CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Exercise - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a6d0c44e-7029-486b-9a65-47e61111f3ea","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Exercise","wgTitle":"Exercise","wgCurRevisionId":1259139466,"wgRevisionId":1259139466,"wgArticleId":189037,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from January 2022","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from November 2018","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Articles with excerpts","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022","Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images", "Articles to be expanded from August 2021","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Physical exercise"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Exercise","wgRelevantArticleId":189037,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q219067","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg/1200px-Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1353"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg/800px-Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="902"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg/640px-Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="722"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Exercise - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Exercise rootpage-Exercise skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Exercise" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Exercise" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Exercise" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Exercise" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Health effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fitness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fitness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Fitness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fitness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Cardiovascular system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immune_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immune_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Immune system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immune_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurobiological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurobiological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Neurobiological </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurobiological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Concussion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Sleep </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libido" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libido"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Libido </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libido-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Respiratory system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mechanism of effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mechanism of effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skeletal_muscle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeletal_muscle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Skeletal muscle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeletal_muscle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_peripheral_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_peripheral_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Other peripheral organs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_peripheral_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Central nervous system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_health_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Public health measures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_health_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exercise_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercise_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Exercise trends </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exercise_trends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exercise trends subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exercise_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_and_cultural_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_cultural_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Social and cultural variation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_cultural_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition_and_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_and_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nutrition and recovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_and_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excessive_exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excessive_exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Excessive exercise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excessive_exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Other animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Exercise</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiese_oefening" title="Fisiese oefening – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fisiese oefening" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="व्यायाम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="व्यायाम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearwung_(plega)" title="Gearwung (plega) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gearwung (plega)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A" title="تدريب بدني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تدريب بدني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exerciciu_f%C3%ADsicu" title="Exerciciu físicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exerciciu físicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziki_m%C9%99%C5%9Fq" title="Fiziki məşq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fiziki məşq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="শারীরিক ব্যায়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শারীরিক ব্যায়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C4%81n-sin-th%C3%A9" title="Liān-sin-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liān-sin-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Физическо упражнение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Физическо упражнение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercici_f%C3%ADsic" title="Exercici físic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exercici físic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D0%B9-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BD%C4%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Вăй-хал хăнăхтарăвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăй-хал хăнăхтарăвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%9Blesn%C3%A9_cvi%C4%8Den%C3%AD" title="Tělesné cvičení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tělesné cvičení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubishamwiri" title="Ubishamwiri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ubishamwiri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymarfer_corff" title="Ymarfer corff – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymarfer corff" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion" title="Motion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Motion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejercicio_f%C3%ADsico" title="Ejercicio físico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejercicio físico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpekzercado" title="Korpekzercado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korpekzercado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariketa_fisiko" title="Ariketa fisiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ariketa fisiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تمرین بدنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمرین بدنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyaayaam" title="Vyaayaam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vyaayaam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness" title="Fitness – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fitness" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness" title="Fitness – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fitness" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acla%C3%ADocht" title="Aclaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aclaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercicio_f%C3%ADsico" title="Exercicio físico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exercicio físico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="વ્યાયામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વ્યાયામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_(%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99)" title="운동 (활동) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="운동 (활동)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motsa_jiki" title="Motsa jiki – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Motsa jiki" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ֆիզիկական վարժություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիզիկական վարժություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="व्यायाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यायाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjelovje%C5%BEba" title="Tjelovježba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tjelovježba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latihan_fisik" title="Latihan fisik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Latihan fisik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuzivocavoca" title="Ukuzivocavoca – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukuzivocavoca" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADkamsr%C3%A6kt" title="Líkamsrækt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líkamsrækt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פעילות גופנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פעילות גופנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ವ್ಯಾಯಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವ್ಯಾಯಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Дене жаттығулары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дене жаттығулары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazoezi_ya_mwili" title="Mazoezi ya mwili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mazoezi ya mwili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercitatio_corporis" title="Exercitatio corporis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Exercitatio corporis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizisks_vingrin%C4%81jums" title="Fizisks vingrinājums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fizisks vingrinājums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ശാരീരിക വ്യായാമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശാരീരിക വ്യായാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="व्यायाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्यायाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichaamsbeweging" title="Lichaamsbeweging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lichaamsbeweging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="शारीरिक व्यायाम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शारीरिक व्यायाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="अभ्यास – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अभ्यास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="フィジカルトレーニング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィジカルトレーニング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosjon" title="Mosjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mosjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE" title="ବ୍ୟାୟାମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବ୍ୟାୟାମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashq_qilish" title="Mashq qilish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mashq qilish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸਰੀਰਕ ਕਸਰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰੀਰਕ ਕਸਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikal_exasaiz" title="Fizikal exasaiz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fizikal exasaiz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86wiczenia_fizyczne" title="Ćwiczenia fizyczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ćwiczenia fizyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exerc%C3%ADcio_f%C3%ADsico" title="Exercício físico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exercício físico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exerci%C8%9Biu_fizic" title="Exercițiu fizic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exercițiu fizic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физические упражнения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Физические упражнения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83" title="व्यायामः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="व्यायामः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8" title="ශාරීරික ව්‍යායාම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශාරීරික ව්‍යායාම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercise" title="Physical exercise – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Physical exercise" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesn%C3%A9_cvi%C4%8Denie" title="Telesné cvičenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Telesné cvičenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telovadba" title="Telovadba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Telovadba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڕاھێنان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاھێنان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dka_ve%C5%BEba" title="Fizička vežba – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fizička vežba" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuntoilu" title="Kuntoilu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuntoilu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A4ning" title="Träning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Träning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehersisyong_pangkatawan" title="Ehersisyong pangkatawan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ehersisyong pangkatawan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="உடற் பயிற்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உடற் பயிற்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="వ్యాయామం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వ్యాయామం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="การออกกำลังกาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การออกกำลังกาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziksel_egzersiz" title="Fiziksel egzersiz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fiziksel egzersiz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Фізичні вправи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фізичні вправи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4" title="ورزش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ورزش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_d%E1%BB%A5c" title="Thể dục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thể dục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%83%BD%E9%94%BB%E7%82%BC" title="体能锻炼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="体能锻炼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="איבונגען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איבונגען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E8%BA%AB" title="健身 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="健身" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E8%83%BD%E9%8D%9B%E7%85%89" title="體能鍛煉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="體能鍛煉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q219067#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Exercise" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Exercise">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exercise&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exercise&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Exercise">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exercise&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exercise&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Exercise" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Exercise" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exercise&oldid=1259139466" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exercise&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Exercise&id=1259139466&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FExercise">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FExercise">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Exercise&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exercise&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physical_exercises" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q219067" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Physical activity that improves health</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Workout" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Exercise_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Exercise (disambiguation)">Exercise (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workout_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Workout (disambiguation)">Workout (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cycling_in_Amsterdam_(893).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg/220px-Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg/330px-Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg/440px-Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption>Cycling is a popular form of exercise.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BCRL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BCRL.jpg/220px-BCRL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BCRL.jpg/330px-BCRL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BCRL.jpg/440px-BCRL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Weight_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight training">Weight training</a></figcaption></figure> Exercise is <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a> that enhances or maintains <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">fitness</a> and overall <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> which is performed for various reasons, including <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a> or maintenance, to aid growth and improve strength, develop <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">cardiovascular system</a>, prevent injuries, hone <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">athletic</a> skills, improve health,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> or simply for enjoyment. Many people choose to <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_fitness" title="Outdoor fitness">exercise outdoors</a> where they can congregate in groups, socialize, and improve <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fitness_for_Foreigners-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In terms of health benefits, usually, 150minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week is recommended for reducing the risk of health problems.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> At the same time, even doing a small amount of exercise is healthier than doing none. Only doing an hour and a quarter (11 minutes/day) of exercise could reduce the risk of early death, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> Physical exercises are generally grouped into three types, depending on the overall effect they have on the human body:<a href="#cite_note-phy_active-11">[11]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">Aerobic exercise</a> is any <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a> that uses large muscle groups and causes the body to use more <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> than it would while resting.<a href="#cite_note-phy_active-11">[11]</a> The goal of aerobic exercise is to increase <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">endurance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Examples of aerobic exercise include running, cycling, swimming, brisk <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skipping_rope" title="Skipping rope">skipping rope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowing (sports)">rowing</a>, hiking, dancing, playing tennis, <a href="/wiki/Continuous_training" title="Continuous training">continuous training</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Long_slow_distance" title="Long slow distance">long distance</a> running.<a href="#cite_note-phy_active-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">Anaerobic exercise</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">strength</a> and resistance training, can firm, strengthen, and increase muscle mass, as well as improve bone density, <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">coordination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-phy_active-11">[11]</a> Examples of strength exercises are <a href="/wiki/Push-ups" class="mw-redirect" title="Push-ups">push-ups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pull-up_(exercise)" title="Pull-up (exercise)">pull-ups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunge_(exercise)" title="Lunge (exercise)">lunges</a>, squats, bench press. Anaerobic exercise also includes <a href="/wiki/Weight_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight training">weight training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_training" title="Functional training">functional training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eccentric_Training" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccentric Training">Eccentric Training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interval_training" title="Interval training">interval training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprinting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-intensity_interval_training" title="High-intensity interval training">high-intensity interval training</a> which increase short-term muscle strength.<a href="#cite_note-phy_active-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexibility_(anatomy)" title="Flexibility (anatomy)">Flexibility</a> exercises stretch and lengthen <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-phy_active-11">[11]</a> Activities such as <a href="/wiki/Stretching" title="Stretching">stretching</a> help to improve <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joint</a> flexibility and keep muscles limber.<a href="#cite_note-phy_active-11">[11]</a> The goal is to improve the <a href="/wiki/Range_of_motion" title="Range of motion">range of motion</a> which can reduce the chance of injury.<a href="#cite_note-phy_active-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li></ul> Physical exercise can also include training that focuses on <a href="/wiki/Accuracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Accuracy">accuracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_agility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport agility">agility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">power</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crossfit-15">[15]</a> Types of exercise can also be classified as dynamic or static. 'Dynamic' exercises such as steady running, tend to produce a lowering of the <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">diastolic</a> blood pressure during exercise, due to the improved blood flow. Conversely, static exercise (such as weight-lifting) can cause the <a href="/wiki/Systole_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systole (medicine)">systolic</a> pressure to rise significantly, albeit transiently, during the performance of the exercise.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Exercise physiology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Effects_of_exercise_on_the_organ_systems_of_the_body_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Effects_of_exercise_on_the_organ_systems_of_the_body_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Effects_of_exercise_on_the_organ_systems_of_the_body_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Effects_of_exercise_on_the_organ_systems_of_the_body_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Effects_of_exercise_on_the_organ_systems_of_the_body_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Effects_of_exercise_on_the_organ_systems_of_the_body_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Effects_of_exercise_on_the_organ_systems_of_the_body_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Exercise affects many organs</figcaption></figure> Physical exercise is important for maintaining <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a> and can contribute to maintaining a healthy weight, regulating the digestive system, building and maintaining healthy bone density, muscle strength, and joint mobility, promoting physiological well-being, reducing surgical risks, and strengthening the immune system. Some studies indicate that exercise may increase life expectancy and the overall quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> People who participate in moderate to high levels of physical exercise have a lower mortality rate compared to individuals who by comparison are not physically active.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Moderate levels of exercise have been correlated with preventing aging by reducing inflammatory potential.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The majority of the benefits from exercise are achieved with around 3500 <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic equivalent">metabolic equivalent</a> (MET) minutes per week, with diminishing returns at higher levels of activity.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2016-20">[20]</a> For example, climbing stairs 10 minutes, vacuuming 15 minutes, gardening 20 minutes, running 20 minutes, and walking or bicycling for transportation 25 minutes on a daily basis would together achieve about 3000 MET minutes a week.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2016-20">[20]</a> A lack of <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a> causes approximately 6% of the burden of disease from coronary heart disease, 7% of type 2 diabetes, 10% of breast cancer, and 10% of colon cancer worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[21]</a> Overall, physical inactivity causes 9% of premature mortality worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[21]</a> The American-British writer <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bryson" title="Bill Bryson">Bill Bryson</a> wrote: "If someone invented a pill that could do for us all that a moderate amount of exercise achieves, it would instantly become the most successful drug in history."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fitness">Fitness</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">Physical fitness</a></div> Most people can increase fitness by increasing <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> Increases in muscle size from resistance training are primarily determined by diet and testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> This genetic variation in improvement from training is one of the key physiological differences between elite athletes and the larger population.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsci_geddes-26">[26]</a> There is evidence that exercising in <a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">middle age</a> may lead to better physical ability later in life.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Early motor skills and development is also related to physical activity and performance later in life. Children who are more proficient with motor skills early on are more inclined to be physically active, and thus tend to perform well in sports and have better fitness levels. Early motor proficiency has a positive correlation to childhood physical activity and fitness levels, while less proficiency in motor skills results in a more sedentary lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The type and intensity of physical activity performed may have an effect on a person's fitness level. There is some weak evidence that <a href="/wiki/High-intensity_interval_training" title="High-intensity interval training">high-intensity interval training</a> may improve a person's <a href="/wiki/VO2_max" title="VO2 max">VO2 max</a> slightly more than lower intensity endurance training.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> However, unscientific fitness methods could lead to sports injuries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular_system">Cardiovascular system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_fitness" title="Cardiovascular fitness">Cardiovascular fitness</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_(cardiovascular)_and_peripheral_(skeletal_muscle)_adaptations_to_exercise_training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Central_%28cardiovascular%29_and_peripheral_%28skeletal_muscle%29_adaptations_to_exercise_training.jpg/330px-Central_%28cardiovascular%29_and_peripheral_%28skeletal_muscle%29_adaptations_to_exercise_training.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Central_%28cardiovascular%29_and_peripheral_%28skeletal_muscle%29_adaptations_to_exercise_training.jpg/495px-Central_%28cardiovascular%29_and_peripheral_%28skeletal_muscle%29_adaptations_to_exercise_training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Central_%28cardiovascular%29_and_peripheral_%28skeletal_muscle%29_adaptations_to_exercise_training.jpg/660px-Central_%28cardiovascular%29_and_peripheral_%28skeletal_muscle%29_adaptations_to_exercise_training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>Central (cardiovascular) and peripheral (skeletal muscle) adaptations to exercise training</figcaption></figure> The beneficial effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system is well documented. There is a direct correlation between physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease, and physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for the development of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>. Low levels of physical exercise increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases mortality.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-aha2017-31">[31]</a> Children who participate in physical exercise experience greater loss of body fat and increased cardiovascular fitness.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Studies have shown that academic stress in youth increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in later years; however, these risks can be greatly decreased with regular physical exercise.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> There is a dose-response relationship between the amount of exercise performed from approximately 700–2000 <a href="/wiki/Kcal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kcal">kcal</a> of energy expenditure per week and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged and elderly men. The greatest potential for reduced mortality is seen in sedentary individuals who become moderately active. Studies have shown that since heart disease is the leading cause of death in women, regular exercise in aging women leads to healthier cardiovascular profiles. The most beneficial effects of physical activity on cardiovascular disease mortality can be attained through moderate-intensity activity (40–60% of maximal oxygen uptake, depending on age). After a myocardial infarction, survivors who changed their lifestyle to include regular exercise had higher survival rates. Sedentary people are most at risk for mortality from cardiovascular and all other causes.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a>, exercise reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack and stroke.<a href="#cite_note-aha2017-31">[31]</a> Some have suggested that increases in physical exercise might decrease healthcare costs, increase the rate of job attendance, as well as increase the amount of effort women put into their jobs.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immune_system">Immune system</h3></div> Although there have been hundreds of studies on physical exercise and the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, there is little direct evidence on its connection to illness.<a href="#cite_note-Gleeson2007-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiological</a> evidence suggests that moderate exercise has a beneficial effect on the human <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>; an effect which is modeled in a <a href="/wiki/J_curve" title="J curve">J curve</a>. Moderate exercise has been associated with a 29% decreased incidence of <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">upper respiratory tract infections</a> (URTI), but studies of marathon runners found that their prolonged high-intensity exercise was associated with an increased risk of infection occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-Gleeson2007-36">[36]</a> However, another study did not find the effect. Immune cell functions are impaired following acute sessions of prolonged, high-intensity exercise, and some studies have found that athletes are at a higher risk for infections. Studies have shown that strenuous stress for long durations, such as training for a marathon, can suppress the immune system by decreasing the concentration of lymphocytes.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The immune systems of athletes and nonathletes are generally similar. Athletes may have a slightly elevated <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer cell</a> count and cytolytic action, but these are unlikely to be clinically significant.<a href="#cite_note-Gleeson2007-36">[36]</a> Vitamin C supplementation has been associated with a lower incidence of <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">upper respiratory tract infections</a> in marathon runners.<a href="#cite_note-Gleeson2007-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">Biomarkers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a>, which are associated with chronic diseases, are reduced in active individuals relative to sedentary individuals, and the positive effects of exercise may be due to its anti-inflammatory effects. In individuals with heart disease, exercise interventions lower blood levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, an important cardiovascular risk marker.<a href="#cite_note-Swardfager2012-38">[38]</a> The depression in the immune system following acute bouts of exercise may be one of the mechanisms for this anti-inflammatory effect.<a href="#cite_note-Gleeson2007-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3></div> A systematic review evaluated 45 studies that examined the relationship between physical activity and cancer survival rates. According to the review, "[there] was consistent evidence from 27 observational studies that physical activity is associated with reduced all-cause, breast cancer–specific, and colon cancer–specific mortality. There is currently insufficient evidence regarding the association between physical activity and mortality for survivors of other cancers."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Evidence suggests that exercise may positively affect the quality of life in cancer survivors, including factors such as anxiety, self-esteem and emotional well-being.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> For people with cancer undergoing active treatment, exercise may also have positive effects on health-related quality of life, such as fatigue and physical functioning.<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[41]</a> This is likely to be more pronounced with higher intensity exercise.<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[41]</a> Exercise may contribute to a reduction of <a href="/wiki/Cancer-related_fatigue" title="Cancer-related fatigue">cancer-related fatigue</a> in survivors of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Although there is only limited scientific evidence on the subject, people with <a href="/wiki/Cancer_cachexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer cachexia">cancer cachexia</a> are encouraged to engage in physical exercise.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26401466-43">[43]</a> Due to various factors, some individuals with cancer cachexia have a limited capacity for physical exercise.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29891116-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29440149-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compliance (medicine)">Compliance</a> with prescribed exercise is low in individuals with cachexia and clinical trials of exercise in this population often have high drop-out rates.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29891116-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29440149-45">[45]</a> There is low-quality evidence for an effect of aerobic physical exercises on anxiety and serious adverse events in adults with <a href="/wiki/Tumors_of_the_hematopoietic_and_lymphoid_tissues" title="Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues">hematological malignancies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-46">[46]</a> Aerobic physical exercise may result in little to no difference in the mortality, quality of life, or physical functioning.<a href="#cite_note-:3-46">[46]</a> These exercises may result in a slight reduction in depression and reduction in fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-:3-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurobiological">Neurobiological</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jogging_Woman_in_Grass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jogging_Woman_in_Grass.jpg/220px-Jogging_Woman_in_Grass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jogging_Woman_in_Grass.jpg/330px-Jogging_Woman_in_Grass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jogging_Woman_in_Grass.jpg/440px-Jogging_Woman_in_Grass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption>A woman engaging in aerobic exercise (jogging)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">neurobiological effects of physical exercise</a> involve possible interrelated effects on brain structure, brain function, and <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Summary_as_of_August_2015-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_–_neurotrophic_factors_+_basal_ganglia-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Summary_of_effects-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_epigenome-50">[50]</a> Research in humans has demonstrated that consistent <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic exercise</a> (e.g., 30 minutes every day) may induce improvements in certain <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive function">cognitive functions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">neuroplasticity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_plasticity" title="Behavioral plasticity">behavioral plasticity</a>; some of these long-term effects may include increased <a href="/wiki/Adult_neurogenesis" title="Adult neurogenesis">neuron growth</a>, increased neurological activity (e.g., <a href="/wiki/C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">BDNF</a> signaling), improved stress coping, enhanced <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_control_of_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive control of behavior">cognitive control of behavior</a>, improved <a href="/wiki/Declarative_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative memory">declarative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spatial_memory" title="Spatial memory">spatial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working</a> memory, and structural and functional improvements in brain structures and <a href="/wiki/Neural_pathways" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural pathways">pathways</a> associated with cognitive control and memory.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Comprehensive_review-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_cognitive_control_of_exercise-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_healthy_young_adult_2016_SystRev-53">[53]</a> The effects of exercise on cognition may affect <a href="/wiki/Academic_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic performance">academic performance</a> in children and college students, improve adult productivity, preserve <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive function">cognitive function</a> in old age, preventing or treating certain <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">neurological disorders</a>, and improving overall <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Depression_QoL_meta-analysis-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Aging_QoL_review-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In healthy adults, aerobic exercise has been shown to induce transient effects on cognition after a single exercise session and persistent effects on cognition following consistent exercise over the course of several months.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Summary_as_of_August_2015-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_healthy_young_adult_2016_SystRev-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Neurobiological_effects_of_acute_exercise_–_2017_review-58">[58]</a> People who regularly perform an aerobic exercise (e.g., running, <a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">jogging</a>, brisk walking, swimming, and cycling) have greater scores on <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_test" title="Neuropsychological test">neuropsychological function and performance tests</a> that measure certain cognitive functions, such as <a href="/wiki/Attentional_control" title="Attentional control">attentional control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_control" title="Inhibitory control">inhibitory control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_flexibility" title="Cognitive flexibility">cognitive flexibility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a> updating and capacity, <a href="/wiki/Declarative_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative memory">declarative memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spatial_memory" title="Spatial memory">spatial memory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">information processing speed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Comprehensive_review-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_healthy_young_adult_2016_SystRev-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Neurobiological_effects_of_acute_exercise_–_2017_review-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Aerobic exercise has both short and long term effects on mood and emotional states by promoting <a href="/wiki/Positive_affect" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive affect">positive affect</a>, inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Negative_affect" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative affect">negative affect</a>, and decreasing the biological response to acute <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">psychological stress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Neurobiological_effects_of_acute_exercise_–_2017_review-58">[58]</a> Aerobic exercise may affect both self-esteem and overall well-being (including sleep patterns) with consistent, long term participation.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Regular aerobic exercise may improve symptoms associated with <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Central nervous system disorders">central nervous system disorders</a> and may be used as <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjunct therapy">adjunct therapy</a> for these disorders. There is some evidence of exercise treatment efficacy for <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Depression_QoL_meta-analysis-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_depression_intervention-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_MDD_antidepressant-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_ADHD_exercise_2016_SystRev-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology" title="American Academy of Neurology">American Academy of Neurology</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Clinical_practice_guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical practice guideline">clinical practice guideline</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">mild cognitive impairment</a> indicates that clinicians should recommend regular exercise (two times per week) to individuals who have been diagnosed with these conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_December_2017_AAN_Clinical_Practice_Guideline_for_MCI-65">[65]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Preclinical" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclinical">preclinical</a> evidence and emerging clinical evidence supports the use of exercise as an adjunct therapy for the treatment and prevention of <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">drug addictions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Addiction_review_2016-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Running_vs_addiction-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Natural_and_drug_addictions-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_Rev_3-69">[69]</a> Reviews of clinical evidence also support the use of exercise as an adjunct therapy for certain <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegenerative disorder">neurodegenerative disorders</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Alz_1-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Parkinson_physiotherapy_Cochrane-71">[71]</a> Regular exercise may be associated with a lower risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Longitudinal_SystRev_dementia-72">[72]</a> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depression">Depression</h4></div> <blockquote class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Major_depressive_disorder" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Major depressive disorder</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> A number of medical reviews have indicated that exercise has a marked and persistent <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> effect in humans,<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Comprehensive_review-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_depression_intervention-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Physical_activity_intervention-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_MDD_antidepressant-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Cochrane_exercise_depression-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Running_antidepressant-75">[75]</a> an effect believed to be mediated through enhanced <abbr title="brain-derived neurotrophic factor">BDNF</abbr> signaling in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_MDD_antidepressant-63">[63]</a> Several systematic reviews have analyzed the potential for physical exercise in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depressive disorders</a>. The 2013 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane Collaboration">Cochrane Collaboration</a> review on physical exercise for depression noted that, based upon limited evidence, it is more effective than a control intervention and comparable to psychological or antidepressant drug therapies.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Cochrane_exercise_depression-74">[74]</a> Three subsequent 2014 systematic reviews that included the Cochrane review in their analysis concluded with similar findings: one indicated that physical exercise is effective as an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adjunct_treatment" class="extiw" title="wikt:adjunct treatment">adjunct treatment</a> (i.e., treatments that are used together) with antidepressant medication;<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_MDD_antidepressant-63">[63]</a> the other two indicated that physical exercise has marked antidepressant effects and recommended the inclusion of physical activity as an adjunct treatment for mild–moderate depression and mental illness in general.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_depression_intervention-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Physical_activity_intervention-73">[73]</a> One systematic review noted that <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga</a> may be effective in alleviating symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal depression">prenatal depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Yoga_depression_SystRev-76">[76]</a> Another review asserted that evidence from <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical trials">clinical trials</a> supports the efficacy of physical exercise as a treatment for depression over a 2–4 month period.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Comprehensive_review-51">[51]</a> These benefits have also been noted in <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a>, with a review conducted in 2019 finding that exercise is an effective treatment for clinically diagnosed depression in older adults.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_miller2020-77">[77]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> from July 2016 concluded that physical exercise improves overall quality of life in individuals with depression relative to controls.<a href="#cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Depression_QoL_meta-analysis-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></div></blockquote> Continuous aerobic exercise can induce a transient state of <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, colloquially known as a "runner's high" in <a href="/wiki/Distance_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance running">distance running</a> or a "rower's high" in <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">crew</a>, through the increased biosynthesis of at least three <a href="/wiki/Euphoriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoriant">euphoriant</a> neurochemicals: <a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">anandamide</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocannabinoid">endocannabinoid</a>),<a href="#cite_note-endocannabinoids-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-endorphin">β-endorphin</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_opioid" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous opioid">endogenous opioid</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Endorphin-80">[80]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">phenethylamine</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Trace_amine" title="Trace amine">trace amine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> analog).<a href="#cite_note-PEA_exercise_primary-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Renaissance-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neuropsychiatric-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concussion">Concussion</h4></div> Supervised aerobic exercise without a risk of re-injury (falling, getting hit on the head) is prescribed as treatment for acute concussion.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Some exercise interventions may also prevent sport-related concussion.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep">Sleep</h3></div> Preliminary evidence from a 2012 review indicated that physical training for up to four months may increase sleep quality in adults over 40 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A 2010 review suggested that exercise generally improved <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a> for most people, and may help with <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, but there is insufficient evidence to draw detailed conclusions about the relationship between exercise and sleep.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> A 2018 systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that exercise can improve sleep quality in people with insomnia.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libido">Libido</h3></div> One 2013 study found that exercising improved sexual arousal problems related to antidepressant use.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_system">Respiratory system</h3></div> People who participate in physical exercise experience increased cardiovascular fitness.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] There is some level of concern about additional exposure to air pollution when <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_fitness" title="Outdoor fitness">exercising outdoors</a>, especially near traffic.<a href="#cite_note-Laeremans_et_al._2018-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_effects">Mechanism of effects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeletal_muscle">Skeletal muscle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">Skeletal muscle</a></div> Resistance training and subsequent consumption of a protein-rich meal promotes <a href="/wiki/Muscle_hypertrophy" title="Muscle hypertrophy">muscle hypertrophy</a> and gains in <a href="/wiki/Muscle_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle strength">muscle strength</a> by stimulating <a href="/wiki/Myofibrillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Myofibrillar">myofibrillar</a> muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and inhibiting muscle protein breakdown (MPB).<a href="#cite_note-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muscle_hypertrophy_review-92">[92]</a> The stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by resistance training occurs via <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mechanistic_target_of_rapamycin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanistic target of rapamycin">mechanistic target of rapamycin</a> (mTOR) and subsequent activation of <a href="/wiki/MTORC1" title="MTORC1">mTORC1</a>, which leads to <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">protein biosynthesis</a> in cellular <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a> via phosphorylation of mTORC1's immediate targets (the <a href="/wiki/P70S6_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="P70S6 kinase">p70S6 kinase</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protein_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein translation">translation</a> repressor protein <a href="/wiki/4EBP1" class="mw-redirect" title="4EBP1">4EBP1</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Molecular_Aspects_of_Medicine_2016_review-93">[93]</a> The suppression of muscle protein breakdown following food consumption occurs primarily via increases in <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a> <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-HMB_in_vivo_human_pharmacodynamics-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pharmacodynamics_and_pharmacokinetics_of_HMB-CA_in_humans_in_vivo-95">[95]</a> Similarly, increased muscle protein synthesis (via activation of mTORC1) and suppressed muscle protein breakdown (via insulin-independent mechanisms) has also been shown to occur following ingestion of <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-hydroxy_%CE%B2-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-HMB_in_vivo_human_pharmacodynamics-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pharmacodynamics_and_pharmacokinetics_of_HMB-CA_in_humans_in_vivo-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarcopenia_July_2015_review-96">[96]</a> Aerobic exercise induces <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_biogenesis" title="Mitochondrial biogenesis">mitochondrial biogenesis</a> and an increased capacity for <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> of skeletal muscle, which is one mechanism by which aerobic exercise enhances submaximal endurance performance.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aerobic_exercise_–_mitochondrial_biogenesis_and_OXPHOS_capacity-98">[98]</a> These effects occur via an exercise-induced increase in the intracellular <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a>:<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> ratio, thereby triggering the activation of <a href="/wiki/AMP-activated_protein_kinase" title="AMP-activated protein kinase">AMP-activated protein kinase</a> (AMPK) which subsequently phosphorylates <a href="/wiki/PGC-1%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="PGC-1α">peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α</a> (PGC-1α), the <a href="/wiki/Master_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Master regulator">master regulator</a> of mitochondrial biogenesis.<a href="#cite_note-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aerobic_exercise_–_mitochondrial_biogenesis_and_OXPHOS_capacity-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mitochondrial_biogenesis-99">[99]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:398px;max-width:398px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:221px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Muscle_protein_synthesis_signaling_cascades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Signaling cascade diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Muscle_protein_synthesis_signaling_cascades.jpg/396px-Muscle_protein_synthesis_signaling_cascades.jpg" decoding="async" width="396" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Muscle_protein_synthesis_signaling_cascades.jpg/594px-Muscle_protein_synthesis_signaling_cascades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Muscle_protein_synthesis_signaling_cascades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="347" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Diagram of the molecular <a href="/wiki/Signaling_cascade" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling cascade">signaling cascades</a> that are involved in <a href="/wiki/Myofibrillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Myofibrillar">myofibrillar</a> muscle protein synthesis and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_biogenesis" title="Mitochondrial biogenesis">mitochondrial biogenesis</a> in response to physical exercise and specific <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> or their derivatives (primarily <a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">L-leucine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid">HMB</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review-91">[91]</a> Many amino acids derived from food protein promote the activation of <a href="/wiki/MTORC1" title="MTORC1">mTORC1</a> and increase <a href="/wiki/Protein_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein translation">protein synthesis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signaling</a> through <a href="/wiki/Rag_GTPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Rag GTPase">Rag GTPases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_neurology_of_mTOR-100">[100]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#ccccff">Abbreviations and representations</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">  • PLD: <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_D" title="Phospholipase D">phospholipase D</a>  • PA: <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidic_acid" title="Phosphatidic acid">phosphatidic acid</a>  • mTOR: <a href="/wiki/Mechanistic_target_of_rapamycin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanistic target of rapamycin">mechanistic target of rapamycin</a>  • AMP: <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">adenosine monophosphate</a>  • ATP: <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a>  • AMPK: <a href="/wiki/AMP-activated_protein_kinase" title="AMP-activated protein kinase">AMP-activated protein kinase</a>  • PGC-1α: <a href="/wiki/PGC-1%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="PGC-1α">peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α</a>  • S6K1: <a href="/wiki/P70S6_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="P70S6 kinase">p70S6 kinase</a>  • 4EBP1: <a href="/wiki/EIF4EBP1" title="EIF4EBP1">eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1</a>  • eIF4E: <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_translation_initiation_factor_4E" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E">eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E</a>  • RPS6: <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_protein_S6" title="Ribosomal protein S6">ribosomal protein S6</a>  • eEF2: <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_elongation_factor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic elongation factor 2">eukaryotic elongation factor 2</a>  • RE: resistance exercise; EE: endurance exercise  • Myo: <a href="/wiki/Myofibrillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Myofibrillar">myofibrillar</a>; Mito: <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrial</a>  • AA: <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>  • HMB: <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-hydroxy_%CE%B2-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid</a>  • ↑ represents activation  • Τ represents inhibition </div></div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:221px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Resistance_exercise-induced_muscle_protein_synthesis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph of muscle protein synthesis vs time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Resistance_exercise-induced_muscle_protein_synthesis.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="221" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Resistance training stimulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS) for a period of up to 48 hours following exercise (shown by dotted line).<a href="#cite_note-Muscle_hypertrophy_review-92">[92]</a> Ingestion of a protein-rich meal at any point during this period will augment the exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis (shown by solid lines).<a href="#cite_note-Muscle_hypertrophy_review-92">[92]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_peripheral_organs">Other peripheral organs</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerobic_Anaerobic_Exercise_Adaptations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aerobic_Anaerobic_Exercise_Adaptations.jpg/400px-Aerobic_Anaerobic_Exercise_Adaptations.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Aerobic_Anaerobic_Exercise_Adaptations.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Summary of long-term adaptations to regular aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise can cause several central cardiovascular adaptations, including an increase in <a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">stroke volume</a> (SV)<a href="#cite_note-Exercise_SV-101">[101]</a> and maximal aerobic capacity (<a href="/wiki/VO2_max" title="VO2 max">VO2 max</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Exercise_SV-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-AerobicMotorCapability-102">[102]</a> as well as a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Resting_heart_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Resting heart rate">resting heart rate</a> (RHR).<a href="#cite_note-Exercise_RHR1-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exercise_RHR2-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exercise_RHR3-105">[105]</a> Long-term adaptations to resistance training, the most common form of anaerobic exercise, include <a href="/wiki/Muscular_hypertrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscular hypertrophy">muscular hypertrophy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Exercise_Hypertrophy-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exercise_Hypertrophy2-107">[107]</a> an increase in the <a href="/wiki/Physiological_cross-sectional_area" title="Physiological cross-sectional area">physiological cross-sectional area</a> (PCSA) of muscle(s), and an increase in <a href="/wiki/Neural_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural drive">neural drive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Exercise_Neuraldrive-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-AnaerobicStrength-109">[109]</a> both of which lead to increased <a href="/wiki/Muscular_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscular strength">muscular strength</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Exercise_MuscularStrength-110">[110]</a> Neural adaptations begin more quickly and plateau prior to the hypertrophic response.<a href="#cite_note-NeuralvsHypertrophy1-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-NeuralvsHypertrophy2-112">[112]</a></figcaption></figure> Developing research has demonstrated that many of the benefits of exercise are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as <a href="/wiki/Myokine" title="Myokine">myokines</a> which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and multiple anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Exercise reduces levels of <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>, which causes many health problems, both physical and mental.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Endurance exercise before meals lowers <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">blood glucose</a> more than the same exercise after meals.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> There is evidence that vigorous exercise (90–95% of <a href="/wiki/VO2_max" title="VO2 max">VO2 max</a>) induces a greater degree of physiological <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_hypertrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac hypertrophy">cardiac hypertrophy</a> than moderate exercise (40 to 70% of VO2 max), but it is unknown whether this has any effects on overall morbidity and/or mortality.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise work to increase the mechanical efficiency of the heart by increasing cardiac volume (aerobic exercise), or myocardial thickness (strength training). <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Ventricular hypertrophy">Ventricular hypertrophy</a>, the thickening of the ventricular walls, is generally beneficial and healthy if it occurs in response to exercise. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_nervous_system">Central nervous system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Neuroplasticity" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Neuroplasticity</a></div> The effects of physical exercise on the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> may be mediated in part by specific <a href="/wiki/Neurotrophic_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotrophic factor">neurotrophic factor</a> <a href="/wiki/Myokine" title="Myokine">hormones released into the blood by muscles</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">BDNF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor">VEGF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Exercise_–_neurotrophic_factors_+_basal_ganglia-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-BDNF_meta_analysis-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cerebral_hemodynamics_and_AD-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_health_measures">Public health measures</h2></div> Community-wide and school campaigns are often used in an attempt to increase a population's level of physical activity. Studies to determine the effectiveness of these types of programs need to be interpreted cautiously as the results vary.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> There is some evidence that certain types of exercise programmes for older adults, such as those involving gait, balance, co-ordination and functional tasks, can improve balance.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Following progressive resistance training, older adults also respond with improved physical function.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Brief interventions promoting physical activity may be cost-effective, however this evidence is weak and there are variations between studies.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Environmental approaches appear promising: signs that encourage the use of stairs, as well as community campaigns, may increase exercise levels.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, for example, blocks off 113 kilometers (70 mi) of roads on Sundays and holidays to make it easier for its citizens to get exercise. Such <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian zones</a> are part of an effort to combat chronic diseases and to maintain a healthy <a href="/wiki/Body_Mass_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Body Mass Index">BMI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Parents can promote physical activity by modelling healthy levels of physical activity or by encouraging physical activity.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, children and adolescents should do 60 minutes or more of physical activity each day.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Implementing physical exercise in the school system and ensuring an environment in which children can reduce barriers to maintain a healthy lifestyle is essential. The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s Directorate-General for Education and Culture (DG EAC) has dedicated programs and funds for Health Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA) projects<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> within its <a href="/wiki/Horizon_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon 2020">Horizon 2020</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasmus%2B" title="Erasmus+">Erasmus+</a> program, as research showed that too many Europeans are not physically active enough. Financing is available for increased collaboration between players active in this field across the EU and around the world, the promotion of HEPA in the EU and its partner countries, and the European Sports Week. The DG EAC regularly publishes a <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> on sport and physical activity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exercise_trends">Exercise trends</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exercise_trends" title="Exercise trends">Exercise trends</a></div> Worldwide there has been a large shift toward less physically demanding work.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2009-128">[128]</a> This has been accompanied by increasing use of mechanized transportation, a greater prevalence of labor-saving technology in the home, and fewer active <a href="/wiki/Recreational_pursuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational pursuits">recreational pursuits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2009-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Exercise_trends#Solutions_to_address_the_lack_of_exercise" title="Exercise trends">Personal lifestyle changes</a>, however, can correct the lack of physical exercise.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] Research published in 2015 suggests that incorporating <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a> into physical exercise interventions increases exercise adherence and self-efficacy, and also has positive effects both psychologically and physiologically.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-129">[129]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Sports activities for exercising</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_running_barefoot_on_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Running helps in achieving physical fitness.[130]"><img alt="Running helps in achieving physical fitness.[130]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Woman_running_barefoot_on_beach.jpg/112px-Woman_running_barefoot_on_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Woman_running_barefoot_on_beach.jpg/169px-Woman_running_barefoot_on_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Woman_running_barefoot_on_beach.jpg/225px-Woman_running_barefoot_on_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Running helps in achieving <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruising_on_a_Board.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skateboarding is good for cardiovascular health.[131][better source needed]"><img alt="Skateboarding is good for cardiovascular health[better source needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cruising_on_a_Board.jpg/150px-Cruising_on_a_Board.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cruising_on_a_Board.jpg/225px-Cruising_on_a_Board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cruising_on_a_Board.jpg/300px-Cruising_on_a_Board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5157" data-file-height="3538" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a> is good for cardiovascular health.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:IDHM_Wasserspringen_2018-02-18_3m_mixed_Vorkampf_Sprung_3_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swimming as an exercise tones muscles and builds strength.[132]"><img alt="Swimming as an exercise tones muscles and builds strength.[132]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/IDHM_Wasserspringen_2018-02-18_3m_mixed_Vorkampf_Sprung_3_18.jpg/103px-IDHM_Wasserspringen_2018-02-18_3m_mixed_Vorkampf_Sprung_3_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/IDHM_Wasserspringen_2018-02-18_3m_mixed_Vorkampf_Sprung_3_18.jpg/155px-IDHM_Wasserspringen_2018-02-18_3m_mixed_Vorkampf_Sprung_3_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/IDHM_Wasserspringen_2018-02-18_3m_mixed_Vorkampf_Sprung_3_18.jpg/207px-IDHM_Wasserspringen_2018-02-18_3m_mixed_Vorkampf_Sprung_3_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3103" data-file-height="4501" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swimming as an exercise tones muscles and builds strength.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships_(40357948141).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athletics (ex. pole vault) as a form of exercise"><img alt="Athletics (ex. pole vault) as a form of exercise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2018_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships_%2840357948141%29.jpg/100px-2018_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships_%2840357948141%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2018_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships_%2840357948141%29.jpg/150px-2018_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships_%2840357948141%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2018_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships_%2840357948141%29.jpg/200px-2018_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships_%2840357948141%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="2512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a> (ex. <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vault</a>) as a form of exercise</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristiano_Ronaldo_Iran_vs_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Football as an exercise"><img alt="Football as an exercise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cristiano_Ronaldo_Iran_vs_Portugal.jpg/150px-Cristiano_Ronaldo_Iran_vs_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cristiano_Ronaldo_Iran_vs_Portugal.jpg/225px-Cristiano_Ronaldo_Iran_vs_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cristiano_Ronaldo_Iran_vs_Portugal.jpg/300px-Cristiano_Ronaldo_Iran_vs_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="853" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> as an exercise</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_cultural_variation">Social and cultural variation</h3></div> Exercising looks different in every country, as do the motivations behind exercising.<a href="#cite_note-Fitness_for_Foreigners-4">[4]</a> In some countries, people exercise primarily indoors (such as at home or <a href="/wiki/Health_club" title="Health club">health clubs</a>), while in others, people primarily <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_fitness" title="Outdoor fitness">exercise outdoors</a>. People may exercise for personal enjoyment, health and well-being, social interactions, competition or training, etc. These differences could potentially be attributed to a variety of reasons including geographic location and social tendencies. In Colombia, for example, citizens value and celebrate the outdoor environments of their country. In many instances, they use outdoor activities as social gatherings to enjoy nature and their communities. In Bogotá, Colombia, a 70-mile stretch of road known as the Ciclovía is shut down each Sunday for bicyclists, runners, rollerbladers, skateboarders and other exercisers to work out and enjoy their surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Similarly to Colombia, citizens of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> tend to exercise socially outside. In this country, public gyms have become quite popular. People will congregate at these outdoor gyms not only to use the public facilities, but also to organize aerobics and dance sessions, which are open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Sweden has also begun developing outdoor gyms, called utegym. These gyms are free to the public and are often placed in beautiful, picturesque environments. People will swim in rivers, use boats, and run through forests to stay healthy and enjoy the natural world around them. This works particularly well in Sweden due to its geographical location.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Exercise in some areas of China, particularly among those who are retired, seems to be socially grounded. In the mornings, <a href="/wiki/Square_dancing_(China)" title="Square dancing (China)">square dances</a> are held in public parks; these gatherings may include Latin dancing, ballroom dancing, tango, or even the jitterbug. Dancing in public allows people to interact with those with whom they would not normally interact, allowing for both health and social benefits.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> These sociocultural variations in physical exercise show how people in different geographic locations and social climates have varying motivations and methods of exercising. Physical exercise can improve health and well-being, as well as enhance community ties and appreciation of natural beauty.<a href="#cite_note-Fitness_for_Foreigners-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition_and_recovery">Nutrition and recovery</h2></div> Proper nutrition is as important to health as exercise. When exercising, it becomes even more important to have a good diet to ensure that the body has the correct ratio of <a href="/wiki/Macronutrient_(nutrition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient (nutrition)">macronutrients</a> while providing ample <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>, to aid the body with the recovery process following strenuous exercise.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Active recovery is recommended after participating in physical exercise because it removes <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a> from the blood more quickly than inactive recovery. Removing lactate from circulation allows for an easy decline in body temperature, which can also benefit the immune system, as an individual may be vulnerable to minor illnesses if the body temperature drops too abruptly after physical exercise.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16195010-138">[138]</a> Exercise physiologists recommend the "4-Rs framework":<a href="#cite_note-Bonilla_2021-139">[139]</a> <dl><dt>Rehydration</dt> <dd>Replacing any fluid and electrolyte deficits</dd> <dt>Refuel</dt> <dd>Consuming carbohydrates to replenish muscle and liver glycogen</dd> <dt>Repair</dt> <dd>Consuming high-quality protein sources with additional supplementation of creatine monohydrate</dd> <dt>Rest</dt> <dd>Getting long and high-quality sleep after exercise, additionally improved by consuming casein proteins, antioxidant-rich fruits, and high-glycemic-index meals</dd></dl> Exercise has an effect on appetite, but whether it increases or decreases appetite varies from individual to individual, and is affected by the intensity and duration of the exercise.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excessive_exercise">Excessive exercise</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Overtraining" title="Overtraining">Overtraining</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overtraining&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Overtraining" title="Overtraining">Overtraining</a> occurs when a person exceeds their body's ability to recover from strenuous exercise.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Overtraining can be described as a point where a person may have a decrease in performance and plateauing as a result of failure to consistently perform at a certain level or training load; a load which exceeds their recovery capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Overtraining_:0-142">[142]</a> People who are overtrained cease making progress, and can even begin to lose <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">strength</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">fitness</a>. Overtraining is also known as chronic fatigue, burnout and overstress in athletes.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> It is suggested that there are different variations of overtraining, firstly monotonous program over training suggest that repetition of the same movement such as certain weight lifting and baseball batting can cause performance plateau due to an adaption of the central nervous system which results from a lack of stimulation.<a href="#cite_note-Overtraining_:0-142">[142]</a> A second example of overtraining is described as chronic overwork type training where the subject may be training with too high intensity or high volume and not allowing sufficient recovery time for the body.<a href="#cite_note-Overtraining_:0-142">[142]</a> Up to 10% of elite endurance athletes and 10% of American college swimmers are affected by overtraining syndrome (unexplained underperformance for approximately 2 weeks even after having adequate resting time).<a href="#cite_note-Overtraining_:3-145">[145]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is missing information about times and places when exercise was viewed negatively. Please expand the article <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AExercise&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+24+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Exercise">by making an edit request</a>to include this information . Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Exercise" title="Talk:Exercise">talk page</a>. (August 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise#History" title="Aerobic exercise">Aerobic exercise § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">Fitness culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness" title="History of physical training and fitness">History of physical training and fitness</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roper%27s_gymnasium,_Philadelphia,_circa_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Roper%27s_gymnasium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1831.jpg/250px-Roper%27s_gymnasium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Roper%27s_gymnasium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1831.jpg/375px-Roper%27s_gymnasium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Roper%27s_gymnasium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1831.jpg/500px-Roper%27s_gymnasium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_circa_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Roper's gymnasium, Philadelphia, US, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1831</figcaption></figure> The benefits of exercise have been known since antiquity. Dating back to 65 BCE, it was <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Marcus Cicero</a>, Roman politician and lawyer, who stated: "It is exercise alone that supports the spirits, and keeps the mind in vigor."<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Exercise was also seen to be valued later in history during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> as a means of survival by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> of Northern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> More recently, exercise was regarded as a beneficial force in the 19th century. In 1858, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLaren" title="Archibald MacLaren">Archibald MacLaren</a> opened a gymnasium at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and instituted a training regimen for Major <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hammersley_(born_1824)" title="Frederick Hammersley (born 1824)">Frederick Hammersley</a> and 12 non-commissioned officers.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> This regimen was assimilated into the training of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, which formed the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Physical_Training_Corps" title="Royal Army Physical Training Corps">Army Gymnastic Staff</a> in 1860 and made sport an important part of military life.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Several mass exercise movements were started in the early twentieth century as well. The first and most significant of these in the UK was the Women's League of Health and Beauty, founded in 1930 by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a>, that had 166,000 members in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FitnessLeague-152">[152]</a> The link between physical health and exercise (or lack of it) was further established in 1949 and reported in 1953 by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Morris" title="Jerry Morris">Jerry Morris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morris1953-154">[154]</a> Morris noted that men of similar social class and occupation (bus conductors versus bus drivers) had markedly different rates of heart attacks, depending on the level of exercise they got: bus drivers had a sedentary occupation and a higher incidence of heart disease, while bus conductors were forced to move continually and had a lower incidence of heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-Morris1953-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2></div> Animals like <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobos</a>, which are closely related to humans, without ill effect engage in considerably less physical activity than is required for human health, raising the question of how this is biochemically possible.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Studies of animals indicate that physical activity may be more adaptable than changes in food intake to regulate <a href="/wiki/Energy_homeostasis" title="Energy homeostasis">energy balance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">Mice</a> having access to <a href="/wiki/Hamster_wheel" title="Hamster wheel">activity wheels</a> engaged in voluntary exercise and increased their propensity to run as adults.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Artificial selection</a> of mice exhibited significant <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heritability</a> in voluntary exercise levels,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> with "high-runner" <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breeds</a> having enhanced <a href="/wiki/VO2_max" title="VO2 max">aerobic capacity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampal</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> and skeletal muscle <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The effects of exercise training appear to be heterogeneous across non-mammalian species. As examples, exercise training of <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> showed minor improvements of endurance,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> and a forced swimming regimen of <a href="/wiki/Yellowtail_amberjack" title="Yellowtail amberjack">yellowtail amberjack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> accelerated their growth rates and altered muscle morphology favorable for sustained swimming.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Crocodiles, alligators, and ducks showed elevated aerobic capacity following exercise training.<a href="#cite_note-Owerk_Baud_2008-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> No effect of endurance training was found in most studies of lizards,<a href="#cite_note-Owerk_Baud_2008-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garland_et_al_1987-168">[168]</a> although one study did report a training effect.<a href="#cite_note-jeb-169">[169]</a> In lizards, <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprint training</a> had no effect on maximal exercise capacity,<a href="#cite_note-jeb-169">[169]</a> and muscular damage from over-training occurred following weeks of forced treadmill exercise.<a href="#cite_note-Garland_et_al_1987-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_exercise" title="Outline of exercise">Outline of exercise</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_living" title="Active living">Active living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Behavioural change theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">Bodybuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_hypertension" title="Exercise hypertension">Exercise hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_intensity" title="Exercise intensity">Exercise intensity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_intolerance" title="Exercise intolerance">Exercise intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise-induced_anaphylaxis" title="Exercise-induced anaphylaxis">Exercise-induced anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise-induced_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise-induced asthma">Exercise-induced asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise-induced_nausea" title="Exercise-induced nausea">Exercise-induced nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinesiology" title="Kinesiology">Kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic equivalent">Metabolic equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-exercise_associated_thermogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-exercise associated thermogenesis">Non-exercise associated thermogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercompensation" title="Supercompensation">Supercompensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilateral_training" title="Unilateral training">Unilateral training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_up" title="Warming up">Warming up</a></li></ul> </div><div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKylasovGavrov2011" class="citation book cs1">Kylasov A, Gavrov S (2011). Diversity Of Sport: non-destructive evaluation. Paris: UNESCO: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. pp. 462–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-89317-227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-89317-227-0"><bdi>978-5-89317-227-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+Of+Sport%3A+non-destructive+evaluation&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=462-91&rft.pub=UNESCO%3A+Encyclopedia+of+Life+Support+Systems&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-5-89317-227-0&rft.aulast=Kylasov&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Gavrov%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberman2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Liberman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Liberman (page does not exist)">Liberman, Daniel</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BS6OEAAAQBAJ">Exercised</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0593295397" title="Special:BookSources/978-0593295397"><bdi>978-0593295397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exercised&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0593295397&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBS6OEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise/art-20048389">"7 great reasons why exercise matters"</a>. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=7+great+reasons+why+exercise+matters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fhealthy-lifestyle%2Ffitness%2Fin-depth%2Fexercise%2Fart-20048389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitness_for_Foreigners-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitness_for_Foreigners_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitness_for_Foreigners_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitness_for_Foreigners_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergstromMuseTsaiStrangio2011" class="citation web cs1">Bergstrom K, Muse T, Tsai M, Strangio S (19 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/life/fitness/2011/01/fitness_for_foreigners.html">"Fitness for Foreigners"</a>. Slate. Retrieved 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Fitness+for+Foreigners&rft.date=2011-01-19&rft.aulast=Bergstrom&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Muse%2C+T&rft.au=Tsai%2C+M&rft.au=Strangio%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Flife%2Ffitness%2F2011%2F01%2Ffitness_for_foreigners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeslandesMoraesFerreiraVeiga2009" class="citation journal cs1">Deslandes A, Moraes H, Ferreira C, Veiga H, Silveira H, Mouta R, et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000223730">"Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move"</a>. Neuropsychobiology. 59 (4): 191–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000223730">10.1159/000223730</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19521110">19521110</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14580554">14580554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychobiology&rft.atitle=Exercise+and+mental+health%3A+many+reasons+to+move&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=191-198&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14580554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19521110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000223730&rft.aulast=Deslandes&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Moraes%2C+H&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+C&rft.au=Veiga%2C+H&rft.au=Silveira%2C+H&rft.au=Mouta%2C+R&rft.au=Pompeu%2C+FA&rft.au=Coutinho%2C+ES&rft.au=Laks%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1159%252F000223730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/exercise-guidelines/physical-activity-guidelines-for-adults-aged-19-to-64/">"Physical activity guidelines for adults aged 19 to 64"</a>. NHS. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHS&rft.atitle=Physical+activity+guidelines+for+adults+aged+19+to+64&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Flive-well%2Fexercise%2Fexercise-guidelines%2Fphysical-activity-guidelines-for-adults-aged-19-to-64%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/adults/index.htm">"How much physical activity do adults need?"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 June 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=How+much+physical+activity+do+adults+need%3F&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fphysicalactivity%2Fbasics%2Fadults%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity">"Physical activity"</a>. WHO. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO&rft.atitle=Physical+activity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fphysical-activity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/small-amounts-of-exercise-protect-against-early-death-heart-disease-and-cancer/">"Small amounts of exercise protect against early death, heart disease and cancer"</a>. NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 14 August 2023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fnihrevidence_59256">10.3310/nihrevidence_59256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260908783">260908783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIHR+Evidence&rft.atitle=Small+amounts+of+exercise+protect+against+early+death%2C+heart+disease+and+cancer&rft.date=2023-08-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3310%2Fnihrevidence_59256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260908783%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevidence.nihr.ac.uk%2Falert%2Fsmall-amounts-of-exercise-protect-against-early-death-heart-disease-and-cancer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarciaPearceAbbasMok2023" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia, Leandro; Pearce, Matthew; Abbas, Ali; et al. (28 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10423495">"Non-occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and mortality outcomes: a dose–response meta-analysis of large prospective studies"</a>. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 57 (15): 979–989. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2022-105669">10.1136/bjsports-2022-105669</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3674">0306-3674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10423495">10423495</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36854652">36854652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Non-occupational+physical+activity+and+risk+of+cardiovascular+disease%2C+cancer+and+mortality+outcomes%3A+a+dose%E2%80%93response+meta-analysis+of+large+prospective+studies&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=979-989&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10423495%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0306-3674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36854652&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjsports-2022-105669&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Leandro&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Abbas%2C+Ali&rft.au=Mok%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Strain%2C+Tessa&rft.au=Ali%2C+Sara&rft.au=Crippa%2C+Alessio&rft.au=Dempsey%2C+Paddy+C&rft.au=Golubic%2C+Rajna&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Paul&rft.au=Laird%2C+Yvonne&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Eoin&rft.au=Moore%2C+Samuel&rft.au=de+Sa%2C+Thiago+Herick&rft.au=Smith%2C+Andrea+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10423495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-phy_active-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phy_active_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phy_active_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phy_active_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phy_active_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phy_active_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phy_active_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phy_active_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phy_active_11-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Institutes_of_Health,_National_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute2006" class="citation web cs1">National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.pdf">"Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart"</a> (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Your+Guide+to+Physical+Activity+and+Your+Heart&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=2006-06&rft.au=National+Institutes+of+Health%2C+National+Heart%2C+Lung%2C+and+Blood+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fpublic%2Fheart%2Fobesity%2Fphy_active.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmore2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wilmore JH (May 2003). "Aerobic exercise and endurance: improving fitness for health benefits". The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 31 (5): 45–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3810%2Fpsm.2003.05.367">10.3810/psm.2003.05.367</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20086470">20086470</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2253889">2253889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Physician+and+Sportsmedicine&rft.atitle=Aerobic+exercise+and+endurance%3A+improving+fitness+for+health+benefits&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=45-51&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2253889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20086470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3810%2Fpsm.2003.05.367&rft.aulast=Wilmore&rft.aufirst=JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_VosSinghRossStavrinos2005" class="citation journal cs1">de Vos NJ, Singh NA, Ross DA, Stavrinos TM, Orr R, Fiatarone Singh MA (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerona%2F60.5.638">"Optimal load for increasing muscle power during explosive resistance training in older adults"</a>. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 60 (5): 638–647. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerona%2F60.5.638">10.1093/gerona/60.5.638</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15972618">15972618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journals+of+Gerontology.+Series+A%2C+Biological+Sciences+and+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Optimal+load+for+increasing+muscle+power+during+explosive+resistance+training+in+older+adults&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=638-647&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgerona%2F60.5.638&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15972618&rft.aulast=de+Vos&rft.aufirst=NJ&rft.au=Singh%2C+NA&rft.au=Ross%2C+DA&rft.au=Stavrinos%2C+TM&rft.au=Orr%2C+R&rft.au=Fiatarone+Singh%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fgerona%252F60.5.638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorCroweSpinks2006" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor DM, Crowe MJ, Spinks WL (March 2006). "Effects of static stretching on leg power during cycling". The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 46 (1): 52–56. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16596099">16596099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine+and+Physical+Fitness&rft.atitle=Effects+of+static+stretching+on+leg+power+during+cycling&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-56&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16596099&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Crowe%2C+MJ&rft.au=Spinks%2C+WL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crossfit-15"><a href="#cite_ref-crossfit_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.crossfit.com/free/pdf/CFJ-trial.pdf">"What Is Fitness?"</a> (PDF). The CrossFit Journal. October 2002. p. 4. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Fitness%3F&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+CrossFit+Journal&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.crossfit.com%2Ffree%2Fpdf%2FCFJ-trial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Souza_NeryGomidesda_Silvade_Moraes_Forjaz2010" class="citation journal cs1">de Souza Nery S, Gomides RS, da Silva GV, de Moraes Forjaz CL, Mion D, Tinucci T (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2845767">"Intra-arterial blood pressure response in hypertensive subjects during low- and high-intensity resistance exercise"</a>. Clinics. 65 (3): 271–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1807-59322010000300006">10.1590/S1807-59322010000300006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2845767">2845767</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20360917">20360917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinics&rft.atitle=Intra-arterial+blood+pressure+response+in+hypertensive+subjects+during+low-+and+high-intensity+resistance+exercise&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-277&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2845767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20360917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS1807-59322010000300006&rft.aulast=de+Souza+Nery&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Gomides%2C+RS&rft.au=da+Silva%2C+GV&rft.au=de+Moraes+Forjaz%2C+CL&rft.au=Mion%2C+D&rft.au=Tinucci%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2845767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGremeauxGaydaLepersSosner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gremeaux V, Gayda M, Lepers R, Sosner P, Juneau M, Nigam A (December 2012). "Exercise and longevity". Maturitas. 73 (4): 312–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2012.09.012">10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.09.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23063021">23063021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Exercise+and+longevity&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=312-317&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2012.09.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23063021&rft.aulast=Gremeaux&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Gayda%2C+M&rft.au=Lepers%2C+R&rft.au=Sosner%2C+P&rft.au=Juneau%2C+M&rft.au=Nigam%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_Of_Health_And_Human_Services1996" class="citation journal cs1">United States Department Of Health And Human Services (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZZPc1FmL7QC&pg=PA3">"Physical Activity and Health"</a>. United States Department of Health. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-2794-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-2794-0"><bdi>978-1-4289-2794-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Health&rft.atitle=Physical+Activity+and+Health&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-2794-0&rft.au=United+States+Department+Of+Health+And+Human+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWZZPc1FmL7QC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodsWilundMartinKistler2012" class="citation journal cs1">Woods JA, Wilund KR, Martin SA, Kistler BM (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3320801">"Exercise, inflammation and aging"</a>. Aging and Disease. 3 (1): 130–140. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3320801">3320801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22500274">22500274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aging+and+Disease&rft.atitle=Exercise%2C+inflammation+and+aging&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-140&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3320801%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22500274&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Wilund%2C+KR&rft.au=Martin%2C+SA&rft.au=Kistler%2C+BM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3320801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJ2016-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ2016_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ2016_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyuBachmanAlexanderMumford2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4979358">"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"</a>. BMJ. 354: i3857. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.i3857">10.1136/bmj.i3857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4979358">4979358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27510511">27510511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Physical+activity+and+risk+of+breast+cancer%2C+colon+cancer%2C+diabetes%2C+ischemic+heart+disease%2C+and+ischemic+stroke+events%3A+systematic+review+and+dose-response+meta-analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2013&rft.volume=354&rft.pages=i3857&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4979358%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27510511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.i3857&rft.aulast=Kyu&rft.aufirst=HH&rft.au=Bachman%2C+VF&rft.au=Alexander%2C+LT&rft.au=Mumford%2C+JE&rft.au=Afshin%2C+A&rft.au=Estep%2C+K&rft.au=Veerman%2C+JL&rft.au=Delwiche%2C+K&rft.au=Iannarone%2C+ML&rft.au=Moyer%2C+ML&rft.au=Cercy%2C+K&rft.au=Vos%2C+T&rft.au=Murray%2C+CJ&rft.au=Forouzanfar%2C+MH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4979358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeShiromaLobeloPuska2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645500">"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy"</a>. Lancet. 380 (9838): 219–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961031-9">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645500">3645500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22818936">22818936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Effect+of+physical+inactivity+on+major+non-communicable+diseases+worldwide%3A+an+analysis+of+burden+of+disease+and+life+expectancy&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9838&rft.pages=219-229&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3645500%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22818936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961031-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=IM&rft.au=Shiroma%2C+EJ&rft.au=Lobelo%2C+F&rft.au=Puska%2C+P&rft.au=Blair%2C+SN&rft.au=Katzmarzyk%2C+PT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3645500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bryson" title="Bill Bryson">Bryson, Bill</a> (2019). <a href="/wiki/The_Body:_A_Guide_for_Occupants" title="The Body: A Guide for Occupants">The Body: A Guide for Occupants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857522405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857522405"><bdi>978-0857522405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Body%3A+A+Guide+for+Occupants&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0857522405&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil-SztramkoCaldwellDobbins2021" class="citation journal cs1">Neil-Sztramko SE, Caldwell H, Dobbins M (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8459921">"School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (9): CD007651. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007651.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD007651.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8459921">8459921</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34555181">34555181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=School-based+physical+activity+programs+for+promoting+physical+activity+and+fitness+in+children+and+adolescents+aged+6+to+18&rft.volume=2021&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=CD007651&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8459921%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34555181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007651.pub3&rft.aulast=Neil-Sztramko&rft.aufirst=SE&rft.au=Caldwell%2C+H&rft.au=Dobbins%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8459921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubalGordish-DressmanThompsonPrice2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hubal MJ, Gordish-Dressman H, Thompson PD, et al. (June 2005). "Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 37 (6): 964–972. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15947721">15947721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicine+and+Science+in+Sports+and+Exercise&rft.atitle=Variability+in+muscle+size+and+strength+gain+after+unilateral+resistance+training&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=964-972&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15947721&rft.aulast=Hubal&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Gordish-Dressman%2C+H&rft.au=Thompson%2C+PD&rft.au=Price%2C+TB&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+EP&rft.au=Angelopoulos%2C+TJ&rft.au=Gordon%2C+PM&rft.au=Moyna%2C+NM&rft.au=Pescatello%2C+LS&rft.au=Visich%2C+PS&rft.au=Zoeller%2C+RF&rft.au=Seip%2C+RL&rft.au=Clarkson%2C+PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrutsaertParra2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brutsaert TD, Parra EJ (April 2006). "What makes a champion? Explaining variation in human athletic performance". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 151 (2–3): 109–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resp.2005.12.013">10.1016/j.resp.2005.12.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16448865">16448865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13711090">13711090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Physiology+%26+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=What+makes+a+champion%3F+Explaining+variation+in+human+athletic+performance&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=109-123&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13711090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16448865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resp.2005.12.013&rft.aulast=Brutsaert&rft.aufirst=TD&rft.au=Parra%2C+EJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsci_geddes-26"><a href="#cite_ref-newsci_geddes_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeddes2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Geddes L (28 July 2007). "Superhuman". New Scientist. pp. 35–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Superhuman&rft.pages=35-41&rft.date=2007-07-28&rft.aulast=Geddes&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicineonline.com/news/12/10297/Being-active-combats-risk-of-functional-problems.html">"Being active combats risk of functional problems"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Being+active+combats+risk+of+functional+problems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicineonline.com%2Fnews%2F12%2F10297%2FBeing-active-combats-risk-of-functional-problems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrotniakEpsteinDornJones2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wrotniak BH, Epstein LH, Dorn JM, Jones KE, Kondilis VA (December 2006). "The relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity in children". Pediatrics. 118 (6): e1758–e1765. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2006-0742">10.1542/peds.2006-0742</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17142498">17142498</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41653923">41653923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+motor+proficiency+and+physical+activity+in+children&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e1758-e1765&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41653923%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17142498&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2006-0742&rft.aulast=Wrotniak&rft.aufirst=BH&rft.au=Epstein%2C+LH&rft.au=Dorn%2C+JM&rft.au=Jones%2C+KE&rft.au=Kondilis%2C+VA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanovićSporišWeston2015" class="citation journal cs1">Milanović Z, Sporiš G, Weston M (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.tees.ac.uk/ws/files/6460688/561180.pdf">"Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and Continuous Endurance Training for VO2max Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials"</a> (PDF). Sports Medicine. 45 (10): 1469–1481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40279-015-0365-0">10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26243014">26243014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41092016">41092016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+High-Intensity+Interval+Training+%28HIT%29+and+Continuous+Endurance+Training+for+VO2max+Improvements%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis+of+Controlled+Trials&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1469-1481&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41092016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26243014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40279-015-0365-0&rft.aulast=Milanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Spori%C5%A1%2C+G&rft.au=Weston%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.tees.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F6460688%2F561180.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarburtonNicolBredin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1402378">"Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence"</a>. CMAJ. 174 (6): 801–809. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.051351">10.1503/cmaj.051351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1402378">1402378</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16534088">16534088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ&rft.atitle=Health+benefits+of+physical+activity%3A+the+evidence&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=801-809&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1402378%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16534088&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.051351&rft.aulast=Warburton&rft.aufirst=DE&rft.au=Nicol%2C+CW&rft.au=Bredin%2C+SS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1402378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aha2017-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aha2017_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aha2017_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/PhysicalActivity/FitnessBasics/American-Heart-Association-Recommendations-for-Physical-Activity-in-Adults_UCM_307976_Article.jsp">"American Heart Association Recommendations for Physical Activity in Adults"</a>. American Heart Association. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Heart+Association+Recommendations+for+Physical+Activity+in+Adults&rft.pub=American+Heart+Association&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heart.org%2FHEARTORG%2FHealthyLiving%2FPhysicalActivity%2FFitnessBasics%2FAmerican-Heart-Association-Recommendations-for-Physical-Activity-in-Adults_UCM_307976_Article.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumeng2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lumeng JC (March 2006). "Small-group physical education classes result in important health benefits". The Journal of Pediatrics. 148 (3): 418–419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpeds.2006.02.025">10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.02.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17243298">17243298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Small-group+physical+education+classes+result+in+important+health+benefits&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=418-419&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpeds.2006.02.025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17243298&rft.aulast=Lumeng&rft.aufirst=JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhanekuNwosuAhaneku2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ahaneku JE, Nwosu CM, Ahaneku GI (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001888-200006000-00002">"Academic stress and cardiovascular health"</a>. Academic Medicine. 75 (6): 567–568. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001888-200006000-00002">10.1097/00001888-200006000-00002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10875499">10875499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Academic+stress+and+cardiovascular+health&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=567-568&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00001888-200006000-00002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10875499&rft.aulast=Ahaneku&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Nwosu%2C+CM&rft.au=Ahaneku%2C+GI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F00001888-200006000-00002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcherBaladyBlairBlumenthal1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, Blumenthal J, Caspersen C, Chaitman B, et al. (August 1996). "Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association". Circulation. 94 (4): 857–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.94.4.857">10.1161/01.CIR.94.4.857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8772712">8772712</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2392781">2392781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=Statement+on+exercise%3A+benefits+and+recommendations+for+physical+activity+programs+for+all+Americans.+A+statement+for+health+professionals+by+the+Committee+on+Exercise+and+Cardiac+Rehabilitation+of+the+Council+on+Clinical+Cardiology%2C+American+Heart+Association&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=857-862&rft.date=1996-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2392781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8772712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.CIR.94.4.857&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=GF&rft.au=Balady%2C+G&rft.au=Blair%2C+SN&rft.au=Blumenthal%2C+J&rft.au=Caspersen%2C+C&rft.au=Chaitman%2C+B&rft.au=Epstein%2C+S&rft.au=Sivarajan+Froelicher%2C+ES&rft.au=Froelicher%2C+VF&rft.au=Pina%2C+IL&rft.au=Pollock%2C+ML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedPrinceColeFodor2014" class="citation journal cs1">Reed JL, Prince SA, Cole CA, Fodor JG, Hiremath S, Mullen KA, et al. (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4290810">"Workplace physical activity interventions and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity levels among working-age women: a systematic review protocol"</a>. Systematic Reviews. 3 (1): 147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2046-4053-3-147">10.1186/2046-4053-3-147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4290810">4290810</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25526769">25526769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Workplace+physical+activity+interventions+and+moderate-to-vigorous+intensity+physical+activity+levels+among+working-age+women%3A+a+systematic+review+protocol&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=147&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4290810%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25526769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F2046-4053-3-147&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Prince%2C+SA&rft.au=Cole%2C+CA&rft.au=Fodor%2C+JG&rft.au=Hiremath%2C+S&rft.au=Mullen%2C+KA&rft.au=Tulloch%2C+HE&rft.au=Wright%2C+E&rft.au=Reid%2C+RD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4290810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleeson2007-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gleeson2007_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gleeson2007_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gleeson2007_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gleeson2007_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gleeson2007_36-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleeson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gleeson M (August 2007). "Immune function in sport and exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology. 103 (2): 693–699. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjapplphysiol.00008.2007">10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17303714">17303714</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18112931">18112931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physiology&rft.atitle=Immune+function+in+sport+and+exercise&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=693-699&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18112931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17303714&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjapplphysiol.00008.2007&rft.aulast=Gleeson&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrolinsonElliott2007" class="citation journal cs1">Brolinson PG, Elliott D (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01893697-200220010-00013">"Exercise and the immune system"</a>. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 26 (3): 311–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01893697-200220010-00013">10.1097/01893697-200220010-00013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17826186">17826186</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91074779">91074779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Exercise+and+the+immune+system&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-319&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91074779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17826186&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01893697-200220010-00013&rft.aulast=Brolinson&rft.aufirst=PG&rft.au=Elliott%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01893697-200220010-00013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swardfager2012-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Swardfager2012_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwardfagerHerrmannCornishMazereeuw2012" class="citation journal cs1">Swardfager W, Herrmann N, Cornish S, Mazereeuw G, Marzolini S, Sham L, Lanctôt KL (April 2012). "Exercise intervention and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis". American Heart Journal. 163 (4): 666–676. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ahj.2011.12.017">10.1016/j.ahj.2011.12.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22520533">22520533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heart+Journal&rft.atitle=Exercise+intervention+and+inflammatory+markers+in+coronary+artery+disease%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=666-676&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ahj.2011.12.017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22520533&rft.aulast=Swardfager&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+N&rft.au=Cornish%2C+S&rft.au=Mazereeuw%2C+G&rft.au=Marzolini%2C+S&rft.au=Sham%2C+L&rft.au=Lanct%C3%B4t%2C+KL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard-BarbashFriedenreichCourneyaSiddiqi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ballard-Barbash R, Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS, Siddiqi SM, McTiernan A, Alfano CM (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465697">"Physical activity, biomarkers, and disease outcomes in cancer survivors: a systematic review"</a>. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 104 (11): 815–840. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjs207">10.1093/jnci/djs207</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465697">3465697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22570317">22570317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Physical+activity%2C+biomarkers%2C+and+disease+outcomes+in+cancer+survivors%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=815-840&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3465697%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22570317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjs207&rft.aulast=Ballard-Barbash&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Friedenreich%2C+CM&rft.au=Courneya%2C+KS&rft.au=Siddiqi%2C+SM&rft.au=McTiernan%2C+A&rft.au=Alfano%2C+CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3465697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishraSchererGeigleBerlanstein2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR, Topaloglu O, Gotay CC, Snyder C (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7387117">"Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for cancer survivors"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (8): CD007566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd007566.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd007566.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7387117">7387117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22895961">22895961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Exercise+interventions+on+health-related+quality+of+life+for+cancer+survivors&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=CD007566&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7387117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22895961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd007566.pub2&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=SI&rft.au=Scherer%2C+RW&rft.au=Geigle%2C+PM&rft.au=Berlanstein%2C+DR&rft.au=Topaloglu%2C+O&rft.au=Gotay%2C+CC&rft.au=Snyder%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7387117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishraSchererSnyderGeigle2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Snyder C, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR, Topaloglu O (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7389071">"Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (8): CD008465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd008465.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd008465.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7389071">7389071</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22895974">22895974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Exercise+interventions+on+health-related+quality+of+life+for+people+with+cancer+during+active+treatment&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=CD008465&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7389071%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22895974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd008465.pub2&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=SI&rft.au=Scherer%2C+RW&rft.au=Snyder%2C+C&rft.au=Geigle%2C+PM&rft.au=Berlanstein%2C+DR&rft.au=Topaloglu%2C+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7389071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeneses-EchávezGonzález-JiménezRamírez-Vélez2015" class="citation journal cs1">Meneses-Echávez JF, González-Jiménez E, Ramírez-Vélez R (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364505">"Effects of supervised exercise on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. BMC Cancer. 15 (1): 77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12885-015-1069-4">10.1186/s12885-015-1069-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364505">4364505</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25885168">25885168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Cancer&rft.atitle=Effects+of+supervised+exercise+on+cancer-related+fatigue+in+breast+cancer+survivors%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4364505%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25885168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12885-015-1069-4&rft.aulast=Meneses-Ech%C3%A1vez&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Jim%C3%A9nez%2C+E&rft.au=Ram%C3%ADrez-V%C3%A9lez%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4364505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26401466-43"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26401466_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandeSilvaMaddocks2015" class="citation journal cs1">Grande AJ, Silva V, Maddocks M (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4575551">"Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults: Executive summary of a Cochrane Collaboration systematic review"</a>. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 6 (3): 208–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcsm.12055">10.1002/jcsm.12055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4575551">4575551</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26401466">26401466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cachexia%2C+Sarcopenia+and+Muscle&rft.atitle=Exercise+for+cancer+cachexia+in+adults%3A+Executive+summary+of+a+Cochrane+Collaboration+systematic+review&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=208-211&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4575551%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26401466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjcsm.12055&rft.aulast=Grande&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Silva%2C+V&rft.au=Maddocks%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4575551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29891116-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29891116_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29891116_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadeghiKeshavarz-FathiBaracosArends2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sadeghi M, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Baracos V, Arends J, Mahmoudi M, Rezaei N (July 2018). "Cancer cachexia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 127: 91–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.critrevonc.2018.05.006">10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29891116">29891116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:48363786">48363786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Oncology%2FHematology&rft.atitle=Cancer+cachexia%3A+Diagnosis%2C+assessment%2C+and+treatment&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=91-104&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A48363786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29891116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.critrevonc.2018.05.006&rft.aulast=Sadeghi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Keshavarz-Fathi%2C+M&rft.au=Baracos%2C+V&rft.au=Arends%2C+J&rft.au=Mahmoudi%2C+M&rft.au=Rezaei%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29440149-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29440149_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29440149_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolheimLairdBalstadBye2018" class="citation journal cs1">Solheim TS, Laird BJ, Balstad TR, Bye A, Stene G, Baracos V, et al. (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/cancer-cachexia(f73c13f1-e977-4b2a-aba8-37bb16aa4a79).html">"Cancer cachexia: rationale for the MENAC (Multimodal-Exercise, Nutrition and Anti-inflammatory medication for Cachexia) trial"</a>. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care. 8 (3): 258–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjspcare-2017-001440">10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-001440</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F73081">10852/73081</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29440149">29440149</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3318359">3318359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Supportive+%26+Palliative+Care&rft.atitle=Cancer+cachexia%3A+rationale+for+the+MENAC+%28Multimodal-Exercise%2C+Nutrition+and+Anti-inflammatory+medication+for+Cachexia%29+trial&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=258-265&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F73081&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3318359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29440149&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjspcare-2017-001440&rft.aulast=Solheim&rft.aufirst=TS&rft.au=Laird%2C+BJ&rft.au=Balstad%2C+TR&rft.au=Bye%2C+A&rft.au=Stene%2C+G&rft.au=Baracos%2C+V&rft.au=Strasser%2C+F&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+G&rft.au=Maddocks%2C+M&rft.au=Fallon%2C+M&rft.au=Kaasa%2C+S&rft.au=Fearon%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkclpure.kcl.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fcancer-cachexia%28f73c13f1-e977-4b2a-aba8-37bb16aa4a79%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnipsBergenthalStreckmannMonsef2019" class="citation journal cs1">Knips L, Bergenthal N, Streckmann F, Monsef I, Elter T, Skoetz N, et al. (Cochrane Hematological Malignancies Group) (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6354325">"Aerobic physical exercise for adult patients with haematological malignancies"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD009075. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009075.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD009075.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6354325">6354325</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30702150">30702150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Aerobic+physical+exercise+for+adult+patients+with+haematological+malignancies&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD009075&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6354325%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30702150&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009075.pub3&rft.aulast=Knips&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Bergenthal%2C+N&rft.au=Streckmann%2C+F&rft.au=Monsef%2C+I&rft.au=Elter%2C+T&rft.au=Skoetz%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6354325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Summary_as_of_August_2015-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Summary_as_of_August_2015_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Summary_as_of_August_2015_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEricksonHillmanKramer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Erickson KI, Hillman CH, Kramer AF (August 2015). "Physical activity, brain, and cognition". Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 4: 27–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cobeha.2015.01.005">10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54301951">54301951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=Physical+activity%2C+brain%2C+and+cognition&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=27-32&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cobeha.2015.01.005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54301951%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=KI&rft.au=Hillman%2C+CH&rft.au=Kramer%2C+AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_–_neurotrophic_factors_+_basal_ganglia-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_–_neurotrophic_factors_+_basal_ganglia_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaillardRollandde_Souto_Barreto2015" class="citation journal cs1">Paillard T, Rolland Y, de Souto Barreto P (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4507374">"Protective Effects of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review"</a>. J Clin Neurol. 11 (3): 212–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3988%2Fjcn.2015.11.3.212">10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.212</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4507374">4507374</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26174783">26174783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Neurol&rft.atitle=Protective+Effects+of+Physical+Exercise+in+Alzheimer%27s+Disease+and+Parkinson%27s+Disease%3A+A+Narrative+Review&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=212-219&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4507374%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26174783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3988%2Fjcn.2015.11.3.212&rft.aulast=Paillard&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Rolland%2C+Y&rft.au=de+Souto+Barreto%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4507374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Summary_of_effects-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Summary_of_effects_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeeDaneshvarAlvarezStein2014" class="citation journal cs1">McKee AC, Daneshvar DH, Alvarez VE, Stein TD (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4255282">"The neuropathology of sport"</a>. Acta Neuropathol. 127 (1): 29–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00401-013-1230-6">10.1007/s00401-013-1230-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4255282">4255282</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24366527">24366527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Neuropathol.&rft.atitle=The+neuropathology+of+sport&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-51&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4255282%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24366527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00401-013-1230-6&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Daneshvar%2C+DH&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+VE&rft.au=Stein%2C+TD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4255282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_epigenome-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_epigenome_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenhamMarquesO'BrienCharchar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Denham J, Marques FZ, O'Brien BJ, Charchar FJ (February 2014). "Exercise: putting action into our epigenome". Sports Med. 44 (2): 189–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40279-013-0114-1">10.1007/s40279-013-0114-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24163284">24163284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30210091">30210091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Med&rft.atitle=Exercise%3A+putting+action+into+our+epigenome&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-209&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30210091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24163284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40279-013-0114-1&rft.aulast=Denham&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Marques%2C+FZ&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+BJ&rft.au=Charchar%2C+FJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Comprehensive_review-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Comprehensive_review_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Comprehensive_review_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Comprehensive_review_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Comprehensive_review_51-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez-PinillaHillman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gomez-Pinilla F, Hillman C (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951958">"The influence of exercise on cognitive abilities"</a>. Comprehensive Physiology. 3 (1): 403–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcphy.c110063">10.1002/cphy.c110063</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470650714" title="Special:BookSources/9780470650714"><bdi>9780470650714</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951958">3951958</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23720292">23720292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+exercise+on+cognitive+abilities&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=403-428&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3951958%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23720292&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcphy.c110063&rft.isbn=9780470650714&rft.aulast=Gomez-Pinilla&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Hillman%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3951958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_cognitive_control_of_exercise-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_cognitive_control_of_exercise_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckleyCohenKramerMcAuley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Buckley J, Cohen JD, Kramer AF, McAuley E, Mullen SP (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179677">"Cognitive control in the self-regulation of physical activity and sedentary behavior"</a>. Front Hum Neurosci. 8: 747. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2014.00747">10.3389/fnhum.2014.00747</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179677">4179677</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25324754">25324754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front+Hum+Neurosci&rft.atitle=Cognitive+control+in+the+self-regulation+of+physical+activity+and+sedentary+behavior&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=747&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4179677%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25324754&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnhum.2014.00747&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Cohen%2C+JD&rft.au=Kramer%2C+AF&rft.au=McAuley%2C+E&rft.au=Mullen%2C+SP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4179677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_healthy_young_adult_2016_SystRev-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_healthy_young_adult_2016_SystRev_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_healthy_young_adult_2016_SystRev_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_healthy_young_adult_2016_SystRev_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxO'DwyerCookVetter2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cox EP, O'Dwyer N, Cook R, Vetter M, Cheng HL, Rooney K, O'Connor H (August 2016). "Relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in apparently healthy young to middle-aged adults: A systematic review". J. Sci. Med. Sport. 19 (8): 616–628. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsams.2015.09.003">10.1016/j.jsams.2015.09.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26552574">26552574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Sci.+Med.+Sport&rft.atitle=Relationship+between+physical+activity+and+cognitive+function+in+apparently+healthy+young+to+middle-aged+adults%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=616-628&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsams.2015.09.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26552574&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=EP&rft.au=O%27Dwyer%2C+N&rft.au=Cook%2C+R&rft.au=Vetter%2C+M&rft.au=Cheng%2C+HL&rft.au=Rooney%2C+K&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDC2023" class="citation web cs1">CDC (1 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm">"Benefits of Physical Activity"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 7 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Benefits+of+Physical+Activity&rft.date=2023-08-01&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fphysicalactivity%2Fbasics%2Fpa-health%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Depression_QoL_meta-analysis-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Depression_QoL_meta-analysis_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Depression_QoL_meta-analysis_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Depression_QoL_meta-analysis_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuchVancampfortRosenbaumRichards2016" class="citation journal cs1">Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Richards J, Ward PB, Stubbs B (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/9d2c5d0c-a5a9-4e46-a763-6b1398bce0f6">"Exercise improves physical and psychological quality of life in people with depression: A meta-analysis including the evaluation of control group response"</a>. Psychiatry Res. 241: 47–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psychres.2016.04.054">10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.054</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27155287">27155287</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4787287">4787287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry+Res.&rft.atitle=Exercise+improves+physical+and+psychological+quality+of+life+in+people+with+depression%3A+A+meta-analysis+including+the+evaluation+of+control+group+response&rft.volume=241&rft.pages=47-54&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4787287%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27155287&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psychres.2016.04.054&rft.aulast=Schuch&rft.aufirst=FB&rft.au=Vancampfort%2C+D&rft.au=Rosenbaum%2C+S&rft.au=Richards%2C+J&rft.au=Ward%2C+PB&rft.au=Stubbs%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkclpure.kcl.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F9d2c5d0c-a5a9-4e46-a763-6b1398bce0f6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Aging_QoL_review-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Aging_QoL_review_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrataliMastorciVitielloSironi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pratali L, Mastorci F, Vitiello N, Sironi A, Gastaldelli A, Gemignani A (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4897547">"Motor Activity in Aging: An Integrated Approach for Better Quality of Life"</a>. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2014: 257248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F257248">10.1155/2014/257248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4897547">4897547</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27351018">27351018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Scholarly+Research+Notices&rft.atitle=Motor+Activity+in+Aging%3A+An+Integrated+Approach+for+Better+Quality+of+Life&rft.volume=2014&rft.pages=257248&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4897547%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27351018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2014%2F257248&rft.aulast=Pratali&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Mastorci%2C+F&rft.au=Vitiello%2C+N&rft.au=Sironi%2C+A&rft.au=Gastaldelli%2C+A&rft.au=Gemignani%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4897547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandolesiPolverinoMontuoriFoti2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mandolesi L, Polverino A, Montuori S, Foti F, Ferraioli G, Sorrentino P, Sorrentino G (27 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5934999">"Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing: Biological and Psychological Benefits"</a>. Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.00509">10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5934999">5934999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29755380">29755380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Physical+Exercise+on+Cognitive+Functioning+and+Wellbeing%3A+Biological+and+Psychological+Benefits&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=509&rft.date=2018-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5934999%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29755380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.00509&rft.aulast=Mandolesi&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Polverino%2C+A&rft.au=Montuori%2C+S&rft.au=Foti%2C+F&rft.au=Ferraioli%2C+G&rft.au=Sorrentino%2C+P&rft.au=Sorrentino%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5934999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Neurobiological_effects_of_acute_exercise_–_2017_review-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Neurobiological_effects_of_acute_exercise_–_2017_review_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Neurobiological_effects_of_acute_exercise_–_2017_review_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Neurobiological_effects_of_acute_exercise_–_2017_review_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassoSuzuki2017" class="citation journal cs1">Basso JC, Suzuki WA (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5928534">"The Effects of Acute Exercise on Mood, Cognition, Neurophysiology, and Neurochemical Pathways: A Review"</a>. Brain Plasticity. 2 (2): 127–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FBPL-160040">10.3233/BPL-160040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5928534">5928534</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29765853">29765853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Plasticity&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Acute+Exercise+on+Mood%2C+Cognition%2C+Neurophysiology%2C+and+Neurochemical+Pathways%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-152&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5928534%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29765853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FBPL-160040&rft.aulast=Basso&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+WA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5928534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/exercise-and-mental-health">"Exercise and mental health"</a>. betterhealth.vic.gov.au. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=betterhealth.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Exercise+and+mental+health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.betterhealth.vic.gov.au%2Fhealth%2Fhealthyliving%2Fexercise-and-mental-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781492595502.part-002">"Exercise and Mental Health"</a>. Exercise Psychology: 93–94. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781492595502.part-002">10.5040/9781492595502.part-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781492595502" title="Special:BookSources/9781492595502"><bdi>9781492595502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exercise+Psychology&rft.atitle=Exercise+and+Mental+Health&rft.pages=93-94&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781492595502.part-002&rft.isbn=9781492595502&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5040%2F9781492595502.part-002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/aerobic-exercise/art-20045541">"10 great reasons to love aerobic exercise"</a>. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=10+great+reasons+to+love+aerobic+exercise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fhealthy-lifestyle%2Ffitness%2Fin-depth%2Faerobic-exercise%2Fart-20045541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_depression_intervention-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_depression_intervention_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_depression_intervention_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_depression_intervention_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosefssonLindwallArcher2014" class="citation journal cs1">Josefsson T, Lindwall M, Archer T (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsms.12050">"Physical exercise intervention in depressive disorders: meta-analysis and systematic review"</a>. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 24 (2): 259–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsms.12050">10.1111/sms.12050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23362828">23362828</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29351791">29351791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scand+J+Med+Sci+Sports&rft.atitle=Physical+exercise+intervention+in+depressive+disorders%3A+meta-analysis+and+systematic+review&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-272&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29351791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23362828&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsms.12050&rft.aulast=Josefsson&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Lindwall%2C+M&rft.au=Archer%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fsms.12050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_MDD_antidepressant-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_MDD_antidepressant_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_MDD_antidepressant_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_MDD_antidepressant_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_MDD_antidepressant_63-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuraMoroPattenCarta2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mura G, Moro MF, Patten SB, Carta MG (2014). "Exercise as an add-on strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review". CNS Spectr. 19 (6): 496–508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1092852913000953">10.1017/S1092852913000953</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24589012">24589012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32304140">32304140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNS+Spectr&rft.atitle=Exercise+as+an+add-on+strategy+for+the+treatment+of+major+depressive+disorder%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=496-508&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32304140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24589012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1092852913000953&rft.aulast=Mura&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Moro%2C+MF&rft.au=Patten%2C+SB&rft.au=Carta%2C+MG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_ADHD_exercise_2016_SystRev-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_ADHD_exercise_2016_SystRev_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDen_HeijerGroenTuchaFuermaier2016" class="citation journal cs1">Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, Fuermaier AB, Koerts J, Lange KW, Thome J, Tucha O (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5281644">"Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review"</a>. J. Neural Transm. (Vienna). 124 (Suppl 1): 3–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00702-016-1593-7">10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5281644">5281644</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27400928">27400928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Neural+Transm.+%28Vienna%29&rft.atitle=Sweat+it+out%3F+The+effects+of+physical+exercise+on+cognition+and+behavior+in+children+and+adults+with+ADHD%3A+a+systematic+literature+review&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=3-26&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5281644%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27400928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00702-016-1593-7&rft.aulast=Den+Heijer&rft.aufirst=AE&rft.au=Groen%2C+Y&rft.au=Tucha%2C+L&rft.au=Fuermaier%2C+AB&rft.au=Koerts%2C+J&rft.au=Lange%2C+KW&rft.au=Thome%2C+J&rft.au=Tucha%2C+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5281644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_December_2017_AAN_Clinical_Practice_Guideline_for_MCI-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_December_2017_AAN_Clinical_Practice_Guideline_for_MCI_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersenLopezArmstrongGetchius2018" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen RC, Lopez O, Armstrong MJ, Getchius T, Ganguli M, Gloss D, Gronseth GS, Marson D, Pringsheim T, Day GS, Sager M, Stevens J, Rae-Grant A (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5772157">"Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment – Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology"</a>. Neurology. Special article. 90 (3): 126–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0000000000004826">10.1212/WNL.0000000000004826</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5772157">5772157</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282327">29282327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=Practice+guideline+update+summary%3A+Mild+cognitive+impairment+%E2%80%93+Report+of+the+Guideline+Development%2C+Dissemination%2C+and+Implementation+Subcommittee+of+the+American+Academy+of+Neurology&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=126-135&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5772157%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29282327&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2FWNL.0000000000004826&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Lopez%2C+O&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+MJ&rft.au=Getchius%2C+T&rft.au=Ganguli%2C+M&rft.au=Gloss%2C+D&rft.au=Gronseth%2C+GS&rft.au=Marson%2C+D&rft.au=Pringsheim%2C+T&rft.au=Day%2C+GS&rft.au=Sager%2C+M&rft.au=Stevens%2C+J&rft.au=Rae-Grant%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5772157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Addiction_review_2016-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Addiction_review_2016_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrollSmethells2016" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll ME, Smethells JR (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4745113">"Sex Differences in Behavioral Dyscontrol: Role in Drug Addiction and Novel Treatments"</a>. Front. Psychiatry. 6: 175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2015.00175">10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00175</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4745113">4745113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26903885">26903885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front.+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Sex+Differences+in+Behavioral+Dyscontrol%3A+Role+in+Drug+Addiction+and+Novel+Treatments&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=175&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4745113%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26903885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2015.00175&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Smethells%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4745113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Running_vs_addiction-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Running_vs_addiction_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchPetersonSanchezAbel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lynch WJ, Peterson AB, Sanchez V, Abel J, Smith MA (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788047">"Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: a neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis"</a>. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 37 (8): 1622–1644. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.06.011">10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788047">3788047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23806439">23806439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurosci+Biobehav+Rev&rft.atitle=Exercise+as+a+novel+treatment+for+drug+addiction%3A+a+neurobiological+and+stage-dependent+hypothesis&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1622-1644&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3788047%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23806439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.06.011&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Peterson%2C+AB&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+V&rft.au=Abel%2C+J&rft.au=Smith%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3788047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Natural_and_drug_addictions-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Natural_and_drug_addictions_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Olsen CM (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139704">"Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions"</a>. Neuropharmacology. 61 (7): 1109–1122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuropharm.2011.03.010">10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139704">3139704</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21459101">21459101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Natural+rewards%2C+neuroplasticity%2C+and+non-drug+addictions&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1109-1122&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139704%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21459101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuropharm.2011.03.010&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_Rev_3-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Exercise_Rev_3_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinkeUssher2015" class="citation journal cs1">Linke SE, Ussher M (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831948">"Exercise-based treatments for substance use disorders: evidence, theory, and practicality"</a>. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 41 (1): 7–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00952990.2014.976708">10.3109/00952990.2014.976708</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831948">4831948</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25397661">25397661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Drug+Alcohol+Abuse&rft.atitle=Exercise-based+treatments+for+substance+use+disorders%3A+evidence%2C+theory%2C+and+practicality&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-15&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4831948%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25397661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00952990.2014.976708&rft.aulast=Linke&rft.aufirst=SE&rft.au=Ussher%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4831948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Alz_1-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Alz_1_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarinaRustedTabet2014" class="citation journal cs1">Farina N, Rusted J, Tabet N (January 2014). "The effect of exercise interventions on cognitive outcome in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review". Int Psychogeriatr. 26 (1): 9–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1041610213001385">10.1017/S1041610213001385</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962667">23962667</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24936334">24936334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+Psychogeriatr&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+exercise+interventions+on+cognitive+outcome+in+Alzheimer%27s+disease%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-18&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24936334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23962667&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1041610213001385&rft.aulast=Farina&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Rusted%2C+J&rft.au=Tabet%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Parkinson_physiotherapy_Cochrane-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Parkinson_physiotherapy_Cochrane_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinsonPatelMeekHerd2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tomlinson CL, Patel S, Meek C, Herd CP, Clarke CE, Stowe R, Shah L, Sackley CM, Deane KH, Wheatley K, Ives N (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120224">"Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson's disease"</a>. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 9 (9): CD002817. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002817.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD002817.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120224">7120224</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24018704">24018704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev&rft.atitle=Physiotherapy+versus+placebo+or+no+intervention+in+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=CD002817&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7120224%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24018704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002817.pub4&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=CL&rft.au=Patel%2C+S&rft.au=Meek%2C+C&rft.au=Herd%2C+CP&rft.au=Clarke%2C+CE&rft.au=Stowe%2C+R&rft.au=Shah%2C+L&rft.au=Sackley%2C+CM&rft.au=Deane%2C+KH&rft.au=Wheatley%2C+K&rft.au=Ives%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7120224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Longitudinal_SystRev_dementia-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Longitudinal_SystRev_dementia_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlondellHammersley-MatherVeerman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Blondell SJ, Hammersley-Mather R, Veerman JL (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064273">"Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies"</a>. BMC Public Health. 14: 510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2458-14-510">10.1186/1471-2458-14-510</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064273">4064273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24885250">24885250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Does+physical+activity+prevent+cognitive+decline+and+dementia%3F%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+longitudinal+studies&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=510&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4064273%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24885250&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2458-14-510&rft.aulast=Blondell&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Hammersley-Mather%2C+R&rft.au=Veerman%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4064273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Physical_activity_intervention-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Physical_activity_intervention_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Physical_activity_intervention_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaumTiedemannSherringtonCurtis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Curtis J, Ward PB (2014). "Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis". J Clin Psychiatry. 75 (9): 964–974. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4088%2FJCP.13r08765">10.4088/JCP.13r08765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24813261">24813261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Physical+activity+interventions+for+people+with+mental+illness%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=964-974&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4088%2FJCP.13r08765&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24813261&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Tiedemann%2C+A&rft.au=Sherrington%2C+C&rft.au=Curtis%2C+J&rft.au=Ward%2C+PB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Cochrane_exercise_depression-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Cochrane_exercise_depression_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Cochrane_exercise_depression_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooneyDwanGreigLawlor2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cooney GM, Dwan K, Greig CA, Lawlor DA, Rimer J, Waugh FR, McMurdo M, Mead GE (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9721454">"Exercise for depression"</a>. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013 (9): CD004366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004366.pub6">10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9721454">9721454</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24026850">24026850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+Syst.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Exercise+for+depression&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=CD004366&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9721454%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24026850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004366.pub6&rft.aulast=Cooney&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Dwan%2C+K&rft.au=Greig%2C+CA&rft.au=Lawlor%2C+DA&rft.au=Rimer%2C+J&rft.au=Waugh%2C+FR&rft.au=McMurdo%2C+M&rft.au=Mead%2C+GE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9721454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Running_antidepressant-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Running_antidepressant_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenéBjørnebekkAbergMathé2007" class="citation journal cs1">Brené S, Bjørnebekk A, Aberg E, Mathé AA, Olson L, Werme M (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040025">"Running is rewarding and antidepressive"</a>. Physiol. Behav. 92 (1–2): 136–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2007.05.015">10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040025">2040025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17561174">17561174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiol.+Behav.&rft.atitle=Running+is+rewarding+and+antidepressive&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=136-140&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2040025%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17561174&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2007.05.015&rft.aulast=Bren%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Bj%C3%B8rnebekk%2C+A&rft.au=Aberg%2C+E&rft.au=Math%C3%A9%2C+AA&rft.au=Olson%2C+L&rft.au=Werme%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2040025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Yoga_depression_SystRev-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_Yoga_depression_SystRev_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGongNiShenWu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gong H, Ni C, Shen X, Wu T, Jiang C (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4323231">"Yoga for prenatal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. BMC Psychiatry. 15: 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12888-015-0393-1">10.1186/s12888-015-0393-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4323231">4323231</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25652267">25652267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Yoga+for+prenatal+depression%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4323231%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25652267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12888-015-0393-1&rft.aulast=Gong&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Ni%2C+C&rft.au=Shen%2C+X&rft.au=Wu%2C+T&rft.au=Jiang%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4323231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_miller2020-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise_miller2020_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerGonçalves-BradleyAreerobHennessy2020" class="citation journal cs1">Miller KJ, Gonçalves-Bradley DC, Areerob P, Hennessy D, Mesagno C, Grace F (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/172086">"Comparative effectiveness of three exercise types to treat clinical depression in older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"</a>. Ageing Research Reviews. 58: 100999. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.arr.2019.100999">10.1016/j.arr.2019.100999</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.17%2F172086">1959.17/172086</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31837462">31837462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209179889">209179889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ageing+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=Comparative+effectiveness+of+three+exercise+types+to+treat+clinical+depression+in+older+adults%3A+A+systematic+review+and+network+meta-analysis+of+randomised+controlled+trials&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=100999&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1959.17%2F172086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209179889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31837462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.arr.2019.100999&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=KJ&rft.au=Gon%C3%A7alves-Bradley%2C+DC&rft.au=Areerob%2C+P&rft.au=Hennessy%2C+D&rft.au=Mesagno%2C+C&rft.au=Grace%2C+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.federation.edu.au%2Fvital%2Faccess%2FHandleResolver%2F1959.17%2F172086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaturvediChandraIssacSudarshan1993" class="citation journal cs1">Chaturvedi SK, Chandra PS, Issac MK, Sudarshan CY (September 1993). "Somatization misattributed to non-pathological vaginal discharge". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 37 (6): 575–579. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3999%2893%2990051-G">10.1016/0022-3999(93)90051-G</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8410743">8410743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychosomatic+Research&rft.atitle=Somatization+misattributed+to+non-pathological+vaginal+discharge&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=575-579&rft.date=1993-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-3999%2893%2990051-G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8410743&rft.aulast=Chaturvedi&rft.aufirst=SK&rft.au=Chandra%2C+PS&rft.au=Issac%2C+MK&rft.au=Sudarshan%2C+CY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-endocannabinoids-79"><a href="#cite_ref-endocannabinoids_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTantimonacoCeciSabatiniCatani2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tantimonaco M, Ceci R, Sabatini S, Catani MV, Rossi A, Gasperi V, Maccarrone M (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11113821">"Physical activity and the endocannabinoid system: an overview"</a>. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 71 (14): 2681–2698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00018-014-1575-6">10.1007/s00018-014-1575-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11113821">11113821</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24526057">24526057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14531019">14531019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+and+Molecular+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Physical+activity+and+the+endocannabinoid+system%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2681-2698&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11113821%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14531019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24526057&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00018-014-1575-6&rft.aulast=Tantimonaco&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ceci%2C+R&rft.au=Sabatini%2C+S&rft.au=Catani%2C+MV&rft.au=Rossi%2C+A&rft.au=Gasperi%2C+V&rft.au=Maccarrone%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11113821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endorphin-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Endorphin_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinasKoutedakisFlouris2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dinas PC, Koutedakis Y, Flouris AD (June 2011). "Effects of exercise and physical activity on depression". Irish Journal of Medical Science. 180 (2): 319–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11845-010-0633-9">10.1007/s11845-010-0633-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21076975">21076975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40951545">40951545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Journal+of+Medical+Science&rft.atitle=Effects+of+exercise+and+physical+activity+on+depression&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=319-325&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40951545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21076975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11845-010-0633-9&rft.aulast=Dinas&rft.aufirst=PC&rft.au=Koutedakis%2C+Y&rft.au=Flouris%2C+AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEA_exercise_primary-81"><a href="#cite_ref-PEA_exercise_primary_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzaboBillettTurner2001" class="citation journal cs1">Szabo A, Billett E, Turner J (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724404">"Phenylethylamine, a possible link to the antidepressant effects of exercise?"</a>. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 35 (5): 342–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.35.5.342">10.1136/bjsm.35.5.342</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724404">1724404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11579070">11579070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Phenylethylamine%2C+a+possible+link+to+the+antidepressant+effects+of+exercise%3F&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=342-343&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1724404%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11579070&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjsm.35.5.342&rft.aulast=Szabo&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Billett%2C+E&rft.au=Turner%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1724404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renaissance-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Renaissance_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindemannHoener2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 26 (5): 274–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tips.2005.03.007">10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15860375">15860375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Pharmacological+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+renaissance+in+trace+amines+inspired+by+a+novel+GPCR+family&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=274-281&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tips.2005.03.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15860375&rft.aulast=Lindemann&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Hoener%2C+MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuropsychiatric-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Neuropsychiatric_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2007" class="citation journal cs1">Berry MD (January 2007). "The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases". Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials. 2 (1): 3–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F157488707779318107">10.2174/157488707779318107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18473983">18473983</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7127324">7127324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+on+Recent+Clinical+Trials&rft.atitle=The+potential+of+trace+amines+and+their+receptors+for+treating+neurological+and+psychiatric+diseases&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7127324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18473983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F157488707779318107&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_LuigiBellBramhallChoe2023" class="citation journal cs1">De Luigi, Arthur J.; Bell, Kathleen R.; Bramhall, Joe P.; Choe, Meeryo; Dec, Katherine; Finnoff, Jonathan T.; Halstead, Mark; Herring, Stanley A.; Matuszak, Jason; Raksin, P. B.; Swanson, Jennifer; Millett, Carolyn (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37794736">"Consensus statement: An evidence-based review of exercise, rehabilitation, rest, and return to activity protocols for the treatment of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury"</a>. PM & R. 15 (12): 1605–1642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpmrj.13070">10.1002/pmrj.13070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1563">1934-1563</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37794736">37794736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PM+%26+R&rft.atitle=Consensus+statement%3A+An+evidence-based+review+of+exercise%2C+rehabilitation%2C+rest%2C+and+return+to+activity+protocols+for+the+treatment+of+concussion+and+mild+traumatic+brain+injury&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1605-1642&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=1934-1563&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37794736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpmrj.13070&rft.aulast=De+Luigi&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rft.au=Bell%2C+Kathleen+R.&rft.au=Bramhall%2C+Joe+P.&rft.au=Choe%2C+Meeryo&rft.au=Dec%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Finnoff%2C+Jonathan+T.&rft.au=Halstead%2C+Mark&rft.au=Herring%2C+Stanley+A.&rft.au=Matuszak%2C+Jason&rft.au=Raksin%2C+P.+B.&rft.au=Swanson%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Millett%2C+Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F37794736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanicCronströmJohanssonAgeberg2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ivanic, Branimir; Cronström, Anna; Johansson, Kajsa; Ageberg, Eva (6 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39242177">"Efficacy of exercise interventions on prevention of sport-related concussion and related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. British Journal of Sports Medicine: bjsports–2024–108260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2024-108260">10.1136/bjsports-2024-108260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-0480">1473-0480</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39242177">39242177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Efficacy+of+exercise+interventions+on+prevention+of+sport-related+concussion+and+related+outcomes%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.pages=bjsports-2024-108260&rft.date=2024-09-06&rft.issn=1473-0480&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39242177&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjsports-2024-108260&rft.aulast=Ivanic&rft.aufirst=Branimir&rft.au=Cronstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anna&rft.au=Johansson%2C+Kajsa&rft.au=Ageberg%2C+Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F39242177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangHoChenChien2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yang PY, Ho KH, Chen HC, Chien MY (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1836-9553%2812%2970106-6">"Exercise training improves sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults with sleep problems: a systematic review"</a>. Journal of Physiotherapy. 58 (3): 157–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1836-9553%2812%2970106-6">10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70106-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22884182">22884182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physiotherapy&rft.atitle=Exercise+training+improves+sleep+quality+in+middle-aged+and+older+adults+with+sleep+problems%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=157-163&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1836-9553%2812%2970106-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22884182&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=PY&rft.au=Ho%2C+KH&rft.au=Chen%2C+HC&rft.au=Chien%2C+MY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS1836-9553%252812%252970106-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBumanKing2010" class="citation journal cs1">Buman MP, King AC (2010). "Exercise as a Treatment to Enhance Sleep". American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 31 (5): 514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1559827610375532">10.1177/1559827610375532</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73314918">73314918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Lifestyle+Medicine&rft.atitle=Exercise+as+a+Treatment+to+Enhance+Sleep&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=514&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1559827610375532&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73314918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Buman&rft.aufirst=MP&rft.au=King%2C+AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannoHaradaTaniguchiTobita2018" class="citation journal cs1">Banno M, Harada Y, Taniguchi M, Tobita R, Tsujimoto H, Tsujimoto Y, et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6045928">"Exercise can improve sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. PeerJ. 6: e5172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.5172">10.7717/peerj.5172</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6045928">6045928</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30018855">30018855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Exercise+can+improve+sleep+quality%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=e5172&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6045928%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30018855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.5172&rft.aulast=Banno&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Harada%2C+Y&rft.au=Taniguchi%2C+M&rft.au=Tobita%2C+R&rft.au=Tsujimoto%2C+H&rft.au=Tsujimoto%2C+Y&rft.au=Kataoka%2C+Y&rft.au=Noda%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6045928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzMeston2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenz TA, Meston CM (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422071">"Acute exercise improves physical sexual arousal in women taking antidepressants"</a>. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 43 (3): 352–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12160-011-9338-1">10.1007/s12160-011-9338-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422071">3422071</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22403029">22403029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Behavioral+Medicine&rft.atitle=Acute+exercise+improves+physical+sexual+arousal+in+women+taking+antidepressants&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=352-361&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3422071%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22403029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12160-011-9338-1&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Meston%2C+CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3422071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laeremans_et_al._2018-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Laeremans_et_al._2018_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaeremansDonsAvila-PalenciaCarrasco-Turigas2018" class="citation journal cs1">Laeremans M, Dons E, Avila-Palencia I, Carrasco-Turigas G, Orjuela-Mendoza JP, Anaya-Boig E, et al. (September 2018). "Black Carbon Reduces the Beneficial Effect of Physical Activity on Lung Function". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 50 (9): 1875–1881. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2FMSS.0000000000001632">10.1249/MSS.0000000000001632</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10044%2F1%2F63478">10044/1/63478</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29634643">29634643</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207183760">207183760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicine+and+Science+in+Sports+and+Exercise&rft.atitle=Black+Carbon+Reduces+the+Beneficial+Effect+of+Physical+Activity+on+Lung+Function&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1875-1881&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10044%2F1%2F63478&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207183760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29634643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1249%2FMSS.0000000000001632&rft.aulast=Laeremans&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Dons%2C+E&rft.au=Avila-Palencia%2C+I&rft.au=Carrasco-Turigas%2C+G&rft.au=Orjuela-Mendoza%2C+JP&rft.au=Anaya-Boig%2C+E&rft.au=Cole-Hunter%2C+T&rft.au=DE+Nazelle%2C+A&rft.au=Nieuwenhuijsen%2C+M&rft.au=Standaert%2C+A&rft.au=VAN+Poppel%2C+M&rft.au=DE+Boever%2C+P&rft.au=Int+Panis%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review_91-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review_91-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review_91-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review_91-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skeletal_muscle_homeostasis_2016_review_91-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookWilkinsonPhillipsPerez-Schindler2016" class="citation journal cs1">Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Perez-Schindler J, Philp A, Smith K, Atherton PJ (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843955">"Skeletal muscle homeostasis and plasticity in youth and ageing: impact of nutrition and exercise"</a>. Acta Physiologica. 216 (1): 15–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fapha.12532">10.1111/apha.12532</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843955">4843955</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26010896">26010896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Physiologica&rft.atitle=Skeletal+muscle+homeostasis+and+plasticity+in+youth+and+ageing%3A+impact+of+nutrition+and+exercise&rft.volume=216&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-41&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4843955%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26010896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fapha.12532&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+DJ&rft.au=Phillips%2C+BE&rft.au=Perez-Schindler%2C+J&rft.au=Philp%2C+A&rft.au=Smith%2C+K&rft.au=Atherton%2C+PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4843955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muscle_hypertrophy_review-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muscle_hypertrophy_review_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muscle_hypertrophy_review_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muscle_hypertrophy_review_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2014" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips SM (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008813">"A brief review of critical processes in exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy"</a>. Sports Medicine. 44 (Suppl 1): S71–S77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40279-014-0152-3">10.1007/s40279-014-0152-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008813">4008813</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24791918">24791918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+brief+review+of+critical+processes+in+exercise-induced+muscular+hypertrophy&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S71-S77&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4008813%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24791918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40279-014-0152-3&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4008813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molecular_Aspects_of_Medicine_2016_review-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Molecular_Aspects_of_Medicine_2016_review_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriochePaganoPyChopard2016" class="citation journal cs1">Brioche T, Pagano AF, Py G, Chopard A (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01837630/file/2016_Brioche_MAM_1.pdf">"Muscle wasting and aging: Experimental models, fatty infiltrations, and prevention"</a> (PDF). Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 50: 56–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mam.2016.04.006">10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27106402">27106402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29717535">29717535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Aspects+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Muscle+wasting+and+aging%3A+Experimental+models%2C+fatty+infiltrations%2C+and+prevention&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=56-87&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29717535%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27106402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mam.2016.04.006&rft.aulast=Brioche&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Pagano%2C+AF&rft.au=Py%2C+G&rft.au=Chopard%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01837630%2Ffile%2F2016_Brioche_MAM_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMB_in_vivo_human_pharmacodynamics-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HMB_in_vivo_human_pharmacodynamics_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMB_in_vivo_human_pharmacodynamics_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonHossainHillPhillips2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson DJ, Hossain T, Hill DS, et al. (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3690694">"Effects of leucine and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism"</a>. The Journal of Physiology. 591 (11): 2911–2923. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2013.253203">10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3690694">3690694</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23551944">23551944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+leucine+and+its+metabolite+%CE%B2-hydroxy-%CE%B2-methylbutyrate+on+human+skeletal+muscle+protein+metabolism&rft.volume=591&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2911-2923&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3690694%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23551944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2013.253203&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Hossain%2C+T&rft.au=Hill%2C+DS&rft.au=Phillips%2C+BE&rft.au=Crossland%2C+H&rft.au=Williams%2C+J&rft.au=Loughna%2C+P&rft.au=Churchward-Venne%2C+TA&rft.au=Breen%2C+L&rft.au=Phillips%2C+SM&rft.au=Etheridge%2C+T&rft.au=Rathmacher%2C+JA&rft.au=Smith%2C+K&rft.au=Szewczyk%2C+NJ&rft.au=Atherton%2C+PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3690694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pharmacodynamics_and_pharmacokinetics_of_HMB-CA_in_humans_in_vivo-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pharmacodynamics_and_pharmacokinetics_of_HMB-CA_in_humans_in_vivo_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pharmacodynamics_and_pharmacokinetics_of_HMB-CA_in_humans_in_vivo_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonHossainLimbPhillips2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson DJ, Hossain T, Limb MC, et al. (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6295980">"Impact of the calcium form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate upon human skeletal muscle protein metabolism"</a>. Clinical Nutrition. 37 (6 Pt A): 2068–2075. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2017.09.024">10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6295980">6295980</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29097038">29097038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Impact+of+the+calcium+form+of+%CE%B2-hydroxy-%CE%B2-methylbutyrate+upon+human+skeletal+muscle+protein+metabolism&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6+Pt+A&rft.pages=2068-2075&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6295980%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29097038&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2017.09.024&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Hossain%2C+T&rft.au=Limb%2C+MC&rft.au=Phillips%2C+BE&rft.au=Lund%2C+J&rft.au=Williams%2C+JP&rft.au=Brook%2C+MS&rft.au=Cegielski%2C+J&rft.au=Philp%2C+A&rft.au=Ashcroft%2C+S&rft.au=Rathmacher%2C+JA&rft.au=Szewczyk%2C+NJ&rft.au=Smith%2C+K&rft.au=Atherton%2C+PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6295980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarcopenia_July_2015_review-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarcopenia_July_2015_review_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2015" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips SM (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496741">"Nutritional supplements in support of resistance exercise to counter age-related sarcopenia"</a>. Advances in Nutrition. 6 (4): 452–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fan.115.008367">10.3945/an.115.008367</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496741">4496741</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26178029">26178029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Nutritional+supplements+in+support+of+resistance+exercise+to+counter+age-related+sarcopenia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=452-460&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4496741%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26178029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fan.115.008367&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4496741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWibomHultmanJohanssonMatherei1992" class="citation journal cs1">Wibom R, Hultman E, Johansson M, Matherei K, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Schantz PG (November 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-184">"Adaptation of mitochondrial ATP production in human skeletal muscle to endurance training and detraining"</a>. Journal of Applied Physiology. 73 (5): 2004–2010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjappl.1992.73.5.2004">10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1474078">1474078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physiology&rft.atitle=Adaptation+of+mitochondrial+ATP+production+in+human+skeletal+muscle+to+endurance+training+and+detraining&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2004-2010&rft.date=1992-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjappl.1992.73.5.2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1474078&rft.aulast=Wibom&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Hultman%2C+E&rft.au=Johansson%2C+M&rft.au=Matherei%2C+K&rft.au=Constantin-Teodosiu%2C+D&rft.au=Schantz%2C+PG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Agih%3Adiva-184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aerobic_exercise_–_mitochondrial_biogenesis_and_OXPHOS_capacity-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aerobic_exercise_–_mitochondrial_biogenesis_and_OXPHOS_capacity_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aerobic_exercise_–_mitochondrial_biogenesis_and_OXPHOS_capacity_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoushelLundbyQvortrupSahlin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Boushel R, Lundby C, Qvortrup K, Sahlin K (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2FJES.0000000000000025">"Mitochondrial plasticity with exercise training and extreme environments"</a>. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 42 (4): 169–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2FJES.0000000000000025">10.1249/JES.0000000000000025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25062000">25062000</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39267910">39267910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exercise+and+Sport+Sciences+Reviews&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+plasticity+with+exercise+training+and+extreme+environments&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=169-174&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39267910%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25062000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1249%2FJES.0000000000000025&rft.aulast=Boushel&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Lundby%2C+C&rft.au=Qvortrup%2C+K&rft.au=Sahlin%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1249%252FJES.0000000000000025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitochondrial_biogenesis-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitochondrial_biogenesis_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValero2014" class="citation journal cs1">Valero T (2014). "Mitochondrial biogenesis: pharmacological approaches". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 20 (35): 5507–5509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138161282035140911142118">10.2174/138161282035140911142118</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10454%2F13341">10454/13341</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24606795">24606795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Pharmaceutical+Design&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+biogenesis%3A+pharmacological+approaches&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=5507-5509&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10454%2F13341&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24606795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F138161282035140911142118&rft.aulast=Valero&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_neurology_of_mTOR-100"><a href="#cite_ref-The_neurology_of_mTOR_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptonSahin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lipton JO, Sahin M (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4223653">"The neurology of mTOR"</a>. Neuron. 84 (2): 275–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2014.09.034">10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4223653">4223653</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25374355">25374355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=The+neurology+of+mTOR&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=275-291&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4223653%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25374355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2014.09.034&rft.aulast=Lipton&rft.aufirst=JO&rft.au=Sahin%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4223653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4223653/figure/F2/">Figure 2: The mTOR Signaling Pathway</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exercise_SV-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_SV_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_SV_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangNæssHoffAlbert2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wang E, Næss MS, Hoff J, Albert TL, Pham Q, Richardson RS, Helgerud J (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039249">"Exercise-training-induced changes in metabolic capacity with age: the role of central cardiovascular plasticity"</a>. Age. 36 (2): 665–676. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11357-013-9596-x">10.1007/s11357-013-9596-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039249">4039249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24243396">24243396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Age&rft.atitle=Exercise-training-induced+changes+in+metabolic+capacity+with+age%3A+the+role+of+central+cardiovascular+plasticity&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=665-676&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4039249%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24243396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11357-013-9596-x&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=N%C3%A6ss%2C+MS&rft.au=Hoff%2C+J&rft.au=Albert%2C+TL&rft.au=Pham%2C+Q&rft.au=Richardson%2C+RS&rft.au=Helgerud%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4039249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AerobicMotorCapability-102"><a href="#cite_ref-AerobicMotorCapability_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotempaLopezBraunSzidon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Potempa K, Lopez M, Braun LT, Szidon JP, Fogg L, Tincknell T (January 1995). "Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients". Stroke. 26 (1): 101–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.str.26.1.101">10.1161/01.str.26.1.101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7839377">7839377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stroke&rft.atitle=Physiological+outcomes+of+aerobic+exercise+training+in+hemiparetic+stroke+patients&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-105&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.str.26.1.101&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7839377&rft.aulast=Potempa&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Lopez%2C+M&rft.au=Braun%2C+LT&rft.au=Szidon%2C+JP&rft.au=Fogg%2C+L&rft.au=Tincknell%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exercise_RHR1-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_RHR1_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmoreStanforthGagnonLeon1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wilmore JH, Stanforth PR, Gagnon J, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Bouchard C (July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005768-199607000-00009">"Endurance exercise training has a minimal effect on resting heart rate: the Heritage Study"</a>. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 28 (7): 829–835. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005768-199607000-00009">10.1097/00005768-199607000-00009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8832536">8832536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicine+and+Science+in+Sports+and+Exercise&rft.atitle=Endurance+exercise+training+has+a+minimal+effect+on+resting+heart+rate%3A+the+Heritage+Study&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=829-835&rft.date=1996-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005768-199607000-00009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8832536&rft.aulast=Wilmore&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Stanforth%2C+PR&rft.au=Gagnon%2C+J&rft.au=Leon%2C+AS&rft.au=Rao%2C+DC&rft.au=Skinner%2C+JS&rft.au=Bouchard%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F00005768-199607000-00009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exercise_RHR2-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_RHR2_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterBanisterBlaber2003" class="citation journal cs1">Carter JB, Banister EW, Blaber AP (2003). "Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate". Sports Medicine. 33 (1): 33–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00007256-200333010-00003">10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477376">12477376</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40393053">40393053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Effect+of+endurance+exercise+on+autonomic+control+of+heart+rate&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-46&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40393053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12477376&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00007256-200333010-00003&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Banister%2C+EW&rft.au=Blaber%2C+AP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exercise_RHR3-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_RHR3_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenDicarlo1998" class="citation journal cs1">Chen CY, Dicarlo SE (January 1998). "Endurance exercise training-induced resting Bradycardia: A brief review". Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation. 8 (1): 37–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15438629709512518">10.1080/15438629709512518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Medicine%2C+Training+and+Rehabilitation&rft.atitle=Endurance+exercise+training-induced+resting+Bradycardia%3A+A+brief+review&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-77&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15438629709512518&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=CY&rft.au=Dicarlo%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exercise_Hypertrophy-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_Hypertrophy_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrewtherHekeKeogh2013" class="citation journal cs1">Crewther BT, Heke TL, Keogh JW (February 2013). "The effects of a resistance-training program on strength, body composition and baseline hormones in male athletes training concurrently for rugby union 7's". The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 53 (1): 34–41. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23470909">23470909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine+and+Physical+Fitness&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+a+resistance-training+program+on+strength%2C+body+composition+and+baseline+hormones+in+male+athletes+training+concurrently+for+rugby+union+7%27s&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-41&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23470909&rft.aulast=Crewther&rft.aufirst=BT&rft.au=Heke%2C+TL&rft.au=Keogh%2C+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exercise_Hypertrophy2-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_Hypertrophy2_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenfeld2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schoenfeld BJ (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1519%2FJSC.0b013e31828ddd53">"Postexercise hypertrophic adaptations: a reexamination of the hormone hypothesis and its applicability to resistance training program design"</a>. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 27 (6): 1720–1730. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1519%2FJSC.0b013e31828ddd53">10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828ddd53</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23442269">23442269</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25068522">25068522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strength+and+Conditioning+Research&rft.atitle=Postexercise+hypertrophic+adaptations%3A+a+reexamination+of+the+hormone+hypothesis+and+its+applicability+to+resistance+training+program+design&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1720-1730&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25068522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23442269&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1519%2FJSC.0b013e31828ddd53&rft.aulast=Schoenfeld&rft.aufirst=BJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1519%252FJSC.0b013e31828ddd53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exercise_Neuraldrive-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_Neuraldrive_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalgasStenagerLundRasmussen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dalgas U, Stenager E, Lund C, Rasmussen C, Petersen T, Sørensen H, et al. (July 2013). "Neural drive increases following resistance training in patients with multiple sclerosis". Journal of Neurology. 260 (7): 1822–1832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00415-013-6884-4">10.1007/s00415-013-6884-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23483214">23483214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:848583">848583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=Neural+drive+increases+following+resistance+training+in+patients+with+multiple+sclerosis&rft.volume=260&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1822-1832&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A848583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23483214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00415-013-6884-4&rft.aulast=Dalgas&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Stenager%2C+E&rft.au=Lund%2C+C&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+C&rft.au=Petersen%2C+T&rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen%2C+H&rft.au=Ingemann-Hansen%2C+T&rft.au=Overgaard%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnaerobicStrength-109"><a href="#cite_ref-AnaerobicStrength_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaronKarapondoKraemerFry1994" class="citation journal cs1">Staron RS, Karapondo DL, Kraemer WJ, et al. (March 1994). "Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women". Journal of Applied Physiology. 76 (3): 1247–1255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjappl.1994.76.3.1247">10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8005869">8005869</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24328546">24328546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physiology&rft.atitle=Skeletal+muscle+adaptations+during+early+phase+of+heavy-resistance+training+in+men+and+women&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1247-1255&rft.date=1994-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24328546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8005869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjappl.1994.76.3.1247&rft.aulast=Staron&rft.aufirst=RS&rft.au=Karapondo%2C+DL&rft.au=Kraemer%2C+WJ&rft.au=Fry%2C+AC&rft.au=Gordon%2C+SE&rft.au=Falkel%2C+JE&rft.au=Hagerman%2C+FC&rft.au=Hikida%2C+RS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exercise_MuscularStrength-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_MuscularStrength_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFollandWilliams2007" class="citation journal cs1">Folland JP, Williams AG (2007). "The adaptations to strength training : morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength". Sports Medicine. 37 (2): 145–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00007256-200737020-00004">10.2165/00007256-200737020-00004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17241104">17241104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9070800">9070800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+adaptations+to+strength+training+%3A+morphological+and+neurological+contributions+to+increased+strength&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-168&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9070800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17241104&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00007256-200737020-00004&rft.aulast=Folland&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Williams%2C+AG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeuralvsHypertrophy1-111"><a href="#cite_ref-NeuralvsHypertrophy1_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoritanideVries1979" class="citation journal cs1">Moritani T, deVries HA (June 1979). "Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain". American Journal of Physical Medicine. 58 (3): 115–130. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/453338">453338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Neural+factors+versus+hypertrophy+in+the+time+course+of+muscle+strength+gain&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=115-130&rft.date=1979-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F453338&rft.aulast=Moritani&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=deVries%2C+HA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeuralvsHypertrophy2-112"><a href="#cite_ref-NeuralvsHypertrophy2_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNariciRoiLandoniMinetti1989" class="citation journal cs1">Narici MV, Roi GS, Landoni L, Minetti AE, Cerretelli P (1989). "Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps". European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 59 (4): 310–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02388334">10.1007/bf02388334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2583179">2583179</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2231992">2231992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Applied+Physiology+and+Occupational+Physiology&rft.atitle=Changes+in+force%2C+cross-sectional+area+and+neural+activation+during+strength+training+and+detraining+of+the+human+quadriceps&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=310-319&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2231992%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2583179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02388334&rft.aulast=Narici&rft.aufirst=MV&rft.au=Roi%2C+GS&rft.au=Landoni%2C+L&rft.au=Minetti%2C+AE&rft.au=Cerretelli%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen BK (July 2013). "Muscle as a secretory organ". Comprehensive Physiology. 3 (3): 1337–1362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcphy.c120033">10.1002/cphy.c120033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65071-4"><bdi>978-0-470-65071-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23897689">23897689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Physiology&rft.atitle=Muscle+as+a+secretory+organ&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1337-1362&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23897689&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcphy.c120033&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65071-4&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=BK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenWilliamson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen S, Williamson GM (January 1991). "Stress and infectious disease in humans". Psychological Bulletin. 109 (1): 5–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.109.1.5">10.1037/0033-2909.109.1.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2006229">2006229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Stress+and+infectious+disease+in+humans&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-24&rft.date=1991-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.109.1.5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2006229&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Williamson%2C+GM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorerWuorinenLukosDenver2009" class="citation journal cs1">Borer KT, Wuorinen EC, Lukos JR, Denver JW, Porges SW, Burant CF (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2FMSS.0b013e31819dfe14">"Two bouts of exercise before meals, but not after meals, lower fasting blood glucose"</a>. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 41 (8): 1606–1614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2FMSS.0b013e31819dfe14">10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819dfe14</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19568199">19568199</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207184758">207184758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicine+and+Science+in+Sports+and+Exercise&rft.atitle=Two+bouts+of+exercise+before+meals%2C+but+not+after+meals%2C+lower+fasting+blood+glucose&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1606-1614&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207184758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19568199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1249%2FMSS.0b013e31819dfe14&rft.aulast=Borer&rft.aufirst=KT&rft.au=Wuorinen%2C+EC&rft.au=Lukos%2C+JR&rft.au=Denver%2C+JW&rft.au=Porges%2C+SW&rft.au=Burant%2C+CF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1249%252FMSS.0b013e31819dfe14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisløffEllingsenKemi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wisløff U, Ellingsen Ø, Kemi OJ (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJES.0b013e3181aa65fc">"High-intensity interval training to maximize cardiac benefits of exercise training?"</a>. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 37 (3): 139–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJES.0b013e3181aa65fc">10.1097/JES.0b013e3181aa65fc</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19550205">19550205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25057561">25057561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exercise+and+Sport+Sciences+Reviews&rft.atitle=High-intensity+interval+training+to+maximize+cardiac+benefits+of+exercise+training%3F&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=139-146&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25057561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19550205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FJES.0b013e3181aa65fc&rft.aulast=Wisl%C3%B8ff&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Ellingsen%2C+%C3%98&rft.au=Kemi%2C+OJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FJES.0b013e3181aa65fc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exercise_–_neurotrophic_factors_+_basal_ganglia-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_–_neurotrophic_factors_+_basal_ganglia_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaillardRollandde_Souto_Barreto2015" class="citation journal cs1">Paillard T, Rolland Y, de Souto Barreto P (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4507374">"Protective Effects of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review"</a>. Journal of Clinical Neurology. 11 (3): 212–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3988%2Fjcn.2015.11.3.212">10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.212</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4507374">4507374</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26174783">26174783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Neurology&rft.atitle=Protective+Effects+of+Physical+Exercise+in+Alzheimer%27s+Disease+and+Parkinson%27s+Disease%3A+A+Narrative+Review&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=212-219&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4507374%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26174783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3988%2Fjcn.2015.11.3.212&rft.aulast=Paillard&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Rolland%2C+Y&rft.au=de+Souto+Barreto%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4507374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDNF_meta_analysis-118"><a href="#cite_ref-BDNF_meta_analysis_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzuhanyBugattiOtto2015" class="citation journal cs1">Szuhany KL, Bugatti M, Otto MW (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4314337">"A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor"</a>. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 60: 56–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpsychires.2014.10.003">10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4314337">4314337</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25455510">25455510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychiatric+Research&rft.atitle=A+meta-analytic+review+of+the+effects+of+exercise+on+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=56-64&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4314337%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25455510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpsychires.2014.10.003&rft.aulast=Szuhany&rft.aufirst=KL&rft.au=Bugatti%2C+M&rft.au=Otto%2C+MW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4314337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cerebral_hemodynamics_and_AD-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Cerebral_hemodynamics_and_AD_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarumiZhang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tarumi T, Zhang R (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3896879">"Cerebral hemodynamics of the aging brain: risk of Alzheimer disease and benefit of aerobic exercise"</a>. Frontiers in Physiology. 5: 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2014.00006">10.3389/fphys.2014.00006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3896879">3896879</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24478719">24478719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&rft.atitle=Cerebral+hemodynamics+of+the+aging+brain%3A+risk+of+Alzheimer+disease+and+benefit+of+aerobic+exercise&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3896879%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24478719&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2014.00006&rft.aulast=Tarumi&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Zhang%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3896879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoweRochesterNeilSkelton2011" class="citation journal cs1">Howe TE, Rochester L, Neil F, Skelton DA, Ballinger C (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11493176">"Exercise for improving balance in older people"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (11). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: CD004963. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd004963.pub3">10.1002/14651858.cd004963.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11493176">11493176</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22071817">22071817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205176433">205176433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Exercise+for+improving+balance+in+older+people&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=CD004963&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11493176%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205176433%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22071817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd004963.pub3&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=TE&rft.au=Rochester%2C+L&rft.au=Neil%2C+F&rft.au=Skelton%2C+DA&rft.au=Ballinger%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11493176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuLatham2009" class="citation journal cs1">Liu CJ, Latham NK (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4324332">"Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (3): CD002759. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002759.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4324332">4324332</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19588334">19588334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Progressive+resistance+strength+training+for+improving+physical+function+in+older+adults&rft.volume=2009&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD002759&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4324332%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19588334&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002759.pub2&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Latham%2C+NK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4324332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGcWilsonSuhrckeHardeman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gc V, Wilson EC, Suhrcke M, Hardeman W, Sutton S (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4819643">"Are brief interventions to increase physical activity cost-effective? A systematic review"</a>. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50 (7): 408–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2015-094655">10.1136/bjsports-2015-094655</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4819643">4819643</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26438429">26438429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Are+brief+interventions+to+increase+physical+activity+cost-effective%3F+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=408-417&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4819643%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26438429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjsports-2015-094655&rft.aulast=Gc&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Wilson%2C+EC&rft.au=Suhrcke%2C+M&rft.au=Hardeman%2C+W&rft.au=Sutton%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4819643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnRamseyBrownsonHeath2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson RC, Heath GW, Howze EH, Powell KE, et al. (May 2002). "The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity. A systematic review". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 22 (4 Suppl): 73–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0749-3797%2802%2900434-8">10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00434-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11985936">11985936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Preventive+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+effectiveness+of+interventions+to+increase+physical+activity.+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4+Suppl&rft.pages=73-107&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0749-3797%2802%2900434-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11985936&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=EB&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+LT&rft.au=Brownson%2C+RC&rft.au=Heath%2C+GW&rft.au=Howze%2C+EH&rft.au=Powell%2C+KE&rft.au=Stone%2C+EJ&rft.au=Rajab%2C+MW&rft.au=Corso%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurán" class="citation web cs1">Durán VH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/ePersp001_article01.htm">"Stopping the rising tide of chronic diseases Everyone's Epidemic"</a>. Pan American Health Organization. paho.org. Retrieved 10 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pan+American+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Stopping+the+rising+tide+of+chronic+diseases+Everyone%27s+Epidemic&rft.aulast=Dur%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=VH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paho.org%2FEnglish%2FDD%2FPIN%2FePersp001_article01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuWenRissel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Xu H, Wen LM, Rissel C (19 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4383435">"Associations of parental influences with physical activity and screen time among young children: a systematic review"</a>. Journal of Obesity. 2015: 546925. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F546925">10.1155/2015/546925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4383435">4383435</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25874123">25874123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Obesity&rft.atitle=Associations+of+parental+influences+with+physical+activity+and+screen+time+among+young+children%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=2015&rft.pages=546925&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4383435%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25874123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2015%2F546925&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Wen%2C+LM&rft.au=Rissel%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4383435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htm">"Youth Physical Activity Guidelines"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Youth+Physical+Activity+Guidelines&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhealthyschools%2Fphysicalactivity%2Fguidelines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705033323/https://ec.europa.eu/sport/policy/societal-role/health-participation_en">"Health and Participation"</a>. European Commission. 25 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/sport/policy/societal-role/health-participation_en">the original</a> on 5 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+and+Participation&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fsport%2Fpolicy%2Fsocietal-role%2Fhealth-participation_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2009-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2009_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2009_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218104805/http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/">"WHO: Obesity and overweight"</a>. World Health Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/">the original</a> on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=WHO%3A+Obesity+and+overweight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fdietphysicalactivity%2Fpublications%2Ffacts%2Fobesity%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyResnick2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy AB, Resnick PB (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1559827614564546">"Mindfulness and Physical Activity"</a>. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 9 (3): 3221–3323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1559827614564546">10.1177/1559827614564546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73116017">73116017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Lifestyle+Medicine&rft.atitle=Mindfulness+and+Physical+Activity&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3221-3323&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1559827614564546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73116017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=AB&rft.au=Resnick%2C+PB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1559827614564546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/running-and-jogging-health-benefits#goal-setting-for-running-and-jogging">"Running and jogging - health benefits"</a>. Better Health. State of Victoria, Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Better+Health&rft.atitle=Running+and+jogging+-+health+benefits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.betterhealth.vic.gov.au%2Fhealth%2Fhealthyliving%2Frunning-and-jogging-health-benefits%23goal-setting-for-running-and-jogging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://longboardingnation.com/reasons-skateboarding-good-exercise/">"5 Reasons Why Skateboarding Is Good Exercise"</a>. Longboarding Nation. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Longboarding+Nation&rft.atitle=5+Reasons+Why+Skateboarding+Is+Good+Exercise&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flongboardingnation.com%2Freasons-skateboarding-good-exercise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/swimming-health-benefits#health-benefits-of-swimming">"Swimming - health benefits"</a>. Better Health. State of Victoria, Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Better+Health&rft.atitle=Swimming+-+health+benefits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.betterhealth.vic.gov.au%2Fhealth%2Fhealthyliving%2Fswimming-health-benefits%23health-benefits-of-swimming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández2008" class="citation web cs1">Hernández J (24 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/nyregion/24streets.html">"Car-Free Streets, a Colombian Export, Inspire Debate"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427180825/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/nyregion/24streets.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Car-Free+Streets%2C+a+Colombian+Export%2C+Inspire+Debate&rft.date=2008-06-24&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F24%2Fnyregion%2F24streets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelfish.org/sight_profile/cambodia/phnom_penh_and_surrounds/phnom_penh/phnom_penh/2235">"Gyms"</a>. Travel Fish. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Fish&rft.atitle=Gyms&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelfish.org%2Fsight_profile%2Fcambodia%2Fphnom_penh_and_surrounds%2Fphnom_penh%2Fphnom_penh%2F2235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatlow" class="citation web cs1">Tatlow A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stockholmonashoestring.com/when-in-sweden-making-the-most-of-the-great-outdoors/">"When in Sweden...making the most of the great outdoors!"</a>. Stockholm on a Shoestring. Retrieved 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stockholm+on+a+Shoestring&rft.atitle=When+in+Sweden...making+the+most+of+the+great+outdoors%21&rft.aulast=Tatlow&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stockholmonashoestring.com%2Fwhen-in-sweden-making-the-most-of-the-great-outdoors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangfitt" class="citation news cs1">Langfitt F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93503524">"Beijing's Other Games: Dancing In The Park"</a>. NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Beijing%27s+Other+Games%3A+Dancing+In+The+Park&rft.aulast=Langfitt&rft.aufirst=F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D93503524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimberHeigenhauserSprietDyck2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kimber NE, Heigenhauser GJ, Spriet LL, Dyck DJ (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2342904">"Skeletal muscle fat and carbohydrate metabolism during recovery from glycogen-depleting exercise in humans"</a>. The Journal of Physiology. 548 (Pt 3): 919–927. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2002.031179">10.1113/jphysiol.2002.031179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2342904">2342904</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12651914">12651914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Skeletal+muscle+fat+and+carbohydrate+metabolism+during+recovery+from+glycogen-depleting+exercise+in+humans&rft.volume=548&rft.issue=Pt+3&rft.pages=919-927&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2342904%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12651914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2002.031179&rft.aulast=Kimber&rft.aufirst=NE&rft.au=Heigenhauser%2C+GJ&rft.au=Spriet%2C+LL&rft.au=Dyck%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2342904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16195010-138"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16195010_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReillyEkblom2005" class="citation journal cs1">Reilly T, Ekblom B (June 2005). "The use of recovery methods post-exercise". Journal of Sports Sciences. 23 (6): 619–627. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02640410400021302">10.1080/02640410400021302</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16195010">16195010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27918213">27918213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sports+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+use+of+recovery+methods+post-exercise&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=619-627&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27918213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16195010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02640410400021302&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Ekblom%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonilla_2021-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Bonilla_2021_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonillaPérez-IdárragaOdriozola-MartínezKreider2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bonilla, Diego A.; Pérez-Idárraga, Alexandra; Odriozola-Martínez, Adrián; Kreider, Richard B. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7796021">"The 4R's framework of nutritional strategies for post-exercise Recovery: A review with emphasis on new generation of carbohydrates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research_and_Public_Health" title="International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</a>. 18 (1): 103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph18010103">10.3390/ijerph18010103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7796021">7796021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33375691">33375691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+4R%27s+framework+of+nutritional+strategies+for+post-exercise+Recovery%3A+A+review+with+emphasis+on+new+generation+of+carbohydrates&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7796021%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33375691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph18010103&rft.aulast=Bonilla&rft.aufirst=Diego+A.&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Id%C3%A1rraga%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Odriozola-Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Adri%C3%A1n&rft.au=Kreider%2C+Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7796021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlundellGibbonsCaudwellFinlayson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Blundell JE, Gibbons C, Caudwell P, Finlayson G, Hopkins M (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shura.shu.ac.uk/9732/3/Hopkins_Appetite_Control_and_Energy_Balance_Impact_of_Exercise.pdf">"Appetite control and energy balance: impact of exercise"</a> (PDF). Obesity Reviews. 16 (Suppl 1): 67–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fobr.12257">10.1111/obr.12257</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25614205">25614205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39429480">39429480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obesity+Reviews&rft.atitle=Appetite+control+and+energy+balance%3A+impact+of+exercise&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=67-76&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39429480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25614205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fobr.12257&rft.aulast=Blundell&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+C&rft.au=Caudwell%2C+P&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+G&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshura.shu.ac.uk%2F9732%2F3%2FHopkins_Appetite_Control_and_Energy_Balance_Impact_of_Exercise.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2002" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Brad (17 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stretchcoach.com/articles/overtraining/">"Overtraining - Learn how to identify Overtraining Syndrome"</a>. stretchcoach.com. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stretchcoach.com&rft.atitle=Overtraining+-+Learn+how+to+identify+Overtraining+Syndrome&rft.date=2002-03-17&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstretchcoach.com%2Farticles%2Fovertraining%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overtraining_:0-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overtraining_:0_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overtraining_:0_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overtraining_:0_142-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1991" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, M (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1519%2F00124278-199102000-00006">"Overtraining: A Review of the Signs, Symptoms and Possible Causes"</a>. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 5: 35–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1519%2F00124278-199102000-00006">10.1519/00124278-199102000-00006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strength+and+Conditioning+Research&rft.atitle=Overtraining%3A+A+Review+of+the+Signs%2C+Symptoms+and+Possible+Causes&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=35-50&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1519%2F00124278-199102000-00006&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1519%252F00124278-199102000-00006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeluso_M.,_Andrade_L.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Peluso M., Andrade L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs1807-59322005000100012">"Physical activity and mental health: the association between exercise and mood"</a>. Clinics. 60 (1): 61–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs1807-59322005000100012">10.1590/s1807-59322005000100012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15838583">15838583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinics&rft.atitle=Physical+activity+and+mental+health%3A+the+association+between+exercise+and+mood&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-70&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2Fs1807-59322005000100012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15838583&rft.au=Peluso+M.%2C+Andrade+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252Fs1807-59322005000100012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarfagno_D.Hendrix_J.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Carfagno D.; Hendrix J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2Fjsr.0000000000000027">"Overtraining Syndrome in the Athlete"</a>. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 13 (1): 45–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2Fjsr.0000000000000027">10.1249/jsr.0000000000000027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24412891">24412891</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38361107">38361107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Sports+Medicine+Reports&rft.atitle=Overtraining+Syndrome+in+the+Athlete&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-51&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38361107%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24412891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1249%2Fjsr.0000000000000027&rft.au=Carfagno+D.&rft.au=Hendrix+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1249%252Fjsr.0000000000000027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overtraining_:3-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Overtraining_:3_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyteHarriesWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Whyte, Gregory; Harries, Mark; Williams, Clyde (2005). ABC of sports and exercise medicine. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 46–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7279-1813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7279-1813-0"><bdi>978-0-7279-1813-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC+of+sports+and+exercise+medicine&rft.pages=46-49&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7279-1813-0&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Harries%2C+Mark&rft.au=Williams%2C+Clyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inspirational-quotes-and-quotations.com/quotes-about-exercise.html">"Quotes About Exercise Top 10 List"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quotes+About+Exercise+Top+10+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inspirational-quotes-and-quotations.com%2Fquotes-about-exercise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/history.html">"History of Fitness"</a>. unm.edu. Retrieved 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unm.edu&rft.atitle=History+of+Fitness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unm.edu%2F~lkravitz%2FArticle%2520folder%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/physical-culture#toc249304">"Physical culture"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physical+culture&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fphysical-culture%23toc249304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovic2017" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanovic N (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUJHMQAACAAJ">Fit to Fight: A History of the Royal Army Physical Training Corps 1860–2015</a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2421-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2421-9"><bdi>978-1-4728-2421-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fit+to+Fight%3A+A+History+of+the+Royal+Army+Physical+Training+Corps+1860%E2%80%932015&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-2421-9&rft.aulast=Bogdanovic&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUJHMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2016" class="citation book cs1">Campbell JD (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N-m_CwAAQBAJ">'The Army Isn't All Work': Physical Culture and the Evolution of the British Army, 1860–1920</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04453-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04453-6"><bdi>978-1-317-04453-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27The+Army+Isn%27t+All+Work%27%3A+Physical+Culture+and+the+Evolution+of+the+British+Army%2C+1860%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-04453-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN-m_CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonRiedi2010" class="citation book cs1">Mason T, Riedi E (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuRw08WgowQC">Sport and the Military: The British Armed Forces 1880–1960</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-78897-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-78897-7"><bdi>978-1-139-78897-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+and+the+Military%3A+The+British+Armed+Forces+1880%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-78897-7&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Riedi%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUuRw08WgowQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FitnessLeague-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FitnessLeague_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090729135514/http://www.thefitnessleague.com/about-us/the-fitness-league-history">"The Fitness League History"</a>. The Fitness League. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefitnessleague.com/about-us/the-fitness-league-history">the original</a> on 29 July 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Fitness+League&rft.atitle=The+Fitness+League+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefitnessleague.com%2Fabout-us%2Fthe-fitness-league-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper2009" class="citation news cs1">Kuper S (11 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/e6ff90ea-9da2-11de-9f4a-00144feabdc0.html">"The man who invented exercise"</a>. Financial Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/e6ff90ea-9da2-11de-9f4a-00144feabdc0.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+man+who+invented+exercise&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2Fe6ff90ea-9da2-11de-9f4a-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris1953-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris1953_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris1953_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisHeadyRaffleRoberts1953" class="citation journal cs1">Morris JN, Heady JA, Raffle PA, Roberts CG, Parks JW (November 1953). "Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work". Lancet. 262 (6795): 1053–1057. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2853%2990665-5">10.1016/S0140-6736(53)90665-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13110049">13110049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Coronary+heart-disease+and+physical+activity+of+work&rft.volume=262&rft.issue=6795&rft.pages=1053-1057&rft.date=1953-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2853%2990665-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13110049&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=JN&rft.au=Heady%2C+JA&rft.au=Raffle%2C+PA&rft.au=Roberts%2C+CG&rft.au=Parks%2C+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman_Pontzer2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Herman Pontzer (1 January 2019). "Humans Evolved to Exercise: Unlike our ape cousins, humans require high levels of physical activity to be healthy". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Humans+Evolved+to+Exercise%3A+Unlike+our+ape+cousins%2C+humans+require+high+levels+of+physical+activity+to+be+healthy&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.au=Herman+Pontzer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuEclarinalBakerLi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu S, Eclarinal J, Baker MS, Li G, Waterland RA (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0029665115004127">"Developmental programming of energy balance regulation: is physical activity more 'programmable' than food intake?"</a>. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 75 (1): 73–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0029665115004127">10.1017/s0029665115004127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26511431">26511431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Proceedings+of+the+Nutrition+Society&rft.atitle=Developmental+programming+of+energy+balance+regulation%3A+is+physical+activity+more+%27programmable%27+than+food+intake%3F&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-77&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0029665115004127&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26511431&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Eclarinal%2C+J&rft.au=Baker%2C+MS&rft.au=Li%2C+G&rft.au=Waterland%2C+RA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0029665115004127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcostaMeekSchutzDlugosz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Acosta W, Meek TH, Schutz H, Dlugosz EM, Vu KT, Garland T (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2015.06.020">"Effects of early-onset voluntary exercise on adult physical activity and associated phenotypes in mice"</a>. Physiology & Behavior. 149: 279–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2015.06.020">10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26079567">26079567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiology+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Effects+of+early-onset+voluntary+exercise+on+adult+physical+activity+and+associated+phenotypes+in+mice&rft.volume=149&rft.pages=279-286&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2015.06.020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26079567&rft.aulast=Acosta&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Meek%2C+TH&rft.au=Schutz%2C+H&rft.au=Dlugosz%2C+EM&rft.au=Vu%2C+KT&rft.au=Garland%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.physbeh.2015.06.020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwallowCarterGarland1998" class="citation journal cs1">Swallow JG, Carter PA, Garland T (May 1998). "Artificial selection for increased wheel-running behavior in house mice". Behavior Genetics. 28 (3): 227–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021479331779">10.1023/A:1021479331779</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9670598">9670598</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18336243">18336243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavior+Genetics&rft.atitle=Artificial+selection+for+increased+wheel-running+behavior+in+house+mice&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-237&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18336243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9670598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1021479331779&rft.aulast=Swallow&rft.aufirst=JG&rft.au=Carter%2C+PA&rft.au=Garland%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwallowGarlandCarterZhan1998" class="citation journal cs1">Swallow JG, Garland T, Carter PA, Zhan WZ, Sieck GC (January 1998). "Effects of voluntary activity and genetic selection on aerobic capacity in house mice (Mus domesticus)". Journal of Applied Physiology. 84 (1): 69–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjappl.1998.84.1.69">10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.69</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9451619">9451619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physiology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+voluntary+activity+and+genetic+selection+on+aerobic+capacity+in+house+mice+%28Mus+domesticus%29&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-76&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjappl.1998.84.1.69&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9451619&rft.aulast=Swallow&rft.aufirst=JG&rft.au=Garland%2C+T&rft.au=Carter%2C+PA&rft.au=Zhan%2C+WZ&rft.au=Sieck%2C+GC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodesvan_PraagJeffreyGirard2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rhodes JS, van Praag H, Jeffrey S, Girard I, Mitchell GS, Garland T, Gage FH (October 2003). "Exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis to high levels but does not improve spatial learning in mice bred for increased voluntary wheel running". Behavioral Neuroscience. 117 (5): 1006–1016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0735-7044.117.5.1006">10.1037/0735-7044.117.5.1006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14570550">14570550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Exercise+increases+hippocampal+neurogenesis+to+high+levels+but+does+not+improve+spatial+learning+in+mice+bred+for+increased+voluntary+wheel+running&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1006-1016&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0735-7044.117.5.1006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14570550&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=van+Praag%2C+H&rft.au=Jeffrey%2C+S&rft.au=Girard%2C+I&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+GS&rft.au=Garland%2C+T&rft.au=Gage%2C+FH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlandMorganSwallowRhodes2002" class="citation journal cs1">Garland T, Morgan MT, Swallow JG, Rhodes JS, Girard I, Belter JG, Carter PA (June 2002). "Evolution of a small-muscle polymorphism in lines of house mice selected for high activity levels". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 56 (6): 1267–1275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1554%2F0014-3820%282002%29056%5B1267%3AEOASMP%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[1267:EOASMP]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12144025">12144025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198158847">198158847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution%3B+International+Journal+of+Organic+Evolution&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+a+small-muscle+polymorphism+in+lines+of+house+mice+selected+for+high+activity+levels&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1267-1275&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198158847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12144025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1554%2F0014-3820%282002%29056%5B1267%3AEOASMP%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Morgan%2C+MT&rft.au=Swallow%2C+JG&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+JS&rft.au=Girard%2C+I&rft.au=Belter%2C+JG&rft.au=Carter%2C+PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallaugherThorarensenKiesslingFarrell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gallaugher PE, Thorarensen H, Kiessling A, Farrell AP (August 2001). "Effects of high intensity exercise training on cardiovascular function, oxygen uptake, internal oxygen transport and osmotic balance in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during critical speed swimming". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 204 (Pt 16): 2861–2872. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.204.16.2861">10.1242/jeb.204.16.2861</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11683441">11683441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+high+intensity+exercise+training+on+cardiovascular+function%2C+oxygen+uptake%2C+internal+oxygen+transport+and+osmotic+balance+in+chinook+salmon+%28Oncorhynchus+tshawytscha%29+during+critical+speed+swimming&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=Pt+16&rft.pages=2861-2872&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.204.16.2861&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11683441&rft.aulast=Gallaugher&rft.aufirst=PE&rft.au=Thorarensen%2C+H&rft.au=Kiessling%2C+A&rft.au=Farrell%2C+AP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalstraMesKustersRoques2015" class="citation journal cs1">Palstra AP, Mes D, Kusters K, Roques JA, Flik G, Kloet K, Blonk RJ (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287099">"Forced sustained swimming exercise at optimal speed enhances growth of juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)"</a>. Frontiers in Physiology. 5: 506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2014.00506">10.3389/fphys.2014.00506</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287099">4287099</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25620933">25620933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&rft.atitle=Forced+sustained+swimming+exercise+at+optimal+speed+enhances+growth+of+juvenile+yellowtail+kingfish+%28Seriola+lalandi%29&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=506&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4287099%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25620933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2014.00506&rft.aulast=Palstra&rft.aufirst=AP&rft.au=Mes%2C+D&rft.au=Kusters%2C+K&rft.au=Roques%2C+JA&rft.au=Flik%2C+G&rft.au=Kloet%2C+K&rft.au=Blonk%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4287099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnoniCrespoIbarzBlasco2013" class="citation journal cs1">Magnoni LJ, Crespo D, Ibarz A, Blasco J, Fernández-Borràs J, Planas JV (November 2013). "Effects of sustained swimming on the red and white muscle transcriptome of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a carbohydrate-rich diet". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 166 (3): 510–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2013.08.005">10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.08.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F24277">11336/24277</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23968867">23968867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology.+Part+A%2C+Molecular+%26+Integrative+Physiology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+sustained+swimming+on+the+red+and+white+muscle+transcriptome+of+rainbow+trout+%28Oncorhynchus+mykiss%29+fed+a+carbohydrate-rich+diet&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=510-521&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F24277&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23968867&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2013.08.005&rft.aulast=Magnoni&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft.au=Crespo%2C+D&rft.au=Ibarz%2C+A&rft.au=Blasco%2C+J&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Borr%C3%A0s%2C+J&rft.au=Planas%2C+JV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owerk_Baud_2008-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Owerk_Baud_2008_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owerk_Baud_2008_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwerkowiczBaudinette2008" class="citation journal cs1">Owerkowicz T, Baudinette RV (June 2008). "Exercise training enhances aerobic capacity in juvenile estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 150 (2): 211–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2008.04.594">10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.594</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18504156">18504156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology.+Part+A%2C+Molecular+%26+Integrative+Physiology&rft.atitle=Exercise+training+enhances+aerobic+capacity+in+juvenile+estuarine+crocodiles+%28Crocodylus+porosus%29&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-216&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2008.04.594&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18504156&rft.aulast=Owerkowicz&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Baudinette%2C+RV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmeOwerkowiczGwalthneyBlank2009" class="citation journal cs1">Eme J, Owerkowicz T, Gwalthney J, Blank JM, Rourke BC, Hicks JW (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768110">"Exhaustive exercise training enhances aerobic capacity in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)"</a>. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. 179 (8): 921–931. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00360-009-0374-0">10.1007/s00360-009-0374-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768110">2768110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19533151">19533151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+B%3A+Biochemical%2C+Systemic%2C+and+Environmental+Physiology&rft.atitle=Exhaustive+exercise+training+enhances+aerobic+capacity+in+American+alligator+%28Alligator+mississippiensis%29&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=921-931&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2768110%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19533151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00360-009-0374-0&rft.aulast=Eme&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Owerkowicz%2C+T&rft.au=Gwalthney%2C+J&rft.au=Blank%2C+JM&rft.au=Rourke%2C+BC&rft.au=Hicks%2C+JW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2768110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerTurner1988" class="citation journal cs1">Butler PJ, Turner DL (July 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1191853">"Effect of training on maximal oxygen uptake and aerobic capacity of locomotory muscles in tufted ducks, Aythya fuligula"</a>. The Journal of Physiology. 401: 347–359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1988.sp017166">10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1191853">1191853</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3171990">3171990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+training+on+maximal+oxygen+uptake+and+aerobic+capacity+of+locomotory+muscles+in+tufted+ducks%2C+Aythya+fuligula&rft.volume=401&rft.pages=347-359&rft.date=1988-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1191853%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3171990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1988.sp017166&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Turner%2C+DL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1191853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garland_et_al_1987-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_et_al_1987_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_et_al_1987_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlandElseHulbertTap1987" class="citation journal cs1">Garland T, Else PL, Hulbert AJ, Tap P (March 1987). "Effects of endurance training and captivity on activity metabolism of lizards". The American Journal of Physiology. 252 (3 Pt 2): R450–R456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpregu.1987.252.3.R450">10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.3.R450</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3826409">3826409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8771310">8771310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+endurance+training+and+captivity+on+activity+metabolism+of+lizards&rft.volume=252&rft.issue=3+Pt+2&rft.pages=R450-R456&rft.date=1987-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8771310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3826409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpregu.1987.252.3.R450&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Else%2C+PL&rft.au=Hulbert%2C+AJ&rft.au=Tap%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeb-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeb_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeb_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusakKeithWittry2015" class="citation journal cs1">Husak JF, Keith AR, Wittry BN (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.114975">"Making Olympic lizards: the effects of specialised exercise training on performance"</a>. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (Pt 6): 899–906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.114975">10.1242/jeb.114975</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25617462">25617462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Making+Olympic+lizards%3A+the+effects+of+specialised+exercise+training+on+performance&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=Pt+6&rft.pages=899-906&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.114975&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25617462&rft.aulast=Husak&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Keith%2C+AR&rft.au=Wittry%2C+BN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.114975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExercise" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Exercise at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exercise" class="extiw" title="wikt:exercise">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physical_exercises" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Physical exercises">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Exercise" class="extiw" title="q:Exercise">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/compendiumofphysicalactivities/">Adult Compendium of Physical Activities</a> – a website containing lists of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_Equivalent_of_Task" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic Equivalent of Task">Metabolic Equivalent of Task</a> (MET) values for a number of physical activities, based upon <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8292105">8292105</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10993420">10993420</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21681120">21681120</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/exerciseandphysicalfitness.html">MedLinePlus Topic on Exercise and Physical Fitness</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/PH8">Physical activity and the environment</a> – guidance on the promotion and creation of physical environments that support increased levels of physical activity.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/physical_exercise.htm">Science Daily's reference on physical exercise</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exercise" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_exercise" title="Template:Physical exercise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_exercise" title="Template talk:Physical exercise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_exercise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical exercise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exercise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exercise</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">Aerobic exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobics" title="Aerobics">Aerobics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_training" title="Endurance training">Endurance training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">Hiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">Jogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">Anaerobic exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_interval_training" title="High-intensity interval training">High-intensity interval training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">Bodybuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyweight_exercise" title="Bodyweight exercise">Bodyweight exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel_training" title="Flywheel training">Flywheel training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_training" title="Suspension training">Suspension training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight training">Weight training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calisthenics" title="Calisthenics">Calisthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_training" title="Circuit training">Circuit training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-training" title="Cross-training">Cross-training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_training" title="Interval training">Interval training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_hypertrophy" title="Muscle hypertrophy">Muscle hypertrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_fitness" title="Outdoor fitness">Outdoor fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretching" title="Stretching">Stretching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness" title="History of physical training and fitness">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_physical_exercise" title="Epigenetics of physical exercise">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Exercise and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_equipment" title="Exercise equipment">Exercise equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Exercise physiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_mimetic" title="Exercise mimetic">Exercise mimetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_trends" title="Exercise trends">Exercise trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_app" title="Fitness app">Fitness app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">Fitness culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_exercise" title="Outline of exercise">Outline of exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">Physical fitness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_exercise" title="Category:Physical exercise">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sport" title="Template:Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sport" title="Template talk:Sport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_sport" title="Individual sport">Individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sports" title="Military sports">Military sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional_sports" title="Semi-professional sports">Semi-professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">Amateur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_science" title="Sports science">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exercise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_biomechanics" title="Sports biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_(learning_method)" title="Practice (learning method)">Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_periodization" title="Sports periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_chiropractic" title="Sports chiropractic">Chriopractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_physician" title="Team physician">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition" title="Sports nutrition">Nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">Sports drink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_pedagogy" title="Sport pedagogy">Pedagogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">Physical activity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_rating_system" title="Sports rating system">Rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">Leagues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Season_(sports)" title="Season (sports)">Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playoffs" title="Playoffs">Postseason</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_school" title="Sports school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_team" title="Sports team">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_management" title="Sport management">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_economics" title="Sports economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_marketing" title="Sports marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_(sports)" title="Trade (sports)">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">General managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_magazine" title="Sports magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_podcast" title="Sports podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promoters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_betting" title="Sports betting">Betting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheerleaders" title="List of cheerleaders">Cheerleaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport" title="History of sport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_memorabilia" title="Sports memorabilia">Memorabilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_(sports)" title="Name (sports)">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sportspeople_with_nicknames" title="List of sportspeople with nicknames">Nicknames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(sports)" title="Number (sports)">Numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport" title="Philosophy of sport">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_rivalries" title="List of sports rivalries">Rivalries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_sports" title="Violence in sports">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_equipment" title="Sports equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">Artificial turf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball" title="Ball">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving_equipment" title="Caving equipment">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_equipment" title="Exercise equipment">Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Flying disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">Sportswear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_sports" title="Politics and sports">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_sport" title="Regulation of sport">Regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Asia" title="Sports in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_North_America" title="Sports in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Oceania" title="Sport in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_America" title="Sport in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Western world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/16px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/24px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/32px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sports" title="Category:Sports">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sports" title="Outline of sports">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219067#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219067#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219067#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00005703">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126832&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292593205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636966">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exercise&oldid=1259139466">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exercise&oldid=1259139466</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_exercise" title="Category:Physical exercise">Physical exercise</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from January 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2018">Use dmy dates from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_manual_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images">Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from August 2021">Articles to be expanded from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 16:00 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exercise&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xr9px","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.837","walltime":"2.025","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10524,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":505805,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5855,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":734309,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1801.363 1 -total"," 48.24% 869.004 1 Template:Reflist"," 31.09% 559.995 131 Template:Cite_journal"," 15.86% 285.754 3 Template:Excerpt"," 5.36% 96.520 4 Template:Navbox"," 4.76% 85.798 1 Template:Physical_exercise"," 4.68% 84.264 24 Template:Cite_web"," 4.65% 83.719 7 Template:Cite_book"," 3.89% 70.156 1 Template:Short_description"," 2.98% 53.650 1 Template:Sister_project_links"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.261","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10130466,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","180","14.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","12.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","60","4.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.7"],["type","60","4.7"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","3.1"],["[others]","400","31.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mz9ks","timestamp":"20241124111623","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Exercise","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exercise","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q219067","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q219067","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-27T06:03:50Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T16:00:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/33\/Cycling_in_Amsterdam_%28893%29.jpg","headline":"bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness"}</script> </body> </html>