Nero - World History Encyclopedia

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function lightMode() { document.getElementById('darkCSS').remove(); document.querySelector('#header_ahe_logo').innerHTML = '<img src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-r.svg">'; } if (localStorage.getItem('darkMode') == 'dark') { darkMode(); } </script>  <main class="left_3_column" id="main_content"> <nav id="toc_wrapper" style="display: none;"> <div id="toc"> <h2 class="no_toc">Contents</h2> <div id="toc_contents"></div> <p class="toc_buttons"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Agrippina_the_Younger+Nero+Roman_Emperor+Roman-Parthian_War+Seneca+Tiridates_I_of_Armenia" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=DWasson" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/Nero/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/730.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/Nero/" data-pin-description="Nero was Roman emperor from 54 to 68 CE. The last of the Julio-Claudian emperors to rule the Roman Empire, his 14-year reign represents everything decadent about that period in Roman history. He was self-indulgent, cruel, and violent as well as a cross-dressing exhibitionist. His lavish parties combined..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Donald L. Wasson" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-DWasson.jpg" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/DWasson/" rel="author" title="User Page: Donald L. Wasson">Donald L. Wasson</a> <br/> published on 29 June 2012 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/fr/1-10280/neron/" class="translation_link fr " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/pt/1-10280/nero/" class="translation_link pt " rel="alternate">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-10280/neron/" class="translation_link es " rel="alternate">Spanish</a></div> </div> <div id="audio-outer-wrapper"> <iframe id="audio-frame-contents" data-src="/audioplayer/en/1-10280/" height="80" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <script> pageReady.then(()=>{ jsQueue(()=>{ let litPlayer = $('#audio-frame-contents'); if (litPlayer) { litPlayer.attr('src',litPlayer.attr('data-src')); } }); }); </script> <style> #audio-outer-wrapper { height: 80px; width: 100%; margin: 1em 0em; } #audio-frame-contents { background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-height: 80px; } </style> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Agrippina_the_Younger+Nero+Roman_Emperor+Roman-Parthian_War+Seneca+Tiridates_I_of_Armenia" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=DWasson" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/730/roman-emperor-nero/" title="Roman Emperor Nero"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/730.jpg.webp?v=1725380884 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/730.jpg.webp?v=1725380884 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/730.jpg?v=1725380884 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/730.jpg?v=1725380884 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/730.jpg?v=1725380884" width="300" height="400" alt="Roman Emperor Nero (by cjh1452000, CC BY-SA)" title="Roman Emperor Nero (by cjh1452000, CC BY-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Roman Emperor Nero</div><div class="figauthor">cjh1452000 (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/730/roman-emperor-nero/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/730/roman-emperor-nero/","caption":"Bust of Nero at the Capitoline Museum, Rome.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/730.jpg","copyrightNotice":"cjh1452000 - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"cjh1452000"},"creditText":"cjh1452000 / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-16T18:04:17+0000","datePublished":"2012-06-29T07:38:21+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Roman Emperor Nero","height":"3456","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_1.JPG"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/730/roman-emperor-nero/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/730/roman-emperor-nero/","width":"2592"} </script> <p>Nero was <a href="/Roman_Emperor/">Roman emperor</a> from 54 to 68 CE. The last of the Julio-Claudian emperors to rule the <a href="/Roman_Empire/">Roman Empire</a>, his 14-year reign represents everything decadent about that period in <a href="/disambiguation/Roman/">Roman</a> history. He was self-indulgent, cruel, and violent as well as a cross-dressing exhibitionist. His lavish parties combined with the burning of <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a> continued the economic chaos that had plagued the Roman citizenry since the days of <a href="/Tiberius/">Tiberius</a> (r. 14-37 CE). According to the 1st-2nd century historian <a href="/Suetonius/">Suetonius</a> in his <em>The Twelve Caesars</em>, upon hearing of the emperor's <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">death</a> by suicide, "…citizens ran through the streets wearing caps of liberty as though they were freed slaves."</p> <h3>Early Life</h3> <p>Nero was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus in 37 CE, but he was renamed Nero <a href="/claudius/">Claudius</a> <a href="/disambiguation/caesar/">Caesar</a> <a href="/augustus/">Augustus</a> when his mother, Agrippina, married Emperor Claudius in 49 CE. Some believe Nero's fate was inevitable. His father, Gnaeus Domitius, who died when Nero was three, was extremely violent in his own right and was described by his contemporaries as "a despicable character". He once deliberately ran over a young boy with his <a href="/chariot/">chariot</a> as he drove through a local village. When his friends congratulated him upon hearing of the birth of his son, Nero's father said that anything born to Agrippina and him would be unlikeable and a disaster.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <p>Nero's mother was the daughter of Agrippina the Elder and the great-granddaughter of Emperor Augustus (her grandmother was his daughter Julia) – both <a href="/disambiguation/women/">women</a>, as well as Agrippina's older brothers, were starved to death (the brothers by the order of Tiberius). Her youngest brother was Emperor <a href="/Caligula/">Caligula</a> (r. 37-41 CE) whose short reign came to a violent end when he was murdered by his own <a href="/Praetorian_Guard/">Praetorian Guard</a> thereby bringing her uncle Claudius (r. 41-54 CE) to the throne. After the death of her husband, Agrippina set her sights on the recently widowed Claudius, whose third wife Messalina had been murdered on his orders for, among other reasons, adultery and attempted treason. After a short courtship, they married, and Nero (at his mother's insistence) was soon adopted in 50 CE.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="15948"> <a href="/image/15948/julio-claudian-dynasty-of-the-roman-empire/" title="Julio-Claudian Dynasty of the Roman Empire" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/15948.png.webp?v=1723866665 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/15948.png.webp?v=1723866665 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/15948.png.webp?v=1723866665 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/15948.png.webp?v=1723866665 1500w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/15948.png?v=1723866665 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/15948.png?v=1723866665 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/15948.png?v=1723866665 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/15948.png?v=1723866665 1500w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/15948.png?v=1723866665" alt="Julio-Claudian Dynasty of the Roman Empire" class="in_text_image" width="750" height="422" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Julio-Claudian Dynasty of the Roman Empire</div><div class="figauthor">Simeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-ND)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15948/julio-claudian-dynasty-of-the-roman-empire/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15948/julio-claudian-dynasty-of-the-roman-empire/","caption":"A depiction of the evolution of the first imperial dynasty of ancient Rome, the Julio-Claudians that began with Augustus (Julius Caesar's adopted son) and included the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. During their time, Rome was at the height of its wealth, power, and sophistication, reaching a truly golden age of literature and arts, but at the same time, it was plagued by imperial excess and infamy. The Julio-Claudian dynasty claimed to trace its roots as far back as Romulus and Remus (the twins of legend who established the city) and the oldest families of Rome; they claimed ancestry from two deities and the Trojan hero Aeneas. Ironically, although they considered themselves a family dynasty, no Julio-Claudian managed to leave imperial power to a son of their own.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/15948.png","copyrightNotice":"Simeon Netchev - CC BY-NC-ND - This licence only allows others to download this content and share it with others as long as the author is credited, but they can't change the content in any way or use it commercially. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/simeonnetchev/#person","name":"Simeon Netchev","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/simeonnetchev/","sameAs":["https://www.linkedin.com/in/simeon-netchev/"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-simeonnetchev.jpg","description":"Simeon is a freelance visual designer and history teacher passionate about the human stories behind past events. He believes every image should tell a story and spark interaction, while each map leads on a journey, blending imagination with education.","jobTitle":"Graphic Designer","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Simeon Netchev / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-02-16T18:04:17+0000","datePublished":"2022-05-27T08:11:55+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Julio-Claudian Dynasty of the Roman Empire","height":2790,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15948/julio-claudian-dynasty-of-the-roman-empire/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15948/julio-claudian-dynasty-of-the-roman-empire/","width":4961} </script> </p> <h3>Succession</h3> <div class="big_quote">To the general public, Nero was a welcomed change & the early part of Nero's reign was considered by many to be a mini-golden age.</div> <p>However, by this time, Agrippina had already taken the next step - the death of Claudius, placing Nero upon the emperor's throne. In 54 CE Claudius mysteriously died after eating a bowl of mushrooms, probably poisoned ones. Some evidence exists suggesting that Nero knew of the poisoning when he later called mushrooms the “food of the gods.” There was also fear that <a href="/Britannicus/">Britannicus</a> (Claudius's legitimate son) might be chosen as emperor ahead of Nero. Suetonius wrote: "He [Nero] tried to poison Britannicus being not merely jealous of his voice … but afraid that the common people might be less attached to Claudius's adopted son than to his real one." Nero's fears soon abated (temporarily) when he was chosen as the new emperor in 54 CE. With his ascent to the imperial throne, Agrippina became the woman behind the man; but not for long.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <p>Among Nero's first acts as emperor was to cancel many of Claudius' edicts and decrees, referring to his predecessor as a "doddering old fool." To the general public Nero was a welcomed change. Like those before him, the early part of Nero's reign was considered by many to be a mini-golden age; the populace believed him to be generous, kind, and accessible. There were lavish games, plays, concerts, chariot races and gladiatorial tournaments, and taxes were even reduced. He restored much of the <a href="/Roman_Senate/">Roman Senate</a>'s power that had been lost over the years, but this restoration had a hidden agenda; it was only done to enable the young emperor to pursue his worldly pleasures, to sing (he did not possess a great voice) and play his <a href="/Lyre/">lyre</a>. While he sang, no one in the audience was permitted to leave the performance. Suetonius wrote: "We read of women in the audience giving birth, and of men being so bored with the <a href="/disambiguation/Music/">music</a> and the applause that they furtively dropped down from the <a href="/wall/">wall</a> at the rear… and were carried away for <a href="/burial/">burial</a>."</p> <h3>Nero & Agrippina</h3> <p>Although Nero found time for his concerts and games, he had bigger problems at home; his overly protective mother still believed herself to be the true force behind the throne. Agrippina even was bold enough to boast of her influence to others. Nero, of course, found this interference intolerable and made plans to end it. First, he moved her out of the <a href="/disambiguation/palace/">palace</a>. Next, he denied her the protection of her Praetorian Guard and banned her from all gladiatorial contests. Realizing that she was losing her grip on Nero, she fought back by throwing her support behind Britannicus, Nero's stepbrother and Claudius' son, but he mysteriously died at a family banquet - another poisoning victim. It did not take long for Agrippina to realize she was next.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="418"> <a href="/image/418/nero/" title="Nero" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/418.jpg.webp?v=1712747048 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/418.jpg.webp?v=1712747048 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/418.jpg?v=1712747048 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/418.jpg?v=1712747048 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/418.jpg?v=1712747048" alt="Nero" class="in_text_image" width="334" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Nero</div><div class="figauthor">Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/418/nero/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/418/nero/","caption":"A marble portrait head of Nero, 54-68 CE, provenance: Elis. Olympia Archaeological Museum.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/418.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Mark Cartwright - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/#person","name":"Mark Cartwright","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/mark.cartwright.73"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG","description":"Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.","jobTitle":"Publishing Director","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-02-16T18:04:17+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Nero","height":"3888","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/418/nero/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/418/nero/","width":"2592"} </script> </p> <p>Nero planned his mother's death with great care, even bringing specialists to Rome from <a href="/alexandria/">Alexandria</a> to assist in the planning. He had an elaborate device created for her bedchamber ceiling which would collapse and crush her in her sleep; however, it proved to be too complicated to build and install. Next, he tried a specially designed boat that would collapse and sink, but she proved too smart and swam to the shore. Finally, his last attempt was the simplest and easiest: he had her stabbed to death, but her death would haunt him for the rest of his life.</p> <h3>Personal Life</h3> <p>Nero's marriages and affairs also proved to be troublesome. He was married to the very popular Octavia, the daughter of Claudius and Messalina (a marriage made at his mother's urging) but also having an affair with the very pregnant <a href="/Poppaea_Sabina/">Poppaea Sabina</a> (his mother detested her). In order to marry her, he accused Octavia of adultery and exiled her, later to be murdered (but made to look like a suicide). Poppaea, whose first husband was Rufius Crispinus (a Roman soldier), was married to the future Emperor <a href="/Otho/">Otho</a> at the time of her affair with Nero. On the emperor's orders, Otho was dispatched to the far reaches of the <a href="/empire/">empire</a>.</p> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper"><div class="youtube-embed-container"><iframe data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HE7l5GL8KcI?autoplay=0&cc_lang_pref=en" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen title="History of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty of the Roman Empire"></iframe></div></div> <p>His exodus and Octavia's death opened the door for Nero's second marriage. It was even suspected that Poppaea was behind Octavia's and possibly Agrippina's death. The historian <a href="/tacitus/">Tacitus</a> in his <em>Annals</em> wrote:</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <blockquote> <p>Length of power had matured his daring, and his passion for Poppaea daily grew more ardent. As the woman had no hope of marriage for herself or of Octavia's divorce while Agrippina lived, she would reproach the emperor with incessant vituperation … 'Why,' she asked, 'was her marriage put off?'</p> </blockquote> <p>Nero's second marriage was not a happy one. Poppaea and Nero's child died shortly after her birth. Poppaea's next pregnancy ended in tragedy for both. After Nero and she argued late one night (Nero liked to stay out late), he supposedly kicked her in the stomach, killing both her and the unborn child.</p> <h3>Troubles & Disasters: The Great Fire</h3> <p>Although he had good advisors in Burrus and <a href="/Seneca/">Seneca</a>, the emperor's reign would continue to see one catastrophe after another. First, there was the Piso Conspiracy, an unsuccessful plot to kill Nero, involving at least 19 senators as well as other leading citizens. Its failure brought about the execution of 41 individuals. Although it failed, it led to Nero being forever paranoid and untrusting. Next, there was the failed <a href="/Boudicca/">Boudicca</a> rebellion in <a href="/britain/">Britain</a> as well as numerous insurrections in many outlying provinces including both Judea and <a href="/gaul/">Gaul</a>; the latter two were a reaction to increased taxes.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="2332"> <a href="/image/2332/domus-aurea/" title="Domus Aurea" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2332.jpg.webp?v=1736438466 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/2332.jpg.webp?v=1736438466 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2332.jpg?v=1736438466 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/2332.jpg?v=1736438466 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2332.jpg?v=1736438466" alt="Domus Aurea" class="in_text_image" width="374" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Domus Aurea</div><div class="figauthor">Wikipedia user: Pufacz (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2332/domus-aurea/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2332/domus-aurea/","caption":"One of the vaulted rooms in Nero's golden House, also known as the Domus Aurea. Built following the fire which devastated parts of central Rome in 64 CE the palace was a vast complex of banquet halls and courtyards. The statue is of a Muse and was found near the site.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/2332.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Wikipedia user: Pufacz - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Wikipedia user: Pufacz"},"creditText":"Wikipedia user: Pufacz / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-16T18:04:17+0000","datePublished":"2014-03-01T16:24:29+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Domus Aurea","height":2778,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_Domus_Aurea.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2332/domus-aurea/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2332/domus-aurea/","width":2075} </script> </p> <p>The greatest threat to Nero's reign, however, was the Great Fire, which began on 19 July 64 CE and lasted for six days. Ten of the 14 districts of the <a href="/city/">city</a> were destroyed, hundreds died, thousands were left homeless, and looters ravaged the city. Since the fire, many questions have been raised. Did Nero play his lyre (not a fiddle which had not been invented) in the safety of the palace complex while the city burned? Did he start it? Historians differ in their response to these questions. Was he even in the city or did he watch it burn? Suetonius wrote: "Nero watched the conflagration from the Tower of Maecenas enrapt by what he called 'the beauty of the flames'; then put on his tragedian's costume and sang …" Tacitus seemed to remain neutral when he wrote: "A disaster followed, whether accidental or treacherously contrived by the emperor, is uncertain, as authors have given both accounts, worse, however, and more dreadful than any which have ever happened to this city by the violence of fire." The blame fell, of course, upon the heads of the persecuted Christians who had always viewed Nero as the anti-Christ.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>Although he had to raise taxes to finance the rebuilding of Rome, the city was better in some ways than before: rebuilt residential districts, wider streets, brick buildings, and colonnades at street level to shelter to residents from the sun. Of course, the new Rome also included Nero's Golden Palace (later to be buried by Emperor <a href="/trajan/">Trajan</a>), containing <a href="/gold/">gold</a> plated ceilings, a lake, and exotic animals. Those who believe Nero started the fire point to his palace as the underlying reason.</p> <h3>Suicide</h3> <p>The fire, the conspiracy, the numerous insurrections, and the empty treasury led to Nero's demise. The Senate declared him an enemy of the public and named <a href="/Galba/">Galba</a> as the new emperor. Realizing his days as emperor were over, Nero attempted suicide while in the villa of his freedman Phaon but he failed and needed help to take his own life. His last words were: "What an artist dies in me."</p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Agrippina_the_Younger+Nero+Roman_Emperor+Roman-Parthian_War+Seneca+Tiridates_I_of_Armenia" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__53e7b7c93b7a2b68b4543218959bdd0a"> <cite class="bib_text">Blond, A. <i>The Private Lives of the Roman Emperors.</i> Running Press, 2008</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__4a0d19e5fdb56edad81d4040bcb73ee0"> <cite class="bib_text">Kerrigan, M. <i>A Dark History: The Roman Emperors.</i> Metro Books, 2011</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__5bc2eefb08aab493e53f0e7b8a89d62a"> <cite class="bib_text">Tacitus. <i>Annals Book XII.</i> </cite> </li> <li id="bibID__4e415e5ff77da3fe567dd59206cb8687"> <cite class="bib_text">Twiss, M. <i>The Most Evil Men and Women in History.</i> Barnes and Noble Books, 2002</cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=DWasson" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/DWasson/" rel="nofollow" title="Donald L. Wasson"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-DWasson.jpg?v=1485683139" width="100" height="100" alt="Donald L. Wasson" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/DWasson/" rel="author" title="Donald L. Wasson">Donald L. Wasson</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Donald has taught Ancient, Medieval and U.S. History at Lincoln College (Normal, Illinois)and has always been and will always be a student of history, ever since learning about Alexander the Great. He is eager to pass knowledge on to his students. </div> <div class="sm_links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="translations_notice"> <h2 class="translations">Translations</h2> <a href="/trans/fr/1-10280/neron/" class="translation_link fr outline_button" rel="alternate">French</a> <a href="/trans/pt/1-10280/nero/" class="translation_link pt outline_button" rel="alternate">Portuguese</a> <a href="/trans/es/1-10280/neron/" class="translation_link es outline_button" rel="alternate">Spanish</a> <p>We want people all over the world to learn about history. Help us and <a href="/trans/x/1-10280/edit/" class="translation_add_button" rel="nofollow">translate this definition</a> into another language!</p> </div> <div class="faq"> <h2>Questions & Answers</h2> <dl> <dt><h4>What was Nero’s full name, and when did he reign?</h4></dt> <dd>Nero's full name was Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, but after Agrippina married Claudius, he became Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus and reigned from 54 to 68 CE.</dd> <dt><h4>Who was Agrippina?</h4></dt> <dd>Agrippina was Nero's mother, the daughter of Agrippina the Elder, and the great-granddaughter of Emperor Augustus.</dd> <dt><h4>What were some of the major catastrophes of Nero’s reign?</h4></dt> <dd>Some of the major catastrophes of Nero’s reign were the Piso Conspiracy, an unsuccessful plot to kill Nero. The failed Boudicca rebellion in Britain and the Great Fire that began on the 19th of July 64 CE and lasted for six days.</dd> <dt><h4>What did Nero do after the fire?</h4></dt> <dd>After the fire, Nero had to raise taxes to finance the rebuilding of Rome, by constructing residential districts, wider streets, brick buildings, and colonnades to shelter residents from the sun. The new Rome also included Nero's Golden Palace.</dd> <dt><h4>How did Nero die?</h4></dt> <dd>Nero died by suicide. The Senate declared him an enemy of the public and named Galba as the new emperor. Realizing his days were over, Nero attempted suicide while in his villa but failed and needed help to take his own life.</dd> </dl> </div> <style> .faq h4 { font-family: "Libre Baskerville", "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif; } .faq { margin-bottom: 40px; } </style> <div id="ci_related_wrapper"> <div class="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" id="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper"> <h2>Related Content</h2> <div id="ci_related_type_list"> <span class="filter_label">Filters:</span> <div rel="0" class="ci_type_0 ci_rel_type selected">All<span class="ci_rel_type_count"> </span></div> <div rel="1" class="ci_type_1 ci_rel_type ">Definitions<span class="ci_rel_type_count">53</span></div> <div rel="2" class="ci_type_2 ci_rel_type ">Articles<span class="ci_rel_type_count">12</span></div> <div rel="3" class="ci_type_3 ci_rel_type ">Images<span class="ci_rel_type_count">31</span></div> <div rel="6" class="ci_type_6 ci_rel_type ">Videos<span class="ci_rel_type_count">3</span></div> 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