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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The communication functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_communication_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_dimension_of_his_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_dimension_of_his_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Political dimension of his work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_dimension_of_his_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman Jakobson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="رومان ياكوبسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رومان ياكوبسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Yakobson" title="Roman Yakobson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roman Yakobson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="রোমান ইয়াকবসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমান ইয়াকবসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Раман Восіпавіч Якабсон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Раман Восіпавіч Якабсон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Роман Якобсон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роман Якобсон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Ossipowitsch_Jakobson" title="Roman Ossipowitsch Jakobson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roman Ossipowitsch Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Ρομάν Γιακομπσόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρομάν Γιακομπσόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86_%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86" title="رومن یاکوبسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رومن یاکوبسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%8C_%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%A5%EC%8A%A8" title="로만 야콥슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로만 야콥슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ռոման Յակոբսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոման Յակոբսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="रोमन जैकोब्सन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमन जैकोब्सन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Osipovich_Jakobson" title="Roman Osipovich Jakobson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roman Osipovich Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="רומן יאקובסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רומן יאקובסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೋಮಾನ್ ಯಾಕಬ್‌ಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಮಾನ್ ಯಾಕಬ್‌ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanus_Jakobson" title="Romanus Jakobson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Romanus Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanas_Jakobsonas" title="Romanas Jakobsonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romanas Jakobsonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Роман Јакобсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роман Јакобсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="റോമൻ യാക്കോബ്സൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോമൻ യാക്കോബ്സൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="رومان ياكوبسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رومان ياكوبسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%96%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ロマーン・ヤーコブソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロマーン・ヤーコブソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Yakobson" title="Roman Yakobson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Roman Yakobson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰੋਮਨ ਜੈਕਬਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਨ ਜੈਕਬਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Якобсон, Роман Осипович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Якобсон, Роман Осипович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Osipovi%C4%8D_Jakobson" title="Roman Osipovič Jakobson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roman Osipovič Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Роман Јакобсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роман Јакобсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="உரோமன் யாக்கோபுசன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோமன் யாக்கோபுசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Якобсон Роман Осипович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Якобсон Роман Осипович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Roman Jakobson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%E6%A3%AE" title="罗曼·雅各布森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗曼·雅各布森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q156201#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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searchaux" style="display:none">Russian linguist (1896–1982)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Osipovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Jakobson</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Roman Jakobson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Роман Якобсон</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Jakobson_Idoso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Roman_Jakobson_Idoso.jpg/220px-Roman_Jakobson_Idoso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Roman_Jakobson_Idoso.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Roman Osipovich Jakobson</div><br />11 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 29 September] 1896<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 July 1982<span style="display:none">(1982-07-18)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Institute_of_Oriental_Languages" title="Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages">Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow University">Moscow University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Svatava Pirkova, Krystyna Pomorska</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_linguistic_circle" title="Moscow linguistic circle">Moscow linguistic circle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague linguistic circle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jakobson%27s_functions_of_language" title="Jakobson's functions of language">Jakobson's functions of language</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">Markedness</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:19.5em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#66ccff;"><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;;padding:0;font-size:0.7em;line-height:0.7em;">  </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> General concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_relation" title="Sign relation">relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_relational_complex" title="Sign relational complex">relational complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_(semiotics)" title="Code (semiotics)">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">Confabulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connotation_(semiotics)" title="Connotation (semiotics)">Connotation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Denotation_(semiotics)" title="Denotation (semiotics)">Denotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encoding_(semiotics)" title="Encoding (semiotics)">Encoding</a> / <a href="/wiki/Decoding_(semiotics)" title="Decoding (semiotics)">Decoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical (semiotics)">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_(arts)" title="Representation (arts)">Representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salience_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salience (semiotics)">Salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiosis" title="Semiosis">Semiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiosphere" title="Semiosphere">Semiosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_theory_of_Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce">Semiotic theory of Peirce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(semiotics)" title="Value (semiotics)">Value</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_semiotics" title="Cognitive semiotics">Cognitive semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_semiotics" title="Computational semiotics">Computational semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_literary_criticism" title="Semiotic literary criticism">Literary semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_semiotics" title="Social semiotics">Social semiotics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commutation_test_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commutation test (semiotics)">Commutation test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigmatic_analysis" title="Paradigmatic analysis">Paradigmatic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntagmatic_analysis" title="Syntagmatic analysis">Syntagmatic analysis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Semioticians</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danesi" title="Marcel Danesi">Marcel Danesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deely" title="John Deely">John Deely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Fabbri_(semiotician)" title="Paolo Fabbri (semiotician)">Paolo Fabbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Julien_Greimas" title="Algirdas Julien Greimas">Algirdas Julien Greimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Kevelson" title="Roberta Kevelson">Roberta Kevelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Kull" title="Kalevi Kull">Kalevi Kull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juri_Lotman" title="Juri Lotman">Juri Lotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Morris" title="Charles W. Morris">Charles W. Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles S. Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Petrilli" title="Susan Petrilli">Susan Petrilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Thomas" title="John of St. Thomas">John Poinsot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Ponzio" title="Augusto Ponzio">Augusto Ponzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Thomas Sebeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Silverstein" title="Michael Silverstein">Michael Silverstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Tarasti" title="Eero Tarasti">Eero Tarasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Lady_Welby" title="Victoria, Lady Welby">Victoria, Lady Welby</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen%E2%80%93Tartu_school" title="Copenhagen–Tartu school">Copenhagen–Tartu school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu%E2%80%93Moscow_Semiotic_School" title="Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School">Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semiotics" title="Template:Semiotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semiotics" title="Template talk:Semiotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semiotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semiotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Roman Osipovich Jakobson</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Рома́н О́сипович Якобсо́н</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[rɐˈman<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈosʲɪpəvʲɪt͡ɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>(j)ɪkɐpˈson]</a></span>; 11 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 29 September] 1896 – 18 July 1982) was a Russian and <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalised</a> American <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theorist</a>. </p><p>A pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">structural linguistics</a>, Jakobson was one of the most celebrated and influential <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> of the twentieth century. With <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy" title="Nikolai Trubetzkoy">Nikolai Trubetzkoy</a>, he developed revolutionary new techniques for the analysis of linguistic sound systems, in effect founding the modern discipline of <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>. Jakobson went on to extend similar principles and techniques to the study of other aspects of language such as <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>. He made numerous contributions to <a href="/wiki/Slavic_studies" title="Slavic studies">Slavic linguistics</a>, most notably two studies of <a href="/wiki/Russian_declension" title="Russian declension">Russian case</a> and an analysis of the categories of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian verbs">Russian verb</a>. Drawing on insights from <a href="/wiki/C._S._Peirce" class="mw-redirect" title="C. S. Peirce">C. S. Peirce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">communication theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>, he proposed methods for the investigation of poetry, music, the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>, and cinema. </p><p>Through his decisive influence on <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, among others, Jakobson became a pivotal figure in the adaptation of structural analysis to disciplines beyond linguistics, including <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a>; his development of the approach pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>, known as "<a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a>", became a major post-war intellectual movement in Europe and the United States. Meanwhile, though the influence of structuralism declined during the 1970s, Jakobson's work has continued to receive attention in <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">linguistic anthropology</a>, especially through the ethnography of communication developed by <a href="/wiki/Dell_Hymes" title="Dell Hymes">Dell Hymes</a> and the semiotics of culture developed by Jakobson's former student <a href="/wiki/Michael_Silverstein" title="Michael Silverstein">Michael Silverstein</a>. Jakobson's concept of underlying linguistic universals, particularly his celebrated theory of <a href="/wiki/Distinctive_features" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinctive features">distinctive features</a>, decisively influenced the early thinking of <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, who became the dominant figure in theoretical linguistics during the second half of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_work">Life and work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jakobson was born in Moscow on 11 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 29 September] 1896<sup id="cite_ref-Kucera_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to well-to-do parents of <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> descent, the industrialist Osip Jakobson and chemist Anna Volpert Jakobson,<sup id="cite_ref-Kucera_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he developed a fascination with language at a very young age. He studied at the <a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Institute_of_Oriental_Languages" title="Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages">Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages</a> and then at the Historical-Philological Faculty of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a student he was a leading figure of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_linguistic_circle" title="Moscow linguistic circle">Moscow Linguistic Circle</a> and took part in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>'s active world of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> art and poetry; he was especially interested in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurism</a>, the Russian incarnation of Italian <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>. Under the pseudonym 'Aliagrov', he published books of <a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">zaum</a> poetry and befriended the Futurists <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Vladimir Mayakovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Kazimir Malevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Kruchyonykh" title="Aleksei Kruchyonykh">Aleksei Kruchyonykh</a> and others. It was the poetry of his contemporaries that partly inspired him to become a linguist. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Yakobson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Roman_Yakobson.jpg/220px-Roman_Yakobson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Roman_Yakobson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Yakobson before 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The linguistics of the time was overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Neogrammarian" title="Neogrammarian">neogrammarian</a> and insisted that the only scientific study of language was to study the history and development of words across time (the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diachronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:diachronic">diachronic</a> approach, in <a href="/wiki/Course_in_General_Linguistics#The_Synchronic_and_Diachronic_Axes" title="Course in General Linguistics">Saussure's terms</a>). Jakobson, on the other hand, had come into contact with the work of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>, and developed an approach focused on the way in which language's structure served its basic function (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synchronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:synchronic">synchronic</a> approach) – to communicate information between speakers. Jakobson was also well known for his critique of the emergence of sound in film. Jakobson received a master's degree from Moscow University in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Kucera_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Czechoslovakia">In Czechoslovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Czechoslovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although he was initially an enthusiastic supporter of the Bolshevik revolution, Jakobson soon became disillusioned as his early hopes for an explosion of creativity in the arts fell victim to increasing state conservatism and hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left Moscow for Prague in 1920, where he worked as a member of the Soviet diplomatic mission while continuing with his doctoral studies. Living in Czechoslovakia meant that Jakobson was physically close to the linguist who would be his most important collaborator during the 1920s and 1930s, Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, who fled Russia at the time of the Revolution and took up a chair at Vienna in 1922. In 1926 the <a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague school</a> of linguistic theory was established by the professor of English at Charles University, <a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Mathesius" title="Vilém Mathesius">Vilém Mathesius</a>, with Jakobson as a founding member and a prime intellectual force (other members included <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy" title="Nikolai Trubetzkoy">Nikolai Trubetzkoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">René Wellek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Muka%C5%99ovsk%C3%BD" title="Jan Mukařovský">Jan Mukařovský</a>). Jakobson immersed himself in both the academic and cultural life of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">pre-World War II Czechoslovakia</a> and established close relationships with a number of Czech poets and literary figures. Jakobson received his Ph.D. from Charles University in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Kucera_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a professor at <a href="/wiki/Masaryk_University" title="Masaryk University">Masaryk University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> in 1933. He also made an impression on Czech academics with his studies of Czech verse. </p><p>Roman Jakobson proposed the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Linguarum_Europae" title="Atlas Linguarum Europae">Atlas Linguarum Europae</a> in the late 1930s, but <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> disrupted this plan and it laid dormant until being revived by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Alinei" title="Mario Alinei">Mario Alinei</a> in <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escapes_before_the_war">Escapes before the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Escapes before the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jakobson escaped from Prague in early March 1939<sup id="cite_ref-Kucera_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> via Berlin for <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, where he was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_school_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen school (linguistics)">Copenhagen linguistic circle</a>, and such intellectuals as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a>. He fled to Norway on 1 September 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-Kucera_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1940 walked across the border to Sweden,<sup id="cite_ref-Kucera_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he continued his work at the <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Karolinska Hospital">Karolinska Hospital</a> (with works on <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a> and language competence). When Swedish colleagues feared a possible German occupation, he managed to leave on a cargo ship, together with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a> (the former rector of Hamburg University) to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1941<sup id="cite_ref-Kucera_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to become part of the wider community of intellectual émigrés who fled there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_in_the_United_States_and_later_life">Career in the United States and later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career in the United States and later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Jakobson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Roman_Jakobson.jpg/220px-Roman_Jakobson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Roman_Jakobson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Roman Jakobson</figcaption></figure> <p>In New York, he began teaching at <a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School</a>, still closely associated with the Czech émigré community during that period. At the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_libre_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes" title="École libre des hautes études">École libre des hautes études</a>, a sort of Francophone university-in-exile, he met and collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>, who would also become a key exponent of <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a>. He also made the acquaintance of many American linguists and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Whorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Whorf">Benjamin Whorf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a>. When the American authorities considered "repatriating" him to Europe, it was Franz Boas who actually saved his life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the war, he became a consultant to the <a href="/wiki/International_Auxiliary_Language_Association" title="International Auxiliary Language Association">International Auxiliary Language Association</a>, which would present <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a> in 1951. </p><p>In 1949<sup id="cite_ref-Kucera_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jakobson moved to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he remained until his retirement in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Kucera_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His universalizing structuralist theory of <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, based on a <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">markedness</a> hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Distinctive_features" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinctive features">distinctive features</a>, achieved its canonical exposition in a book published in the United States in 1951, jointly authored by Roman Jakobson, C. Gunnar Fant and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Halle" title="Morris Halle">Morris Halle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Jakobson's theory of 'distinctive features' made a profound impression on the thinking of young Noam Chomsky, in this way also influencing generative linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his last decade, Jakobson maintained an office at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, where he was an honorary professor emeritus. In the early 1960s, Jakobson shifted his emphasis to a more comprehensive view of language and began writing about communication sciences as a whole. He converted to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jakobson died in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, on 18 July 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Kucera_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rudy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His widow died in 1986. His first wife, who was born in 1908, died in 2000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_contributions">Intellectual contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intellectual contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Jakobson's own personal reminiscences, the most decisive stage in the development of his thinking was the period of revolutionary anticipation and upheaval in Russia between 1912 and 1920, when, as a young student, he fell under the spell of the celebrated Russian futurist wordsmith and linguistic thinker <a href="/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov" title="Velimir Khlebnikov">Velimir Khlebnikov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Offering a slightly different picture, the preface to the second edition of <i>The Sound Shape of Language</i> argues that this book represents the fourth stage in "Jakobson's quest to uncover the function and structure of sound in language."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first stage was roughly the 1920s to 1930s where he collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy" title="Nikolai Trubetzkoy">Trubetzkoy</a>, in which they developed the concept of the phoneme, and elucidated the structure of phonological systems. The second stage, from roughly the late 1930s to the 1940s, during which he developed the notion that "binary distinctive features" were the foundational element in language, and that such distinctiveness is "mere otherness" or differentiation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the third stage in Jakobson's work, from the 1950s to 1960s, he worked with the acoustician C. Gunnar Fant and Morris Halle (a student of Jakobson's) to consider the acoustic aspects of distinctive features. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_communication_functions">The communication functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The communication functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jakobson%27s_functions_of_language" title="Jakobson's functions of language">Jakobson's functions of language</a></div> <p>Influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Organon-Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Organon-Model">Organon-Model</a> by <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BChler" title="Karl Bühler">Karl Bühler</a>, Jakobson distinguishes six communication functions, each associated with a dimension or factor of the <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> process [n.b. – Elements from Bühler's theory appear in the diagram below in yellow and pink, Jakobson's elaborations in blue]: </p> <ul><li>Functions</li></ul> <ol><li>referential (: contextual information)</li> <li>aesthetic/poetic (: auto-reflection)</li> <li>emotive (: self-expression)</li> <li>conative (: vocative or imperative addressing of receiver)</li> <li>phatic (: checking channel working)</li> <li>metalingual (: checking code working)<sup id="cite_ref-Middleton_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middleton-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_jakobson_theory.png" class="mw-file-description" title="[14]"><img alt="[14]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Roma_jakobson_theory.png" decoding="async" width="475" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption><sup id="cite_ref-Middleton_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middleton-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the six functions is always the dominant function in a text and usually related to the type of text. In poetry, the dominant function is the poetic function: the focus is on the message itself. The true hallmark of poetry is according to Jakobson "the projection of the principle of equivalence from the axis of selection to the axis of combination". Very broadly speaking, it implies that poetry successfully combines and integrates form and function, that poetry turns the poetry of grammar into the grammar of poetry, so to speak. Jakobson's theory of communicative functions was first published in "Closing Statements: Linguistics and Poetics" (in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Sebeok" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. Sebeok">Thomas A. Sebeok</a>, <i>Style In Language</i>, Cambridge Massachusetts, MIT Press, 1960, pp. 350–377). Despite its wide adoption, the six-functions model has been criticized for lacking specific interest in the "play function" of language that, according to an early review by Georges Mounin, is "not enough studied in general by linguistics researchers".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_dimension_of_his_work">Political dimension of his work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political dimension of his work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a Russophile, in his "Remarques sur l'évolution phonologique du russe comparée a celle des autres langues slaves" ("Remarks on the phonological evolution of the Russian language in comparison with other Slavic languages", 1929) and similarly in "Slavische Sprachfragen in der Sovjetunion" ("Slavic Language Questions in the Soviet Union", 1934, an attack on the policy of Ukrainization and its proponents) he presented the phonological development in Slavic languages as motivated only in Russian and Serbo-Croatian languages, while all other Slavic languages, including Ukrainian, are considered as devoid of independent development, subject only to Russian and Serbo-Croatian tendencies. In the same spirit, in his article about the Ukrainian imperative (1965), Jacobson tried to downplay the peculiarities of this form in the Ukrainian language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jakobson's three principal ideas in linguistics play a major role in the field to this day: <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">linguistic typology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">markedness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_universals" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic universals">linguistic universals</a>. The three concepts are tightly intertwined: typology is the classification of languages in terms of shared grammatical features (as opposed to shared origin), markedness is (very roughly) a study of how certain forms of grammatical organization are more "optimized" than others, and linguistic universals is the study of the general features of languages in the world. He also influenced <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Ruwet" title="Nicolas Ruwet">Nicolas Ruwet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradigmatic_analysis" title="Paradigmatic analysis">paradigmatic analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Middleton_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middleton-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jakobson has also influenced <a href="/wiki/Friedemann_Schulz_von_Thun" title="Friedemann Schulz von Thun">Friedemann Schulz von Thun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Four_sides_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Four sides model">four sides model</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Silverstein" title="Michael Silverstein">Michael Silverstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metapragmatics" title="Metapragmatics">metapragmatics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell_Hymes" title="Dell Hymes">Dell Hymes</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">ethnography of communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">ethnopoetics</a>, the psychoanalysis of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a>, and philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a>. </p><p>Jakobson's legacy among researchers specializing in Slavics, and especially Slavic linguistics in North America, has been enormous, for example, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Yokoyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Olga Yokoyama">Olga Yokoyama</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jakobson R., <i>Remarques sur l'évolution phonologique du russe comparée à celle des autres langues slaves</i>. Prague, 1929 (Annotated English translation by Ronald F. Feldstein: <i>Remarks on the Phonological Evolution of Russian in Comparison with the Other Slavic Languages</i>. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA and London, 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jakobson R., <i>K charakteristike evrazijskogo jazykovogo sojuza</i>. Prague, 1930.</li> <li>Jakobson R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Russia/_Topics/history/_Texts/SMANPS/Appendices/B*.html"><i>Slavische Sprachfragen in der Sovjetunion</i></a><i> (</i>Slavische Rundschau<i>, 1934, pp324-343), with critique by Roman Smal-Stocki.</i></li> <li>Jakobson R., <i>Child Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals</i>, 1941.</li> <li>Jakobson R., <i><a href="/wiki/On_Linguistic_Aspects_of_Translation" title="On Linguistic Aspects of Translation">On Linguistic Aspects of Translation</a></i>, essay, 1959.</li> <li>Jakobson R., "Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics", in <i>Style in Language</i> (ed. Thomas Sebeok), 1960.</li> <li>Jakobson R., <i>Selected Writings</i> (ed. Stephen Rudy). The Hague, Paris, Mouton, in six volumes (1971–1985): <ul><li>I. Phonological Studies, 1962;</li> <li>II. Word and Language, 1971;</li> <li>III. The Poetry of Grammar and the Grammar of Poetry, 1980;</li> <li>IV. Slavic Epic Studies, 1966;</li> <li>V. On Verse, Its Masters and Explores, 1978;</li> <li>VI. Early Slavic Paths and Crossroads, 1985;</li> <li>VII. Contributions to Comparative Mythology, 1985;</li> <li>VIII. Major Works 1976–1980. Completion Volume 1, 1988;</li> <li>IX.1. Completion, Volume 2/Part 1, 2013;</li> <li>IX.1. Completion, Volume 2/Part 2, 2014.</li></ul></li> <li>Jakobson R., <i>Questions de poetique</i>, 1973.</li> <li>Jakobson R., <i>Six Lectures of Sound and Meaning</i>, 1978.</li> <li>Jakobson R., <i>The Framework of Language</i>, 1980.</li> <li>Jakobson R., Halle M., <i>Fundamentals of Language</i>, 1956.</li> <li>Jakobson R., Waugh L., <i>The Sound Shape of Language</i>, 1979.</li> <li>Jakobson R., Pomorska K., <i>Dialogues</i>, 1983.</li> <li>Jakobson R., <i>Verbal Art, Verbal Sign, Verbal Time</i> (ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy), 1985.</li> <li>Jakobson R., Language in Literature (ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy), 1987.</li> <li>Jakobson R. "Shifters and Verbal Categories". <i>On Language</i> (ed. Linda R. Waugh and Monique Monville-Burston). 1990. 386–392.</li> <li>Jakobson R., La Génération qui a gaspillé ses poètes, Allia, 2001.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, Chris, 2018. <i>Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics.</i> New Haven & London: Yale University Press,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kucera-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kucera_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kucera_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kucera_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kucera_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kucera_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kucera_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kucera_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kucera_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kucera_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kucera_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kucera_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKučera1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ku%C4%8Dera" title="Henry Kučera">Kučera, Henry</a> (1983). "Roman Jakobson". <i><a href="/wiki/Language_(journal)" title="Language (journal)">Language</a></i>. <b>59</b> (4): 871–883. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/413375">413375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Roman+Jakobson&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=871-883&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F413375%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ku%C4%8Dera&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Jakobson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roman-Jakobson">"Roman Jakobson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308042049/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roman-Jakobson">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Roman+Jakobson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRoman-Jakobson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Jakobson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jakobson, Roman (1997). <i>My Futurist Years</i>, pp. 5, 30. trans. Stephen Rudy. Marsilio Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56886-049-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56886-049-8">1-56886-049-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, Chris, 2018. "Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics". London & New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018, pp. 85-86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaprini1996" class="citation journal cs1">Caprini, Rita (1996). "Conference reports / Rapports de congrès / Konferenzberichte". <i>Dialectologia et Geolinguistica</i>. <b>4</b>: 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialectologia+et+Geolinguistica&rft.atitle=Conference+reports+%2F+Rapports+de+congr%C3%A8s+%2F+Konferenzberichte&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=122&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Caprini&rft.aufirst=Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Jakobson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jakobson, R., C. Gunnar Fant and M. Halle, 1951. <i>Preliminaries to Speech Analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates.</i> Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, Chris, 2018. "Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics". London & New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 85-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012193255/https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00001090">"R.O. Jakobson (1896 - 1982)"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00001090">the original</a> on 12 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R.O.+Jakobson+%281896+-+1982%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00001090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Jakobson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Jakobson_Roman_Osipovich">"YIVO | Jakobson, Roman Osipovich"</a>. Yivoencyclopedia.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YIVO+%26%23124%3B+Jakobson%2C+Roman+Osipovich&rft.pub=Yivoencyclopedia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FJakobson_Roman_Osipovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Jakobson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rudy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rudy_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/mc72.html#ref8425">"Roman Jakobson: A Brief Chronology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126001813/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/mc72.html#ref8425">Archived</a> 2016-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, compiled by Stephen Rudy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, Chris, 2018. 'Incantation by Laughter', chapter 11 in <i>Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics.</i> London & New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 91-103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobsonWaugh2002" class="citation book cs1">Jakobson, Roman; Waugh, Linda R. (2002-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrZTFHTD-r4C&q=jakobson%20saussure%20%22fig.%20*%22&pg=PA1"><i>The Sound Shape of Language</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110889451" title="Special:BookSources/9783110889451"><bdi>9783110889451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sound+Shape+of+Language&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=9783110889451&rft.aulast=Jakobson&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft.au=Waugh%2C+Linda+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrZTFHTD-r4C%26q%3Djakobson%2520saussure%2520%2522fig.%2520%2A%2522%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Jakobson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middleton-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Middleton_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middleton_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middleton_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). <i>Studying Popular Music</i>, p.241. Philadelphia: Open University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-15275-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-15275-9">0-335-15275-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mounin, Georges (1972) La linguistique du XX siècle. Presses Universitaires de France</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/remarks-phonological-evolution-russian-comparison-other-slavic-languages"><i>Remarks on the Phonological Evolution of Russian in Comparison with the Other Slavic Languages</i></a>. MIT Press. 13 November 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262038690" title="Special:BookSources/9780262038690"><bdi>9780262038690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remarks+on+the+Phonological+Evolution+of+Russian+in+Comparison+with+the+Other+Slavic+Languages&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft.isbn=9780262038690&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Fremarks-phonological-evolution-russian-comparison-other-slavic-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+Jakobson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Esterhill, Frank (2000). <i>Interlingua Institute: A History</i>. New York: Interlingua Institute.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Armstrong, D., and van Schooneveld, C.H., <i>Roman Jakobson: Echoes of His Scholarship</i>, 1977.</li> <li>Brooke-Rose, C., A Structural Analysis of Pound's 'Usura Canto': Jakobson's Method Extended and Applied to Free Verse, 1976.</li> <li>Caton, Steve C., "Contributions of Roman Jakobson", <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>, vol 16: pp. 223–260, 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Culler" title="Jonathan Culler">Culler, J.</a>, <i>Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics, and the Study of Literature</i>, 1975.</li> <li>Groupe μ, <i>Rhétorique générale</i>, 1970. [A General Rhetoric, 1981]</li> <li>Holenstein, E., <i>Roman Jakobson's Approach to Language: Phenomenological Structuralism</i>, Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1975.</li> <li>Ihwe, J., <i>Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik. Ergebnisse und Perspektiven</i>, 1971.</li> <li>Kerbrat-Orecchioni, C., <i>L'Enonciation: De la subjectivité dans le langage</i>, 1980.</li> <li>Knight, Chris. "Russian Formalism", chapter 10 in <i>Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics</i> (pbk), London & New Haven: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Koch, W. A., <i>Poetry and Science</i>, 1983.</li> <li>Le Guern, M., <i>Sémantique de la metaphore et de la métonymie</i>, 1973.</li> <li>Lodge, D., <i>The Modes of Modern Writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Typology of Modern Literature</i>, 1977.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Riffaterre" title="Michael Riffaterre">Riffaterre, M.</a>, <i>Semiotics of Poetry</i>, 1978.</li> <li>Steiner, P., <i>Russian Formalism: A Metapoetics</i>, 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Todorov, T.</a>, <i>Poétique de la prose</i>, 1971.</li> <li>Waugh, L., <i>Roman Jakobson's Science of Language</i>, 1976.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Jakobson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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