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principle</a><sup><small>4,5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_rule" title="Posting rule">Posting rule</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_image_rule" title="Mirror image rule">Mirror image rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_treat" title="Invitation to treat">Invitation to treat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firm_offer" title="Firm offer">Firm offer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consideration" title="Consideration">Consideration</a><sup><small>1,4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied-in-fact_contract" title="Implied-in-fact contract">Implication-in-fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_contract" title="Collateral contract">Collateral contract</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defences</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">Misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(contract_law)" title="Mistake (contract law)">Mistake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duress_(contract_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duress (contract law)">Threats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">unequal bargaining power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_agreement" title="Illegal agreement">Illegality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">public policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unconscionability" title="Unconscionability">Unconscionability</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culpa_in_contrahendo" title="Culpa in contrahendo">Culpa in contrahendo</a></i><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frustration_of_purpose" title="Frustration of purpose">Frustration of purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibility_of_performance" title="Impossibility of performance">Impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impracticability" title="Impracticability">Impracticability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract#Hardship" title="Contract">Hardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set-off_(law)" title="Set-off (law)">Set-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_promise" title="Illusory promise">Illusory promise</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_frauds" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non_est_factum" title="Non est factum">Non est factum</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_hands" title="Clean hands">Unclean hands</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accord_and_satisfaction" title="Accord and satisfaction">Accord and satisfaction</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exculpatory_clause" title="Exculpatory clause">Exculpatory clause</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Interpretation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parol evidence</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_form_contract" title="Standard form contract">Contract of adhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_clause" title="Integration clause">Integration clause</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contra_proferentem" title="Contra proferentem">Contra proferentem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_International_Commercial_Contracts" title="Principles of International Commercial Contracts">UNIDROIT Principles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law_clause" title="Choice of law clause">Choice of law clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_selection_clause" title="Forum selection clause">Forum selection clause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Choice_of_Court_Convention" title="Hague Choice of Court Convention">Hague Choice of Court Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">Arbitration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Recognition_and_Enforcement_of_Foreign_Arbitral_Awards" title="Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards">New York Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCITRAL_Model_Law_on_International_Commercial_Arbitration" title="UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration">UNCITRAL Model Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Mediation_Convention" title="Singapore Mediation Convention">Singapore Mediation Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_of_foreign_judgments" title="Enforcement of foreign judgments">Enforcement of foreign judgments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Judgments_Convention" title="Hague Judgments Convention">Hague Judgments Convention</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights of third parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privity_of_contract" title="Privity of contract">Privity of contract</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegation_(law)" title="Delegation (law)">Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novation" title="Novation">Novation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_beneficiary" title="Third-party beneficiary">Third-party beneficiary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">Breach of contract</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_repudiation" title="Anticipatory repudiation">Anticipatory repudiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_(law)" title="Cover (law)">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_clause" title="Exclusion clause">Exclusion clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_breach" title="Efficient breach">Efficient breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviation_(law)" title="Deviation (law)">Deviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_breach" title="Fundamental breach">Fundamental breach</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Remedies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Specific_performance" title="Specific performance">Specific performance</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">Money damages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidated_damages" title="Liquidated damages">Liquidated, stipulated</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Penal_damages" title="Penal damages">penal damages</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescission_(contract_law)" title="Rescission (contract law)">Rescission</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Quasi-contract" title="Quasi-contract">Quasi-contractual obligations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel" title="Estoppel">Promissory estoppel</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_meruit" title="Quantum meruit">Quantum meruit</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unjust_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust enrichment">Unjust enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">Restitution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio" title="Negotiorum gestio">Negotiorum gestio</a></i><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Duties of parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law#Duty_of_honest_contractual_performance" title="Canadian contract law">Duty of honest contractual performance</a> (or doctrine of abuse of rights)<sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith_(law)" title="Good faith (law)">Duty of good faith</a> (also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)<sup><small>7</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract_A_and_Contract_B_in_Canadian_contract_law" title="Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law">Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas of law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_contract_laws" title="Conflict of contract laws">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By jurisdiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contract_law" title="Australian contract law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">China (mainland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Contract_Act,_1872" title="Indian Contract Act, 1872">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_law_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Contract law in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_contract_law" title="English contract law">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_contract_law" title="Scots contract law">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Notes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>1 Specific to <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions</li> <li>2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions</li> <li>3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions</li> <li>4 Specific to the German <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> and other civil codes based on the <a href="/wiki/Pandectist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandectist">pandectist</a> tradition</li> <li>5 Explicitly rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_International_Commercial_Contracts" title="Principles of International Commercial Contracts">UNIDROIT Principles</a> of International Commercial Contracts</li> <li>6 Specific to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Canadian contract law</a> both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces</li> <li>7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the American <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a>, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law#Duty_to_negotiate_in_good_faith" title="Canadian contract law">contractual and pre-contractual negotiation</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Contract_law" title="Template:Contract law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Contract_law" title="Template talk:Contract law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Contract_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Contract law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>parol evidence rule</b> is a rule in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions limiting the kinds of evidence parties to a <a href="/wiki/Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">contract dispute</a> can introduce when trying to determine the specific terms of a contract<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottKraus2013539_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottKraus2013539-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and precluding parties who have reduced their agreement to a final written document from later introducing other evidence, such as the content of oral discussions from earlier in the negotiation process, as evidence of a different intent as to the terms of the contract.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottKraus2013537_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottKraus2013537-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rule provides that "extrinsic evidence is inadmissible to vary a written contract". The term "parol" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman French</a> <i>parol</i> or <i>parole</i>, meaning "word of mouth" or "verbal", and in medieval times referred to oral pleadings in a court case.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rule's origins lie in <a href="/wiki/English_contract_law" title="English contract law">English contract law</a>, but it has been adopted in other common law jurisdictions; however there are now some differences between application of the rule in different jurisdictions. For instance, in the US, a common misconception is that it is a rule of evidence (like the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Evidence" title="Federal Rules of Evidence">Federal Rules of Evidence</a>), but that is not the case;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in England it is indeed a rule of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The supporting rationale for excluding the content of verbal agreements from written contracts is that since the contracting parties have agreed to reduce their contract to a single and final writing, extrinsic evidence of past agreements or terms should not be considered when interpreting that writing, as the parties ultimately decided to leave them out of the contract. In other words, one may not use evidence made prior to the written contract to contradict the writing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parol_evidence_rule&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rule applies to parol evidence, as well as other extrinsic evidence (such as written correspondence that does not form a separate contract) regarding a contract. If a contract is in writing and final to at least one term (integrated), parol or extrinsic evidence will generally be excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-Codelfa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codelfa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p 347">: p 347 </span></sup> However, there are a number of exceptions to this general rule. These include partially integrated contracts, agreements with separate consideration, in order to resolve ambiguities, or to establish contract defenses. </p><p>To take an example, Carl agrees in writing to sell Betty a car for $1,000, but later, Betty argues that Carl earlier told her that she would only need to pay Carl $800. The parol evidence rule would generally prevent Betty from testifying to this alleged conversation because the testimony ($800) would directly contradict the written contract's terms ($1,000). </p><p>The precise extent of the rule varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. As a preliminary or threshold issue, the court may first determine if the agreement was in fact totally reduced to a written document or (in US terminology) fully "integrated". In the case of <i>State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Heath Outdoor Pty Ltd</i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_McHugh_(judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael McHugh (judge)">McHugh J</a> held that the parol evidence rule has 'no operation until it is first determined' that all the terms of the contract are in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-SRA_v_Heath_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRA_v_Heath-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This threshold question applies even in those jurisdictions that apply a very strong form of the parol evidence rule, called the "<a href="/wiki/Four_corners_(law)" title="Four corners (law)">Four Corners Rule</a>". </p><p>Beyond that, the exceptions to the parol evidence rule vary between jurisdictions. Examples of circumstances where extrinsic evidence may be admissible in different jurisdictions include: </p> <ul><li>To prove the parties to a contract. A written agreement to sell land signed by Mrs. Kenny at times made reference to Mr. Kenny, and the court held that oral evidence was admissible to prove that she was signing for herself and as an agent for her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilberto_v_Kenny_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilberto_v_Kenny-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To prove a condition precedent. In <i>Pym v Campbell</i> (1865) 119 ER 903, Pym entered into a written contract with Campbell to sell an interest in an invention. The court allowed Campbell to include the oral terms of acknowledgement that the sale was subject to an inspection and approval by an engineer. The engineer did not approve the invention.</li> <li>To prove that the written document is only part of the contract as in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital_Products_Ltd_v_United_States_Surgical_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation (page does not exist)">Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hospital_Products_HCA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hospital_Products_HCA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the court found a written contract to be only part of an agreement. In <i>State Rail Authority of NSW v Heath Outdoor Pty Ltd</i> the court held that the parol evidence rule is persuasive and the evidentiary burden is on the party wishing to establish that the whole contract was not in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-SRA_v_Heath_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRA_v_Heath-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To prove that an implied term of custom, trade usage, or past dealings is part of a contract even if it is not in a written agreement. In <i><a href="/wiki/Hutton_v_Warren" title="Hutton v Warren">Hutton v Warren</a></i><a href="/wiki/Hutton_v_Warren" title="Hutton v Warren"> [1836] 1 M and W 466</a>, the party wishing to add the term bore the evidentiary burden; in this case, a lease had to be read in the light of established custom.</li> <li>To prove what is true consideration, not something added to avoid taxes.</li> <li>To prove that the term or promise is part of a <a href="/wiki/Collateral_contract" title="Collateral contract">collateral contract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoyt's_Pty_Ltd_v_Spencer_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyt's_Pty_Ltd_v_Spencer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To aid in the interpretation of existing terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Codelfa_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codelfa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To resolve ambiguity using the <i><a href="/wiki/Contra_proferentem" title="Contra proferentem">contra proferentem</a></i> rule.</li> <li>To show, particularly in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, that (1) in light of all the circumstances surrounding the making of the contract, that the contract is actually ambiguous (regardless of whether the contract's meaning appears unambiguous at first glance), (2) thus necessitating the use of extrinsic evidence to determine its <i>actual</i> meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To disprove the validity of the contract.</li> <li>To show that an unambiguous term in the contract is in fact a mistaken transcription of a prior valid agreement. Such a claim must be established by <a href="/wiki/Clear_and_convincing_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear and convincing evidence">clear and convincing evidence</a>, and not merely by the <a href="/wiki/Preponderance_of_the_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Preponderance of the evidence">preponderance of the evidence</a>.</li> <li>To correct <a href="/wiki/Error" title="Error">mistakes</a>.</li> <li>To show wrongful conduct such as <a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">misrepresentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duress" class="mw-redirect" title="Duress">duress</a>, unconscionability (276 N.E.2d 144, 147), or illegal purpose on the part of one or both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Wollner1999_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollner1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To show that <a href="/wiki/Consideration" title="Consideration">consideration</a> has not actually been paid. For example, if the contract states that A has paid B $1,000 in exchange for a painting, B can introduce evidence that A had never actually conveyed the $1,000.</li> <li>To identify the parties, especially if the parties have changed names.</li> <li>To imply or incorporate a term of the contract.<sup id="cite_ref-Codelfa_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codelfa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To make changes in the contract after the original final contract has been agreed to. That is, oral statements can be admitted unless they are barred by a clause in the written contract.<sup id="cite_ref-Wollner1999_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollner1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Sri Lanka, to prove the presence of attendant circumstances creating a constructive trust in relation to an ex-facie absolute notarial conveyance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In order for evidence to fall within this rule, it must involve either (1) a written or oral communication made prior to execution of the written contract; or (2) an oral communication made contemporaneous with execution of the written contract. Evidence of a <i>later</i> communication will not be barred by this rule, as it is admissible to show a later modification of the contract (although it might be inadmissible for some other reason, such as the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_frauds" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a>). Similarly, evidence of a collateral agreement - one that would naturally and normally be included in a separate writing - will not be barred. For example, if A contracts with B to paint B's house for $1,000, B can introduce extrinsic evidence to show that A also contracted to paint B's storage shed for $100. The agreement to paint the shed would logically be in a separate document from the agreement to paint the house. </p><p>Though its name suggests that it is a procedural evidence rule, the consensus of courts and commentators is that the parol evidence rule constitutes substantive contract law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parol_evidence_rule&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parol evidence rule is a common trap for consumers. For example: </p> <ul><li>Health club contracts. You enroll in a health club, and the salesperson tells you that the contract can be cancelled. You later decide you would like to cancel, but the written contract provides that it is non-cancellable. The oral promises of the salesperson are generally non-enforceable. However, the salesperson in misleading you into the terms of the contract constitutes a misrepresentation and you may seek to rescind the contract. It may also be a violation of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer protection law">Consumer protection law</a>, which may have its own remedies.</li> <li>Auto sales agreements. You purchase a used car, and the salesperson tells you it is "good as new", but the contract provides that the sale is <a href="/wiki/As_is" title="As is">as is</a>. Again, in most circumstances the written contract controls. However, this may constitute misrepresentation if it exceeds reasonably accepted "puffing" or "dealers' talk".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeshare" title="Timeshare">Timeshares</a>. While in certain jurisdictions, and in certain circumstances, a consumer may have a right of <a href="/wiki/Rescission_(contract_law)" title="Rescission (contract law)">rescission</a>, some people attend real estate sales presentations at which they may feel pressured into immediately signing binding contracts. Evidence that the contract was entered into under duress will not be precluded by the parol evidence rule.</li></ul> <p>The effect of this can be negated sometimes by specific statutory rules around consumer contracts (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Rights_Act_2015" title="Consumer Rights Act 2015">Consumer Rights Act 2015</a> in the United Kingdom). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_jurisdictions">Specific jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parol_evidence_rule&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specific jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parol_evidence_rule&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order for the rule to be effective, the contract in question must first be a final integrated writing; it must, in the judgment of the court, be the final agreement between the parties (as opposed to a mere draft, for example). </p><p>A final agreement is either a partial or complete integration, provided that it has an agreement on its face indicating its finality.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If it contains some, but not all, of the terms as to which the parties have agreed then it is a partial integration. This means that the writing was a final agreement between the parties (and not mere preliminary negotiations) as to some terms, but not as to others. On the other hand, if the writing were to contain all of the terms as to which the parties agreed, then it would be a complete integration. One way to ensure that the contract will be found to be a final and complete integration is through the inclusion of a <a href="/wiki/Merger_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger clause">merger clause</a>, which recites that the contract is, in fact, the whole agreement between the parties. However, many modern cases have found merger clauses to be only a <a href="/wiki/Rebuttable_presumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebuttable presumption">rebuttable presumption</a>. </p><p>The importance of the distinction between partial and complete integrations is relevant to what evidence is excluded under the parol evidence rule. For both complete and partial integrations, evidence contradicting the writing is excluded under the parol evidence rule. However, for a partial integration, terms that supplement the writing are admissible. To put it mildly, this can be an extremely subtle (and subjective) distinction. </p><p>To put it simply, (1) If the parties intend a complete integration of the contract terms, no parol evidence within the scope of agreement is permitted. (2) If the parties intended a partial integrated agreement, no parol evidence that contradicts anything integrated is permitted. And (3), if the parol evidence is collateral, meaning it regards a different agreement, and does not contradict the integrated terms, and are not terms any reasonable person would always naturally integrate, then the rule does not apply and the evidence is admissible. </p><p>In a minority of U.S. states, (Florida, Colorado, and Wisconsin), the parol evidence rule is extremely strong and extrinsic evidence is always barred from being used to interpret a contract. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Four_corners_(law)" title="Four corners (law)">Four Corners Rule</a>, and it is traditional/old. In a Four Corners Rule jurisdiction, there are two basic rules. First, the court will never allow parol evidence if the parties intended a full and completely integrated agreement, and second, the court will only turn to parol evidence if the terms available are wholly ambiguous. The policy is to prevent lying, to protect against doubtful veracity, to enable parties to rely dearly on written contracts, and for judicial efficiency. </p><p>In most jurisdictions there are numerous exceptions to this rule, and in those jurisdictions, extrinsic evidence may be admitted for various purposes. This is called the Admission Rule. It favors liberalizing the admission of evidence to determine if the contract was fully integrated and to determine if the parol evidence is relevant. In these jurisdictions, such as California, one can bring in parol evidence even if the contract is unambiguous on its face, if the parol evidence creates ambiguity. The policy is to get to the actual truth, sometimes. </p><p>The third and final admissibility rule is that under the UCC § 2-202: Parol evidence cannot contradict a writing intended to be the "final expression" of the agreement integrated but may be explained or supplemented by (a) a course of dealing/usage of trade/ course of performance, and by (b) evidence of consistent additional terms unless the writing was also intended to be a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement. </p><p>Additional information on the parol evidence rule may be found in Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 213. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parol_evidence_rule&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New South Wales, if an entire agreement clause,<sup id="cite_ref-Codelfa_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codelfa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not exist in the contract terms, parol evidence rule is a default rule of a completely written contract that the admission of extrinsic evidence is not allowed, and the contract should be understood in an objective approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_Bruce_Mining_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_Bruce_Mining-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However there are two exceptions that could overcome the parol evidence rule that extrinsic evidence is admissible: Exception 1: the contract is an oral contract or partly written. Exception 2: parties may have entered into a collateral contract,<sup id="cite_ref-Hoyt's_Pty_Ltd_v_Spencer_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyt's_Pty_Ltd_v_Spencer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or are establishing an estoppel,<sup id="cite_ref-Saleh_v_Romanous_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saleh_v_Romanous-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with rectification, condition precedent, the true consideration, ACL, implied terms. </p><p>There are also exceptions to the parol evidence rule in construing a contract. The first exception is that there is evidence of trade usage, which is well-known, uniform and certain. Appleby v Pursell [1973] 2 NSWLR 879.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a narrow view of admissibility of extrinsic evidence has been taken, where evidence of surrounding circumstances is only admissible to resolve patent ambiguity,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> latent ambiguity,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inherent ambiguity in the meaning of the words of a contract.<sup id="cite_ref-Codelfa_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codelfa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Royal_Botanic_Gardens_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Botanic_Gardens-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The High Court in <i>Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd</i><sup id="cite_ref-Woodside_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodside-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took a different approach to interpreting commercial contracts, considering the "language used by the parties, the surrounding circumstances known to them and the commercial purpose or objects to be secured by the contract" at the "genesis of the transaction". This necessarily implies consideration of surrounding circumstances and indicates a broader approach may be adopted by the court in the future. The latest view is the narrow view which was described in <i>Mount Bruce Mining Pty Limited v Wright Prospecting Pty Limited</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_Bruce_Mining_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_Bruce_Mining-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the New South Wales case of <i>Saleh v Romanous</i>, it was held that equitable estoppel triumphs common law rules of parol evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Saleh_v_Romanous_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saleh_v_Romanous-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>See <i>L G Throne v Thomas Borthwick</i> where the dissent of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesley_Herron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesley Herron (page does not exist)">Herron J</a> has been subsequently adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parol_evidence_rule&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa">Supreme Court of Appeal</a>, beginning with the landmark ruling in <i>KPMG Chartered Accountants (SA) v Securefin Ltd</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> redefined the rules relating to the admissibility of evidence that may be used in the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Contracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Contracts">contracts</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and in <i>Dexgroup (Pty) Ltd v Trustco Group International (Pty) Ltd</i> <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Court of Appeal gave further clarity on these rules. The starting point is the language of the document and the parol evidence rule prevents evidence to add to, detract from or modify the words contained in the document. However, evidence to prove the meaning of the words, expressions, sentences and terms that constitute the contract, is admissible from the outset irrespective of whether there is any uncertainty or ambiguity in the text – as long as the evidence concerned points to a meaning which the text can reasonably have and the evidence is relevant to prove the common intention of the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parol_evidence_rule&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_contract_law" title="English contract law">English contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_trusts_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English trusts law">English trusts law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_frauds" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parol_evidence_rule&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottKraus2013539-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottKraus2013539_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottKraus2013">Scott & Kraus (2013)</a>, p. 539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottKraus2013537-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottKraus2013537_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottKraus2013">Scott & Kraus (2013)</a>, p. 537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Parol", <i>Black's Law Dictionary</i>, 10th ed. (2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17812765538668910988">Casa Herrera, Inc. v. Beydoun</a></i>, 32 Cal. 4th 336, 9 Cal. Rptr. 3d 97, 83 P.3d 497 (2004). This case reaffirmed that the parol evidence rule is a substantive rule of law and not a mere procedural or evidentiary defense, and then held on that basis that a dismissal of a case on the basis of the parol evidence rule is a favorable termination on the merits sufficient to support a subsequent action for <a href="/wiki/Malicious_prosecution" title="Malicious prosecution">malicious prosecution</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Leduc_v_Ward" title="Leduc v Ward">Leduc v Ward</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pym v Campbell</i> [1856].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> Henderson v Arthur</i> [1907] CA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Codelfa-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Codelfa_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Codelfa_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Codelfa_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Codelfa_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Codelfa_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Codelfa_Construction_Pty_Ltd_v_State_Rail_Authority_of_NSW" title="Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW">Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1982/24.html">[1982] HCA 24</a>, (1982) 149 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 337 (11 May 1982), <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRA_v_Heath-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SRA_v_Heath_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRA_v_Heath_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Heath Outdoor Pty Ltd</i> (1986) 7 <a href="/wiki/NSW_Law_Reports" title="NSW Law Reports">NSWLR</a> 170 at 191, <a href="/wiki/NSW_Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="NSW Court of Appeal">NSW Court of Appeal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=7+NSWLR+170">LawCite records</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilberto_v_Kenny-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilberto_v_Kenny_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gilberto v Kenny</i> (1983) 155 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 691 (15 February 1983) <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hospital_Products_HCA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hospital_Products_HCA_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital_Products_Ltd_v_United_States_Surgical_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation (page does not exist)">Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1984/64.html">[1984] HCA 64</a>, (1984) 156 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 41 (25 October 1984), <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoyt's_Pty_Ltd_v_Spencer-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoyt's_Pty_Ltd_v_Spencer_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoyt's_Pty_Ltd_v_Spencer_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hoyt's Pty Ltd v Spencer</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1919/64.html">[1919] HCA 64</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1919/64.pdf">(1919) 27 <abbr title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</abbr> 133</a> (24 November 1919), <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3574754840919265063">Pacific Gas & Elec. Co. v. G. W. Thomas Drayage Co.</a></i>, 69 Cal. 2d 33, 39, 69 Cal. Rptr. 561, 442 P.2d 641 (1968). <i>Pacific Gas & Electric</i> is one of <a href="/wiki/Roger_Traynor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Traynor">Roger Traynor</a>'s most famous (and controversial) opinions, which has been criticized by a number of prominent jurists, including Judge <a href="/wiki/Alex_Kozinski" title="Alex Kozinski">Alex Kozinski</a> of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. See <i>Trident Center v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co.</i>, 847 F.2d 564 (9th Cir. 1988) and Jeffrey W. Stempel, <i>Stempel on Insurance Contracts</i>, 3rd ed., § 4.02, 4-9, n.16 (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wollner1999-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wollner1999_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wollner1999_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollner KS. (1999). How to Draft and Interpret Insurance Policies, p 10. Casualty Risk Publishing LLC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/022-SLLR-SLLR-1990-V-1-BERNEDETTE-VALANGENBERG-v.-HAPUARACHCHIGE-ANTHONY.pdf">Bernadette Valengenberg v Hapuarachchige Anthony</a></i> [1990] 01 SLLR 190 at 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vulcan Metals Co. v. Simmons Mfg. Co.</i>, 248 F. 853, 856 (2d Cir. 1918).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCorbin1965" class="citation journal cs1">Corbin, Arthur L. (1965). "The Interpretation of Words and the Parol Evidence Rule". <i><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell Law Quarterly">Cornell Law Quarterly</a></i>. <b>50</b>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell Law School</a>: 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Interpretation+of+Words+and+the+Parol+Evidence+Rule&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=161&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParol+evidence+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mount_Bruce_Mining-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mount_Bruce_Mining_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mount_Bruce_Mining_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mount Bruce Mining Pty Limited v Wright Prospecting Pty Limited</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2015/37.html">[2015] HCA 37</a>, (2015) 256 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 104 (14 October 2015), <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saleh_v_Romanous-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saleh_v_Romanous_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saleh_v_Romanous_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saleh v Romanous</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/NSWCA/2010/373.html">[2010] NSWCA 373</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal" title="New South Wales Court of Appeal">Court of Appeal</a> (NSW, Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Appleby v Pursell</i> [1973] 2 <a href="/wiki/NSW_Law_Reports" title="NSW Law Reports">NSWLR</a> 879. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinosrch.cgi?method=phrase;query=1973%202%20NSWLR%20879;view=date-latest">AustLII search</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R W Cameron & Company v L Slutzkin Pty Ltd</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1923/20.html">[1923] HCA 20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1923/20.pdf">(1923) 32 <abbr title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</abbr> 81</a> (24 May 1923), <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mainteck Services Pty v Stein Heurtey</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/NSWCA/2014/184.html">[2014] NSWCA 184</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal" title="New South Wales Court of Appeal">Court of Appeal</a> (NSW, Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Botanic_Gardens-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Botanic_Gardens_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust v South Sydney City Council</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2002/5.html">[2002] HCA 5</a>, (2002) 240 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 45 (14 February 2002), <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodside-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodside_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2014/7.html">[2014] HCA 7</a>, (2014) 251 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 640 (5 March 2014), <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>L G Throne v Thomas Borthwick Ltd</i> [1955] 56 <a href="/wiki/State_Reports_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="State Reports New South Wales">SR (NSW)</a> 81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=(1955)%2056%20SR%20(NSW)%2081">LawCite records</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZASCA/2009/7.html">(2009) 2 All SA 523 (SCA)</a> par 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZASCA/2013/120.html">2013 6 SA 520 (SCA)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornelius, Steve <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11379276/Redefining_the_Rules_for_the_Admissibility_of_Evidence_in_the_Interpretation_of_Contracts">Redefining the Rules for the Admissibility of Evidence in the Interpretation of Contracts</a> 2014 De Jure 363.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parol_evidence_rule&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cornelius, Steve <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11379276/Redefining_the_Rules_for_the_Admissibility_of_Evidence_in_the_Interpretation_of_Contracts">Redefining thee Rules for the Admissibility of Evidence in the Interpretation of Contracts</a> 2014 De Jure 363</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScottKraus2013" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Robert E.; Kraus, Jody S. (2013). <i>Contract Law and Theory</i>. New Providence: LexisNexis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7698-4894-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7698-4894-5"><bdi>978-0-7698-4894-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contract+Law+and+Theory&rft.place=New+Providence&rft.pub=LexisNexis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7698-4894-5&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Kraus%2C+Jody+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParol+evidence+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parol_evidence_rule&oldid=1189181535">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parol_evidence_rule&oldid=1189181535</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Contract_law" title="Category:Contract law">Contract law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evidence_law" title="Category:Evidence law">Evidence law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_doctrines_and_principles" title="Category:Legal doctrines and principles">Legal doctrines and principles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 December 2023, at 06:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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