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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> The free-culture movement is a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> that promotes the <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> to distribute and modify the <a href="/wiki/Creative_work" title="Creative work">creative works</a> of others in the form of <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> without compensation to, or the consent of, the work's original creators, by using the Internet and other forms of media. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larry_lessig_etech05_050317.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lawrence Lessig standing at a podium with a microphone, with a laptop computer in front of him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Larry_lessig_etech05_050317.jpg/220px-Larry_lessig_etech05_050317.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Larry_lessig_etech05_050317.jpg/330px-Larry_lessig_etech05_050317.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Larry_lessig_etech05_050317.jpg/440px-Larry_lessig_etech05_050317.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="1000"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>, an influential activist of the free-culture movement, in 2005</figcaption></figure> The movement <a href="/wiki/Copyright_reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright reform movement">objects</a> to what it considers over-restrictive <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> laws. Many members of the movement argue that such laws hinder creativity.<a href="#cite_note-lessig2007-6">[6]</a> They call this system "<a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">permission culture</a>".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The free-culture movement, with its ethos of free exchange of ideas, is aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free and open-source-software movement</a>, as well as other movements and philosophies such as <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> (OA), the <a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">remix culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_culture" title="Hacker culture">hacker culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Access_to_knowledge_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to knowledge movement">access to knowledge movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> movement and the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> movement. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Precursors">1.1 Precursors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Background_of_the_formation_of_the_free-culture_movement">1.2 Background of the formation of the free-culture movement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Foundation_of_the_Creative_Commons">1.3 Foundation of the Creative Commons</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#%22Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works%22">1.4 "Definition of Free Cultural Works"</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Organizations">2 Organizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Reception">3 Reception</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Skepticism_from_Richard_Stallman">3.1 Skepticism from Richard Stallman</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Copyright_proponents">3.2 Copyright proponents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links">6 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the late 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Brand" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog" title="Whole Earth Catalog">Whole Earth Catalog</a> and argued that technology could be liberating rather than oppressing.<a href="#cite_note-Ronald_J._Baker-8">[8]</a> He coined the slogan "<a href="/wiki/Information_wants_to_be_free" title="Information wants to be free">Information wants to be free</a>" in 1984<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> to advocate against limiting <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">access to information</a> by governmental control, preventing a public domain of information.<a href="#cite_note-R._Polk_Wagner-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_of_the_formation_of_the_free-culture_movement">Background of the formation of the free-culture movement</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background of the formation of the free-culture movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act">Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">President Clinton</a> signed into law. The legislation extended copyright protections for twenty additional years, resulting in a total guaranteed copyright term of seventy years after a creator's death. The bill was heavily lobbied by music and film corporations like <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>, and dubbed as the <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> Protection Act. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> claims copyright is an obstacle to cultural production, knowledge sharing and technological innovation, and that private interests – as opposed to public good – determine law.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He travelled the country in 1998, giving as many as a hundred speeches a year at college campuses, and sparked the movement. It led to the foundation of the first chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a> at <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a>. In 1999, Lessig challenged the Bono Act, taking the case to the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a>. Despite his firm belief in victory, citing the Constitution's plain language about "limited" copyright terms, Lessig only gained two dissenting votes: from Justices <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_Creative_Commons">Foundation of the Creative Commons</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation of the Creative Commons" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2001, Lessig initiated <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>, an alternative "some rights reserved" licensing system to the default "all rights reserved" copyright system. Lessig focuses on a <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair</a> balance between the interest of the public to use and participate into released creative works and the need of protection for a creator's work, which still enables a "read-write" <a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">remix culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lessig2007-6">[6]</a> The term "free culture" was originally used since 2003 during the <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_Information_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="World Summit on Information Society">World Summit on Information Society</a><a href="#cite_note-WSIS_PCT_events-12">[12]</a> to present the first free license for artistic creation at large, initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a> attitude team in France since 2001 (named <a href="/wiki/Free_art_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free art license">free art license</a>). It was then developed in Lawrence Lessig's book <a href="/wiki/Free_Culture_(book)" title="Free Culture (book)">Free Culture</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Quart-13">[13]</a> In August 2003 the <a href="/wiki/Open_Content_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Content Project">Open Content Project</a>, a 1998 Creative Commons precursor by <a href="/wiki/David_A._Wiley" title="David A. Wiley">David A. Wiley</a>, announced the Creative Commons as successor project and Wiley joined as director.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='"Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works"'>"Definition of Free Cultural Works"</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=5" title='Edit section: "Definition of Free Cultural Works"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2005/2006 within the free-culture movement, Creative Commons was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a><a href="#cite_note-Erik_Moller,_The_Case_for_Free_Use:_Reasons_Not_to_Use_a_Creative_Commons_-NC_License-16">[16]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a> for lacking minimum standards for freedom.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Following this, the "<a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a>" was created as collaborative work of many, including <a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In February 2008, several <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons licenses</a> were "approved for free cultural works", namely the <a href="/wiki/CC_BY" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY">CC BY</a> and <a href="/wiki/CC_BY-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-SA">CC BY-SA</a> (later also the <a href="/wiki/CC0" class="mw-redirect" title="CC0">CC0</a>).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Creative Commons licenses with restrictions on commercial use or derivative works were not approved. In October 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a> described their definition of "open", for <a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">open content</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">open knowledge</a>, as synonymous to the definition of "free" in the "Definition of Free Cultural Works", noting that both are rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Software Definition">Free Software Definition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Therefore, the same three creative commons licenses are recommended for <a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">open content</a> and free content, <a href="/wiki/CC_BY" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY">CC BY</a>, <a href="/wiki/CC_BY-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-SA">CC BY-SA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CC0" class="mw-redirect" title="CC0">CC0</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Open Knowledge foundation additionally defined three specialized licenses for data and databases, previously unavailable: the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL), the Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-BY) and the <a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Commons_Open_Database_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Data Commons Open Database License">Open Data Commons Open Database License</a> (ODbL). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cc.logo.circle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cc.logo.circle.svg/150px-Cc.logo.circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cc.logo.circle.svg/150px-Cc.logo.circle.svg.png" data-width="150" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cc.logo.circle.svg/225px-Cc.logo.circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cc.logo.circle.svg/300px-Cc.logo.circle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> logo</figcaption></figure> The organization commonly associated with free culture is <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> (CC), founded by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>. CC promotes sharing creative works and diffusing ideas to produce cultural vibrance, scientific progress and business innovation. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png/150px-Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="269"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 96px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png/150px-Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png" data-width="150" data-height="96" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png/225px-Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png/300px-Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Student organization <a href="/wiki/FreeCulture.org" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeCulture.org">FreeCulture.org</a>, inspired by Lessig and founded 2003. The Building blocks are a symbol for reuse and remixing of creative works, used also as symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://questioncopyright.org">QuestionCopyright.org</a> is another organization whose stated mission is "to highlight the economic, artistic, and social harm caused by distribution monopolies, and to demonstrate how freedom-based distribution is better for artists and audiences."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> QuestionCopyright may be best known for its association with artist <a href="/wiki/Nina_Paley" title="Nina Paley">Nina Paley</a>, whose multi-award-winning feature length animation <a href="/wiki/Sita_Sings_The_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Sita Sings The Blues">Sita Sings The Blues</a> has been held up as an extraordinarily successful<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> example of free distribution under the aegis of the "Sita Distribution Project".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The web site of the organization has a number of resources, publications, and other references related to various copyright, patent, and trademark issues. The student organization <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a> is sometimes confusingly called "the Free Culture Movement", but that is not its official name. The organization is a subset of the greater movement. The first chapter was founded in 1998 at Swarthmore College, and by 2008, the organization had 26 chapters.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The free-culture movement takes the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> movement and extends them from the field of <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">software</a> to all <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> and creative works. Early in Creative Commons' life, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> (the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> movement) supported the organization. He withdrew his support due to the introduction of several licenses including the developing nations (retired in 2007)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and sampling licenses.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Stallman later restored some support when Creative Commons retired those licenses. The <a href="/wiki/Free_music" title="Free music">free music</a> movement, a subset of the free-culture movement, started out just as the Web rose in popularity with the Free Music Philosophy<a href="#cite_note-Samudrala-30">[30]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ram_Samudrala" title="Ram Samudrala">Ram Samudrala</a> in early 1994. It was also based on the idea of free software by Richard Stallman and coincided with nascent open art and open information movements (referred to here as collectively as the "free-culture movement"). The Free Music Philosophy used a three-pronged approach to voluntarily encourage the spread of unrestricted copying, based on the fact that copies of recordings and compositions could be made and distributed with complete accuracy and ease via the Internet. The subsequent free music movement was reported on by diverse media outlets including <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-billboard_jul181998-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-forbes_jul111997-32">[32]</a> Levi's Original Music Magazine,<a href="#cite_note-levi_nov192008-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Radical_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Radical (magazine)">The Free Radical</a>,<a href="#cite_note-free_radical_2001-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a><a href="#cite_note-wired_jun101997-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired_jun121998-36">[36]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_dec161998-37">[37]</a> Along with the <a href="/wiki/Dotcom_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Dotcom bubble">explosion of the Web</a> driven by <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">P2P</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a>, and despite the efforts of the music industry, free music became largely a reality in the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-troelsjust-38">[38]</a> Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> and Creative Commons with free information champions like Lawrence Lessig were devising numerous licenses that offered different flavors of copyright and copyleft. The question was no longer why and how music should be free, but rather how creativity would flourish while musicians developed models to generate revenue in the Internet era.<a href="#cite_note-schulman_1999a-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-music_future-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-napster_compendium-41">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skepticism_from_Richard_Stallman">Skepticism from Richard Stallman</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Skepticism from Richard Stallman" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Initially, <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> did not see the importance of free works beyond software.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> For instance for manuals and books Stallman stated in the 1990s: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issues for writings are not necessarily the same as those for software. For example, I don't think you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this one, which describe our actions and our views.</blockquote> Similarly, in 1999 Stallman said that he sees "no social imperative for free hardware designs like the imperative for free software".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Other authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Pearce" title="Joshua Pearce">Joshua Pearce</a>, have argued that there is an ethical imperative for <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a>, specifically with respect to <a href="/wiki/Open-source-appropriate_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-appropriate technology">open-source-appropriate technology</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Later, Stallman changed his position slightly and advocated for free sharing of information in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> But, in 2011 Stallman commented on the <a href="/wiki/Megaupload" title="Megaupload">Megaupload</a> founder's arrest, "I think all works meant for practical uses must be free, but that does not apply to music, since music is meant for appreciation, not for practical use."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In a follow-up Stallman differentiated three classes: works of practical use should be free, works representing points of view should be shareable but not changeable and works of art or entertainment should be copyrighted (but only for 10 years).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In an essay in 2012 Stallman argued that <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> as software should be free but not their artwork.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 2015 Stallman advocated for <a href="/wiki/Free_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Free hardware">free hardware</a> designs.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_proponents">Copyright proponents</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Copyright proponents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Vocal criticism against the free-culture movement comes from copyright proponents. Prominent technologist and musician <a href="/wiki/Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a> discusses this perspective of free culture in his 2010 book <a href="/wiki/You_Are_Not_a_Gadget" class="mw-redirect" title="You Are Not a Gadget">You Are Not a Gadget</a>. Lanier's concerns include the depersonalization of crowd-sourced anonymous media (such as Wikipedia) and the economic dignity of middle-class creative artists. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keen" title="Andrew Keen">Andrew Keen</a>, a critic of <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>, criticizes some of the free culture ideas in his book, <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Amateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult of the Amateur">Cult of the Amateur</a>, describing Lessig as an "intellectual property communist".<a href="#cite_note-keen2.0-50">[50]</a> The decline of the news media industry's market share is blamed on free culture but scholars like <a href="/wiki/Clay_Shirky" title="Clay Shirky">Clay Shirky</a> claim that the market itself, not free culture, is what is killing the journalism industry.<a href="#cite_note-Quart-13">[13]</a> The free art movement is distinct from the free culture movement as the artist retains full copyright for the work. The free art movement is the practice of artists leaving art in public places for the public to remove and keep. The artwork is usually tagged with a notice stating it is free art, and either with the artist's name or left anonymously. The movement was reinvigorated by British <a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a> practitioner <a href="/w/index.php?title=My_Dog_Sighs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="My Dog Sighs (page does not exist)">My Dog Sighs</a> coining the term "Free Art Fridays".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Clues to the location of artworks are sometimes left on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> to combine <a href="/wiki/Treasure_hunt_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure hunt (game)">treasure hunting</a> with art.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2600:_The_Hacker_Quarterly" title="2600: The Hacker Quarterly">2600: The Hacker Quarterly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_knowledge_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to knowledge movement">Access to knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">Anti-copyright notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">Copyright abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">Criticism of intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_vs._Copyright" title="Culture vs. Copyright">Culture vs. Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypherpunk" title="Cypherpunk">Cypherpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_wants_to_be_free" title="Information wants to be free">Information wants to be free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Internet freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">Open-source model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source movement">Open-source movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patentleft" title="Patentleft">Patentleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_2.0" title="Science 2.0">Science 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Virtual_Revolution" title="The Virtual Revolution">The Virtual Revolution</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 3 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998-07-18&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft.au=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9wkEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree-culture+movement" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes_jul111997-32"><a href="#cite_ref-forbes_jul111997_32-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/1997/07/11/habeus.html">Penenberg A. Habias copyrightus. "Forbes", July 11 1997</a>. Forbes.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-levi_nov192008-33"><a href="#cite_ref-levi_nov192008_33-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601073457/http://www.levi.co.za/MusicMag/Category/Detail/Detail.aspx?ID=914">Durbach D. "Short fall to freedom: The free music insurgency". Levi's Original Music Magazine, November 19, 2008</a>. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-free_radical_2001-34"><a href="#cite_ref-free_radical_2001_34-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeradical.co.nz/content/47/47ballin.php">Ballin M. Unfair Use. "The Free Radical" 47, 2001</a>. Freeradical.co.nz. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-wired_jun101997-35"><a href="#cite_ref-wired_jun101997_35-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/1997/06/4361">Oakes C. Recording industry goes to war against web sites. Wired, June 10 1997</a>. Wired.com. 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Archived on 2014-09-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-schulman_1999a-39"><a href="#cite_ref-schulman_1999a_39-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v12/oldNonPaginated(DONOTUSE)/12HarvJLTech589.pdf">Schulman BM. The song heard 'round the world: The copyright implications of MP3s and the future of digital music. "Harvard Journal of Law and Technology" 12: 3, 1999.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120409021202/http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v12/oldNonPaginated(DONOTUSE)/12HarvJLTech589.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-music_future-40"><a href="#cite_ref-music_future_40-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/music_future.html">Samudrala R. The future of music. 1997</a>. Ram.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-napster_compendium-41"><a href="#cite_ref-napster_compendium_41-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicdish.com/downloads/napster_compendium.pdf">Story of a Revolution: Napster & the Music Industry. "MusicDish", 2000</a>. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett_Watson1999" class="citation web cs1">Brett Watson (1999-02-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/free-software-philosophy.html">"Philosophies of Free Software and Intellectual Property"</a>. Retrieved 2016-02-24. <q>Is Software special? [...] So restricting modification is not necessarily evil when it comes to "articles and books"? Or does he just mean that we aren't obliged to let others misrepresent us? Alas, no mention of restricting verbatim duplication. Even Stallman's story on "The Right to Read" does not address the issue directly, despite being about IPR issues other than software. It extrapolates a dystopian future from our current position and acts as a warning about current trends, but offers no comment on the status quo. [...] There is a striking lack of discussion from the usual leaders with regards to the application of copyright in areas other than software. Raymond is mute, and Stallman mumbles. They both seem to view software as a special case: Raymond tacitly, and Stallman explicitly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+Free+Software+and+Intellectual+Property&rft.date=1999-02-10&rft.au=Brett+Watson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ram.org%2Framblings%2Fphilosophy%2Ffmp%2Ffree-software-philosophy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree-culture+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/1999062200505NWLF">Richard Stallman -- On "Free Hardware"</a> on linuxtoday.com "I see no social imperative for free hardware designs like the imperative for free software." (Jun 22, 1999) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pearce, Joshua M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9337-9">"The case for open source appropriate technology"</a>. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 14 (3): 425–431. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EDSus..14..425P">2012EDSus..14..425P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9337-9">10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment%2C+Development+and+Sustainability&rft.atitle=The+case+for+open+source+appropriate+technology&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425-431&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9337-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EDSus..14..425P&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Joshua+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10668-012-9337-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree-culture+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stallman.org/articles/end-war-on-sharing.html">"Ending the War on Sharing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ending+the+War+on+Sharing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstallman.org%2Farticles%2Fend-war-on-sharing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree-culture+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jan/30/google-facebook-antiphishing-megaupload">Boot up: Google and Facebook work on antiphishing tool, Richard Stallman on MegaUpload arrests, and more</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> (January 30, 2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stallman.org/articles/guardian-correction.html">Correcting The Guardian's paraphrase</a> by Richard Stallman (Jan 22, 2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/nonfree-games.en.html">Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/Linux: Good or Bad?</a> on fsf.org by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> "Nonfree game programs (like other nonfree programs) are unethical because they deny freedom to their users. (Game art is a different issue, because it isn't software." (May 31, 2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2015/03/richard-stallman-how-to-make-hardware-designs-free/">Hardware Designs Should Be Free. Here's How to Do It</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wired.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired.com">wired.com</a> (03.18.2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-keen2.0-50"><a href="#cite_ref-keen2.0_50-0">^</a> Keen, Andrew (May 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060224150156/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/714fjczq.asp">Web 2.0; The second generation of the Internet has arrived. It's worse than you think.</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mic.com/articles/30569/free-art-friday-a-global-art-movement-everyone-can-appreciate">"Free Art Friday: A Global Art Movement Everyone Can Appreciate"</a>. Mic. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 2022-03-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mic&rft.atitle=Free+Art+Friday%3A+A+Global+Art+Movement+Everyone+Can+Appreciate&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.com%2Farticles%2F30569%2Ffree-art-friday-a-global-art-movement-everyone-can-appreciate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree-culture+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts_@donnovan_jade2016" class="citation web cs1">Roberts @donnovan_jade, Holly (7 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redandblack.com/culture/month-long-art-scavenger-hunt-free-art-movement-comes-to-classic-city/article_1752f2b2-fc2b-11e5-b1f6-cbc8592908a3.html">"Month-long art scavenger hunt, Free Art Movement, comes to Classic City"</a>. The Red and Black. Retrieved 2022-03-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Red+and+Black&rft.atitle=Month-long+art+scavenger+hunt%2C+Free+Art+Movement%2C+comes+to+Classic+City&rft.date=2016-04-07&rft.aulast=Roberts+%40donnovan_jade&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redandblack.com%2Fculture%2Fmonth-long-art-scavenger-hunt-free-art-movement-comes-to-classic-city%2Farticle_1752f2b2-fc2b-11e5-b1f6-cbc8592908a3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree-culture+movement" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Free-culture_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 33px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="33" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="extiw" title="v:Free culture movement">Free culture movement</a></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Resources</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Berry, David M. and Giles Moss. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100411063525/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1403/1321">The Politics of the Libre Commons</a>. First Monday. Volume 11 (September)</li> <li>Pasquinelli, Matteo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matteopasquinelli.com/docs/ideology-of-free-culture.pdf">"The Ideology of Free Culture and the Grammar of Sabotage"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]; now in Animal Spirits: A Bestiary of the Commons, Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2008.</li> <li>Videoblog: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715064818/http://perspektive89.com/2006/10/18/free_culture_free_software_free_infrastructures_openness_and_freedom_in_every_layer_of_the_network_flo_fleissig_episo">Free Culture, Free Software, Free Infrastructures! Openness and Freedom in every Layer of the Network</a> (Interviews with Kloschi (<a href="/wiki/Freifunk" title="Freifunk">Freifunk</a>), <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">Kurt Jansson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jürgen Neumann (page does not exist)">Jürgen Neumann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freifunk" title="Freifunk">Freifunk</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rishab_Aiyer_Ghosh" title="Rishab Aiyer Ghosh">Rishab Aiyer Ghosh</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">United Nations University</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>) and Allison and Benoit (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montr%C3%A9al_Wireless&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montréal Wireless (page does not exist)">Montréal Wireless</a>))</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="حركة الثقافة الحرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة الثقافة الحرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="মুক্ত-সংস্কৃতি আন্দোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুক্ত-সংস্কৃতি আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie-Kultur-Bewegung" title="Freie-Kultur-Bewegung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freie-Kultur-Bewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabakultuuri_liikumine" title="Vabakultuuri liikumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabakultuuri liikumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_por_la_cultura_libre" title="Movimiento por la cultura libre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento por la cultura libre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libera_kultura_movado" title="Libera kultura movado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libera kultura movado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جنبش فرهنگ آزاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش فرهنگ آزاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_libre" title="Culture libre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture libre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movemento_pola_cultura_libre" title="Movemento pola cultura libre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Movemento pola cultura libre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="자유 문화 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유 문화 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ազատ մշակույթի շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազատ մշակույթի շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="मुक्त-संस्कृति आन्दोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुक्त-संस्कृति आन्दोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_budaya_bebas" title="Gerakan budaya bebas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan budaya bebas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hreyfing_um_frj%C3%A1lsa_menningu" title="Hreyfing um frjálsa menningu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hreyfing um frjálsa menningu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_per_la_cultura_libera" title="Movimento per la cultura libera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Movimento per la cultura libera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obahan_budaya_b%C3%A9bas" title="Obahan budaya bébas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Obahan budaya bébas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Эркин маданият кыймылы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эркин маданият кыймылы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabadkult%C3%BAra-mozgalom" title="Szabadkultúra-mozgalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szabadkultúra-mozgalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture-beweging" title="Free Culture-beweging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Free Culture-beweging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="フリーカルチャー運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリーカルチャー運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_wolnej_kultury" title="Ruch wolnej kultury – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruch wolnej kultury" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_pela_cultura_livre" title="Movimento pela cultura livre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento pela cultura livre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Движение свободной культуры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение свободной культуры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_culture" title="Free culture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Free culture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoin_kulttuuri" title="Avoin kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avoin kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6relsen_f%C3%B6r_fri_kultur" title="Rörelsen för fri kultur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rörelsen för fri kultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_hareketi" title="Özgür kültür hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özgür kültür hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Рух за вільну культуру – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рух за вільну культуру" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="自由文化運動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自由文化運動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 September 2024, at 23:51 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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