Ovid - World History Encyclopedia

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<div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/ovid/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6612.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/ovid/" data-pin-description="Publius Ovidius Naso, more commonly known to history as Ovid (43 BCE - 17 CE), was one of the most prolific writers of the early Roman Empire. His works of poetry, mostly written in the form of elegiac couplets, influenced many of the great authors throughout history including Chaucer, Milton, Dante..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Donald L. Wasson" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-DWasson.jpg" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/DWasson/" rel="author" title="User Page: Donald L. Wasson">Donald L. Wasson</a> <br/> published on 11 May 2017 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/fr/1-561/ovide/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-561/ovidio/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Spanish</a></div> </div> <style> .audio-player-wrapper * { font-size: 14px !important; } .audio-player-wrapper .summary-wrapper { display: none; } .audio_player #play-btn-wrap svg { color: #222; margin-left: -18px; } #amplift-outer-wrapper { height: 60px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; top: -4px; left: -9px; margin-bottom: 0px; } .audio-player-wrapper .audio_player { visibility: hidden; } </style> <div id="amplift-outer-wrapper"></div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ window.setTimeout(()=>{ async_load_js("https://c.ampliftglobal.com/player/ampliftplayer.js",function() { AHE.ampliftPlayer = new AmpliftPlayer({target: '#amplift-outer-wrapper'}); AHE.ampliftPlayer.init(); window.setTimeout(()=>{ $('.audio-player-wrapper .audio_player').css('visibility','visible'); },1500); }); },1000); }); </script> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=augustus+Horace+literature+Mercury_%28Deity%29+ovid+Roman_Literature+Roman_Mythology+virgil" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=DWasson" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/6612/ovid/" title="Ovid"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6612.jpg.webp?v=1625432402 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6612.jpg.webp?v=1625432402 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6612.jpg?v=1625432402 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6612.jpg?v=1625432402 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6612.jpg?v=1625432402" width="300" height="200" alt="Ovid (by www.bdmundo.com, CC BY-SA)" title="Ovid (by www.bdmundo.com, CC BY-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Ovid</div><div class="figauthor">www.bdmundo.com (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6612/ovid/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6612/ovid/","caption":"Statue of Ovid in Constanta, Romania, where he spent his later years in exile.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6612.jpg","copyrightNotice":"www.bdmundo.com - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Organization","name":"www.bdmundo.com"},"creditText":"www.bdmundo.com / Flickr","dateModified":"2024-11-22T21:47:16+0000","datePublished":"2017-05-10T08:41:47+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Ovid","height":2005,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/bdmundo/33174274265/"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6612/ovid/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6612/ovid/","width":3016} </script> <p>Publius <dfn>Ovid</dfn>ius Naso, more commonly known to history as Ovid (43 BCE - 17 CE), was one of the most prolific writers of the early <a href="/Roman_Empire/">Roman Empire</a>. His works of poetry, mostly written in the form of elegiac couplets, influenced many of the great authors throughout history including Chaucer, Milton, <a href="/Dante_Alighieri/">Dante</a>, Shakespeare, and Goethe. Beloved by the people of <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a>, he made the tragic mistake of angering Emperor <a href="/augustus/">Augustus</a> and spent the remainder of his life in exile.</p> <h3>Early Life</h3> <p>The descendant of an old established equestrian family, Ovid was born on March 20, 43 BCE at Sulmo in Abruzzo, 145 km (90 miles) east of Rome. By the time of his birth the Republic had fallen and the heir apparent to the fallen <a href="/Julius_Caesar/">Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="/augustus/">Octavian</a> (the future Augustus), was in pursuit of his assassins; a civil <a href="/war/">war</a> had begun. Like many others of his generation, Ovid's family, especially his father, wanted him to pursue a career in <a href="/disambiguation/law/">law</a> and politics, but Ovid's life-long dream was something completely different. He was sent to Rome to complete his education under the tutelage of the orator Arellius Fuscus and the rhetorician Porcius Latro. A distinguished student, especially in rhetoric, he later toured the <a href="/disambiguation/greek/">Greek</a> islands as many young <a href="/disambiguation/Roman/">Roman</a> students did to further one's education.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>Despite the urging of his parents - his father often reprimanded him for <a href="/writing/">writing</a> poetry - this lover of language abandoned public life after only a handful of minor judicial posts for the life of a poet. With the urging of the orator and patron of arts Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, he soon gained success as a writer and was soon the most well-known poet in Rome. Unfortunately, this notoriety could not protect him, and in 8 CE he was banished from Rome.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <h3>Famous Works</h3> <p>A contemporary of the Roman historian <a href="/livy/">Livy</a>, Ovid, along with the poets <a href="/virgil/">Virgil</a> and <a href="/Horace/">Horace</a> is thought by many historians to have created a poetic style comparable to the Greek writers of the ancient past. However, unlike Virgil and Horace, Ovid was not considered part of Emperor Augustus' inner circle at the imperial court. For reasons that are unclear to modern historians, Ovid did not endear himself to the emperor. This may have been due to the type of poetry Ovid wrote: advice to the young lover. One historian even said that to Ovid love was the only game worth playing.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <div class="big_quote">To Ovid, love was the only game worth playing.</div> <p>His first book of poetry was the extremely successful <em>Amores</em> or 'The Book of Love,' published in 22 BCE. It told in a very lighthearted style about the misadventures of a young man and his love for an unobtainable young girl. His other works focused on a variety of topics: <em>Heroides</em> or 'Heroines' was a series of 15 letters supposedly written by Greek and Roman mythological female figures such as Penelope and <a href="/Dido/">Dido</a> to their lovers who had either mistreated or abandoned them. His <em>Mediacamina Faciei </em><em>Femineae</em> not only defended a Roman woman's use of cosmetics but also provided recipes. Another work <em>Remedia Amoris</em> or 'Remedies for Love' provided guidance to lovers on how to end a relationship. <em>Ars Amatoria</em> or 'The Art of Love' was three books written in 2 CE that spoke of the acts of courtship and erotic intrigue, giving advice to both men and <a href="/disambiguation/women/">women</a>. A good example of this advice can be found in Book I where he wrote,</p> <blockquote> <p>The first thing you must do is to find an object for your love, you who now for the first time come to fight in this new <a href="/warfare/">warfare</a>. The next task is to win the girl that attracts you; the third task is to make your love endure. (Branyon, 57)</p> </blockquote> <p><em>Ars Amatoria</em> has long been considered one of the possible reasons for his exile.</p> <h3><em>Metamorphoses</em></h3> <p>His most famous work, at least to most modern readers, is <em>Metamorphoses</em>, 15 books composed in dactylic hexameter, a collection of tales garnered from classical and Near Eastern myths and legends, a chronology from the creation of the world to the <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">death</a> of <a href="/disambiguation/caesar/">Caesar</a>. It was an epic poem that spoke not only of humanity's interaction with the gods but also of heroes and heroines such as <a href="/Perseus/">Perseus</a>, <a href="/Theseus/">Theseus</a>, Hector, and <a href="/achilles/">Achilles</a>. It is one of Ovid's few works not written in couplets.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>Completed prior to his exile, he opened Book I with a statement of his purpose,</p> <blockquote> <p>My mind is bent to tell of bodies changed into new forms. O gods, for you yourselves have wrought changes, breathe on these my undertakings, and bring down my song in unbroken strains from the world's very beginning even unto the present time. (<em>Metamorphoses</em>, 3)</p> </blockquote> <p>He ended Book XV by speaking of both Rome's and his own future,</p> <blockquote> <p>Wherever Rome's power extends over the conquered world, I shall have mention on men's lips, if the prophecies of bards have any truth, through all the ages shall I live in fame. (<em>Metamorphoses</em>, 311)</p> </blockquote> <h3>Exile</h3> <p>To say the least, the subject of Ovid's erotic poetry was in sharp contrast to the moral reform proposed by Emperor Augustus who, in principal, believed that part of the Republic's demise and the current dire status of the <a href="/empire/">Empire</a> resided in a lack of morals, a problem about which <a href="/Cicero/">Cicero</a> had written decades previously, before Augustus had had him assassinated in 43 BCE. The emperor wanted his empire to return to a stricter observation of many of Rome's older traditions, especially in the area of <a href="/religion/">religion</a> and the marriage bed. Unfortunately, Ovid did not believe these reforms affected everyone equally, more specifically the imperial household, for the emperor was well-known for his many mistresses, and his daughter Julia was a renowned adulterer; she would eventually be banished, returning to <a href="/italy/">Italy</a> only to die of malnutrition in 15 CE.</p> <p>Sadly, Ovid could not keep his opinions to himself, expressing them within the lines of his poetry. He wrote that the emperor's private life and marriage were in sharp contrast to the stiff rules he established for the general population. The outspoken poet was also candid about the emperor's wife, <a href="/Livia_Drusilla/">Livia</a>. In his poetry he believed a woman had the right to use cosmetics; however, with Livia, he said she was too busy to pay much attention to her appearance, despite having a staff to watch over her wardrobe and even a masseuse.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="6613"> <a href="/image/6613/ovid-exiled/" title="Ovid Exiled" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6613.jpg.webp?v=1599460202 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6613.jpg.webp?v=1599460202 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6613.jpg?v=1599460202 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6613.jpg?v=1599460202 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6613.jpg?v=1599460202" alt="Ovid Exiled" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="408" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Ovid Exiled</div><div class="figauthor">POP (Public Domain)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6613/ovid-exiled/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6613/ovid-exiled/","caption":"16th-century CE edition of Ovid's Tristia from Venice.\r\nPenn Libraries, Rare Book Collection","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6613.jpg","copyrightNotice":"POP - Public Domain - This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"POP"},"creditText":"POP / Flickr","dateModified":"2024-11-22T21:47:16+0000","datePublished":"2017-05-10T08:48:31+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Ovid Exiled","height":2049,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/58558794@N07/5588752914/"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6613/ovid-exiled/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6613/ovid-exiled/","width":2514} </script> </p> <p>Emperor Augustus was not pleased with the content of Ovid's poetry, and while the real reason became a state secret, Ovid was banished in 8 CE to Tomis, Constanta in modern-day Romania, in Ovid's words a place with a most "wretched climate." Some historians point to a possibility that Ovid was involved in the supposed Julia scandal. Whatever may have been the reason for his exile, Augustus publicly claimed the poet encouraged female adultery. In his own defense, Ovid maintained that he made an error, not a crime. Further, all of his works were banned from Roman public libraries. Luckily for future generations, however, because of his popularity among many private collectors, his works were able to survive.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>There are some who believe his exile was due to the atmosphere of the times. People in the <a href="/city/">city</a> were restless and near rebellion in the provinces. Others contend he may have heard or seen something, and the emperor needed to silence him, exile being the most logical choice. Despite both public and private pleading, the emperor and even his heir <a href="/Tiberius/">Tiberius</a> would not relent, and the poet spent the remainder of his life away from Rome at Tomis. While in exile, he continued to write; among these works were four books of poems entitled <em>Epistulae ex Ponto</em> or 'Epistles from Pontus.' and <em>Tristia</em> or 'Sorrows,' poems to his wife. In 17 CE Ovid died while still in exile. Although he requested to be buried in Rome, no one is sure if his request was honored.</p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=augustus+Horace+literature+Mercury_%28Deity%29+ovid+Roman_Literature+Roman_Mythology+virgil" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__20f4a3607034aa86b6e4b99c7d42230a"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1631492225/" rel="sponsored">Beard, M. <i>SPQR.</i> Liveright, 2016.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__0683f8378cbff526b68f8d753112c751"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0781803098/" rel="sponsored">Branyon, R. A. <i>Treasury of Roman Love& Proverbs.</i> Hippocrene Books, 1994.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__651c14cd85908cd4a7bfb18b644a7eb9"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0812970586/" rel="sponsored">Everitt, A. <i>Augustus.</i> Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2006.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__f9f4c4b0f94468d5de137b93f2ab6355"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0300178824/" rel="sponsored">Goldsworthy, A. <i>Pax Romana.</i> Yale University Press, 2016.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__b543810fff1299511459fb1b79308151"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0199545561/" rel="sponsored">Hornblower, S. <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary.</i> Oxford University Press, 2012.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__048bcafeb3f5747ade550c8370f31b98"> <cite class="bib_text">Ovid. <i>Metamorphoses.</i> Barnes and Noble, 2005</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__c99865b4d0cddb3fd8cc5faa80f4913e"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1435104552/" rel="sponsored">Rodgers, N. <i>Roman Empire.</i> Metro Books, 2013.</a></cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=DWasson" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/DWasson/" rel="nofollow" title="Donald L. 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Help us and <a href="/trans/x/1-561/edit/" class="translation_add_button" rel="nofollow">translate this definition</a> into another language!</p> </div> <div id="ci_related_wrapper"> <div class="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" id="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper"> <h2>Related Content</h2> <div id="ci_related_type_list"> <span class="filter_label">Filters:</span> <div rel="0" class="ci_type_0 ci_rel_type selected">All<span class="ci_rel_type_count"> </span></div> <div rel="1" class="ci_type_1 ci_rel_type ">Definitions<span class="ci_rel_type_count">49</span></div> <div rel="2" class="ci_type_2 ci_rel_type ">Articles<span class="ci_rel_type_count">21</span></div> <div rel="3" class="ci_type_3 ci_rel_type ">Images<span class="ci_rel_type_count">24</span></div> <div rel="6" class="ci_type_6 ci_rel_type ">Videos<span class="ci_rel_type_count">2</span></div> <div rel="9" class="ci_type_9 ci_rel_type ">Collections<span class="ci_rel_type_count">3</span></div> </div> <div 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https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/6660.jpg.webp?v=1717464424 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6660.jpg?v=1717464424 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/6660.jpg?v=1717464424 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6660.jpg?v=1717464424" width="360" height="202" alt="Horace's Epistles" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__2"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Article </div> <h3>Horace's Epistles</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Horace's Epistles are a series of letters, providing sage advice... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Roman_Literature/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-12527"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/7333.jpg.webp?v=1725380164 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/7333.jpg.webp?v=1725380164 720w" type="image/webp"> 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Web. 22 Nov 2024. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ci_author_and_copyright" id="ci_author_and_copyright"> <h2>License & Copyright</h2> <p> Submitted by <a href="/user/DWasson/" rel="author" title="User Page: Donald L. Wasson">Donald L. Wasson</a>, published on 11 May 2017. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en" rel="nofollow">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. 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