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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enemy_aliens_and/or_terrorists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Enemy aliens and/or terrorists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enemy_aliens_and/or_terrorists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mental capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insanity,_mental_illness,_or_mental/medical_condition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insanity,_mental_illness,_or_mental/medical_condition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Insanity, mental illness, or mental/medical condition</span> 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id="toc-Business_entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_and_limited_partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_limited_partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General and limited partnerships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_limited_partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juridical_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juridical_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Juridical persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juridical_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corporations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Corporations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limited_Liability_Companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limited_Liability_Companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Limited Liability Companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limited_Liability_Companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Trade unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insolvent_business_entities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insolvent_business_entities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Insolvent business entities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insolvent_business_entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Capacity (law)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أهلية قانونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أهلية قانونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacidat_civil" title="Capacidat civil – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Capacidat civil" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Правоспособност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Правоспособност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitat_jur%C3%ADdica" title="Capacitat jurídica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Capacitat jurídica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsf%C3%A4higkeit" title="Rechtsfähigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rechtsfähigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teov%C3%B5ime" title="Teovõime – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teovõime" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacidad_jur%C3%ADdica" title="Capacidad jurídica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capacidad jurídica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahalmen_pasibo" title="Ahalmen pasibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ahalmen pasibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_juridique" title="Capacité juridique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capacité juridique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%8C%EB%A6%AC%EB%8A%A5%EB%A0%A5" title="권리능력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="권리능력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravna_sposobnost" title="Pravna sposobnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravna sposobnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacit%C3%A0_giuridica" title="Capacità giuridica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capacità giuridica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teisinis_veiksnumas" title="Teisinis veiksnumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teisinis veiksnumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogk%C3%A9pess%C3%A9g" title="Jogképesség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jogképesség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsbekwaamheid" title="Rechtsbekwaamheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rechtsbekwaamheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="法的能力 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="法的能力" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdolno%C5%9B%C4%87_prawna" title="Zdolność prawna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zdolność prawna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacidade_jur%C3%ADdica" title="Capacidade jurídica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Capacidade jurídica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Правоспособность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правоспособность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vna_sp%C3%B4sobilos%C5%A5" title="Právna spôsobilosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Právna spôsobilosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikeuskelpoisuus" title="Oikeuskelpoisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oikeuskelpoisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsf%C3%B6rm%C3%A5ga" title="Rättsförmåga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rättsförmåga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_ehliyeti" title="Hak ehliyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hak ehliyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Правоздатність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Правоздатність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="法律能力 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法律能力" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q889137#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Conflict of laws</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Preliminaries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Characterisation_(law)" title="Characterisation (law)">Characterisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law" title="Choice of law">Choice of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Conflict of laws in the United States">Conflict of laws in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_question" title="Incidental question">Incidental question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renvoi" title="Renvoi">Renvoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">Public policy doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conference_on_Private_International_Law" title="Hague Conference on Private International Law">Hague Conference</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Definitional elements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedure_in_conflict_of_laws" title="Procedure in conflict of laws">Procedure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_non_conveniens" title="Forum non conveniens">Forum non conveniens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_causae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex causae">Lex causae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_fori" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex fori">Lex fori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_shopping" title="Forum shopping">Forum shopping</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lis_alibi_pendens" title="Lis alibi pendens">Lis alibi pendens</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Connecting factors</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)" title="Domicile (law)">Domicile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_domicilii" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex domicilii">Lex domicilii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitual_residence" title="Habitual residence">Habitual residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" 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marriage laws">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_divorce_laws" title="Conflict of divorce laws">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_rei_sitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci rei sitae">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_heirship" title="Forced heirship">Forced heirship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Trust_Convention" title="Hague Trust Convention">Hague Trust Convention</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Enforcement</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_of_foreign_judgments" title="Enforcement of foreign judgments">Enforcement of foreign judgments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-suit_injunction" title="Anti-suit injunction">Anti-suit injunctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_foreign_revenue_enforcement" title="Rule against foreign revenue enforcement">Revenue rule</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1202158006" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Contract_Flat_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/150px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/225px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/300px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Formation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance" title="Offer and acceptance">Offer and acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeting_of_the_minds" title="Meeting of the minds">Meeting of the minds</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_principle_(law)" title="Abstraction principle (law)">Abstraction principle</a><sup><small>4,5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_rule" title="Posting rule">Posting rule</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_image_rule" title="Mirror image rule">Mirror image rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_treat" title="Invitation to treat">Invitation to treat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firm_offer" title="Firm offer">Firm offer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consideration" title="Consideration">Consideration</a><sup><small>1,4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied-in-fact_contract" title="Implied-in-fact contract">Implication-in-fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_contract" title="Collateral contract">Collateral contract</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defences</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">Misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(contract_law)" title="Mistake (contract law)">Mistake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duress_(contract_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duress (contract law)">Threats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">unequal bargaining power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_agreement" title="Illegal agreement">Illegality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">public policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unconscionability" title="Unconscionability">Unconscionability</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culpa_in_contrahendo" title="Culpa in contrahendo">Culpa in contrahendo</a></i><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frustration_of_purpose" title="Frustration of purpose">Frustration of purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibility_of_performance" title="Impossibility of performance">Impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impracticability" title="Impracticability">Impracticability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract#Hardship" title="Contract">Hardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set-off_(law)" title="Set-off (law)">Set-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_promise" title="Illusory promise">Illusory promise</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_frauds" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non_est_factum" title="Non est factum">Non est factum</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_hands" title="Clean hands">Unclean hands</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accord_and_satisfaction" title="Accord and satisfaction">Accord and satisfaction</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exculpatory_clause" title="Exculpatory clause">Exculpatory clause</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Interpretation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule" title="Parol evidence rule">Parol evidence</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_form_contract" title="Standard form contract">Contract of adhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_clause" title="Integration clause">Integration clause</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contra_proferentem" title="Contra proferentem">Contra proferentem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_International_Commercial_Contracts" title="Principles of International Commercial Contracts">UNIDROIT Principles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law_clause" title="Choice of law clause">Choice of law clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_selection_clause" title="Forum selection clause">Forum selection clause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Choice_of_Court_Convention" title="Hague Choice of Court Convention">Hague Choice of Court Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">Arbitration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Recognition_and_Enforcement_of_Foreign_Arbitral_Awards" title="Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards">New York Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCITRAL_Model_Law_on_International_Commercial_Arbitration" title="UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration">UNCITRAL Model Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Mediation_Convention" title="Singapore Mediation Convention">Singapore Mediation Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_of_foreign_judgments" title="Enforcement of foreign judgments">Enforcement of foreign judgments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Judgments_Convention" title="Hague Judgments Convention">Hague Judgments Convention</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights of third parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privity_of_contract" title="Privity of contract">Privity of contract</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegation_(law)" title="Delegation (law)">Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novation" title="Novation">Novation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_beneficiary" title="Third-party beneficiary">Third-party beneficiary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">Breach of contract</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_repudiation" title="Anticipatory repudiation">Anticipatory repudiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_(law)" title="Cover (law)">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_clause" title="Exclusion clause">Exclusion clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_breach" title="Efficient breach">Efficient breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviation_(law)" title="Deviation (law)">Deviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_breach" title="Fundamental breach">Fundamental breach</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Remedies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Specific_performance" title="Specific performance">Specific performance</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">Money damages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidated_damages" title="Liquidated damages">Liquidated, stipulated</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Penal_damages" title="Penal damages">penal damages</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescission_(contract_law)" title="Rescission (contract law)">Rescission</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Quasi-contract" title="Quasi-contract">Quasi-contractual obligations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel" title="Estoppel">Promissory estoppel</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_meruit" title="Quantum meruit">Quantum meruit</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unjust_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust enrichment">Unjust enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">Restitution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio" title="Negotiorum gestio">Negotiorum gestio</a></i><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Duties of parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law#Duty_of_honest_contractual_performance" title="Canadian contract law">Duty of honest contractual performance</a> (or doctrine of abuse of rights)<sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith_(law)" title="Good faith (law)">Duty of good faith</a> (also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)<sup><small>7</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract_A_and_Contract_B_in_Canadian_contract_law" title="Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law">Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas of law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_contract_laws" title="Conflict of contract laws">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By jurisdiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contract_law" title="Australian contract law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">China (mainland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Contract_Act,_1872" title="Indian Contract Act, 1872">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_law_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Contract law in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_contract_law" title="English contract law">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_contract_law" title="Scots contract law">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Notes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>1 Specific to <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions</li> <li>2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions</li> <li>3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions</li> <li>4 Specific to the German <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> and other civil codes based on the <a href="/wiki/Pandectist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandectist">pandectist</a> tradition</li> <li>5 Explicitly rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_International_Commercial_Contracts" title="Principles of International Commercial Contracts">UNIDROIT Principles</a> of International Commercial Contracts</li> <li>6 Specific to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Canadian contract law</a> both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces</li> <li>7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the American <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a>, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law#Duty_to_negotiate_in_good_faith" title="Canadian contract law">contractual and pre-contractual negotiation</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Contract_law" title="Template:Contract law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Contract_law" title="Template talk:Contract law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Contract_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Contract law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Legal <b>capacity</b> is a quality denoting either the legal aptitude of a person to have rights and liabilities (in this sense also called <b>transaction capacity</b>), or the personhood itself in regard to an entity other than a natural person (in this sense also called <b>legal personality</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_persons">Natural persons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Natural persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Natural_person_in_French_law" title="Natural person in French law">Natural person in French law</a></div> <p>Capacity covers day-to-day decisions, including: what to wear and what to buy, as well as, life-changing decisions, such as: whether to move into a care home or whether to have major surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> between a state and its <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a>, the state adopts a role of protector to the weaker and more vulnerable members of society. In <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public policy (law)">public policy</a> terms, this is the policy of <i><a href="/wiki/Parens_patriae" title="Parens patriae">parens patriae</a></i>. Similarly, the state has a direct social and economic interest in promoting trade, so it will define the forms of business enterprise that may operate within its territory, and lay down rules that will allow both the businesses and those that wish to contract with them a fair opportunity to gain value. This system worked well until social and commercial mobility increased. Now persons routinely trade and travel across state boundaries (both physically and electronically), so the need is to provide stability across state lines given that laws differ from one state to the next. Thus, once defined by the personal law, persons take their capacity with them like a passport whether or however they may travel. In this way, a person will not gain or lose capacity depending on the accident of the local laws, e.g. if A does not have capacity to marry her cousin under her personal law (a rule of <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a>), she cannot <a href="/wiki/Evasion_(law)" title="Evasion (law)">evade</a> that law by travelling to a state that does permit such a marriage (see <a href="/wiki/Nullity_(conflict)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullity (conflict)">nullity</a>). In Saskatchewan Canada, an exception to this law allows married persons to become the common law spouse of other(s) prior to divorcing the first spouse. This law is not honored amongst other Canadian provinces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_capacity">Legal capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Testamentary_capacity" title="Testamentary capacity">Testamentary capacity</a></div> <p>Standardized classes of person have had their freedom restricted. These limitations are exceptions to the general policy of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">freedom of contract</a> and the detailed <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> that a person of ordinary capacity might enjoy. For example, freedom of movement may be modified, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a> may be withdrawn, etc. As societies have developed more equal treatment based on gender, race and ethnicity, many of the older incapacities have been removed. For example, <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> used to treat married women as lacking the capacity to own property or act independently of their husbands (the last of these rules was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Domicile_and_Matrimonial_Proceedings_Act_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973">Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973</a>, which removed the wife's domicile of dependency for those marrying after 1974, so that a husband and wife could have different domiciles). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minors">Minors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor (law)</a></div> <p>The definition of an <i>infant</i> or <i>minor</i> varies, each state reflecting local <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudices</a> in defining the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">marriageable age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">voting age</a>, etc. In many <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdictions</a>, legal <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a>, in which (at least) one of the contracting parties is a minor, are voidable by the minor. For a minor to undergo <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">medical procedure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> is determined by the minor's parent(s) or <a href="/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">legal guardian</a>(s). The right to vote in the United States is currently set at 18 years, while the right to buy and consume <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> is often set at 21 years by U.S. <a href="/wiki/State_law" title="State law">state law</a>. Some laws, such as marriage laws, may differentiate between the sexes and allow women to marry at a younger age. There are instances in which a person may be able to gain capacity earlier than the prescribed time through a process of <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors" title="Emancipation of minors">emancipation</a>. Conversely, many states allow the inexperience of childhood to be an excusing condition to criminal liability and set the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">age of criminal responsibility</a> to match the local experience of emerging behavioral problems (see <i><a href="/wiki/Doli_incapax" class="mw-redirect" title="Doli incapax">doli incapax</a></i>). For sexual crimes, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> determines the potential liability of <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</a> accused. </p><p>As an example of liability in contract, the law in most of Canada provides that an infant is not bound by the contracts he or she enters into except for the purchase of necessaries and for beneficial contracts of service. Infants must pay fair price only for necessary goods and services. However, the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> <i>Infants Act</i> (<abbr title="Revised Statutes of British Columbia">RSBC</abbr> 1996 c.223)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declares all contracts, including necessities and beneficial contracts of service, are unenforceable against an infant. Only student loans and other contracts made specifically enforceable by statute will be binding on infants in that province. </p><p>In contracts between an adult and an infant, adults are bound but infants may escape contracts at their option (i.e. the contract is voidable). Infants may ratify a contract on reaching age of majority. In the case of executed contracts, when the infant has obtained some benefit under the contract, he/she cannot avoid obligations unless what was obtained was of no value. Upon repudiation of a contract, either party can apply to the court. The court may order restitution, damages, or discharge the contract. All contracts involving the transfer of real estate are considered valid until ruled otherwise. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a> (typically under 18) can disaffirm a contract made, no matter the case. However, the entire contract must be disaffirmed. Depending on the jurisdiction, the minor may be required to return any of the goods still in his possession. Also, <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> transactions such as purchasing a <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> item in exchange for a cash payment are generally recognized through a <a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">legal fiction</a> not to be contracts due to the absence of promises of future action. A minor may not disavow such a trade.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Disaffirmance</b> – it must be timely. For example, a contract that goes beyond two years of reaching the age of majority would be considered ratified. Minors are still allowed to disaffirm, even if their age is misrepresented. They will not face tort violations. Some states do not allow disaffirmance if the consideration cannot be returned.</li> <li><b>Obligations</b> – most states hold that a minor only must return the goods (consideration) if the goods are still in the minor's possession. Many states are requiring that the minor restore the adult (other party) to the state they were in before the contract was made. Minors are beginning to be held responsible for damages, wear, tear, etc. of the good in question upon return. A suit for tort is considered by some states to be an enforcement of the contract and is not allowed.</li> <li><b>Liability</b> – for necessities, (1) the item contracted for must be necessary for minor's existence, (2) the value must be up to that of the current <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> or financial/social status (not excessive in value), (3) the minor must not be under the care of a parent/guardian who is required to supply the item. A minor could be held liable for a contract for the purchase of luxury items (those that are not in the financial/social/standard of living range).</li> <li><b>Ratification</b> – accepting and giving legal force to an obligation. Express ratification (for a minor) is expressly stating, orally or in writing that he/she intends to be bound by the contract. Implied ratification is when the conduct of the minor is inconsistent with that of disaffirmance or when minor fails to disaffirm an executed contract within a reasonable period.</li></ul> <p>Generally, the courts base their determination on whether the minor, after reaching the age of majority, has had ample opportunity to consider the nature of the contractual obligations he or she entered into as a minor and the extent to which the adult party to the contract has performed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one court put it, "the purpose of the infancy doctrine is to protect 'minors from foolishly squandering their wealth through improvident contracts with crafty adults who would take advantage of them in the marketplace.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, while individuals under the age of 21 are regarded as minors, sections 35 and 36 of the Civil Law Act 1909 provide that certain contracts entered into by minors aged 18 and above are to be treated as though they were adults.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Minors' Contracts Act 1987 as applicable in Singapore and in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> provides that a contract entered into by a minor is not automatically unenforceable and that a "court may, if it is just and equitable to do so, require the [minor] defendant to transfer to the plaintiff any property acquired by the defendant under the contract, or any property representing it".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bankruptcy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy</a></div> <p>If individuals find themselves in a situation where they can no longer pay their debts, they lose their status as credit-worthy and become bankrupt. States differ on the means whereby their outstanding liabilities can be treated as discharged and on the precise extent of the limits that are placed on their capacities during this time but, after discharge, they are returned to full capacity. In the United States, some <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> have spendthrift laws under which an irresponsible spender may be deemed to lack capacity to enter into contracts (in Europe, these are termed prodigality laws) and both sets of laws may be denied extraterritorial effect under public policy as imposing a potentially penal status on the individuals affected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enemy_aliens_and/or_terrorists"><span id="Enemy_aliens_and.2For_terrorists"></span>Enemy aliens and/or terrorists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enemy aliens and/or terrorists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During times of war or civil strife, a state will limit the ability of its citizens to offer help or assistance in any form to those who are acting against the interests of the state. Hence, all commercial and other contracts with the "enemy", including terrorists, would be considered void or suspended until a cessation of hostilities is agreed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_capacity">Mental capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mental capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">Insanity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility" title="Diminished responsibility">Diminished responsibility</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insanity,_mental_illness,_or_mental/medical_condition"><span id="Insanity.2C_mental_illness.2C_or_mental.2Fmedical_condition"></span>Insanity, mental illness, or mental/medical condition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Insanity, mental illness, or mental/medical condition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Insanity defense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorder</a></div> <p>Loss of mental capacity occurs in individuals may have an inherent physical condition that prevents them from achieving the normal levels of performance expected from persons of comparable age, or their inability to match current levels of performance may be caused by contracting an illness. Whatever the cause, if the resulting condition is such that individuals cannot care for themselves, or may act in ways that are against their interests, those persons are vulnerable through dependency and require the protection of the state against the risks of abuse or exploitation. Hence, any agreements that were made are voidable, and a court may declare that person a ward of the state and grant <a href="/wiki/Power_of_attorney" title="Power of attorney">power of attorney</a> to an appointed <a href="/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">legal guardian</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK's</a> <a href="/wiki/Mental_Capacity_Act_2005" title="Mental Capacity Act 2005">Mental Capacity Act 2005</a> or MCA sets out a two-stage test of capacity: </p> <ol><li>Is the person unable to make a particular decision?</li> <li>Is the inability to make a decision caused by an impairment of, or disturbance in the functioning of, a person's mind or brain?<sup id="cite_ref-capacity_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capacity-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The MCA states an individual is unable to make their own decision, if they are unable to do at least one of four things: </p> <ol><li>Understand information given to them.</li> <li>Retain that information long enough to be able to make the decision.</li> <li>Weigh up the information available to make the decision.</li> <li>Communicate their decision.<sup id="cite_ref-capacity_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capacity-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In England and Wales, this is a specific function of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Protection" title="Court of Protection">Court of Protection</a>, and all matters concerning persons who have lost, or expect soon to lose, mental capacity are regulated under the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Capacity_Act_2005" title="Mental Capacity Act 2005">Mental Capacity Act 2005</a>. This makes provision for <a href="/wiki/Lasting_power_of_attorney" title="Lasting power of attorney">lasting powers of attorney</a> under which decisions about the health, welfare, and financial assets of a person who has lost capacity may be dealt with in that person's interests. In Ireland, the Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Act was passed in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Act addresses the capacity of people with intellectual disabilities. The general principles are set out in section 8 of the Act. </p><p>Under Singapore's Mental Capacity Act 2008, "a person lacks capacity in relation to a matter if at the material time the person is unable to make a decision for himself or herself in relation to the matter because of an impairment of, or a disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where an individual lacks capacity on grounds of mental illness or senility, a relative or other responsible person may obtain a lasting <a href="/wiki/Power_of_attorney" title="Power of attorney">power of attorney</a> to make decisions concerning the "personal welfare" of the person lacking capacity, the "property and [financial] affairs" of the person, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questions as to whether an individual has the capacity to make decisions either generally or with regard to a particular matter or class of matters are generally resolved by a <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaratory relief">judicial declaration</a> and the court making the declaration may appoint one or more individuals to act as deputies for the person lacking capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This sort of problem sometimes arises when people suffer some form of medical problem such as unconsciousness, <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>, extensive <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>, or delirious states, from accidents or illnesses such as <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>, or often when older people become afflicted with some form of medical/mental <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewy_body" title="Lewy body">Lewy body</a> disease, or similar dementia. Such persons are often unable to consent to medical treatment but otherwise handle their financial and other personal matters. If the afflicted person has prepared documents beforehand about what to do in such cases, often in a revocable living <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust</a> or related documents, then the named legal guardian may be able to take over their financial and other affairs. If the afflicted person owns their property jointly with a spouse or other able person, the able person may be able to take over many of the routine financial affairs. Otherwise, it is often necessary to petition a court, such as a <a href="/wiki/Probate_court" title="Probate court">probate court</a>, that the afflicted person lacks legal capacity and allow a legal guardian to take over their financial and personal affairs. Procedures and court review have been established, dependent on the area of jurisdiction, to prevent exploitation of the incapacitated person by the guardian. The guardian periodically provides a financial accounting for court review. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Law">Criminal Law</a>, the traditional common law <a href="/wiki/M%27Naghten_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="M'Naghten Rules">M'Naghten Rules</a> <a href="/wiki/Excuse" title="Excuse">excused</a> all persons from liability if they did not understand what they were doing or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong. The consequences of this excuse were that those accused were detained indefinitely or until the medical authorities certified that it was safe to release them back into the community. This consequence was felt to be too draconian, and so statutes have introduced new defenses that will limit or reduce the liability of those accused of committing offenses if they were suffering from a mental illness at the relevant time (see the <a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">insanity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorder defense">mental disorder</a> defenses). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intoxication">Intoxication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intoxication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">Provocation (legal)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intoxication_defense" title="Intoxication defense">Intoxication defense</a></div> <p>Although individuals may have consumed a sufficient quantity of intoxicant or drug to reduce or eliminate their ability to understand exactly what they are doing, such conditions are self-induced and so the law does not generally allow any defense or excuse to be raised to any actions taken while incapacitated. The most generous states<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> do permit individuals to repudiate agreements as soon as sober, but the conditions to exercising this right are strict.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_entities">Business entities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Business entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_limited_partnerships">General and limited partnerships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General and limited partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a clear division between the approach of states to the definition of partnerships. One group of states treats <a href="/wiki/General_partnership" title="General partnership">general</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limited_partnership" title="Limited partnership">limited</a> partnerships as aggregate. In terms of capacity, this means that they are no more than the sum of the natural persons who conduct the business. The other group of states allows partnerships to have a separate legal personality which changes the capacity of the "firm" and those who conduct its business and makes such partnerships more like corporations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juridical_persons">Juridical persons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Juridical persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corporate_personhood" title="Corporate personhood">Corporate personhood</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corporations">Corporations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Corporations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extent of a <a href="/wiki/Juridical_person" title="Juridical person">juridical person</a>'s capacity depends on the law of the place of incorporation and the enabling provisions included in the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_documents" title="Constitutional documents">constitutive documents</a> of incorporation. The general rule is that anything not included in the corporation's capacity, whether expressly or by implication, is <i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">ultra vires</a></i>, i.e. "beyond the power" of the corporation, and so may be unenforceable by the corporation, but the rights and interests of innocent third parties dealing with the corporations are usually protected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limited_Liability_Companies">Limited Liability Companies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Limited Liability Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In American law, <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited liability companies">limited liability companies</a> (LLCs) are legal persons. Some legal scholars have argued that they can be used to give <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_entities" title="Algorithmic entities">legal capacity to software programs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_unions">Trade unions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trade unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some states, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> have limited capacity unless any contract made relates to union activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insolvent_business_entities">Insolvent business entities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Insolvent business entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a business entity becomes <a href="/wiki/Insolvency" title="Insolvency">insolvent</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Administrator_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator (law)">administrator</a>, receiver, or other similar legal functionary may be appointed to determine whether the entity shall continue to trade or be sold so that the creditors may receive all or a proportion of the money owing to them. During this time, the capacity of the entity is limited so that its liabilities are not increased unreasonably and to the detriment of the existing creditors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_in_English_law" title="Capacity in English law">Capacity in English law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_(law)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/social-care-and-support-guide/making-decisions-for-someone-else/mental-capacity-act">"Mental Capacity Act"</a>. <i>NHS.uk</i>. 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHS.uk&rft.atitle=Mental+Capacity+Act&rft.date=2024-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fconditions%2Fsocial-care-and-support-guide%2Fmaking-decisions-for-someone-else%2Fmental-capacity-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapacity+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040617060433/http://www.qp.gov.bc.ca/statreg/stat/I/96223_01.htm">"Infants Act [RSBC 1996] Chapter 223"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qp.gov.bc.ca/statreg/stat/I/96223_01.htm">the original</a> on 17 June 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infants+Act+%5BRSBC+1996%5D+Chapter+223&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qp.gov.bc.ca%2Fstatreg%2Fstat%2FI%2F96223_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapacity+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnett, Randy E. <u><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randybarnett.com/aconsent.htm">A Consent Theory of Contracts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925033415/http://www.randybarnett.com/aconsent.htm">Archived</a> September 25, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></u> Columbia Law Review (March, 1986) pp. 299, fn 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jentz, Gaylord A. and Roger LeRoy Miller <u>Business Law Today: The Essentials</u> South-Western College/West, Ohio, 2003 pp. 213–216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hauer v. Union State Bank of Wautoma</i>, 192 Wis. 2d 576, 593 (1995), quoting <i>Halbman v. Lemke</i>, 99 Wis. 2d 241, 245 (1980)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CLA1909#pr35-">Civil Law Act 1909 s35-36 (Singapore)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MCA1987">"Minors' Contracts Act 1987 - Singapore Statutes Online"</a>. <i>sso.agc.gov.sg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sso.agc.gov.sg&rft.atitle=Minors%E2%80%99+Contracts+Act+1987+-+Singapore+Statutes+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsso.agc.gov.sg%2FAct%2FMCA1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapacity+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-capacity-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-capacity_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-capacity_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scie.org.uk/mca/practice/assessing-capacity/">"Assessing capacity"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assessing+capacity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scie.org.uk%2Fmca%2Fpractice%2Fassessing-capacity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapacity+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF(eISB)" class="citation web cs1">(eISB), electronic Irish Statute Book. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/64/section/1/enacted/en/html#sec1">"electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)"</a>. <i>www.irishstatutebook.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irishstatutebook.ie&rft.atitle=electronic+Irish+Statute+Book+%28eISB%29&rft.aulast=%28eISB%29&rft.aufirst=electronic+Irish+Statute+Book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F2015%2Fact%2F64%2Fsection%2F1%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml%23sec1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapacity+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MCA2008?ProvIds=P12-#pr4-">"Mental Capacity Act 2008 - Singapore Statutes Online"</a>. <i>sso.agc.gov.sg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sso.agc.gov.sg&rft.atitle=Mental+Capacity+Act+2008+-+Singapore+Statutes+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsso.agc.gov.sg%2FAct%2FMCA2008%3FProvIds%3DP12-%23pr4-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapacity+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MCA2008?ProvIds=P14-#pr11-%7C">https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MCA2008?ProvIds=P14-#pr11-%7C</a> Mental Capacity Act 2008 s11 (Singapore)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MCA2008?ProvIds=P15-#P15-%7C">https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MCA2008?ProvIds=P15-#P15-%7C</a> Part 5 of the Mental Capacity Act 2008 (Singapore)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBayern2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shawn_Bayern" title="Shawn Bayern">Bayern, Shawn</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdxBEAAAQBAJ"><i>Autonomous Organizations</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108878203">10.1017/9781108878203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108839938" title="Special:BookSources/9781108839938"><bdi>9781108839938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autonomous+Organizations&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108878203&rft.isbn=9781108839938&rft.aulast=Bayern&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpdxBEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapacity+%28law%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[LoPucki, Lynn M. (2017). Algorithmic Entities. Wash. UL Rev., 95, 887.]</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox599" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889137#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="právní subjektivita"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph725103&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>25 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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