrome?f_ri=12320"},{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=12320"},{"id":886461,"name":"Ribonucleoproteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ribonucleoproteins?f_ri=12320"},{"id":966167,"name":"Salivary Gland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salivary_Gland?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1482586,"name":"Autoantibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoantibodies?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1864827,"name":"Autoantigens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoantigens?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1901293,"name":"Salivary Glands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salivary_Glands?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41967070 coauthored" data-work_id="41967070" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41967070/Features_and_Progression_of_Asymptomatic_Autoimmune_Hepatitis_in_Italy">Features and Progression of Asymptomatic Autoimmune Hepatitis in Italy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41967070" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7d79727bf695c4f1c32e32362aa66692" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62089791,"asset_id":41967070,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62089791/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="145751417" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/LMuratori">Luigi Muratori</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="145751417" type="text/json">{"id":145751417,"first_name":"Luigi","last_name":"Muratori","domain_name":"unibo","page_name":"LMuratori","display_name":"Luigi Muratori","profile_url":"https://unibo.academia.edu/LMuratori?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/145751417/39890353/32859778/s65_luigi.muratori.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-41967070">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-41967070"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AFabbri2">A. Fabbri</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-41967070'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-41967070').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41967070 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41967070"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41967070, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41967070", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41967070 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41967070; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41967070"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41967070 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41967070"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41967070; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41967070]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41967070").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41967070").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41967070"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1920766" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_Hepatitis-1">Autoimmune Hepatitis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1920766" type="text/json">{"id":1920766,"name":"Autoimmune Hepatitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_Hepatitis-1?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41967070]'), work: {"id":41967070,"title":"Features and Progression of Asymptomatic Autoimmune Hepatitis in Italy","created_at":"2020-02-13T11:32:00.838-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41967070/Features_and_Progression_of_Asymptomatic_Autoimmune_Hepatitis_in_Italy?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_41967070","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62089791,"asset_id":41967070,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":145751417,"first_name":"Luigi","last_name":"Muratori","domain_name":"unibo","page_name":"LMuratori","display_name":"Luigi Muratori","profile_url":"https://unibo.academia.edu/LMuratori?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/145751417/39890353/32859778/s65_luigi.muratori.jpg"},{"id":146706106,"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Fabbri","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AFabbri2","display_name":"A. Fabbri","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AFabbri2?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":1920766,"name":"Autoimmune Hepatitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_Hepatitis-1?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6077275" data-work_id="6077275" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6077275/Effect_of_Avemar_a_fermented_wheat_germ_extract_on_rheumatoid_arthritis_Preliminary_data">Effect of Avemar ® - a fermented wheat germ extract - on rheumatoid arthritis. Preliminary data</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective. To investigate the effect of the fermented wheat germ extract (Avemar ® ) in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Fifteen female RA (Steinbrocker II-III) patients, who had unsuccesfully tried two different... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6077275" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective. To investigate the effect of the fermented wheat germ extract (Avemar ® ) in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Fifteen female RA (Steinbrocker II-III) patients, who had unsuccesfully tried two different DMARD treatments, were enrolled in an open-label, 1-year long, pilot clinical study. DMARD and steroid therapies were recorded and continued. All patients received Avemar ® as additional therapy. For measurement of efficacy the Ritchie Index, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the assessment of morning stiffness were applied. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 6 and 12 months. For statistical analyses the Wilcoxon test was used. Results. At both 6 and 12 months, Ritchie index, HAQ and morning stiffness showed significant improvements compared with the baseline values. Dosages of steroids could be reduced in about half of the patients. No side effects of Avemar ® were observed. Conclusion. Supplementation of standard therapies with a continuous administration of Avemar ® is beneficial for RA patients.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6077275" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f8338f008b8c8809ba2d96a637a6d155" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32996155,"asset_id":6077275,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32996155/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9150112" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MateHidvegi">Mate Hidvegi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9150112" type="text/json">{"id":9150112,"first_name":"Mate","last_name":"Hidvegi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MateHidvegi","display_name":"Mate Hidvegi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MateHidvegi?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9150112/3011330/3537097/s65_mate.hidvegi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6077275 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6077275"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6077275, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6077275", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6077275 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6077275; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6077275"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6077275 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6077275"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6077275; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6077275]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6077275").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6077275").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6077275"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2168" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Products">Natural Products</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2168" type="text/json">{"id":2168,"name":"Natural Products","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Products?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4083" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine">Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4083" type="text/json">{"id":4083,"name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12733" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatoid_Arthritis">Rheumatoid Arthritis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12733" type="text/json">{"id":12733,"name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatoid_Arthritis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6077275]'), work: {"id":6077275,"title":"Effect of Avemar ® - a fermented wheat germ extract - on rheumatoid arthritis. Preliminary data","created_at":"2014-02-14T07:55:13.799-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6077275/Effect_of_Avemar_a_fermented_wheat_germ_extract_on_rheumatoid_arthritis_Preliminary_data?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_6077275","summary":"Objective. To investigate the effect of the fermented wheat germ extract (Avemar ® ) in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Fifteen female RA (Steinbrocker II-III) patients, who had unsuccesfully tried two different DMARD treatments, were enrolled in an open-label, 1-year long, pilot clinical study. DMARD and steroid therapies were recorded and continued. All patients received Avemar ® as additional therapy. For measurement of efficacy the Ritchie Index, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the assessment of morning stiffness were applied. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 6 and 12 months. For statistical analyses the Wilcoxon test was used. Results. At both 6 and 12 months, Ritchie index, HAQ and morning stiffness showed significant improvements compared with the baseline values. Dosages of steroids could be reduced in about half of the patients. No side effects of Avemar ® were observed. Conclusion. Supplementation of standard therapies with a continuous administration of Avemar ® is beneficial for RA patients.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32996155,"asset_id":6077275,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9150112,"first_name":"Mate","last_name":"Hidvegi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MateHidvegi","display_name":"Mate Hidvegi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MateHidvegi?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9150112/3011330/3537097/s65_mate.hidvegi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2168,"name":"Natural Products","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Products?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":4083,"name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12733,"name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatoid_Arthritis?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":44297,"name":"Herbal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Herbal_Medicine?f_ri=12320"},{"id":51369,"name":"Functional Foods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Foods?f_ri=12320"},{"id":57872,"name":"Arthritis and associated conditions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arthritis_and_associated_conditions?f_ri=12320"},{"id":66110,"name":"Clinical research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_research?f_ri=12320"},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":136765,"name":"Wheat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wheat?f_ri=12320"},{"id":152562,"name":"Dietary Supplements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dietary_Supplements?f_ri=12320"},{"id":455311,"name":"Cereal Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cereal_Chemistry?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1315435,"name":"Avemar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avemar?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1315462,"name":"Fermented Wheat Germ Extract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fermented_Wheat_Germ_Extract?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1315519,"name":"Medical Foods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Foods?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1324513,"name":"Hungarian Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hungarian_Medicine?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1324514,"name":"Hungarian Powder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hungarian_Powder?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30898970" data-work_id="30898970" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30898970/Presentation_1_Transcript_Dr_Vasquez_introduces_course_on_Microbiome_and_Dysbiosis">Presentation (#1) Transcript: Dr Vasquez introduces course on Microbiome and Dysbiosis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Transcript from Presentation #1 on "Human Microbiome and Dysbiosis in Clinical Disease" by Dr Alex Vasquez.  Audio-video accompaniment (excerpt/sample) is available at: <a href="http://www.ichnfm.org/dysbiosis1transcript1" rel="nofollow">http://www.ichnfm.org/dysbiosis1transcript1</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30898970" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="adcdd4f4fef33bad56da9c099a87b8ac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51324631,"asset_id":30898970,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51324631/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4753213" href="https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez">Alex Vasquez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4753213" type="text/json">{"id":4753213,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Vasquez","domain_name":"ichnfm","page_name":"AlexVasquez","display_name":"Alex Vasquez","profile_url":"https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4753213/2016212/21240053/s65_alex.vasquez.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30898970 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30898970"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30898970, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30898970", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30898970 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30898970; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30898970"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30898970 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30898970"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30898970; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30898970]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30898970").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30898970").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30898970"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10294" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10294" type="text/json">{"id":10294,"name":"Chiropractic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chiropractic?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30898970]'), work: {"id":30898970,"title":"Presentation (#1) Transcript: Dr Vasquez introduces course on Microbiome and Dysbiosis","created_at":"2017-01-12T14:17:37.048-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30898970/Presentation_1_Transcript_Dr_Vasquez_introduces_course_on_Microbiome_and_Dysbiosis?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_30898970","summary":"Transcript from Presentation #1 on \"Human Microbiome and Dysbiosis in Clinical Disease\" by Dr Alex Vasquez. Audio-video accompaniment (excerpt/sample) is available at: http://www.ichnfm.org/dysbiosis1transcript1","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51324631,"asset_id":30898970,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4753213,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Vasquez","domain_name":"ichnfm","page_name":"AlexVasquez","display_name":"Alex Vasquez","profile_url":"https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez?f_ri=12320","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4753213/2016212/21240053/s65_alex.vasquez.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":10294,"name":"Chiropractic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chiropractic?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":17804,"name":"Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome?f_ri=12320"},{"id":43666,"name":"Clinical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Microbiology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":53944,"name":"Gut Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiome?f_ri=12320"},{"id":53948,"name":"Human Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Microbiome?f_ri=12320"},{"id":59614,"name":"Clinical Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Nutrition?f_ri=12320"},{"id":59802,"name":"Osteopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osteopathy?f_ri=12320"},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=12320"},{"id":88061,"name":"Fibromyalgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibromyalgia?f_ri=12320"},{"id":136716,"name":"Functional Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Medicine?f_ri=12320"},{"id":153763,"name":"Osteopathic Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osteopathic_Medicine?f_ri=12320"},{"id":184383,"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology_and_Immunology?f_ri=12320"},{"id":214598,"name":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irritable_Bowel_Syndrome?f_ri=12320"},{"id":348435,"name":"Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiome?f_ri=12320"},{"id":783813,"name":"Environmental Illness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Illness?f_ri=12320"},{"id":808154,"name":"Multiple Chemical Sensitivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_Chemical_Sensitivity?f_ri=12320"},{"id":851862,"name":"Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibromyalgia_and_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome?f_ri=12320"},{"id":1655129,"name":"Dysbiosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dysbiosis?f_ri=12320"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20258853 coauthored" data-work_id="20258853" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20258853/Epstein_barr_virus_Trigger_for_autoimmunity">Epstein-barr virus: Trigger for autoimmunity?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20258853" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f0b7504d030eb8654900b4bd39e898c0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41246588,"asset_id":20258853,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41246588/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MDA1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34385757" href="https://u-szeged.academia.edu/JanosMinarovits">Janos Minarovits</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34385757" type="text/json">{"id":34385757,"first_name":"Janos","last_name":"Minarovits","domain_name":"u-szeged","page_name":"JanosMinarovits","display_name":"Janos Minarovits","profile_url":"https://u-szeged.academia.edu/JanosMinarovits?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-20258853">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-20258853"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://gwu.academia.edu/HenryKaminski">Henry Kaminski</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/J%C3%A1nosMin%C3%A1rovits">János Minárovits</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-20258853'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-20258853').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20258853 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20258853"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20258853, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20258853", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20258853 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20258853; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20258853"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20258853 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20258853"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20258853; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20258853]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20258853").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20258853").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20258853"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244814" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences">Clinical Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="244814" type="text/json">{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="315624" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epstein-Barr_virus">Epstein-Barr virus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="315624" type="text/json">{"id":315624,"name":"Epstein-Barr virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epstein-Barr_virus?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239755" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences">Neurosciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239755" type="text/json">{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20258853]'), work: {"id":20258853,"title":"Epstein-barr virus: Trigger for autoimmunity?","created_at":"2016-01-14T05:37:04.865-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20258853/Epstein_barr_virus_Trigger_for_autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","dom_id":"work_20258853","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41246588,"asset_id":20258853,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34385757,"first_name":"Janos","last_name":"Minarovits","domain_name":"u-szeged","page_name":"JanosMinarovits","display_name":"Janos Minarovits","profile_url":"https://u-szeged.academia.edu/JanosMinarovits?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":35944952,"first_name":"Henry","last_name":"Kaminski","domain_name":"gwu","page_name":"HenryKaminski","display_name":"Henry Kaminski","profile_url":"https://gwu.academia.edu/HenryKaminski?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":33004225,"first_name":"János","last_name":"Minárovits","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JánosMinárovits","display_name":"János Minárovits","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/J%C3%A1nosMin%C3%A1rovits?f_ri=12320","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":315624,"name":"Epstein-Barr virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epstein-Barr_virus?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=12320","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?after=50%2C20258853" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Medicine">Medieval Medicine</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="79898">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="79898">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ion_Channels">Ion Channels</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="31084">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="31084">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contrast_Agents">Contrast Agents</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="13748">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="13748">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="1290">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="1290">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases">Autoimmune diseases</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="71304">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="71304">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Healthmed">Healthmed</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="378673">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="378673">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tumor_Immunology">Tumor Immunology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="11816">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="11816">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus">Systemic Lupus Erythematosus</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="66614">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="66614">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cellular_Immunology">Cellular Immunology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="37776">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="37776">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glioblastoma_Multiforme">Glioblastoma Multiforme</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="463461">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="463461">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "64cf3436c02b7b12365a9859fd7e4f0b8abbcbf5ace64a1c413493d4dff668ca", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="G6Kpkl_h5XMlqD9130POvTFTbeIxkthDv71vQgg_wJQ-pFsH8VoGVJybchGRy9OBLyd2HYnbsb4HlOqcA3LJfQ" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="vZp1F82kERdKQDnP0w3y2iu6nOTihdaPZt53B6Z96dyYnIeCYx_yMPNzdKudhe_mNc6HG1rMv3Le9_LZrTDgNQ" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>