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id="toc-Charles_Sanders_Peirce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peirce's_list_of_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peirce's_list_of_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Peirce's list of categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peirce's_list_of_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formulations_and_subfields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulations_and_subfields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formulations and subfields</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formulations_and_subfields-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formulations and subfields subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formulations_and_subfields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Syntactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive_semiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_semiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cognitive semiotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_semiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finite_semiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finite_semiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Finite semiotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finite_semiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pictorial_semiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pictorial_semiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pictorial semiotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pictorial_semiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Globalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semiotics_of_dreaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiotics_of_dreaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Semiotics of dreaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiotics_of_dreaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introversive_and_extroversive_semiosis_in_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introversive_and_extroversive_semiosis_in_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Introversive and extroversive semiosis in music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introversive_and_extroversive_semiosis_in_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_topic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_topic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Musical topic theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_topic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_subfields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_subfields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>List of subfields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_subfields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_semioticians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_semioticians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable semioticians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_semioticians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Main institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peircean_focus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peircean_focus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Peircean focus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peircean_focus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals_and_book_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals_and_book_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Journals and book series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals_and_book_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Semiotics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotiek" title="Semiotiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Semiotiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم العلامات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم العلامات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Semiotica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi%C3%B3tica" title="Semiótica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Semiótica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="سمبول بیلیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سمبول بیلیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সংকেতবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংকেতবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AC-h%C5%8D-l%C5%ABn" title="Kì-hō-lūn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kì-hō-lūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семіётыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Семіётыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семиотика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Семиотика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi%C3%B2tica" title="Semiòtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Semiòtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семиотика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Семиотика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9miotika" title="Sémiotika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sémiotika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semioteg" title="Semioteg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Semioteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotik" title="Semiotik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Semiotik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotik" title="Semiotik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Semiotik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiootika" title="Semiootika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Semiootika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Σημειωτική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημειωτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi%C3%B3tica" title="Semiótica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Semiótica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotiko" title="Semiotiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Semiotiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نشانه‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشانه‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9miotique" title="Sémiotique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sémiotique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi%C3%B3tica" title="Semiótica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Semiótica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%98%B8%ED%95%99" title="기호학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기호학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նշանագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նշանագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="संकेतविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संकेतविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotiko" title="Semiotiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Semiotiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Semiotica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1knfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Táknfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Táknfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Semiotica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="סמיוטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמיוטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಜ್ಞಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಜ್ಞಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სემიოტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სემიოტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семиотика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Семиотика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семиотика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Семиотика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Semiotica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotik" title="Semiotik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Semiotik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotiek" title="Semiotiek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Semiotiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Semiotica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szemiotika" title="Szemiotika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szemiotika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семиотика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Семиотика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചിഹ്നശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിഹ്നശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotik" title="Semiotik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Semiotik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi%C3%B3tica" title="Semiótica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Semiótica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotiek" title="Semiotiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Semiotiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7%E5%AD%A6" title="記号学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="記号学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%95%DF%90%DF%B0%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%99%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%98%DF%90%DF%AC%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߕߐ߰ߡߊ߬ߛߙߋ߬ߟߐ߲߬ߘߐ߬ߦߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߕߐ߰ߡߊ߬ߛߙߋ߬ߟߐ߲߬ߘߐ߬ߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotikk" title="Semiotikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Semiotikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotikk" title="Semiotikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Semiotikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Semiotica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="سیمبول پوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سیمبول پوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi%C3%B2tica" title="Semiòtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Semiòtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotyka_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Semiotyka (językoznawstwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Semiotyka (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi%C3%B3tica" title="Semiótica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Semiótica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotic%C4%83" title="Semiotică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Semiotică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семиотика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Семиотика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семиотика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семиотика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Semiotics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Semiotica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Semiotics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семиотика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Семиотика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Semiotika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotiikka" title="Semiotiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Semiotiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotik" title="Semiotik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Semiotik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyotika" title="Semyotika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Semyotika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="குறியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семиотика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Семиотика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สัญศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัญศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6stergebilim" title="Göstergebilim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Göstergebilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семіотика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Семіотика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:19.5em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#66ccff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Semiotics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;;padding:0;font-size:0.7em;line-height:0.7em;">  </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> General concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_relation" title="Sign relation">relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_relational_complex" title="Sign relational complex">relational complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_(semiotics)" title="Code (semiotics)">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">Confabulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connotation_(semiotics)" title="Connotation (semiotics)">Connotation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Denotation_(semiotics)" title="Denotation (semiotics)">Denotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encoding_(semiotics)" title="Encoding (semiotics)">Encoding</a> / <a href="/wiki/Decoding_(semiotics)" title="Decoding (semiotics)">Decoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical (semiotics)">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_(arts)" title="Representation (arts)">Representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salience_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salience (semiotics)">Salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiosis" title="Semiosis">Semiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiosphere" title="Semiosphere">Semiosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_theory_of_Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce">Semiotic theory of Peirce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(semiotics)" title="Value (semiotics)">Value</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_semiotics" title="Cognitive semiotics">Cognitive semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_semiotics" title="Computational semiotics">Computational semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_literary_criticism" title="Semiotic literary criticism">Literary semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_semiotics" title="Social semiotics">Social semiotics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commutation_test_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commutation test (semiotics)">Commutation test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigmatic_analysis" title="Paradigmatic analysis">Paradigmatic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntagmatic_analysis" title="Syntagmatic analysis">Syntagmatic analysis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Semioticians</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danesi" title="Marcel Danesi">Marcel Danesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deely" title="John Deely">John Deely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Fabbri_(semiotician)" title="Paolo Fabbri (semiotician)">Paolo Fabbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Julien_Greimas" title="Algirdas Julien Greimas">Algirdas Julien Greimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Kevelson" title="Roberta Kevelson">Roberta Kevelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Kull" title="Kalevi Kull">Kalevi Kull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juri_Lotman" title="Juri Lotman">Juri Lotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Morris" title="Charles W. Morris">Charles W. Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles S. Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Petrilli" title="Susan Petrilli">Susan Petrilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Thomas" title="John of St. Thomas">John Poinsot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Ponzio" title="Augusto Ponzio">Augusto Ponzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Thomas Sebeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Silverstein" title="Michael Silverstein">Michael Silverstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Tarasti" title="Eero Tarasti">Eero Tarasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Lady_Welby" title="Victoria, Lady Welby">Victoria, Lady Welby</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen%E2%80%93Tartu_school" title="Copenhagen–Tartu school">Copenhagen–Tartu school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu%E2%80%93Moscow_Semiotic_School" title="Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School">Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semiotics" title="Template:Semiotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semiotics" title="Template talk:Semiotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semiotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semiotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Semiotics</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SEM</span>-ee-<span style="font-size:90%">OT</span>-iks</i></a>) is the systematic study of <a href="/wiki/Semiosis" title="Semiosis">sign processes</a> and the communication of <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(semiotics)" title="Meaning (semiotics)">meaning</a>. In semiotics, a <a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">sign</a> is defined as anything that communicates intentional and unintentional meaning or feelings to the sign's interpreter. </p><p>Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs. Signs often are communicated by verbal language, but also by gestures, or by other forms of language, e.g. artistic ones (music, painting, sculpture, etc.). Contemporary semiotics is a branch of science that generally studies meaning-making (whether communicated or not) and various types of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, semiotics also studies non-linguistic <a href="/wiki/Sign_system" title="Sign system">sign systems</a>. Semiotics includes the study of indication, designation, likeness, <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolism</a>, signification, and communication. </p><p>Semiotics is frequently seen as having important <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> dimensions. Some semioticians regard every cultural phenomenon as being able to be studied as communication.<sup id="cite_ref-caesar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caesar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semioticians also focus on the <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logical</a> dimensions of semiotics, examining <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> questions such as how organisms make predictions about, and adapt to, their semiotic <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a> in the world. </p><p>Fundamental semiotic theories take signs or sign systems as their object of study. Applied semiotics analyzes cultures and cultural artifacts according to the ways they construct meaning through their being signs. The communication of information in living organisms is covered in <a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">biosemiotics</a> including <a href="/wiki/Zoosemiotics" title="Zoosemiotics">zoosemiotics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phytosemiotics" title="Phytosemiotics">phytosemiotics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_terminology">History and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The importance of signs and signification has been recognized throughout much of the history of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. The term derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i>σημειωτικός<i> (sēmeiōtikós)</i> 'observant of signs'<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from <i> </i>σημεῖον<i> (sēmeîon)</i> 'a sign, mark, token').<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Greeks, 'signs' (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:σημεῖον">σημεῖον</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sēmeîon</i></span>) occurred in the world of nature and 'symbols' (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:σύμβολον">σύμβολον</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sýmbolon</i></span>) in the world of culture. As such, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> explored the relationship between signs and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It would not be until <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the nature of the sign would be considered within a conventional system. Augustine introduced a thematic proposal for uniting the two under the notion of 'sign' (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">signum</i></span>) as transcending the <a href="/wiki/Nature%E2%80%93culture_divide" title="Nature–culture divide">nature–culture divide</a> and identifying symbols as no more than a species (or sub-species) of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">signum</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A monograph study on this question was done by Manetti (1987).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These theories have had a lasting effect in <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, especially through <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> philosophy. </p><p>The general study of signs that began in Latin with Augustine culminated with the 1632 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Tractatus de Signis</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/John_Poinsot" class="mw-redirect" title="John Poinsot">John Poinsot</a> and then began anew in late modernity with the attempt in 1867 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a> to draw up a "new list of <a href="/wiki/Categories_(Peirce)" title="Categories (Peirce)">categories</a>". More recently <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>, in his <i>Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language</i>, has argued that semiotic theories are implicit in the work of most, perhaps all, major thinkers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Locke">John Locke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: John Locke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1690), himself a man of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, was familiar with this "semeiotics" as naming a specialized branch within medical science. In his personal library were two editions of Scapula's 1579 abridgement of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Estienne" title="Henri Estienne">Henricus Stephanus</a>' <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Thesaurus Graecae Linguae</i></span>, which listed <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σημειωτική</span></span> as the name for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">diagnostics</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the branch of medicine concerned with interpreting symptoms of disease ("<a href="/wiki/Symptomatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptomatology">symptomatology</a>"). Physician and scholar <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stubbe" title="Henry Stubbe">Henry Stubbe</a> (1670) had transliterated this term of specialized science into English precisely as "<i>semeiotics</i>", marking the first use of the term in English:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"…nor is there any thing to be relied upon in Physick, but an exact knowledge of medicinal phisiology (founded on observation, not principles), semeiotics, method of curing, and tried (not excogitated, not commanding) medicines.…"</p></blockquote><p>Locke would use the term <i>sem(e)iotike</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i> (book IV, chap. 21),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he explains how science may be divided into three parts:<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174">: 174 </span></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All that can fall within the compass of human understanding, being either, first, the nature of things, as they are in themselves, their relations, and their manner of operation: or, secondly, that which man himself ought to do, as a rational and voluntary agent, for the attainment of any end, especially happiness: or, thirdly, the ways and means whereby the knowledge of both the one and the other of these is attained and communicated; I think science may be divided properly into these three sorts.</p></blockquote> <p>Locke then elaborates on the nature of this third category, naming it <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σημειωτική</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Semeiotike</i></span>), and explaining it as "the doctrine of signs" in the following terms:<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 175">: 175 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thirdly, the third branch [of sciences] may be termed <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σημειωτικὴ</span></span>, or the doctrine of signs, the most usual whereof being words, it is aptly enough termed also <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λογικὴ</span></span>, logic; the business whereof is to consider the nature of signs the mind makes use of for the understanding of things, or conveying its knowledge to others.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Juri_Lotman" title="Juri Lotman">Juri Lotman</a> introduced Eastern Europe to semiotics and adopted Locke's coinage (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σημειωτική</span></span>) as the name to subtitle his founding at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a> in Estonia in 1964 of the first semiotics journal, <i><a href="/wiki/Sign_Systems_Studies" title="Sign Systems Studies">Sign Systems Studies</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferdinand_de_Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ferdinand de Saussure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a> founded his semiotics, which he called <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure#Language_as_semiology" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">semiology</a>, in the social sciences:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is…possible to conceive of a science which studies the role of signs as part of social life. It would form part of social psychology, and hence of general psychology. We shall call it semiology (from the Greek <i>semeîon</i>, 'sign'). It would investigate the nature of signs and the laws governing them. Since it does not yet exist, one cannot say for certain that it will exist. But it has a right to exist, a place ready for it in advance. Linguistics is only one branch of this general science. The laws which semiology will discover will be laws applicable in linguistics, and linguistics will thus be assigned to a clearly defined place in the field of human knowledge. </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Thomas Sebeok</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would assimilate <i>semiology</i> to <i>semiotics</i> as a part to a whole, and was involved in choosing the name <i><a href="/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica">Semiotica</a></i> for the first international journal devoted to the study of signs. Saussurean semiotics have exercised a great deal of influence on the schools of structuralism and post-structuralism. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, for example, takes as his object the Saussurean relationship of signifier and signified, asserting that signifier and signified are not fixed, coining the expression <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">différance</i></span>, relating to the endless deferral of meaning, and to the absence of a "transcendent signified". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_Sanders_Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Charles Sanders Peirce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a> defined what he termed "semiotic" (which he would sometimes spell as "semeiotic") as the "quasi-necessary, or formal doctrine of signs," which abstracts "what must be the characters of all signs used by…an intelligence capable of learning by experience,"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which is philosophical logic pursued in terms of signs and sign processes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peirce's perspective is considered as philosophical logic studied in terms of signs that are not always linguistic or artificial, and sign processes, modes of inference, and the inquiry process in general. The Peircean semiotic addresses not only the external communication mechanism, as per Saussure, but the internal representation machine, investigating sign processes, and modes of inference, as well as the whole inquiry process in general. </p><p>Peircean semiotic is triadic, including sign, object, interpretant, as opposed to the dyadic <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Saussurian</a> tradition (signifier, signified). Peircean semiotics further subdivides each of the three triadic elements into three sub-types, positing the existence of signs that are symbols; semblances ("icons"); and "indices," i.e., signs that are such through a factual connection to their objects.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peircean scholar and editor Max H. Fisch (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would claim that "semeiotic" was Peirce's own preferred rendering of Locke's σημιωτική.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Morris" title="Charles W. Morris">Charles W. Morris</a> followed Peirce in using the term "semiotic" and in extending the discipline beyond human communication to animal learning and use of signals. </p><p>While the Saussurean semiotic is dyadic (sign/syntax, signal/semantics), the Peircean semiotic is triadic (sign, object, interpretant), being conceived as philosophical logic studied in terms of signs that are not always linguistic or artificial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peirce's_list_of_categories"><span id="Peirce.27s_list_of_categories"></span>Peirce's list of categories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peirce's list of categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peirce would aim to base his new list directly upon experience precisely as constituted by action of signs, in contrast with the list of Aristotle's categories which aimed to articulate within experience the dimension of being that is independent of experience and knowable as such, through human understanding. </p><p>The estimative powers of animals interpret the environment as sensed to form a "meaningful world" of objects, but the objects of this world (or <i><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></i>, in <a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a>'s term)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consist exclusively of objects related to the animal as desirable (+), undesirable (–), or "safe to ignore" (0). </p><p>In contrast to this, human understanding adds to the animal <i>Umwelt</i> a relation of self-identity within objects which transforms objects experienced into 'things' as well as +, –, 0 objects.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the generically animal objective world as <i>Umwelt</i>, becomes a species-specifically human objective world or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lebenswelt</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">life-world</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), wherein linguistic communication, rooted in the biologically underdetermined <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Innenwelt</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">inner-world</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) of humans, makes possible the further dimension of cultural organization within the otherwise merely social organization of non-human animals whose powers of observation may deal only with directly sensible instances of objectivity. </p><p>This further point, that human culture depends upon language understood first of all not as communication, but as the biologically underdetermined aspect or feature of the human animal's <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Innenwelt</i></span></i>, was originally clearly identified by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Thomas A. Sebeok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebeok also played the central role in bringing Peirce's work to the center of the semiotic stage in the twentieth century,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first with his expansion of the human use of signs (<i>anthroposemiosis</i>) to include also the generically animal sign-usage (<i>zoösemiosis</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then with his further expansion of semiosis to include the vegetative world (<i>phytosemiosis</i>). Such would initially be based on the work of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Krampen" title="Martin Krampen">Martin Krampen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but takes advantage of Peirce's point that an interpretant, as the third item within a sign relation, "need not be mental".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peirce distinguished between the interpretant and the interpreter. The interpretant is the internal, mental representation that mediates between the object and its sign. The interpreter is the human who is creating the interpretant.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peirce's "interpretant" notion opened the way to understanding an action of signs beyond the realm of animal life (study of phytosemiosis + zoösemiosis + anthroposemiosis = <i>biosemiotics</i>), which was his first advance beyond Latin Age semiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other early theorists in the field of semiotics include <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Morris" title="Charles W. Morris">Charles W. Morris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1951, <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Maria_Bochenski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jozef Maria Bochenski">Jozef Maria Bochenski</a> surveyed the field in this way: "Closely related to mathematical logic is the so-called semiotics (Charles Morris) which is now commonly employed by mathematical logicians. Semiotics is the theory of symbols and falls in three parts; </p> <ol><li>logical syntax, the theory of the mutual relations of symbols,</li> <li>logical semantics, the theory of the relations between the symbol and what the symbol stands for, and</li> <li>logical pragmatics, the relations between symbols, their meanings and the users of the symbols."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Max_Black" title="Max Black">Max Black</a> argued that the work of <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> was seminal in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formulations_and_subfields">Formulations and subfields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Formulations and subfields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kstovo-BusStation-Sinks-1444.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kstovo-BusStation-Sinks-1444.JPG/220px-Kstovo-BusStation-Sinks-1444.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kstovo-BusStation-Sinks-1444.JPG/330px-Kstovo-BusStation-Sinks-1444.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kstovo-BusStation-Sinks-1444.JPG/440px-Kstovo-BusStation-Sinks-1444.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color-coding</a> hot- and cold-water faucets (taps) is common in many cultures but, as this example shows, the coding may be rendered meaningless because of context. The two faucets (taps) probably were sold as a coded set, but the code is unusable (and ignored), as there is a single water supply.</figcaption></figure> <p>Semioticians classify signs or sign systems in relation to the way they are <a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">transmitted</a>. This process of carrying meaning depends on the use of <a href="/wiki/Code_(semiotics)" title="Code (semiotics)">codes</a> that may be the individual sounds or letters that humans use to form words, the body movements they make to show attitude or emotion, or even something as general as the clothes they wear. To <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">coin</a> a word to refer to a <i><a href="/wiki/Lexical_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical (semiotics)">thing</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> must agree on a simple meaning (a <a href="/wiki/Denotation_(semiotics)" title="Denotation (semiotics)">denotative</a> meaning) within their language, but that word can transmit that meaning only within the language's <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">grammatical structures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">codes</a>. Codes also represent the <a href="/wiki/Value_(semiotics)" title="Value (semiotics)">values</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, and are able to add new shades of <a href="/wiki/Connotation_(semiotics)" title="Connotation (semiotics)">connotation</a> to every aspect of life. </p><p>To explain the relationship between semiotics and <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> is defined as the process of transferring data and-or meaning from a source to a receiver. Hence, communication theorists construct models based on codes, media, and <a href="/wiki/Context_(language_use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (language use)">contexts</a> to explain the <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a> involved. Both disciplines recognize that the technical process cannot be separated from the fact that the receiver must <a href="/wiki/Decode_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decode (semiotics)">decode</a> the data, i.e., be able to distinguish the data as <a href="/wiki/Salience_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salience (semiotics)">salient</a>, and make meaning out of it. This implies that there is a necessary overlap between semiotics and communication. Indeed, many of the concepts are shared, although in each field the emphasis is different. In <i>Messages and Meanings: An Introduction to Semiotics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danesi" title="Marcel Danesi">Marcel Danesi</a> (1994) suggested that semioticians' priorities were to study <a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">signification</a> first, and communication second. A more extreme view is offered by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiez" title="Jean-Jacques Nattiez">Jean-Jacques Nattiez</a> who, as a <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologist</a>, considered the theoretical study of communication irrelevant to his application of semiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-Nattiez_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nattiez-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntactics">Syntactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syntactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Syntactics"></span><span class="anchor" id="syntactics"></span> Semiotics differs from <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> in that it generalizes the definition of a sign to encompass signs in any medium or sensory modality. Thus it broadens the range of sign systems and sign relations, and extends the definition of language in what amounts to its widest analogical or metaphorical sense. The branch of semiotics that deals with such formal relations between signs or expressions in abstraction from their signification and their interpreters,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or—more generally—with formal properties of symbol systems<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (specifically, with reference to linguistic signs, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is referred to as <b>syntactics</b>. </p><p>Peirce's definition of the term <i>semiotic</i> as the study of necessary features of signs also has the effect of distinguishing the discipline from linguistics as the study of contingent features that the world's languages happen to have acquired in the course of their evolutions. From a subjective standpoint, perhaps more difficult is the distinction between semiotics and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>. In a sense, the difference lies between separate traditions rather than subjects. Different authors have called themselves "philosopher of language" or "semiotician." This difference does <i>not</i> match the separation between <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental philosophy</a>. On a closer look, there may be found some differences regarding subjects. Philosophy of language pays more attention to <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</a> or to languages in general, while semiotics is deeply concerned with non-linguistic signification. Philosophy of language also bears connections to linguistics, while semiotics might appear closer to some of the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a>) and to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_semiotics">Cognitive semiotics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cognitive semiotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Semiosis or <i>semeiosis</i> is the process that forms meaning from any organism's apprehension of the world through signs. Scholars who have talked about semiosis in their subtheories of semiotics include <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">C. S. Peirce</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Deely" title="John Deely">John Deely</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>. Cognitive semiotics is combining methods and theories developed in the disciplines of semiotics and the humanities, with providing new information into human signification and its manifestation in cultural practices. The research on cognitive semiotics brings together semiotics from linguistics, cognitive science, and related disciplines on a common meta-theoretical platform of concepts, methods, and shared data. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_semiotics" title="Cognitive semiotics">Cognitive semiotics</a> may also be seen as the study of <a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">meaning-making</a> by employing and integrating methods and theories developed in the cognitive sciences. This involves conceptual and textual analysis as well as experimental investigations. Cognitive semiotics initially was developed at the Center for Semiotics at <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>), with an important connection with the Center of Functionally Integrated Neuroscience (CFIN) at Aarhus Hospital. Amongst the prominent cognitive semioticians are <a href="/wiki/Per_Aage_Brandt" title="Per Aage Brandt">Per Aage Brandt</a>, Svend Østergaard, Peer Bundgård, <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Stjernfelt" title="Frederik Stjernfelt">Frederik Stjernfelt</a>, Mikkel Wallentin, Kristian Tylén, Riccardo Fusaroli, and Jordan Zlatev. Zlatev later in co-operation with Göran Sonesson established CCS (Center for Cognitive Semiotics) at <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a>, Sweden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finite_semiotics">Finite semiotics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Finite semiotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Finite semiotics</b>, developed by Cameron Shackell (2018, 2019),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aims to unify existing theories of semiotics for application to the post-<a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillardian</a> world of ubiquitous technology. Its central move is to place the finiteness of thought at the root of semiotics and the sign as a secondary but fundamental analytical construct. The theory contends that the levels of reproduction that technology is bringing to human environments demands this reprioritisation if semiotics is to remain relevant in the face of effectively infinite signs. The shift in emphasis allows practical definitions of many core constructs in semiotics which Shackell has applied to areas such as <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human computer interaction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a> theory,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Computational_semiotics" title="Computational semiotics">computational semiotics</a> method for generating <a href="/wiki/Semiotic_square" title="Semiotic square">semiotic squares</a> from digital texts.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pictorial_semiotics">Pictorial semiotics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pictorial semiotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Pictorial semiotics</b><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is intimately connected to art history and theory. It goes beyond them both in at least one fundamental way, however. While <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a> has limited its visual analysis to a small number of pictures that qualify as "works of art", pictorial semiotics focuses on the properties of pictures in a general sense, and on how the artistic conventions of images can be interpreted through pictorial codes. Pictorial codes are the way in which viewers of pictorial representations seem automatically to decipher the artistic conventions of images by being unconsciously familiar with them.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Göran Sonesson, a Swedish semiotician, pictures can be analyzed by three models: the narrative model, which concentrates on the relationship between pictures and time in a chronological manner as in a comic strip; the rhetoric model, which compares pictures with different devices as in a metaphor; and the Laokoon model, which considers the limits and constraints of pictorial expressions by comparing textual mediums that utilize time with visual mediums that utilize space.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The break from traditional art history and theory—as well as from other major streams of semiotic analysis—leaves open a wide variety of possibilities for pictorial semiotics. Some influences have been drawn from phenomenological analysis, cognitive psychology, structuralist, and cognitivist linguistics, and visual anthropology and sociology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization">Globalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies have shown that semiotics may be used to make or break a <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>. <a href="/wiki/Culture_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture code">Culture codes</a> strongly influence whether a population likes or dislikes a brand's marketing, especially internationally. If the company is unaware of a culture's codes, it runs the risk of failing in its marketing. <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> has caused the development of a global consumer culture where products have similar associations, whether positive or negative, across numerous markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Alden_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alden-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mistranslations may lead to instances of "<a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Chinglish" title="Chinglish">Chinglish</a>" terms for unintentionally humorous cross-cultural slogans intended to be understood in English. When <a href="/wiki/Translation#Survey_translation" title="Translation">translating surveys</a>, the same symbol may mean different things in the source and target language thus leading to potential errors. For example, the symbol of "x" is used to mark a response in English language surveys but "x" usually means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">no</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> in the Chinese convention.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be caused by a sign that, in Peirce's terms, mistakenly indexes or symbolizes something in one culture, that it does not in another.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, it creates a connotation that is culturally-bound, and that violates some culture code. Theorists who have studied humor (such as <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>) suggest that contradiction or incongruity creates absurdity and therefore, humor.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violating a culture code creates this construct of ridiculousness for the culture that owns the code. Intentional humor also may fail cross-culturally because jokes are not on code for the receiving culture.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A good example of branding according to cultural code is <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>'s international <a href="/wiki/Theme_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme park">theme park</a> business. Disney fits well with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s cultural code because the Japanese value "<a href="/wiki/Cuteness_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuteness in Japan">cuteness</a>", politeness, and gift-giving as part of their culture code; <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Disneyland" title="Tokyo Disneyland">Tokyo Disneyland</a> sells the most souvenirs of any Disney theme park. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Paris" title="Disneyland Paris">Disneyland Paris</a> failed when it launched as <a href="/wiki/Euro_Disney_S.C.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Euro Disney S.C.A.">Euro Disney</a> because the company did not research the codes underlying European culture. Its storybook retelling of European folktales was taken as <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitist</a> and insulting, and the strict appearance standards that it had for employees resulted in discrimination lawsuits in France. Disney souvenirs were perceived as cheap trinkets. The park was a financial failure because its code violated the expectations of European culture in ways that were offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-Brannen_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brannen-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some researchers have suggested that it is possible to successfully pass a sign perceived as a cultural icon, such as the <a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logos</a> for <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> or <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, from one culture to another. This may be accomplished if the sign is migrated from a more economically developed to a less developed culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Brannen_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brannen-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intentional association of a product with another culture has been called "foreign consumer culture positioning" (FCCP). Products also may be marketed using global trends or culture codes, for example, saving time in a busy world; but even these may be fine-tuned for specific cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Alden_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alden-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research also found that, as airline industry brandings grow and become more international their logos become more symbolic and less iconic. The iconicity and <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a> of a sign depends on the cultural convention and are, on that ground, in relation with each other. If the cultural convention has greater influence on the sign, the signs get more symbolic value.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semiotics_of_dreaming">Semiotics of dreaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Semiotics of dreaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Only_primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/45px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/68px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/90px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>only references primary sources</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary,_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Semiotics%22">"Semiotics"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Semiotics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Semiotics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Semiotics%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Semiotics%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Semiotics%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The flexibility of human semiotics is well demonstrated in dreams. <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spelled out how meaning in dreams rests on a blend of images, <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affects</a>, sounds, words, and kinesthetic sensations. In his chapter on "The Means of Representation," he showed how the most abstract sorts of meaning and logical relations can be represented by spatial relations. Two images in sequence may indicate "if this, then that" or "despite this, that." Freud thought the dream started with "dream thoughts" which were like logical, verbal sentences. He believed that the dream thought was in the nature of a taboo wish that would awaken the dreamer. In order to safeguard sleep, the midbrain converts and disguises the verbal dream thought into an imagistic form, through processes he called the "dream-work." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introversive_and_extroversive_semiosis_in_music">Introversive and extroversive semiosis in music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Introversive and extroversive semiosis in music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kofi Agawu<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quotes the distinction made by Roman Jakobson<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between "introversive semiosis, a language with signifies itself," and extoversive semiosis, the referential component of the semiosis. Jakobson writes that introversive semiosis "is indissolubly linked with the esthetic function of sign systems and dominates not only music but also glossolalic poetry and nonrepresentational painting and sculpture"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, but Agawu uses the distinction mainly in music, proposing Schenkerian analysis as a path to introversive semiosis and topic theory as an example of extroversive semiosis. Jean-Jacques Nattiez makes the same distinction: "Roman Jakobson sees in music a semiotic system in which the 'introversive semiosis' – that is, the reference of each sonic element to the other elements to come — predominates over the 'extroversive semiosis' – or the referential link with the exterior world."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_topic_theory">Musical topic theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Musical topic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Semiotics can be directly linked to the ideals of musical topic theory, which traces patterns in musical figures throughout their prevalent context in order to assign some aspect of narrative, affect, or aesthetics to the gesture. Danuta Mirka's <i>The Oxford Handbook of Topic Theory</i> presents a holistic recognition and overview regarding the subject, offering insight into the development of the theory.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recognizing the indicative and symbolic elements of a musical line, gesture, or occurrence, one can gain a greater understanding of aspects regarding compositional intent and identity. </p><p>Philosopher Charles Pierce discusses the relationship of icons and indexes in relation to signification and semiotics. In doing so, he draws on the elements of various ideas, acts, or styles that can be translated into a different field. Whereas indexes consist of a contextual representation of a symbol, icons directly correlate with the object or gesture that is being referenced. </p><p>In his 1980 book <i>Classic Music: Expression, Form, and Style,</i> Leonard Ratner amends the conversation surrounding musical tropes—or "topics"—in order to create a collection of musical figures that have historically been indicative of a given style.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Hatten continues this conversation in <i>Beethoven, Markedness, Correlation, and Interpretation</i> (1994), in which he states that "richly coded style types which carry certain features linked to affect, class, and social occasion such as church styles, learned styles, and dance styles. In complex forms these topics mingle, providing a basis for musical allusion."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_subfields">List of subfields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of subfields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subfields that have sprouted out of semiotics include, but are not limited to, the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a>: the study of semiotic processes at all levels of biology, or a semiotic study of living systems (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen%E2%80%93Tartu_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen–Tartu School">Copenhagen–Tartu School</a>). Annual meetings ("Gatherings in Biosemiotics") have been held since 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_anthropology" title="Semiotic anthropology">Semiotic anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropological_semantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological semantics">anthropological semantics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_semiotics" title="Cognitive semiotics">Cognitive semiotics</a>: the study of meaning-making by employing and integrating methods and theories developed in the cognitive sciences. This involves conceptual and textual analysis as well as experimental investigations. Cognitive semiotics initially was developed at the Center for Semiotics at <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a> (Denmark), with an important connection with the Center of Functionally Integrated Neuroscience (CFIN) at Aarhus Hospital. Amongst the prominent cognitive semioticians are <a href="/wiki/Per_Aage_Brandt" title="Per Aage Brandt">Per Aage Brandt</a>, Svend Østergaard, Peer Bundgård, Frederik Stjernfelt, Mikkel Wallentin, Kristian Tylén, Riccardo Fusaroli, and Jordan Zlatev. Zlatev later in co-operation with Göran Sonesson established the Center for Cognitive Semiotics (CCS) at <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a>, Sweden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_semiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics semiotics">Comics semiotics</a>: the study of the various codes and signs of comics and how they are understood.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_semiotics" title="Computational semiotics">Computational semiotics</a>: attempts to engineer the process of semiosis, in the study of and design for <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a> or to mimic aspects of human <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> through <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">knowledge representation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_semiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural semiotics">Cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semiotic_literary_criticism" title="Semiotic literary criticism">literary semiotics</a>: examines the literary world, the visual media, the mass media, and advertising in the work of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danesi" title="Marcel Danesi">Marcel Danesi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juri_Lotman" title="Juri Lotman">Juri Lotman</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tartu%E2%80%93Moscow_Semiotic_School" title="Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School">Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersemiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersemiotics">Cybersemiotics</a>: built on two already-generated interdisciplinary approaches: cybernetics and systems theory, including <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> and science; and Peircean semiotics, including phenomenology and pragmatic aspects of linguistics, attempts to make the two interdisciplinary paradigms—both going beyond mechanistic and pure constructivist ideas—complement each other in a common framework.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_semiotics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Design semiotics (page does not exist)">Design semiotics</a> or product semiotics: the study of the use of signs in the design of physical products; introduced by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Krampen" title="Martin Krampen">Martin Krampen</a> and in a practitioner-oriented version by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune_Mon%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rune Monö (page does not exist)">Rune Monö</a> while teaching <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a> at the Institute of Design, <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University" title="Umeå University">Umeå University</a>, Sweden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a>: a disciplinary perspective which links semiotics concepts to <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic methods</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion" title="Semiotics of fashion">Fashion semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_semiotics" title="Film semiotics">Film semiotics</a>: the study of the various codes and signs of film and how they are understood. Key figures include <a href="/wiki/Christian_Metz_(critic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Metz (critic)">Christian Metz</a>.</li> <li><a href="#Finite_semiotics">Finite semiotics</a>: an approach to the semiotics of technology developed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameron_Shackell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cameron Shackell (page does not exist)">Cameron Shackell</a>. It is used to both trace the effects of technology on human thought and to develop computational methods for performing semiotic analysis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiology_(Gregorian_Chant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiology (Gregorian Chant)">Gregorian chant semiology</a>: a current avenue of <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">palaeographical</a> research in <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>, which is revising the <a href="/wiki/Solesmes_Abbey" title="Solesmes Abbey">Solesmes</a> school of interpretation.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hylosemiotics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hylosemiotics (page does not exist)">Hylosemiotics</a>: an approach to semiotics that understands meaning as <a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a>, which is developed through exploratory interaction with the physical world. It expands the concept of communication beyond a human-centered paradigm to include other sentient beings, such as animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_and_semiotics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law and semiotics (page does not exist)">Law and semiotics</a>: one of the more accomplished publications in this field is the <i>International Journal for the Semiotics of Law</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Semiotics_of_Law" title="International Association for the Semiotics of Law">International Association for the Semiotics of Law</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marketing_semiotics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marketing semiotics (page does not exist)">Marketing semiotics</a> (or commercial semiotics): an application of semiotic methods and semiotic thinking to the analysis and development of advertising and brand communications in cultural context. Key figures include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Valentine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Valentine (page does not exist)">Virginia Valentine</a>, Malcolm Evans, Greg Rowland, Georgios Rossolatos. International annual conferences (<a href="/wiki/Semiofest" title="Semiofest">Semiofest</a>) have been held since 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_semiology" title="Music semiology">Music semiology</a>: the study of signs as they pertain to music on a variety of levels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisational_semiotics" title="Organisational semiotics">Organisational semiotics</a>: the study of semiotic processes in organizations (with strong ties to <a href="/wiki/Computational_semiotics" title="Computational semiotics">computational semiotics</a> and human–computer interaction).</li> <li><a href="#Pictorial_semiotics">Pictorial semiotics</a>: an application of semiotic methods and semiotic thinking to art history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_music_videos" title="Semiotics of music videos">Semiotics of music videos</a>: semiotics in popular music.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_semiotics" title="Social semiotics">Social semiotics</a>: expands the interpretable semiotic landscape to include all cultural codes, such as in <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a>, fashion, tattoos, and advertising. Key figures include <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Halliday" title="Michael Halliday">Michael Halliday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist)" title="Bob Hodge (linguist)">Bob Hodge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_William_Martin_(sociologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris William Martin (sociologist) (page does not exist)">Chris William Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Metz_(critic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Metz (critic)">Christian Metz</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a> in the work of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, etc. Post-structuralism and semiotics are closely related in their approaches to language, meaning, and interpretation; their relationships, and focuses are on how signs—whether linguistic, visual, or cultural—function to convey meaning, and how those meanings can shift depending on context and interpretation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_semiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre semiotics">Theatre semiotics</a>: an application of semiotic methods and semiotic thinking to <a href="/wiki/Theatre_studies" title="Theatre studies">theatre studies</a>. Key figures include Keir Elam.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_semiotics" title="Urban semiotics">Urban semiotics</a>: the study of meaning in urban form as generated by signs, symbols, and their social connotations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_semiotics" title="Visual semiotics">Visual semiotics</a>: analyses visual signs; prominent modern founders to this <a href="/wiki/Visual_rhetoric" title="Visual rhetoric">branch</a> are <a href="/wiki/Groupe_%CE%BC" title="Groupe μ">Groupe μ</a> and Göran Sonesson.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_photography" title="Semiotics of photography">Semiotics of photography</a>: is the observation of symbolism used within photography.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_semiotics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artificial intelligence semiotics (page does not exist)">Artificial intelligence semiotics</a>: the observation of visual symbols and the symbols' recognition by machine learning systems. The phrase was coined by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Hoeg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Hoeg (page does not exist)">Daniel Hoeg</a>, founder of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics_Mobility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiotics Mobility (page does not exist)">Semiotics Mobility</a>, due to Semiotics Mobility's design and learning process for autonomous recognition and perception of symbols by neural networks.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase refers to machine learning and neural nets application of semiotic methods and semiotic machine learning to the analysis and development of robotics commands and instructions with subsystem communications in autonomous systems context.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics_of_mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiotics of mathematics (page does not exist)">Semiotics of mathematics</a>: the study of signs, symbols, sign systems and their structure, meaning and use in mathematics and mathematics education.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_semioticians">Notable semioticians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable semioticians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exemple_de_signalement_visuel_du_statut_social_chez_un_Cichlid%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Exemple_de_signalement_visuel_du_statut_social_chez_un_Cichlid%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Exemple_de_signalement_visuel_du_statut_social_chez_un_Cichlid%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Exemple_de_signalement_visuel_du_statut_social_chez_un_Cichlid%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Exemple_de_signalement_visuel_du_statut_social_chez_un_Cichlid%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Exemple_de_signalement_visuel_du_statut_social_chez_un_Cichlid%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Exemple_de_signalement_visuel_du_statut_social_chez_un_Cichlid%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Signaling and communication between the <i><a href="/wiki/Astatotilapia_burtoni" title="Astatotilapia burtoni">Astatotilapia burtoni</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> (1795–1881) ascribed great importance to symbols in a religious context, noting that all worship "must proceed by Symbols"; he propounded this theory in such works as "<a href="/wiki/Critical_and_Miscellaneous_Essays" title="Critical and Miscellaneous Essays">Characteristics</a>" (1831),<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Resartus" title="Sartor Resartus">Sartor Resartus</a></i> (1833–4),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes" class="mw-redirect" title="On Heroes">On Heroes</a></i> (1841),<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which have been retroactively recognized as containing semiotic theories. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a> (1839–1914), a <a href="/wiki/History_of_logic" title="History of logic">noted logician</a> who founded philosophical <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a>, defined <i>semiosis</i> as an irreducibly triadic process wherein something, as an object, logically determines or influences something as a sign to determine or influence something as an interpretation or <i>interpretant</i>, itself a sign, thus leading to further interpretants.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semiosis is logically structured to perpetuate itself. The object may be quality, fact, rule, or even fictional (<a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Hamlet</a>), and may be "immediate" to the sign, the object as represented in the sign, or "dynamic", the object as it really is, on which the immediate object is founded. The interpretant may be "immediate" to the sign, all that the sign immediately expresses, such as a word's usual meaning; or "dynamic", such as a state of agitation; or "final" or "normal", the ultimate ramifications of the sign about its object, to which inquiry taken far enough would be destined and with which any interpretant, at most, may coincide.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>semiotic</i><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covered not only artificial, linguistic, and symbolic signs, but also semblances such as kindred sensible qualities, and indices such as reactions. He came c. 1903<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Semiotic_elements_and_classes_of_signs_(Peirce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiotic elements and classes of signs (Peirce)">classify any sign</a> by three interdependent trichotomies, intersecting to form ten (rather than 27) classes of sign.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signs also enter into various kinds of meaningful combinations; Peirce covered both semantic and syntactical issues in his speculative grammar. He regarded formal semiotic as logic <i>per se</i> and part of philosophy; as also encompassing study of arguments (<a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">hypothetical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive</a>) and inquiry's methods including pragmatism; and as allied to, but distinct from logic's pure mathematics. In addition to pragmatism, Peirce provided a definition of "sign" as a <i>representamen</i>, in order to bring out the fact that a sign is something that "represents" something else in order to suggest it (that is, "re-present" it) in some way:<sup id="cite_ref-CREDO_Reference_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CREDO_Reference-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_NoteH"><a href="#endnote_NoteH">[H]</a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A sign, or representamen, is something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity. It addresses somebody, that is, creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign. That sign which it creates I call the interpretant of the first sign. The sign stands for something, its object not in all respects, but in reference to a sort of idea.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a> (1857–1913), the "father" of modern <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, proposed a dualistic notion of signs, relating the <i>signifier</i> as the form of the word or phrase uttered, to the <i>signified</i> as the mental concept. According to Saussure, the sign is completely arbitrary—i.e., there is no necessary connection between the sign and its meaning. This sets him apart from previous philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastics</a>, who thought that there must be some connection between a signifier and the object it signifies. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Course_in_General_Linguistics" title="Course in General Linguistics">Course in General Linguistics</a></i>, Saussure credits the American linguist <a href="/wiki/William_Dwight_Whitney" title="William Dwight Whitney">William Dwight Whitney</a> (1827–1894) with insisting on the arbitrary nature of the sign. Saussure's insistence on the arbitrariness of the sign also has influenced later philosophers and theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a>. Ferdinand de Saussure coined the term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sémiologie</i></span> while teaching his landmark "Course on General Linguistics" at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a> from 1906 to 1911. Saussure posited that no word is inherently meaningful. Rather a word is only a "signifier." i.e., the representation of something, and it must be combined in the brain with the "signified", or the thing itself, in order to form a meaning-imbued "sign." Saussure believed that dismantling signs was a real science, for in doing so we come to an empirical understanding of how humans synthesize physical stimuli into words and other abstract concepts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a> (1864–1944) studied the <a href="/wiki/Sign_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign process">sign processes</a> in animals. He used the German word <i><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></i>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">environment</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, to describe the individual's subjective world, and he invented the concept of functional circle (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">funktionskreis</i></span>) as a general model of sign processes. In his <i>Theory of Meaning</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bedeutungslehre</i></span>, 1940), he described the semiotic approach to <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, thus establishing the field that now is called <a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">biosemiotics</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Voloshinov" title="Valentin Voloshinov">Valentin Voloshinov</a> (1895–1936) was a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-Russian linguist, whose work has been influential in the field of <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">theory of ideology</a>. Written in the late 1920s in the USSR, Voloshinov's <i>Marxism and the Philosophy of Language</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <i lang="ru">Marksizm i Filosofiya Yazyka</i>) developed a counter-Saussurean linguistics, which situated language use in social process rather than in an entirely decontextualized Saussurean <i>langue</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a> (1899–1965) developed a formalist approach to Saussure's structuralist theories. His best known work is <i>Prolegomena to a Theory of Language</i>, which was expanded in <i>Résumé of the Theory of Language</i>, a formal development of <i>glossematics</i>, his scientific calculus of language. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Morris" title="Charles W. Morris">Charles W. Morris</a> (1901–1979): Unlike his mentor <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a>, Morris was a behaviorist and sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a> <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> of his colleague, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a>. Morris was accused by <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> of misreading Peirce.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1938 <i>Foundations of the Theory of Signs</i>, he defined semiotics as grouped into three branches: </p> <ol><li><i>Syntactics</i>/<i>syntax</i>: deals with the formal properties and interrelation of signs and symbols, without regard to meaning.</li> <li><i>Semantics</i>: deals with the formal structures of signs, particularly the relation between signs and the objects to which they apply (i.e. signs to their designata, and the objects that they may or do denote).</li> <li><i>Pragmatics</i>: deals with the biotic aspects of semiosis, including all the psychological, biological, and sociological phenomena that occur in the functioning of signs. Pragmatics is concerned with the relation between the sign system and sign-using agents or interpreters (i.e., the human or animal users).</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Thure_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" title="Thure von Uexküll">Thure von Uexküll</a> (1908–2004), the "father" of modern <a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic_medicine" title="Psychosomatic medicine">psychosomatic medicine</a>, developed a diagnostic method based on semiotic and biosemiotic analyses. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a> (1915–1980) was a French literary theorist and semiotician. He often would critique pieces of cultural material to expose how bourgeois society used them to impose its values upon others. For instance, the portrayal of wine drinking in French society as a robust and healthy habit would be a bourgeois ideal perception contradicted by certain realities (i.e. that wine can be unhealthy and inebriating). He found semiotics useful in conducting these critiques. Barthes explained that these bourgeois cultural myths were second-order signs, or connotations. A picture of a full, dark bottle is a sign, a signifier relating to a signified: a fermented, alcoholic beverage—wine. However, the bourgeois take this signified and apply their own emphasis to it, making "wine" a new signifier, this time relating to a new signified: the idea of healthy, robust, relaxing wine. Motivations for such manipulations vary from a desire to sell products to a simple desire to maintain the status quo. These insights brought Barthes very much in line with similar Marxist theory. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Julien_Greimas" title="Algirdas Julien Greimas">Algirdas Julien Greimas</a> (1917–1992) developed a structural version of semiotics named, "generative semiotics", trying to shift the focus of discipline from signs to systems of signification. His theories develop the ideas of Saussure, Hjelmslev, <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Sebeok" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. Sebeok">Thomas A. Sebeok</a> (1920–2001), a student of Charles W. Morris, was a prolific and wide-ranging American semiotician. Although he insisted that animals are not capable of language, he expanded the purview of semiotics to include non-human signaling and communication systems, thus raising some of the issues addressed by <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> and coining the term <a href="/wiki/Zoosemiotics" title="Zoosemiotics">zoosemiotics</a>. Sebeok insisted that all communication was made possible by the relationship between an organism and the environment in which it lives. He also posed the equation between <i>semiosis</i> (the activity of interpreting signs) and <i>life</i>—a view that the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen-Tartu_biosemiotic_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen-Tartu biosemiotic school">Copenhagen-Tartu biosemiotic school</a> has further developed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Juri_Lotman" title="Juri Lotman">Juri Lotman</a> (1922–1993) was the founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> (or Tartu-Moscow) <a href="/wiki/Tartu-Moscow_Semiotic_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School">Semiotic School</a>. He developed a semiotic approach to the study of culture—<a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">semiotics of culture</a>—and established a communication model for the study of text semiotics. He also introduced the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Semiosphere" title="Semiosphere">semiosphere</a>. Among his Moscow colleagues were <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Uspensky" title="Boris Uspensky">Boris Uspensky</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_Metz_(critic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Metz (critic)">Christian Metz</a> (1931–1993) pioneered the application of Saussurean semiotics to <a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">film theory</a>, applying <a href="/wiki/Syntagmatic_analysis" title="Syntagmatic analysis">syntagmatic analysis</a> to scenes of films and grounding <a href="/wiki/Film_semiotics" title="Film semiotics">film semiotics</a> in greater context. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eliseo_Ver%C3%B3n" title="Eliseo Verón">Eliseo Verón</a> (1935–2014) developed his "Social Discourse Theory" inspired in the Peircian conception of "Semiosis." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Groupe_%CE%BC" title="Groupe μ">Groupe μ</a> (founded 1967) developed a structural version of <a href="/wiki/Rhetorics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetorics">rhetorics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Visual_semiotics" title="Visual semiotics">visual semiotics</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> (1932–2016) was an Italian novelist, semiotician and academic. He made a wider audience aware of semiotics by various publications, most notably <i>A Theory of Semiotics</i> and his novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="The Name of the Rose">The Name of the Rose</a></i>, which includes (second to its plot) applied semiotic operations. His most important contributions to the field bear on interpretation, encyclopedia, and model reader. He also criticized in several works (<i>A theory of semiotics</i>, <i>La struttura assente</i>, <i>Le signe</i>, <i>La production de signes</i>) the "iconism" or "iconic signs" (taken from Peirce's most famous triadic relation, based on indexes, icons, and symbols), to which he proposed four modes of sign production: recognition, ostension, replica, and invention. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Julia Kristeva</a> (born 1941), a student of <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Goldmann" title="Lucien Goldmann">Lucien Goldmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, Bulgarian-French semiotician, <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalyst</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="French feminist">feminist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a>. She uses psychoanalytical concepts together with the semiotics, distinguishing the two components in the signification, the symbolic and the semiotic<i>.</i> Kristeva also studies the <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">representation of women and women's bodies in popular culture, such as horror films</a> and has had a remarkable influence on feminism and feminist literary studies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Silverstein" title="Michael Silverstein">Michael Silverstein</a> (1945–2020), a theoretician of semiotics and linguistic anthropology. Over the course of his career he created an original synthesis of research on the semiotics of communication, the sociology of interaction, Russian formalist literary theory, linguistic pragmatics, sociolinguistics, early anthropological linguistics and structuralist grammatical theory, together with his own theoretical contributions, yielding a comprehensive account of the semiotics of human communication and its relation to culture. His main influence was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_applications">Current applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Current applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some applications of semiotics include: </p> <ul><li>Representation of a <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> for the analysis of "texts" regardless of <a href="/wiki/Modality_(Semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (Semiotics)">the medium in which it is presented</a>. For these purposes, "text" is any message preserved in a form whose existence is independent of both sender and receiver;</li> <li>By scholars and professional researchers as a method to interpret meanings behind symbols and how the meanings are created;</li> <li>Potential improvement of <a href="/wiki/Ergonomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic">ergonomic</a> design in situations where it is important to ensure that human beings are able to interact more effectively with their environments, whether it be on a large scale, as in <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, or on a small scale, such as the configuration of instrumentation for human use; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_communications" title="Marketing communications">Marketing</a>: Epure, Eisenstat, and Dinu (2014) express that "semiotics allows for the practical distinction of persuasion from manipulation in marketing communication."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 592">: 592 </span></sup> Semiotics are used in marketing as a <a href="/wiki/Marketing_strategy" title="Marketing strategy">persuasive device</a> to influence buyers to change their attitudes and behaviors in the market place. There are two ways that Epure, Eisenstat, and Dinu (2014), building on the works of <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, state in which semiotics are used in marketing: <i>Surface</i>: signs are used to create personality for the product, creativity plays its foremost role at this level; <i>Underlying</i>: the concealed meaning of the text, imagery, sounds, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In some countries, the role of semiotics is limited to <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> and an appreciation of audio and visual media. This narrow focus may inhibit a more general study of the social and political forces shaping how different media are used and their dynamic status within modern culture. Issues of technological <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> in the choice of media and the design of communication strategies assume new importance in this age of mass media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_institutions">Main institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Main institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A world organisation of semioticians, the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Semiotic_Studies" title="International Association for Semiotic Studies">International Association for Semiotic Studies</a>, and its journal <i><a href="/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica">Semiotica</a></i>, was established in 1969. The larger research centers together with teaching program include the semiotics departments at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Limoges" title="University of Limoges">University of Limoges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bologna_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna University">Bologna University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Publication of research is both in dedicated journals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sign_Systems_Studies" title="Sign Systems Studies">Sign Systems Studies</a></i>, established by <a href="/wiki/Juri_Lotman" title="Juri Lotman">Juri Lotman</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/Tartu_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu University Press">Tartu University Press</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Semiotica" title="Semiotica">Semiotica</a></i>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Sebeok" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. Sebeok">Thomas A. Sebeok</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/Mouton_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouton de Gruyter">Mouton de Gruyter</a>; <i>Zeitschrift für Semiotik</i>; <i>European Journal of Semiotics</i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Versus_(journal)" title="Versus (journal)">Versus</a></i> (founded and directed by <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Semiotics" title="The American Journal of Semiotics">The American Journal of Semiotics</a></i>, et al.; and as articles accepted in periodicals of other disciplines, especially journals oriented toward philosophy and cultural criticism, communication theory, etc. </p><p>The major semiotic book series <i>Semiotics, Communication, Cognition</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter_Mouton" class="mw-redirect" title="De Gruyter Mouton">De Gruyter Mouton</a> (series editors Paul Cobley and <a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Kull" title="Kalevi Kull">Kalevi Kull</a>) replaces the former "Approaches to Semiotics" (series editor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Sebeok" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. Sebeok">Thomas A. Sebeok</a>, 127 volumes) and "Approaches to Applied Semiotics" (7 volumes). Since 1980 the <a href="/wiki/Semiotic_Society_of_America" title="Semiotic Society of America">Semiotic Society of America</a> has produced an annual conference series: <i><a href="/wiki/Semiotics:_The_Proceedings_of_the_Semiotic_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiotics: The Proceedings of the Semiotic Society of America">Semiotics: The Proceedings of the Semiotic Society of America</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosemiotics" title="Ecosemiotics">Ecosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_symbol" title="Gender symbol">Gender symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_semiotics_articles" title="Index of semiotics articles">Index of semiotics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosemiotics" title="Neurosemiotics">Neurosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_semiotics" title="Outline of semiotics">Outline of semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_language_argument" title="Private language argument">Private language argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiofest" title="Semiofest">Semiofest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_theory_of_Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce">Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_semiotics" title="Social semiotics">Social semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_language" title="Universal language">Universal language</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.science.philosophy.peirce/3252">Andrew LaVelle's discussion of Romeo on Peirce</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220553/http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.science.philosophy.peirce/3252">Archived</a> 2018-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Locke (1700) uses the Greek word "σημιωτική" [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGeKsjjtu6EC">4th edition</a> of his <i>Essay concerning Human Understanding</i> (p. 437). He notably writes both (a) "σημιωτικὴ" and (b) "Σημιωτική": when term (a) is followed by any kind of punctuation mark, it takes the form (b). In Chapter XX, titled "Division of the Sciences," which concludes the 1st edition of Locke's <i>Essay</i> (1689/1690), Locke introduces "σημιωτική" in § 4 as his proposed name synonymous with "<i>the Doctrine of Signs</i>" for the development of the future study of the ubiquitous role of signs within human awareness. In the 4th edition of Locke's <i>Essay</i> (1700), a new Chapter XIX, titled "Of Enthusiasm," is inserted into Book IV. As result, Chapter XX of the 1st edition becomes Chapter XXI for all subsequent editions. It is an important fact that Locke's proposal for the development of semiotics, with three passing exceptions as "asides" in the writings of <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibniz">Leibniz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a>, "is met with a resounding silence that lasts as long as modernity itself. Even Locke's devoted late modern editor, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_Fraser" title="Alexander Campbell Fraser">Alexander Campbell Fraser</a>, dismisses out of hand 'this crude and superficial scheme of Locke'" Deely adds "Locke's modest proposal subversive of the way of ideas, its reception, and its bearing on the resolution of an ancient and a modern controversy in logic." In the Oxford University Press critical edition (1975), prepared and introduced by Peter Harold Nidditch, Nidditch tells us, in his "Foreword," that he presents us with "a complete, critically established, and unmodernized text that aims at being historically faithful to Locke's final intentions";<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: vii">: vii </span></sup> that "the present text is based on the original fourth edition of the <i>Essay</i>;<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxv">: xxv </span></sup> and that "readings in the other early authorized editions are adopted, in appropriate form, where necessary, and recorded otherwise in the textual notes."<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxv">: xxv </span></sup> The term "σημιωτική" appears in that 4th edition (1700), the last published (but not the last prepared) within Locke's lifetime, with exactly the spelling and final accent found in the 1st edition. Yet if we turn to (the final) chapter XXI of the Oxford edition (1975, p. 720), we find not "σημιωτικὴ" but rather do we find substituted the "σημειωτικὴ" spelling (and with final accent reversed). <b>Note</b> that in <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Modern Greek</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">some systems for pronouncing classical Greek</a>, "σημ<b>ι</b>ωτική" and "σημ<b>ει</b>ωτική" are pronounced the same.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The whole anthology, <i>Frontiers in Semiotics</i>, was devoted to the documentation of this <i>pars pro toto</i> move of Sebeok.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Fisch has compiled Peirce-related bibliographical supplements in 1952, 1964, 1966, 1974; was consulting editor on the 1977 microfilm of Peirce's published works and on the <i>Comprehensive Bibliography</i> associated with it; was among the main editors of the first five volumes of <i>Writings of Charles S. Peirce</i> (1981–1993); and wrote a number of published articles on Peirce, many collected in 1986 in <i>Peirce, Semeiotic, and Pragmatism.</i> See also <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce_bibliography" title="Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography">Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The distinction between the being of existing <i>Dasein</i> and the Being of entities, such as Reality, which do not have the character of <i>Dasein</i>...is nothing with which philosophy may tranquilize itself. It has long been known that ancient ontology works with 'Thing-concepts' and that there is a danger of 'reifying consciousness'. But what does this 'reifying' signify? Where does it arise? Why does Being get 'conceived' 'proximally' in terms of the present-at-hand and not in terms of the ready-to-hand, which indeed lies <i>closer</i> to us? Why does reifying always keep coming back to exercise its dominion? This is the question that the <i>Umwelt/Lebenswelt</i> distinction as here drawn answers to." <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> 1962/1927:486</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Detailed demonstration of Sebeok's role of the global emergence of semiotics is recorded in at least three recent volumes: <ol><li><i>Semiotics Seen Synchronically. The View from 2010</i> (Ottawa: Legas, 2010).</li> <li><i>Semiotics Continues To Astonish. Thomas A. Sebeok and the Doctrine of Signs</i> (Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, 2011)—a 526-page assemblage of essays, vignettes, letters, pictures attesting to the depth and extent of Sebeok's promotion of semiotic understanding around the world, including his involvement with Juri Lotman and the Tartu University graduate program in semiotics (currently directed by P. Torop, M. Lotman and K. Kull).</li> <li>Sebeok's <i>Semiotic Prologues</i> (Ottawa: Legas, 2012)—a volume which gathers together in Part I all the "prologues" (i.e., introductions, prefaces, forewords, etc.) that Sebeok wrote for other peoples' books, then in Part 2 all the "prologues" that other people wrote for Sebeok.</li></ol> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Sebeok, Thomas A</a>. "Communication in Animals and Men." A review article that covers three books: Martin Lindauer, <i>Communication among Social Bees</i> (Harvard Books in Biology, No. 2; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961, pp. ix + 143); Winthrop N. Kellogg, Porpoises and Sonar (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1961, pp. xiv + 177); and John C. Lilly, <i>Man and Dolphin</i> (Garden City, New York: Doubleday), in <i>Language</i> 39 (1963), 448–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a summary of Peirce's contributions to semiotics, see Liszka (1996) or Atkin (2006).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, C., Olteanu, A., & Kull, K. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.utlib.ee/index.php/sss/article/view/SSS.2019.47.3-4.01">Learning and knowing as semiosis: Extending the conceptual apparatus of semiotics</a>. <i>Sign Systems Studies</i> 47(3/4), 352–381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caesar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caesar_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaesar1999" class="citation book cs1">Caesar, Michael (1999). <i><span></span></i>Umberto Eco: Philosophy, Semiotics, and the Work of Fiction<i><span></span></i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0850-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0850-1"><bdi>978-0-7456-0850-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umberto+Eco%3A+Philosophy%2C+Semiotics%2C+and+the+Work+of+Fiction&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-0850-1&rft.aulast=Caesar&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemiotics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott. 1940. "σημειωτικός." <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek-English_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="A Greek-English Lexicon">A Greek-English Lexicon</a></i>. Revised and augmented by H. S. Jones and R. McKenzie. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. Available via <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dshmeiwtiko%2Fs">Perseus Digital Library</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dshmei%3Don">σημεῖον</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/sem02.html">"Semiotics for Beginners: Signs"</a>. <i>visual-memory.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://semiotics.tech/">the original</a> on 1 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=semiotics.tech&rft.atitle=semiotics.tech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsemiotics.tech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemiotics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoncalvesGudwin1998" class="citation book cs1">Goncalves, R.; Gudwin, R. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Semiotic+oriented+autonomous+intelligent+systems+engineering&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+1998+IEEE+International+Symposium+on+Intelligent+Control+%28ISIC%29+held+jointly+with+IEEE+International+Symposium+on+Computational+Intelligence+in+Robotics+and+Automation+%28CIRA%29+Intelligent+Systems+and+Semiotics+%28ISAS%29+%28Cat.+No.98CH36262%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E700-%3C%2Fspan%3E705&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FISIC.1998.713805&rft.isbn=0-7803-4423-5&rft.aulast=Goncalves&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Gudwin%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F713805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemiotics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadwell1998" class="citation journal cs1">Treadwell, James (1998-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&issn=00140856&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA21112577&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sartor Resartus' and the work of writing"</a>. <i>Essays in Criticism</i>. <b>48</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">224–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Feic%2F48.3.224">10.1093/eic/48.3.224</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+in+Criticism&rft.atitle=%27Sartor+Resartus%27+and+the+work+of+writing&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=1998-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Feic%2F48.3.224&rft.aulast=Treadwell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DLitRC%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D00140856%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA21112577%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemiotics" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Leon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30227300">"The Reader Retailored: Thomas Carlyle, His American Audiences, and the Politics of Evidence"</a>. <i>Book History</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">146–</span>172. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-7371">1098-7371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30227300">30227300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Book+History&rft.atitle=The+Reader+Retailored%3A+Thomas+Carlyle%2C+His+American+Audiences%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Evidence&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30227300%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1098-7371&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30227300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemiotics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://victorianweb.org/authors/carlyle/heroes/rose10.html">"Sincere Idolatry: Carlyle and Religious Symbols"</a>. <i>victorianweb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=victorianweb.org&rft.atitle=Sincere+Idolatry%3A+Carlyle+and+Religious+Symbols&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvictorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fcarlyle%2Fheroes%2Frose10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemiotics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Peirce's definitions of signs and semiosis, see under "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/terms/sign.html">Sign</a>" and "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/terms/semiosis.html">Semiosis, semeiosy</a>" in the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/dictionary.html">Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms</a></i>; and "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.numericable.fr/robert.marty/semiotique/access.htm">76 definitions of sign by C. S. 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On coincidence of actual opinion with final opinion, see MS 218, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/bycsp/logic/ms218.htm">transcription</a> at <i>Arisbe</i>, and appearing in <i>Writings of Charles S. Peirce</i> v. 3, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He spelt it "semiotic" and "semeiotic." See under "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/terms/semeiotic.html">Semeiotic</a> [etc.] in the <i>Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peirce, <i>Collected Papers</i> v. 2, paragraphs 243–263, written c. 1903.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He worked on but did not perfect a finer-grained system of ten trichotomies, to be combined into 66 (<a href="/wiki/Triangular_number" title="Triangular number"><i>T</i><sub><i>n</i>+1</sub></a>) classes of sign. That raised for Peirce 59,049 classificatory questions (59,049 = 3<sup>10</sup>, or 3 to the 10th power). 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Sweden: Scania.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/semiotics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/semiotics">semiotics</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Semiotics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Semiotics">Semiotics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Semiotics</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Semiotics">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signosemio.com/">Signo</a> — presents semiotic theories and theories closely related to semiotics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pauillac.inria.fr/~codognet/web.html">The Semiotics of the Web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hum.au.dk/semiotics/">Center for Semiotics</a> — Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semioticsocietyofamerica.org/">Semiotic Society of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semioticon.com/">Open Semiotics Resource Center</a> — includes journals, lecture courses, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peircean_focus">Peircean focus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Peircean focus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cspeirce.com/">Arisbe: The Peirce Gateway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.numericable.fr/robert.marty/semiotique/anglais.htm">Semiotics according to Robert Marty</a>, with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.numericable.fr/robert.marty/semiotique/access.htm">76 definitions of the sign by C. S. Peirce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/dictionary.html">The Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals_and_book_series">Journals and book series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Journals and book series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdcnet.org/ajs">American Journal of Semiotics</a>,</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/John_Deely" title="John Deely">J. Deely</a> and C. Morrissey. US: <a href="/wiki/Semiotic_Society_of_America" title="Semiotic Society of America">Semiotic Society of America</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://french.chass.utoronto.ca/as-sa/">Applied Semiotics / Sémiotique appliquée (AS/SA)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226162651/http://french.chass.utoronto.ca/as-sa/">Archived</a> 2018-12-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, edited by P. G. Marteinson & P. G. Michelucci. CA: University of Toronto.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.de/view/serial/16228">Approaches to Applied Semiotics</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i> (2000–09 series), edited by T. Sebeok, et al. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.de/view/serial/16067">Approaches to Semiotics</a></i> (1969–97 series), edited by T. A. Sebeok, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Rey" title="Alain Rey">A. Rey</a>, R. Posner, et al. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/evolutionary+%26+developmental+biology/journal/12304">Biosemiotics</a></i>, journal of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biosemiotics.org/">International Society for Biosemiotic Studies</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chkjournal.com/">Cybernetics and Human Knowing</a></i>, edited by S. Brier, (chief).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijmarketingsemiotics.com/">International Journal of Marketing Semiotics</a></i>, edited by G. Rossolatos, (chief).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irma-international.org/journal/international-journal-signs-semiotic-systems/41024/">International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems (IJSSS)</a></i>, edited by A, Loula & J. Queiroz.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://semioticsonline.org/">The Public Journal of Semiotics</a></i>, edited by P. Bouissac (eic), A. Cienki (assoc.), R. Jorna, and W. Nöth.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.utoronto.ca/see/pages/SEED_Journal.html">S.E.E.D. Journal (Semiotics, Evolution, Energy, and Development)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225080114/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/see/pages/SEED_Journal.html">Archived</a> 2013-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (2001–7), edited by E. Taborsky. Toronto: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.utoronto.ca/see/index.html">SEE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503121407/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/see/index.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/semiotics/index.html">The Semiotic Review of Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215115549/http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/semiotics/index.html">Archived</a> 2018-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, edited by G. Genosko (gen.) and P. Bouissac (founding ed.).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610163330/http://www.degruyter.de/journals/semiotica/">Semiotica</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danesi" title="Marcel Danesi">M. Danesi</a> (chief). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iass-ais.org/">International Association for Semiotic Studies</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823202805/http://www.ananke-edizioni.com/ananke/?s=Semiotiche">Semiotiche</a></i>, edited by A. Valle and M. Visalli.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.de/view/serial/41472">Semiotics, Communication and Cognition</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i> (series), edited by P. Cobley and <a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Kull" title="Kalevi Kull">K. Kull</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdcnet.org/cpsem">Semiotics: Yearbook of the Semiotic Society of America</a></i>, edited by J. Pelkey. US: Semiotic Society of America.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semioticon.com/semiotix/">SemiotiX New Series: A Global Information Bulletin</a></i>, edited by P. Bouissac, et al.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.utlib.ee/index.php/sss/">Sign Systems Studies</a></i>, edited by O. Puumeister, K. Kull, et al., Estonia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ut.ee/SOSE/eng.html">Dept. of Semiotics, University of Tartu</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/journals/journal/sas.html">Signs and Society</a></i>, edited by R. J. Parmentier.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416202924/http://vip.iva.dk/signs/">Signs: International Journal of Semiotics</a>,</i> edited by M. Thellefsen, T. Thellefsen, and B. Sørensen, (chief eds.).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tyk.ee/et/TSL">Tartu Semiotics Library</a></i> (series), edited by <a href="/wiki/Peeter_Torop" title="Peeter Torop">P. Torop</a>, K. Kull, S. Salupere.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011065724/http://peircesociety.org/transactions.html">Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society</a></i>, edited by C. de Waal (chief). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peircesociety.org/">The Charles S. Peirce Society</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308152226/http://versus.dsc.unibo.it/">Versus: Quaderni di studi semiotici</a></i>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">U. 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media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent communication">Nonviolent communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_conversation_theory" title="Text and conversation theory">Text and conversation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encoding_communication.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Encoding communication"><img alt="Encoding communication" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/120px-Encoding_communication.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/180px-Encoding_communication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/240px-Encoding_communication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_communication" title="Closed-loop communication">Closed-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicology" title="Communicology">Communicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_communication" title="Development communication">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_global_communication" title="Study of global communication">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_cross-border_communication" title="Mediated cross-border communication">Mediated cross-border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Craig" title="Robert T. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisher_(professor)" title="Walter Fisher (professor)">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">Gerbner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Janis" title="Irving Janis">Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Johnson" title="Wendell Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lawrence_Kincaid" title="D. Lawrence Kincaid">Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Morgan" title="Nick Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_C._Quebral" title="Nora C. Quebral">Quebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Rogers" title="Everett Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Schramm" title="Wilbur Schramm">Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Tankard_Jr." title="James W. Tankard Jr.">Tankard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tannen" title="Deborah Tannen">Tannen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Wertheimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Communication_studies" title="Category:Communication studies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sub-fields_of_and_approaches_to_human_geography189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_geography" title="Template:Human geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_geography" title="Template talk:Human geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sub-fields_of_and_approaches_to_human_geography189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-fields of and approaches to <a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_geography" title="Cognitive geography">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_geographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal geographies">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_geographies" title="Children's geographies">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_geography" title="Agricultural geography">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_geography" title="Cyber geography">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_geography" title="Development geography">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_finance" title="Geography of finance">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_economic_geography" title="Historical economic geography">Histo-economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_geography" title="Labor geography">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomarketing" title="Geomarketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_geography" title="Retail geography">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_economic_geography" title="Theoretical economic geography">Theoretical economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_geography" title="Vernacular geography">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_geography" title="Moral geography">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_geography" title="Emotional geography">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neogeography" title="Neogeography">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_space" title="Sexuality and space">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">Religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_food" title="Geography of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_geography" title="Health geography">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_geographies" title="Imagined geographies">Imagined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_geography" title="Internet geography">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geopolitics" title="Critical geopolitics">Critical geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_geography" title="Electoral geography">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_geography" title="Strategic geography">Strategic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_geography" title="Military geography">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_geography" title="Population geography">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_geography" title="Settlement geography">Settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism_in_geography" title="Universalism in geography">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_geography" title="Category:Human geography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nonverbal_communication97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template talk:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nonverbal_communication97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modalities97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modalities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate 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information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention (advertising)">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_communication" title="Behavioral communication">Behavioral communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" 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