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<li id="toc-Standard_anatomical_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_anatomical_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Standard anatomical position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_anatomical_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Combined terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Planes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Axes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Main terms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_terms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main terms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Superior_and_inferior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superior_and_inferior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Superior and inferior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superior_and_inferior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anterior_and_posterior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anterior_and_posterior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anterior and posterior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anterior_and_posterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medial_and_lateral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medial_and_lateral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Medial and lateral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medial_and_lateral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proximal_and_distal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proximal_and_distal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Proximal and distal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proximal_and_distal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_and_peripheral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_peripheral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Central and peripheral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_peripheral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superficial_and_deep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superficial_and_deep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Superficial and deep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superficial_and_deep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dorsal_and_ventral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dorsal_and_ventral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Dorsal and ventral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dorsal_and_ventral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rostral,_cranial,_and_caudal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rostral,_cranial,_and_caudal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Rostral, cranial, and caudal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rostral,_cranial,_and_caudal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_terms_and_special_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_terms_and_special_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other terms and special cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_terms_and_special_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other terms and special cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_terms_and_special_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomical_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomical_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Anatomical landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomical_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mouth_and_teeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mouth_and_teeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mouth and teeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mouth_and_teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hands_and_feet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hands_and_feet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hands and feet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hands_and_feet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotational_direction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotational_direction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rotational direction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotational_direction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_directional_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_directional_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other directional terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_directional_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_animals_and_other_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_animals_and_other_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Specific animals and other organisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_animals_and_other_organisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific animals and other organisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_animals_and_other_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asymmetrical_and_spherical_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asymmetrical_and_spherical_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Asymmetrical and spherical organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asymmetrical_and_spherical_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elongated_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elongated_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Elongated organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elongated_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radially_symmetrical_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radially_symmetrical_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Radially symmetrical organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radially_symmetrical_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Spiders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anatomical terms of location</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B9_(%D8%B7%D8%A8)" title="قائمة مصطلحات تشريح المواضع (طب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة مصطلحات تشريح المواضع (طب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Анатомични термини за местоположение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анатомични термини за местоположение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termes_anat%C3%B2mics_de_localitzaci%C3%B3" title="Termes anatòmics de localització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Termes anatòmics de localització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomick%C3%A9_sm%C4%9Bry" title="Anatomické směry – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anatomické směry" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomiske_begreber" title="Anatomiske begreber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anatomiske begreber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomische_Lage-_und_Richtungsbezeichnungen" title="Anatomische Lage- und Richtungsbezeichnungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anatomische Lage- und Richtungsbezeichnungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoomilised_asendit%C3%A4histused" title="Anatoomilised asenditähistused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anatoomilised asenditähistused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τοπογραφική ανατομική ορολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τοπογραφική ανατομική ορολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminolog%C3%ADa_anat%C3%B3mica_de_localizaci%C3%B3n" title="Terminología anatómica de localización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terminología anatómica de localización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بیان جهت در آناتومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیان جهت در آناتومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_en_anatomie" title="Système de référence en anatomie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système de référence en anatomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%B9%98%EC%97%90_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C_%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99_%EC%9A%A9%EC%96%B4" title="위치에 대한 해부학 용어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위치에 대한 해부학 용어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="स्थापन की शारीरिक शब्दावली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थापन की शारीरिक शब्दावली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomski_izrazi_za_smje%C5%A1taj" title="Anatomski izrazi za smještaj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anatomski izrazi za smještaj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istilah_anatomi_untuk_lokasi" title="Istilah anatomi untuk lokasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Istilah anatomi untuk lokasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posizione_anatomica" title="Posizione anatomica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Posizione anatomica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istilah_lokasi_anatomi" title="Istilah lokasi anatomi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Istilah lokasi anatomi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antery%C3%A8" title="Anteryè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anteryè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B3mi%C3%A1ban_haszn%C3%A1latos_s%C3%ADkok_%C3%A9s_ir%C3%A1nyok" title="Anatómiában használatos síkok és irányok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anatómiában használatos síkok és irányok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Анатомски термини за локација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Анатомски термини за локација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomische_vaktermen_van_positie" title="Anatomische vaktermen van positie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anatomische vaktermen van positie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="解剖学における方向の表現 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="解剖学における方向の表現" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomiske_retningsbeskrivelser" title="Anatomiske retningsbeskrivelser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anatomiske retningsbeskrivelser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomiske_retningsskildringar" title="Anatomiske retningsskildringar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anatomiske retningsskildringar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="د موقعیت اړوند اناتومیکي اصطلاحات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د موقعیت اړوند اناتومیکي اصطلاحات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozycja_anatomiczna_cz%C5%82owieka" title="Pozycja anatomiczna człowieka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pozycja anatomiczna człowieka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminologia_anat%C3%B4mica_de_localiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Terminologia anatômica de localização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terminologia anatômica de localização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Анатомическая терминология для пространственных отношений – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анатомическая терминология для пространственных отношений" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anatomical terms of location" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomick%C3%A9_postavenie" title="Anatomické postavenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anatomické postavenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istilah_perenah_anatomi" title="Istilah perenah anatomi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Istilah perenah anatomi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomiska_termer_f%C3%B6r_l%C3%A4ge" title="Anatomiska termer för läge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anatomiska termer för läge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_katawagang_pang-anatomiya_ng_lokasyon" title="Mga katawagang pang-anatomiya ng lokasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga katawagang pang-anatomiya ng lokasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard terms for unambiguous description of relative placement of body parts</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:1px solid blue;background:misty-rose;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg/125px-View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg/188px-View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg/250px-View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_terminology" title="Category:Anatomical terminology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Bone</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_microanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of microanatomy">Microanatomy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">Motion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Template:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Template talk:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Standard <b>anatomical terms of location</b> are used to describe unambiguously the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. The terms, typically derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> roots, describe something in its <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">standard anatomical position</a>. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. As part of defining and describing terms, the body is described through the use of <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">anatomical planes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical axis">anatomical axes</a>. </p><p>The meaning of terms that are used can change depending on whether an organism is <a href="/wiki/Bipedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipedal">bipedal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quadrupedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrupedal">quadrupedal</a>. Additionally, for some animals such as <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a description that a part is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal"). </p><p>International organisations have determined vocabularies that are often used as standards for subdisciplines of anatomy. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">Terminologia Anatomica</a></i> for humans and <i><a href="/wiki/Nomina_Anatomica_Veterinaria" title="Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria">Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria</a></i> for animals. These allow parties that use anatomical terms, such as <a href="/wiki/Anatomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomist">anatomists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical doctor">medical doctors</a>, to have a standard set of terms to communicate clearly the position of a structure. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Neuroaxis-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Human_Neuroaxis-en.svg/300px-Human_Neuroaxis-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Human_Neuroaxis-en.svg/450px-Human_Neuroaxis-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Human_Neuroaxis-en.svg/600px-Human_Neuroaxis-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption>Because of differences in the way humans and other animals are structured, different terms are used according to the <a href="/wiki/Neuraxis" title="Neuraxis">neuraxis</a> and whether an animal is a <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Standard <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoological</a> terms of location have been developed, usually based on Latin and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words, to enable all biological and medical scientists, <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomist">anatomists</a> to precisely delineate and communicate information about animal bodies and their organs, even though the meaning of some of the terms often is context-sensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this information has been standardised in internationally agreed vocabularies for humans (<i><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">Terminologia Anatomica</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and animals (<i><a href="/wiki/Nomina_Anatomica_Veterinaria" title="Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria">Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different terms are used for groups of creatures with different body layouts, such as <a href="/wiki/Bipeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipeds">bipeds</a> (creatures that stand on two feet, such as humans) and <a href="/wiki/Quadrupeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrupeds">quadrupeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasoning is that the <a href="/wiki/Neuraxis" title="Neuraxis">neuraxis</a> is different between the two groups, and so is what is considered the <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">standard anatomical position</a>, such as how humans tend to be standing upright and with their arms reaching forward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog would be the back, and the "top" of a <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a> may be on either the left or right side. Unique terms are also used to describe <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> as well, because of their wider variety of shapes and symmetry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKardong's201916_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardong's201916-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_anatomical_position">Standard anatomical position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standard anatomical position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">Standard anatomical position</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomical_position.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anatomical_position.jpg/220px-Anatomical_position.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anatomical_position.jpg/330px-Anatomical_position.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anatomical_position.jpg/440px-Anatomical_position.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>A male and female human in the <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">standard anatomical position</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tentacle" title="Tentacle">tentacles</a> can change position with respect to the main body, terms to describe position need to refer to an animal when it is in its <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">standard anatomical position</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means descriptions as if the organism is in its standard anatomical position, even when the organism in question has appendages in another position. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, this refers to the body in a standing position with arms at the side and palms facing forward, with thumbs out and to the sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_terms">Combined terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Combined terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holotype_of_Mantophryne_insignis,_dorsolateral_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Holotype_of_Mantophryne_insignis%2C_dorsolateral_view.jpg/220px-Holotype_of_Mantophryne_insignis%2C_dorsolateral_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Holotype_of_Mantophryne_insignis%2C_dorsolateral_view.jpg/330px-Holotype_of_Mantophryne_insignis%2C_dorsolateral_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Holotype_of_Mantophryne_insignis%2C_dorsolateral_view.jpg/440px-Holotype_of_Mantophryne_insignis%2C_dorsolateral_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>Anatomical terms can be combined to be more specific. This is a <b>dorsolateral</b> view of the <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frog</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mantophryne_insignis" title="Mantophryne insignis">Mantophryne insignis</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body. For example, "anterolateral" indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis (such as the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major" title="Pectoralis major">pectoralis major</a> muscle). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a>, an <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> image may be said to be "anteroposterior", indicating that the beam of X-rays, known as its projection, passes from their source to patient's <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> body wall first, then through the body to exit through <a href="/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior (anatomy)">posterior</a> body wall and into the detector/film to produce a radiograph. The opposite is true for the term "posteroanterior," while side-to-side projections are known as either "lateromedial" (from the outside of the left or right side of the body toward the inside) or "mediolateral"(from the inside of that side of the body toward the outside. The same logic is applied to all planes of the body and, thus top-to-bottom or bottom-to-top X-ray projections are known as "superoinferior" and "inferosuperior," respectively. However, within the diagnostic imaging industry, for this particular example, the terms "cranial" (towards the head) and "caudal" (towards the tail, or, downwards, away from the head) are known interchangeable alternatives to the previous two projection terms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined terms were once generally hyphenated, but the modern tendency is to omit the hyphen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planes">Planes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Planes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">Anatomical plane</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_anatomy_planes,_labeled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Human_anatomy_planes%2C_labeled.svg/299px-Human_anatomy_planes%2C_labeled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="299" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Human_anatomy_planes%2C_labeled.svg/449px-Human_anatomy_planes%2C_labeled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Human_anatomy_planes%2C_labeled.svg/598px-Human_anatomy_planes%2C_labeled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Anatomical planes in a human</figcaption></figure> <p>Anatomical terms describe structures with relation to four main <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">anatomical planes</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Median_plane" title="Median plane">median plane</a></b>, which divides the body into left and right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake19926_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake19926-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This passes through the <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a>, and, in many animals, the <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake19926_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake19926-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Sagittal_plane" title="Sagittal plane">sagittal planes</a></b>, which are <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parallel#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:parallel">parallel</a></i> to the median plane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>frontal plane</b>, also called the <b><a href="/wiki/Coronal_plane" title="Coronal plane">coronal plane</a></b>, which divides the body into front and back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>horizontal plane</b>, also known as the <b><a href="/wiki/Transverse_plane" title="Transverse plane">transverse plane</a></b>, which is perpendicular to the other two planes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a human, this plane is parallel to the ground; in a quadruped, this divides the animal into anterior and posterior sections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKardong's201916_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardong's201916-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axes">Axes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Axes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labelled_Ciliates.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Labelled_Ciliates.JPG/220px-Labelled_Ciliates.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Labelled_Ciliates.JPG/330px-Labelled_Ciliates.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Labelled_Ciliates.JPG/440px-Labelled_Ciliates.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Organisms where the ends of the long axis are distinct (<i>Paramecium caudatum</i>, above, and <i><a href="/wiki/Stentor_roeselii" title="Stentor roeselii">Stentor roeselii</a></i>, below)</figcaption></figure> <p>The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism is roughly symmetrical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"axis",_accessed_17_July_2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"axis",_accessed_17_July_2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To do this, distinct ends of an organism are chosen, and the axis is named according to those directions. An organism that is symmetrical on both sides has three main axes that intersect at <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKardong's201916_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardong's201916-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An organism that is round or not symmetrical may have different axes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKardong's201916_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardong's201916-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Example axes are: </p> <ul><li>The anteroposterior axis<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Anteroposterior",_accessed_14_October_2020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Anteroposterior",_accessed_14_October_2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The cephalocaudal axis<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Cephalocaudal",_accessed_14_October_2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Cephalocaudal",_accessed_14_October_2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The dorsoventral axis<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Dorsoventral",_accessed_14_October_2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Dorsoventral",_accessed_14_October_2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Examples of axes in specific animals are shown below. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomical_axes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anatomical axes in a human, similar for other orthograde bipedal vertebrates"><img alt="Anatomical axes in a human, similar for other orthograde bipedal vertebrates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Anatomical_axes.svg/77px-Anatomical_axes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Anatomical_axes.svg/116px-Anatomical_axes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Anatomical_axes.svg/155px-Anatomical_axes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anatomical axes in a human, similar for other <a href="/wiki/Orthograde_posture" title="Orthograde posture">orthograde bipedal</a> vertebrates</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anatomical axes and directions in a fish"><img alt="Anatomical axes and directions in a fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG/120px-Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG/180px-Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG/240px-Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="991" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anatomical axes and directions in a <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_and_short_axis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spheroid or near-spheroid organs such as testes may be measured by long and short axes.[11]"><img alt="Spheroid or near-spheroid organs such as testes may be measured by long and short axes.[11]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Long_and_short_axis.png/100px-Long_and_short_axis.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Long_and_short_axis.png/149px-Long_and_short_axis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Long_and_short_axis.png/199px-Long_and_short_axis.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid" title="Spheroid">Spheroid</a> or near-spheroid organs such as <a href="/wiki/Testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis">testes</a> may be measured by <i>long</i> and <i>short</i> axes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modifiers">Modifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radiate_Oral-aboral_Axes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Radiate_Oral-aboral_Axes.JPG/220px-Radiate_Oral-aboral_Axes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Radiate_Oral-aboral_Axes.JPG/330px-Radiate_Oral-aboral_Axes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Radiate_Oral-aboral_Axes.JPG/440px-Radiate_Oral-aboral_Axes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Terms can be modified with prefixes and suffixes. In this image showing the <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a> species <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysaora" title="Chrysaora">Chrysaora</a></i>, the prefix 'ab-', is used to indicate something that is 'away from' the mouth, for example the <b>aboral</b>. Other terms are combined to indicate axes, such as proximodistal axis.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several terms are commonly seen and used as <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>: </p> <ul><li><b>Sub-</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> sub</i> 'preposition beneath, close to, nearly etc') is used to indicate something that is beneath, or something that is subordinate to or lesser than.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Sub-",_accessed_on_3_July_2020_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Sub-",_accessed_on_3_July_2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">subcutaneous</a> means beneath the skin.</li> <li><b>Hypo-</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> ὑπό</i> 'under') is used to indicate something that is beneath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Hypo-",_accessed_on_3_July_2020_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Hypo-",_accessed_on_3_July_2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve" title="Hypoglossal nerve">hypoglossal nerve</a> supplies the muscles beneath the tongue.</li> <li><b>Infra-</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> infra</i> 'under') is used to indicate something that is within or below.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Infra-",_accessed_on_3_July_2020_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Infra-",_accessed_on_3_July_2020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Infraorbital_nerve" title="Infraorbital nerve">infraorbital nerve</a> runs within the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbit</a>.</li> <li><b>Inter-</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> inter</i> 'between') is used to indicate something that is between.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Inter-",_accessed_on_3_July_2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Inter-",_accessed_on_3_July_2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> run between the <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>.</li> <li><b>Super-<i> or </i>Supra-</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> super, supra</i> 'above, on top of') is used to indicate something that is above something else.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Super-"_and_"Supra-",_accessed_on_3_July_2020_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"Super-"_and_"Supra-",_accessed_on_3_July_2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraorbital ridge">supraorbital ridges</a> are above the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a>.</li></ul> <p>Other terms are used as <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, added to the end of words: </p> <ul><li><b>-ad</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> ad</i> 'towards') and <b>-ab</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> ab</i>) are used to indicate that something is towards (-ad) or away from (-ab) something else.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"-ad",_accessed_on_3_July_2020_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"-ad",_accessed_on_3_July_2020-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"an-",_accessed_on_17_July_2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"an-",_accessed_on_17_July_2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "distad" means "in the distal direction", and "distad of the femur" means "beyond the femur in the distal direction". Further examples may include cephalad (towards the cephalic end), craniad, and proximad.<sup id="cite_ref-GGHDHD_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGHDHD-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_terms">Main terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Main terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="superior"></span><span class="anchor" id="inferior"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superior_and_inferior">Superior and inferior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Superior and inferior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Superior</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> super</i> 'above') describes what is above something<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"superior",_accessed_2_July_2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"superior",_accessed_2_July_2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>inferior</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> inferus</i> 'below') describes what is below it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"inferior",_accessed_2_July_2020_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"inferior",_accessed_2_July_2020-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical position">anatomical position</a>, the most superior part of the human body is the head and the most inferior is the feet. As a second example, in humans, the <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a> is superior to the <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a> but inferior to the <a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">head</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anterior_and_posterior">Anterior and posterior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anterior and posterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anterior" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Anterior_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anterior (disambiguation)">Anterior (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Anterior</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> ante</i> 'before') describes what is in front,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"anterior",_accessed_2_July_2020_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"anterior",_accessed_2_July_2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>posterior</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> post</i> 'after') describes what is to the back of something.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"posterior",_accessed_2_July_2020_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"posterior",_accessed_2_July_2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, for a dog the <a href="/wiki/Nose" title="Nose">nose</a> is anterior to the eyes and the <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a> is considered the most posterior part; for many <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a> openings are posterior to the eyes but anterior to the tail. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="medial"></span><span class="anchor" id="median"></span><span class="anchor" id="lateral"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medial_and_lateral">Medial and lateral<span class="anchor" id="unilateral"></span><span class="anchor" id="bilateral"></span><span class="anchor" id="temporal"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medial and lateral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These terms describe how close something is to the midline, or the medial plane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Lateral</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> lateralis</i> 'to the side') describes something to the sides of an animal, as in "left lateral" and "right lateral". <b>Medial</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> medius</i> 'middle') describes structures close to the midline,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or closer to the midline than another structure. For example, in a human, the arms are lateral to the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">genitals</a> are medial to the legs. <b>Temporal</b> has a similar meaning to lateral but is restricted to the head. </p><p>The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">dexter</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'right'; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">sinister</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'left'). However, it is preferred to use more precise terms where possible. </p><p>Terms derived from lateral include: </p> <ul><li><b>Contralateral</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> contra</i> 'against'): on the side opposite to another structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"contralateral",_accessed_2_July_2020_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"contralateral",_accessed_2_July_2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the right arm and leg are controlled by the left, <a href="/wiki/Contralateral_brain" title="Contralateral brain">contralateral, side of the brain</a>.</li> <li><b>Ipsilateral</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> ipse</i> 'same'): on the same side as another structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"ipsilateral",_accessed_2_July_2020_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"ipsilateral",_accessed_2_July_2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg.</li> <li><b>Bilateral</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> bis</i> 'twice'): on both sides of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"bilateral",_accessed_2_July_2020_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"bilateral",_accessed_2_July_2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, bilateral <a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">orchiectomy</a> means removal of <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a> on both sides of the body.</li> <li><b>Unilateral</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> unus</i> 'one'): on one side of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"unilateral",_accessed_2_July_2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"unilateral",_accessed_2_July_2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> can result in unilateral <a href="/wiki/Paresis" title="Paresis">weakness</a>, meaning weakness on one side of the body.</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Varus_deformity" title="Varus deformity">Varus</a></b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> 'bow-legged') and <b><a href="/wiki/Valgus_deformity" title="Valgus deformity">valgus</a></b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> 'knock-kneed' ) are terms used to describe a state in which a part further away is abnormally placed towards (varus) or away from (valgus) the midline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"varus"_and_"valgus",_accessed_17_July_2020_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"varus"_and_"valgus",_accessed_17_July_2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="proximal"></span><span class="anchor" id="distal"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proximal_and_distal">Proximal and distal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Proximal and distal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Proximal" and "distal" redirect here. For the linguistic terms, see <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative § Distal and proximal demonstratives</a>. For the dental terms, see <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dentistry" title="Glossary of dentistry">Glossary of dentistry</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0019_AnatomicalDirectionalReferences.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Blausen_0019_AnatomicalDirectionalReferences.png/350px-Blausen_0019_AnatomicalDirectionalReferences.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Blausen_0019_AnatomicalDirectionalReferences.png/525px-Blausen_0019_AnatomicalDirectionalReferences.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Blausen_0019_AnatomicalDirectionalReferences.png/700px-Blausen_0019_AnatomicalDirectionalReferences.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Anatomical directional reference</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proximal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:proximal"> proximal </a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:distal"> distal</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>The terms <b>proximal</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> proximus</i> 'nearest') and <b>distal</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> distare</i> 'to stand away from') are used to describe parts of a feature that are close to or distant from the main mass of the body, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake19925_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake19925-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal. </p><p>"Proximal and distal" are frequently used when describing <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Fins">fins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentacle" title="Tentacle">tentacles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a>. Although the direction indicated by "proximal" and "distal" is always respectively towards or away from the point of attachment, a given structure can be either proximal or distal in relation to another point of reference. Thus the elbow is distal to a wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms are also applied to internal anatomy, such as to the <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_of_gastropods" title="Reproductive system of gastropods">reproductive tract of snails</a>. Unfortunately, different authors use the terms in opposite senses. Some consider "distal" as further from a point of origin near the centre of the body and others as further from where the organ reaches the body's surface; or other points of origin may be envisaged.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This terminology is also employed in molecular biology and therefore by extension is also used in chemistry, specifically referring to the atomic loci of molecules from the overall <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">moiety</a> of a given compound.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_and_peripheral">Central and peripheral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Central and peripheral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Central</b> and <b>peripheral</b> refer to the distance towards and away from the centre of something.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"central",_accessed_17_July_2020_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"central",_accessed_17_July_2020-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That might be an organ, a region in the body, or an anatomical structure. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous systems</a>. </p><p><b>Central</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> centralis</i>) describes something close to the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"central",_accessed_17_July_2020_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"central",_accessed_17_July_2020-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">great vessels</a> run centrally through the body; many smaller vessels branch from these. </p><p><b>Peripheral</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> peripheria</i>, originally from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>) describes something further away from the centre of something.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"peripheral",_accessed_17_July_2020_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"peripheral",_accessed_17_July_2020-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the arm is peripheral to the body. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="superficial"></span><span class="anchor" id="deep"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superficial_and_deep">Superficial and deep</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Superficial and deep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These terms refer to the distance of a structure from the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Deep</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>) describes something further away from the surface of the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"deep",_accessed_2_July_2020_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"deep",_accessed_2_July_2020-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/External_oblique_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="External oblique muscle">external oblique muscle</a> of the abdomen is deep to the skin. "Deep" is one of the few anatomical terms of location derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> rather than Latin – the anglicised Latin term would have been "profound" (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> profundus</i> 'due to depth').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"profound",_accessed_2_July_2020_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"profound",_accessed_2_July_2020-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Superficial</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> superficies</i> 'surface') describes something near the outer surface of the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"superficial",_accessed_2_July_2020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"superficial",_accessed_2_July_2020-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> is superficial to the <a href="/wiki/Subcutis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutis">subcutis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dorsal_and_ventral">Dorsal and ventral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dorsal and ventral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These two terms, used in anatomy and <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>, describe something at the back (<i>dorsal</i>) or front/belly (<i>ventral</i>) of an organism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>dorsal</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> dorsum</i> 'back') surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. If talking about the skull, the dorsal side is the top.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGO2014"dorsal/ventral_axis_specification"_(GO:0009950)_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGO2014"dorsal/ventral_axis_specification"_(GO:0009950)-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="inserted2020-09-25specificallyfor_ventral"></span> The <b>ventral</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> venter</i> 'belly') surface refers to the front, or lower side, of an organism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGO2014"dorsal/ventral_axis_specification"_(GO:0009950)_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGO2014"dorsal/ventral_axis_specification"_(GO:0009950)-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, in a fish, the <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fins">pectoral fins</a> are dorsal to the <a href="/wiki/Anal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal fin">anal fin</a>, but ventral to the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a>. </p><p>The terms are used in other contexts; for example dorsal and ventral gun turrets on a bomber aircraft. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="caudal"></span><span class="anchor" id="cranial"></span><span class="anchor" id="rostral"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rostral,_cranial,_and_caudal"><span id="Rostral.2C_cranial.2C_and_caudal"></span>Rostral, cranial, and caudal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rostral, cranial, and caudal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rostralcaudal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Rostralcaudal.svg/220px-Rostralcaudal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Rostralcaudal.svg/330px-Rostralcaudal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Rostralcaudal.svg/440px-Rostralcaudal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>In the human skull, the terms <i>rostral</i> and <i>caudal</i> are adapted to the curved <a href="/wiki/Neuraxis" title="Neuraxis">neuraxis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a>, <i>rostrocaudal</i> meaning the region on C shape connecting rostral and caudal regions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Specific terms exist to describe how close or far something is to the head or tail of an animal. To describe how close to the head of an animal something is, three distinct terms are used: </p> <ul><li><b>Rostral</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> rostrum</i> 'beak, nose') describes something situated toward the oral or nasal region, or in the case of the brain, toward the tip of the frontal lobe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"rostral",_accessed_3_July_2020_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"rostral",_accessed_3_July_2020-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Cranial</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i> κρανίον</i> 'skull') or <b>cephalic</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i> κεφαλή</i> 'head') describes how close something is to the head of an organism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"cranial"_and_"cephalic",_accessed_3_July_2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"cranial"_and_"cephalic",_accessed_3_July_2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Caudal</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> cauda</i> 'tail') describes how close something is to the trailing end of an organism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"caudal",_accessed_3_July_2020_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"caudal",_accessed_3_July_2020-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>For example, in <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, the eyes are caudal to the nose and rostral to the back of the head. </p><p>These terms are generally preferred in veterinary medicine and not used as often in human medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-Hickman_et_al._2003_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickman_et_al._2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2002_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2002-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert2004_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, "cranial" and "cephalic" are used to refer to the skull, with "cranial" being used more commonly. The term "rostral" is rarely used in human anatomy, apart from embryology, and refers more to the front of the face than the superior aspect of the organism. Similarly, the term "caudal" is used more in embryology and only occasionally used in human anatomy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because the brain is situated at the superior part of the head whereas the nose is situated in the anterior part. Thus, the "rostrocaudal axis" refers to a C shape (see image). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_terms_and_special_cases">Other terms and special cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other terms and special cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomical_landmarks">Anatomical landmarks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anatomical landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical landmark">anatomical landmarks</a>. They are used in anatomy, surface anatomy, surgery, and radiology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Structures may be described as being at the level of a specific <a href="/wiki/Spinal_vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal vertebrae">spinal vertebra</a>, depending on the section of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> the structure is at.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position is often abbreviated. For example, structures at the level of the fourth <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical vertebra">cervical vertebra</a> may be abbreviated as "C4", at the level of the fourth <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic vertebra">thoracic vertebra</a> "T4", and at the level of the third <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar vertebra">lumbar vertebra</a> "L3". Because the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location. </p><p>References may also take origin from <a href="/wiki/Superficial_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial anatomy">superficial anatomy</a>, made to landmarks that are on the skin or visible underneath.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, structures may be described relative to the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior superior iliac spine">anterior superior iliac spine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medial_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial malleolus">medial malleolus</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Medial epicondyle of the humerus">medial epicondyle</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_anatomical_lines" title="List of anatomical lines">Anatomical lines</a> are used to describe anatomical location. For example, the mid-clavicular line is used as part of the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_examination" title="Cardiac examination">cardiac exam</a> in medicine to feel the <a href="/wiki/Apex_beat" title="Apex beat">apex beat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mouth_and_teeth">Mouth and teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mouth and teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dental_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental terminology">Dental terminology</a></div> <p>Special terms are used to describe the mouth and teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fields such as <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">osteology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaeontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontology">palaeontology</a> and dentistry apply special terms of location to describe the mouth and teeth. This is because although teeth may be aligned with their main axes within the jaw, some different relationships require special terminology as well; for example, teeth also can be rotated, and in such contexts terms like "anterior" or "lateral" become ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-Folkens2000_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folkens2000-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SmithDodson2003_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDodson2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the terms "distal" and "proximal" are also redefined to mean the distance away or close to the <a href="/wiki/Dental_arch" title="Dental arch">dental arch</a>, and "medial" and "lateral" are used to refer to the closeness to the midline of the dental arch.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajkumar2017_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajkumar2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms used to describe structures include "buccal" (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> bucca</i> 'cheek') and "palatal" (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> palatum</i> 'palate') referring to structures close to the <a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">cheek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_palate" title="Hard palate">hard palate</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajkumar2017_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajkumar2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hands_and_feet">Hands and feet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hands and feet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Plantar" redirects here. For the fictional frog family, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Amphibia_characters" title="List of Amphibia characters">List of <i>Amphibia</i> characters</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_Directional_Axes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hand_Directional_Axes.JPG/220px-Hand_Directional_Axes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hand_Directional_Axes.JPG/330px-Hand_Directional_Axes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Hand_Directional_Axes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Anatomical terms used to describe a human hand</figcaption></figure> <p>Several anatomical terms are particular to the hands and feet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional terms may be used to avoid confusion when describing the surfaces of the hand and what is the "anterior" or "posterior" surface. The term "anterior", while anatomically correct, can be confusing when describing the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">palm</a> of the hand; Similarly is "posterior", used to describe the back of the hand and arm. This confusion can arise because the forearm can <a href="/wiki/Pronate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronate">pronate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Supinate">supinate</a> and flip the location of the hand. For improved clarity, the directional term <b>palmar</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> palma</i> 'palm of the hand') is commonly used to describe the front of the hand, and <b>dorsal</b> is the back of the hand. For example, the top of a <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paw" title="Paw">paw</a> is its dorsal surface; the underside, either the palmar (on the forelimb) or the plantar (on the hindlimb) surface. The <a href="/wiki/Palmar_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmar fascia">palmar fascia</a> is <i>palmar</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a> of muscles which flex the fingers, and the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_venous_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal venous arch">dorsal venous arch</a> is so named because it is on the dorsal side of the foot. </p><p>In humans, <b>volar</b> can also be used synonymously with <i>palmar</i> to refer to the underside of the <a href="/wiki/Hand#Areas" title="Hand">palm</a>, but <b>plantar</b> is used exclusively to describe the <a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">sole</a>. These terms describe location as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palmar#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:palmar">palmar</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plantar#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:plantar">plantar</a></i>; For example, <i>volar</i> pads are those on the underside of hands or fingers; the <i>plantar</i> surface describes the sole of the heel, foot or toes. </p><p>Similarly, in the forearm, for clarity, the sides are named after the bones. Structures closer to the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> are <b>radial</b>, structures closer to the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> are <b>ulnar</b>, and structures relating to both bones are referred to as <b>radioulnar</b>. Similarly, in the lower leg, structures near the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> (shinbone) are <b>tibial</b> and structures near the <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a> are <b>fibular</b> (or <b>peroneal</b>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotational_direction">Rotational direction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rotational direction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:417px;max-width:417px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1230.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray1230.png/203px-Gray1230.png" decoding="async" width="203" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray1230.png/305px-Gray1230.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray1230.png/406px-Gray1230.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_and_epitome_of_gynecology_(1900)_(14761581924).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Atlas_and_epitome_of_gynecology_%281900%29_%2814761581924%29.jpg/206px-Atlas_and_epitome_of_gynecology_%281900%29_%2814761581924%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Atlas_and_epitome_of_gynecology_%281900%29_%2814761581924%29.jpg/309px-Atlas_and_epitome_of_gynecology_%281900%29_%2814761581924%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Atlas_and_epitome_of_gynecology_%281900%29_%2814761581924%29.jpg/412px-Atlas_and_epitome_of_gynecology_%281900%29_%2814761581924%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1548" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Image showing an <b>anteverted</b> <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> lying above the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">bladder</a> (above), compared with a <b>retroverted</b> uterus undergoing <a href="/wiki/Bimanual_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimanual examination">bimanual examination</a> facing towards the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> (below)</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Anteversion</b> and <b>retroversion</b> are complementary terms describing an anatomical structure that is rotated forwards (towards the front of the body) or backwards (towards the back of the body), relative to some other position. They are particularly used to describe the curvature of the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"anteversion",_accessed_17_July_2020_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"anteversion",_accessed_17_July_2020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"retroversion",_accessed_17_July_2020_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"retroversion",_accessed_17_July_2020-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Anteversion</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> anteversus</i>) describes an anatomical structure being tilted further <i>forward</i> than normal, whether pathologically or incidentally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"anteversion",_accessed_17_July_2020_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"anteversion",_accessed_17_July_2020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a woman's <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> typically is anteverted, tilted slightly <i>forward</i>. A misaligned <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> may be anteverted, that is to say tilted <i>forward</i> to some relevant degree.</li> <li><b>Retroversion</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> retroversus</i>) describes an anatomical structure tilted <i>back</i> away from something.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"retroversion",_accessed_17_July_2020_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"retroversion",_accessed_17_July_2020-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is a <a href="/wiki/Retroverted_uterus" title="Retroverted uterus">retroverted uterus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"retroversion",_accessed_17_July_2020_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"retroversion",_accessed_17_July_2020-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_directional_terms">Other directional terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other directional terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several other terms are also used to describe location. These terms are not used to form the fixed axes. Terms include: </p> <ul><li><b>Axial</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> axis</i> 'axle'): around the central axis of the organism or the extremity. Two related terms, "abaxial" and "adaxial", refer to locations away from and toward the central axis of an organism, respectively</li> <li><b>Luminal</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> lumen</i> 'light, opening'): on the—hollow—inside of an organ's <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> (body cavity or tubular structure);<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>adluminal</b> is towards, <b>abluminal</b> is away from the lumen.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposite to <b>outermost</b> (the <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">adventitia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</a>, or the cavity's wall).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Parietal</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> paries</i> 'wall'): pertaining to the outer wall of a body cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"parietal",_accessed_3_July_2020_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"parietal",_accessed_3_July_2020-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the parietal <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a> is the lining on the inside of the abdominal cavity. Parietal can also refer specifically to the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal bone</a> of the skull or associated structures.</li> <li><b>Terminal</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> terminus</i> 'boundary or end') at the extremity of a usually projecting structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"terminal",_accessed_3_July_2020_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"terminal",_accessed_3_July_2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "...an antenna with a terminal sensory hair".</li> <li><b>Visceral</b> and <i>viscus</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> viscera</i> 'internal organs'): associated with organs within the body's cavities and pertaining to the innermost layer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"visceral",_accessed_3_July_2020_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"visceral",_accessed_3_July_2020-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the stomach is covered with a lining called the visceral peritoneum, as opposed to the parietal peritoneum. <i>Viscus</i> can also be used to mean "organ".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"visceral",_accessed_3_July_2020_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"visceral",_accessed_3_July_2020-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the stomach is a viscus within the abdominal cavity, and <i><a href="/wiki/Visceral_pain" title="Visceral pain">visceral pain</a></i> refers to pain originating from internal organs.</li> <li><b>Aboral</b> (opposite to <b>oral</b>) is used to denote a location along the gastrointestinal tract that is relatively closer to the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MorricePolton2019_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorricePolton2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_animals_and_other_organisms">Specific animals and other organisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Specific animals and other organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different terms are used because of different <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plans</a> in animals, whether animals stand on one or two legs, and whether an animal is symmetrical or not, as discussed above. For example, as humans are approximately <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology" title="Symmetry in biology">bilaterally symmetrical</a> organisms, anatomical descriptions usually use the same terms as those for other vertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake19921_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake19921-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, humans stand upright on two legs, meaning their anterior/posterior and ventral/dorsal directions are the same, and the inferior/superior directions are necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Latin_Tucker_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latin_Tucker-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans do not have a <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beak</a>, so a term such as "rostral" used to refer to the beak in some animals is instead used to refer to part of the brain;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"rostral",_accessed_14_October_2020_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"rostral",_accessed_14_October_2020-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> humans do also not have a tail so a term such as "caudal" that refers to the tail end may also be used in humans and animals without tails to refer to the hind part of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"caudal",_accessed_14_October_2020_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"caudal",_accessed_14_October_2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, the large variety of body shapes presents a difficult problem when attempting to apply standard directional terms. Depending on the organism, some terms are taken by analogy from vertebrate anatomy, and appropriate novel terms are applied as needed. Some such borrowed terms are widely applicable in most invertebrates; for example proximal, meaning "near" refers to the part of an appendage nearest to where it joins the body, and distal, meaning "standing away from" is used for the part furthest from the point of attachment. In all cases, the usage of terms is dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a> of the organism. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Direcoes_anatomicas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anatomical terms of location in a dog"><img alt="Anatomical terms of location in a dog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Direcoes_anatomicas.svg/120px-Direcoes_anatomicas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Direcoes_anatomicas.svg/180px-Direcoes_anatomicas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Direcoes_anatomicas.svg/240px-Direcoes_anatomicas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anatomical terms of location in a <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomical-directions-kangaroo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anatomical terms of location in a kangaroo"><img alt="Anatomical terms of location in a kangaroo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Anatomical-directions-kangaroo.svg/120px-Anatomical-directions-kangaroo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Anatomical-directions-kangaroo.svg/180px-Anatomical-directions-kangaroo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Anatomical-directions-kangaroo.svg/240px-Anatomical-directions-kangaroo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anatomical terms of location in a <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anatomical terms of location in a fish"><img alt="Anatomical terms of location in a fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG/120px-Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG/180px-Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG/240px-Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="991" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anatomical terms of location in a <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_Axes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anatomical terms of location in a horse"><img alt="Anatomical terms of location in a horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Horse_Axes.JPG/120px-Horse_Axes.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Horse_Axes.JPG/180px-Horse_Axes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Horse_Axes.JPG/240px-Horse_Axes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="2120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anatomical terms of location in a <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asymmetrical_and_spherical_organisms">Asymmetrical and spherical organisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Asymmetrical and spherical organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asymmetrical_and_Spherical.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Asymmetrical_and_Spherical.JPG/250px-Asymmetrical_and_Spherical.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Asymmetrical_and_Spherical.JPG/375px-Asymmetrical_and_Spherical.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Asymmetrical_and_Spherical.JPG/500px-Asymmetrical_and_Spherical.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Asymmetrical and spherical <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body shapes</a>. (a) An organism with an asymmetrical, amoeboid body plan (<i>Amoeba proteus</i> –  an amoeba). (b) An organism with a spherical body plan (<i>Actinophrys sol</i> –  a <a href="/wiki/Heliozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliozoan">heliozoan</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>In organisms with a changeable shape, such as <a href="/wiki/Amoeboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoeboid">amoeboid</a> organisms, most directional terms are meaningless, since the shape of the organism is not constant and no distinct axes are fixed. Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Spherical_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Spherical symmetry">spherically symmetrical</a> organisms, there is nothing to distinguish one line through the centre of the organism from any other. An indefinite number of triads of mutually perpendicular axes could be defined, but any such choice of axes would be useless, as nothing would distinguish a chosen triad from any others. In such organisms, only terms such as <i>superficial</i> and <i>deep</i>, or sometimes <i>proximal</i> and <i>distal</i>, are usefully descriptive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elongated_organisms">Elongated organisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Elongated organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longitudinal_Diatom_(Labelled).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG/220px-Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG/330px-Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG/440px-Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Four individuals of <i><a href="/wiki/Phaeodactylum_tricornutum" title="Phaeodactylum tricornutum">Phaeodactylum tricornutum</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatom</a> with a fixed elongated shape</figcaption></figure> <p>In organisms that maintain a constant shape and have one dimension longer than the other, at least two directional terms can be used. The <i>long</i> or <i>longitudinal axis</i> is defined by points at the opposite ends of the organism. Similarly, a perpendicular <i>transverse axis</i> can be defined by points on opposite sides of the organism. There is typically no basis for the definition of a third axis. Usually such organisms are <a href="/wiki/Planktonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Planktonic">planktonic</a> (free-swimming) <a href="/wiki/Protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Protists">protists</a>, and are nearly always viewed on <a href="/wiki/Microscope_slide" title="Microscope slide">microscope slides</a>, where they appear essentially two-dimensional. In some cases a third axis can be defined, particularly where a non-terminal <a href="/wiki/Cytostome" title="Cytostome">cytostome</a> or other unique structure is present.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert2004_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some elongated <a href="/wiki/Protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Protists">protists</a> have distinctive ends of the body. In such organisms, the end with a mouth (or equivalent structure, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cytostome" title="Cytostome">cytostome</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium">Paramecium</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Stentor_(ciliate)" title="Stentor (ciliate)">Stentor</a></i>), or the end that usually points in the direction of the organism's <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a> (such as the end with the <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellum</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Euglena" title="Euglena">Euglena</a></i>), is normally designated as the <b>anterior</b> end. The opposite end then becomes the <b>posterior end</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert2004_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Properly, this terminology would apply only to an organism that is always <a href="/wiki/Planktonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Planktonic">planktonic</a> (not normally attached to a surface), although the term can also be applied to one that is <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessility (zoology)">sessile</a> (normally attached to a surface).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="apical"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_Flower_Basket_(sponge-labelled).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Venus_Flower_Basket_%28sponge-labelled%29.JPG/220px-Venus_Flower_Basket_%28sponge-labelled%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Venus_Flower_Basket_%28sponge-labelled%29.JPG/330px-Venus_Flower_Basket_%28sponge-labelled%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Venus_Flower_Basket_%28sponge-labelled%29.JPG/440px-Venus_Flower_Basket_%28sponge-labelled%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>A cluster of <a href="/wiki/Venus%27_Flower_Basket" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus' Flower Basket"><i>Euplectella aspergillum</i> sponges (Venus flower baskets)</a>, showing the apical–basal axes</figcaption></figure> <p>Organisms that are attached to a <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">animal-like protists</a> also have distinctive ends. The part of the organism attached to the substrate is usually referred to as the <b>basal end</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> basis</i> 'support/foundation'), whereas the end furthest from the attachment is referred to as the <b>apical end</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> apex</i> 'peak/tip'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radially_symmetrical_organisms">Radially symmetrical organisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Radially symmetrical organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radial_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial symmetry">Radially symmetrical organisms</a> include those in the group <a href="/wiki/Radiata" title="Radiata">Radiata</a> –  primarily <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">jellyfish, sea anemones and corals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">comb jellies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hickman_et_al._2003_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickman_et_al._2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert2004_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult <a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">echinoderms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumbers</a> and others are also included, since they are pentaradial, meaning they have five <a href="/wiki/Rotational_symmetry#n-fold_rotational_symmetry" title="Rotational symmetry">discrete rotational</a> <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetry (biology)">symmetry</a>. Echinoderm <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> are not included, since they are <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology" title="Symmetry in biology">bilaterally symmetrical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hickman_et_al._2003_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickman_et_al._2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert2004_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radially symmetrical organisms always have one distinctive axis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidarians</a> (jellyfish, sea anemones and corals) have an incomplete digestive system, meaning that one end of the organism has a mouth, and the opposite end has no opening from the gut (coelenteron).<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert2004_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the end of the organism with the mouth is referred to as the <b>oral end</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> ōrālis</i> 'of the mouth'),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2020"oral",_accessed_13_October_2020_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2020"oral",_accessed_13_October_2020-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the opposite surface is the <b>aboral end</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> ab-</i> 'away from').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"aboral",_accessed_13_October_2020_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2020"aboral",_accessed_13_October_2020-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike vertebrates, cnidarians have only a single distinctive axis. "Lateral", "dorsal", and "ventral" have no meaning in such organisms, and all can be replaced by the generic term <b>peripheral</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> περιφέρεια</i> 'circumference'). <b>Medial</b> can be used, but in the case of radiates indicates the central point, rather than a central axis as in vertebrates. Thus, there are multiple possible <b>radial axes</b> and <b>medio-peripheral</b> (half-) <b>axes</b>. However, some biradially symmetrical <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">comb jellies</a> do have distinct "tentacular" and "pharyngeal" axes<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira2007_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira2007-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are thus anatomically equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">bilaterally symmetrical</a> animals. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radiate_Radial_Axes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aurelia aurita, another species of jellyfish, showing multiple radial and medio-peripheral axes"><img alt="Aurelia aurita, another species of jellyfish, showing multiple radial and medio-peripheral axes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Radiate_Radial_Axes.JPG/220px-Radiate_Radial_Axes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Radiate_Radial_Axes.JPG/330px-Radiate_Radial_Axes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Radiate_Radial_Axes.JPG/440px-Radiate_Radial_Axes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5269" data-file-height="2247" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Aurelia aurita</i>, another species of <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, showing multiple radial and medio-peripheral axes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porania_pulvillus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The sea star Porania pulvillus, aboral and oral surfaces"><img alt="The sea star Porania pulvillus, aboral and oral surfaces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Porania_pulvillus.jpg/220px-Porania_pulvillus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Porania_pulvillus.jpg/329px-Porania_pulvillus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Porania_pulvillus.jpg/439px-Porania_pulvillus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="1674" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sea_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea star">sea star</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Porania_pulvillus" title="Porania pulvillus">Porania pulvillus</a></i>, aboral and oral surfaces</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiders">Spiders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Spiders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_spider_terms" title="Glossary of spider terms">Glossary of spider terms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spider_anatomy" title="Spider anatomy">Spider anatomy</a></div> <p>Special terms are used for <a href="/wiki/Spiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiders">spiders</a>. Two specialized terms are useful in describing views of <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnid</a> legs and <a href="/wiki/Pedipalp" title="Pedipalp">pedipalps</a>. <b>Prolateral</b> refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the anterior end of an arachnid's body. <b>Retrolateral</b> refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the posterior end of an arachnid's body.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaston1972_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaston1972-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most spiders have eight eyes in four pairs. All the eyes are on the <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prosoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosoma">prosoma</a>, and their sizes, shapes and locations are characteristic of various spider families and other <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOELIX2011_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOELIX2011-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, the eyes are arranged in two roughly parallel, horizontal and symmetrical rows of eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOELIX2011_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOELIX2011-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eyes are labelled according to their position as anterior and posterior lateral eyes (ALE) and (PLE); and anterior and posterior median eyes (AME) and (PME).<sup id="cite_ref-FOELIX2011_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOELIX2011-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palystes_superciliosus_male_anterior_2012_03_04_3452.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aspects of spider anatomy. This aspect shows the mainly prolateral surface of the anterior femora, plus the typical horizontal eye pattern of the Sparassidae."><img alt="Aspects of spider anatomy. This aspect shows the mainly prolateral surface of the anterior femora, plus the typical horizontal eye pattern of the Sparassidae." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Palystes_superciliosus_male_anterior_2012_03_04_3452.JPG/120px-Palystes_superciliosus_male_anterior_2012_03_04_3452.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Palystes_superciliosus_male_anterior_2012_03_04_3452.JPG/180px-Palystes_superciliosus_male_anterior_2012_03_04_3452.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Palystes_superciliosus_male_anterior_2012_03_04_3452.JPG/240px-Palystes_superciliosus_male_anterior_2012_03_04_3452.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aspects of spider anatomy. This aspect shows the mainly prolateral surface of the anterior femora, plus the typical horizontal eye pattern of the <a href="/wiki/Sparassidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparassidae">Sparassidae</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hogna_species_female_Lycosidae_showing_eye_pattern_EOS_027s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical arrangement of eyes in the Lycosidae, with PME being the largest"><img alt="Typical arrangement of eyes in the Lycosidae, with PME being the largest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hogna_species_female_Lycosidae_showing_eye_pattern_EOS_027s.jpg/110px-Hogna_species_female_Lycosidae_showing_eye_pattern_EOS_027s.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hogna_species_female_Lycosidae_showing_eye_pattern_EOS_027s.jpg/165px-Hogna_species_female_Lycosidae_showing_eye_pattern_EOS_027s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hogna_species_female_Lycosidae_showing_eye_pattern_EOS_027s.jpg/219px-Hogna_species_female_Lycosidae_showing_eye_pattern_EOS_027s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="2808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical arrangement of eyes in the <a href="/wiki/Lycosidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycosidae">Lycosidae</a>, with PME being the largest</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salticidae_Male_Anterior_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the Salticidae the AME are the largest."><img alt="In the Salticidae the AME are the largest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salticidae_Male_Anterior_annotated.jpg/102px-Salticidae_Male_Anterior_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salticidae_Male_Anterior_annotated.jpg/153px-Salticidae_Male_Anterior_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salticidae_Male_Anterior_annotated.jpg/204px-Salticidae_Male_Anterior_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the <a href="/wiki/Salticidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salticidae">Salticidae</a> the AME are the largest.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirality" title="Chirality">Chirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_terms_of_location" title="Geometric terms of location">Geometric terms of location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handedness" title="Handedness">Handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterality" title="Laterality">Laterality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_right_and_proper_left" title="Proper right and proper left">Proper right and proper left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_symmetry" title="Reflection symmetry">Reflection symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinistral_and_dextral" title="Sinistral and dextral">Sinistral and dextral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyceSackWensing20102–3_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyceSackWensing2010">Dyce, Sack & Wensing 2010</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2016xvi–xvii_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> 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Brown Co. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-697-04899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-697-04899-8"><bdi>978-0-697-04899-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/668250654">668250654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Know+the+Spiders&rft.place=Dubuque%2C+IA&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=W.C.+Brown+Co.&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F668250654&rft.isbn=978-0-697-04899-8&rft.aulast=Kaston&rft.aufirst=B.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+location" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOELIX2011-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOELIX2011_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOELIX2011_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOELIX2011_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Foelix2011" class="citation book cs1">Foelix, Rainer (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eOUVDAAAQBAJ&q=arachnid+anatomy"><i>Biology of Spiders</i></a>. Oxford University Press, US. pp. 17–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973482-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973482-5"><bdi>978-0-19-973482-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Spiders&rft.pages=17-19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973482-5&rft.aulast=Foelix&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeOUVDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Darachnid%2Banatomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+location" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_location&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com">"Collins Online Dictionary | Definitions, Thesaurus and Translations"</a>. <i>collinsdictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Collins+Online+Dictionary+%7C+Definitions%2C+Thesaurus+and+Translations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+location" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyceSackWensing2010" class="citation book cs1">Dyce, KM; Sack, WO; Wensing, CJG (2010). <i>Textbook of veterinary anatomy</i> (4th ed.). 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New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781260092042" title="Special:BookSources/9781260092042"><bdi>9781260092042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrates%3A+comparative+anatomy%2C+function%2C+evolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781260092042&rft.aulast=Kardong&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+location" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/">"Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Dictionary+by+Merriam-Webster%3A+America%27s+most-trusted+online+dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+location" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWake1992" class="citation book cs1">Wake, Marvale H., ed. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hymanscomparativ0000hyma"><i>Hyman's comparative vertebrate anatomy</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226870113" title="Special:BookSources/9780226870113"><bdi>9780226870113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hyman%27s+comparative+vertebrate+anatomy.&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780226870113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhymanscomparativ0000hyma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+location" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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id="Anatomy_and_morphology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_anatomy" title="Gross anatomy">Gross anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial anatomy">Superficial anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_morphometry" title="Brain morphometry">brain morphometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Comparative anatomy</a></li> <li>Microscopic anatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_anatomy" title="Molecular anatomy">molecular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphometrics" title="Morphometrics">Morphometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ElephantSkelLyd2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Endoskeleton of an elephant"><img alt="Endoskeleton of an elephant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElephantSkelLyd2.png/140px-ElephantSkelLyd2.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElephantSkelLyd2.png/210px-ElephantSkelLyd2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElephantSkelLyd2.png/280px-ElephantSkelLyd2.png 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacteria and fungi</th><td 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structures">Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">fruit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant habit">Plant habit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_life-form" title="Plant life-form">Plant life-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">reproductive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_morphology" title="Soil morphology">Soil morphology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invertebrates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decapod_anatomy" title="Decapod anatomy">Decapod anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda#Anatomy" title="Gastropoda">Gastropod anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology" title="Insect morphology">Insect morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_of_Diptera" title="Morphology of Diptera">Diptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_morphology_of_Odonata" title="External morphology of Odonata">Odonata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_anatomy" title="Spider anatomy">Spider anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_cuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod cuticle">Arthropod cuticle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammal anatomy">Mammals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">leaf morphology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">Allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">Anatomical variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">Anatomical plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">Body plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_classification" title="Form classification">Form classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracility" title="Gracility">Gracility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertwig_rule" title="Hertwig rule">Hertwig rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">History of anatomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy_in_the_19th_century" title="History of anatomy in the 19th century">19th century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">Physiognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">Standard anatomical position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_anatomy" title="Transcendental anatomy">Transcendental anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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[\"CITEREFRajkumarRamya2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithDodson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker,_T._G.1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentine2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWake1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_C._Shiel\"] = 1,\n [\"Foelix2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Oliveira2007\"] = 1,\n [\"apical\"] = 1,\n [\"caudal\"] = 1,\n [\"cranial\"] = 1,\n [\"deep\"] = 1,\n [\"distal\"] = 1,\n [\"inferior\"] = 1,\n [\"inserted2020-09-25specificallyfor_ventral\"] = 1,\n [\"lateral\"] = 1,\n [\"medial\"] = 1,\n [\"median\"] = 1,\n [\"proximal\"] = 1,\n [\"rostral\"] = 1,\n [\"superficial\"] = 1,\n [\"superior\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Anatomical terminology series\"] = 1,\n [\"Anatomy\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 7,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Clear\"] = 5,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Anatomical Terms Of Location\"] = 1,\n [\"Ety\"] = 47,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 76,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikt\"] = 1,\n [\"Wt\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lz44k","timestamp":"20241124053517","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Anatomical terms of location","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Medial_and_lateral","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q488415","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q488415","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-11T19:29:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T15:41:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2e\/View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg","headline":"standard terms for unambiguous description of relative placement of body parts"}</script> </body> </html>