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id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortality_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Mortality and health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortality_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Behaviour </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behaviour subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Group_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Group structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mating_and_parenting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mating_and_parenting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mating and parenting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mating_and_parenting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Hunting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Intelligence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Intelligence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tool_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tool_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Tool use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tool_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Human relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 In culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 As pets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Use in research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Field study </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_immunodeficiency_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Human immunodeficiency virus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_immunodeficiency_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Literature cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chimpanzee</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" > 90 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjimpansee" title="Sjimpansee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sjimpansee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="شمبانزي شائع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمبانزي شائع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" title="Pan troglodytes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pan troglodytes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%B4%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Շեմփանզէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շեմփանզէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_%C5%9Fimpanze" title="Adi şimpanze – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi şimpanze" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Обикновено шимпанзе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обикновено шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanze_boutin" title="Chimpanze boutin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chimpanze boutin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximpanz%C3%A9_com%C3%BA" title="Ximpanzé comú – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ximpanzé comú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" title="Pan troglodytes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pan troglodytes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0impanz_u%C4%8Denliv%C3%BD" title="Šimpanz učenlivý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šimpanz učenlivý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokwe" title="Sokwe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sokwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanse" title="Chimpanse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chimpanse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeiner_Schimpanse" title="Gemeiner Schimpanse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeiner Schimpanse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0impans" title="Šimpans – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šimpans" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χιμπαντζής ο κοινός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιμπαντζής ο κοινός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" title="Pan troglodytes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pan troglodytes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88impanzo" title="Ĉimpanzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉimpanzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinpantze" title="Txinpantze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinpantze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="شامپانزه معمولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شامپانزه معمولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjimpansa" title="Sjimpansa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sjimpansa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" title="Pan troglodytes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pan troglodytes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanc%C3%A9_com%C3%BAn" title="Chimpancé común – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chimpancé común" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%A8%ED%8C%AC%EC%A7%80" title="침팬지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="침팬지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%A5" title="Շիմպանզե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շիմպանզե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="चिंपैंजी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिंपैंजी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%C4%8Dna_%C4%8Dimpanza" title="Obična čimpanza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obična čimpanza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpanse_biasa" title="Simpanse biasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Simpanse biasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanze_commun" title="Chimpanze commun – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chimpanze commun" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Хуымæтæджы шимпанзе – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуымæтæджы шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishimpanzi" title="Ishimpanzi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ishimpanzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" title="Pan troglodytes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pan troglodytes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="שימפנזה מצוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שימפנזה מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpanse" title="Simpanse – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Simpanse" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%94" title="ჩვეულებრივი შიმპანზე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩვეულებრივი შიმპანზე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamfu" title="Imamfu – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Imamfu" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokwe_Mtu_wa_Kawaida" title="Sokwe Mtu wa Kawaida – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sokwe Mtu wa Kawaida" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegol_(Pan_troglodytes)" title="Zegol (Pan troglodytes) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zegol (Pan troglodytes)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" title="Pan troglodytes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pan troglodytes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parast%C4%81_%C5%A1impanze" title="Parastā šimpanze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parastā šimpanze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprastoji_%C5%A1impanz%C4%97" title="Paprastoji šimpanzė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paprastoji šimpanzė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewoene_chimpansee" title="Gewoene chimpansee – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gewoene chimpansee" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mok%C3%B3mb%C3%B3s%C3%B3" title="Mokómbósó – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokómbósó" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%B6ns%C3%A9ges_csimp%C3%A1nz" title="Közönséges csimpánz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közönséges csimpánz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Обично шимпанзо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обично шимпанзо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="ചിമ്പാൻസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിമ്പാൻസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%94" title="რჩქვანელობური შიმპანზე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რჩქვანელობური შიმპანზე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%89_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="شيمبانزى شائع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شيمبانزى شائع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimpanzi" title="Cimpanzi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cimpanzi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B6" title="ချင်ပန်ဇီမျောက်ဝံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချင်ပန်ဇီမျောက်ဝံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpansee" title="Chimpansee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chimpansee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpansee" title="Chimpansee – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Chimpansee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="मेध्यवानर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मेध्यवानर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" title="チンパンジー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チンパンジー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjimpanse" title="Sjimpanse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjimpanse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjimpanse" title="Sjimpanse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjimpanse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimpanze" title="Shimpanze – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimpanze" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%86%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="عام چمپینزی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عام چمپینزی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A_(%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="چمپانزي (د شاديانو يو نسل دی) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چمپانزي (د شاديانو يو نسل دی)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szympans_zwyczajny" title="Szympans zwyczajny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szympans zwyczajny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanz%C3%A9-comum" title="Chimpanzé-comum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chimpanzé-comum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" title="Pan troglodytes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pan troglodytes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatun_chimpansi" title="Hatun chimpansi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatun chimpansi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Обыкновенный шимпанзе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обыкновенный шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B4n" title="Vôn – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Vôn" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" title="Common chimpanzee – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Common chimpanzee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimpanzeja" title="Shimpanzeja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shimpanzeja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chimpanzee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0impanz_u%C4%8Denliv%C3%BD" title="Šimpanz učenlivý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šimpanz učenlivý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navadni_%C5%A1impanz" title="Navadni šimpanz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navadni šimpanz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Обична шимпанза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обична шимпанза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%C4%8Dna_%C4%8Dimpanza" title="Obična čimpanza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obična čimpanza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpanssi" title="Simpanssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Simpanssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimpans" title="Schimpans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Schimpans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chimpanzee" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சிம்பன்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிம்பன்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="ชิมแปนซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชิมแปนซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eempanze" title="Şempanze – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şempanze" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%CC%B1fi%CC%B1k" title="Ja̱fi̱k – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ja̱fi̱k" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Шимпанзе звичайний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chimpanzee (disambiguation)">Chimpanzee (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chimp_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chimp (disambiguation)">Chimp (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Chimpanzee <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: 4–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:217.96923076923px; width:2.0307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:218.64615384615px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div><a href="#cite_note-McBrearty_Jablonski_2005_pp._105–108-1">[1]</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:015_Chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/015_Chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/220px-015_Chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/015_Chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/330px-015_Chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/015_Chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/440px-015_Chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="7776" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_chimpanzee" title="Eastern chimpanzee">Eastern chimpanzee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kibale_National_Park" title="Kibale National Park">Kibale National Park</a>, Uganda </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)" title="Endangered species (IUCN status)">Endangered</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix I (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CITES-3">[3]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pan" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">P. troglodytes</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Pan troglodytes <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Blumenbach</a>, 1775)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_troglodytes_verus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes verus">P. t. verus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_troglodytes_ellioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes ellioti">P. t. ellioti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_troglodytes_troglodytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes troglodytes">P. t. troglodytes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_troglodytes_schweinfurthii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii">P. t. schweinfurthii</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_troglodytes_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pan_troglodytes_area.png/220px-Pan_troglodytes_area.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pan_troglodytes_area.png/330px-Pan_troglodytes_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pan_troglodytes_area.png/440px-Pan_troglodytes_area.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="543" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution of subspecies <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Pan troglodytes verus</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  P. t. ellioti</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  P. t. troglodytes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  P. t. schweinfurthii</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simia" title="Simia">Simia</a> troglodytes <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Blumenbach</a>, 1775</li><li>Troglodytes troglodytes (Blumenbach, 1776)</li><li>Troglodytes niger <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire" title="Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire">E. Geoffroy</a>, 1812</li><li>Pan niger (E. Geoffroy, 1812)</li><li>Anthropopithecus troglodytes (<a href="/wiki/John_Bland-Sutton" title="John Bland-Sutton">Sutton</a>, 1883)</li></ul></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The chimpanzee (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tʃɪmpænˈzi/</a>; Pan troglodytes), also simply known as the chimp, is a species of <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">great ape</a> native to the forests and savannahs of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Africa">tropical Africa</a>. It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed one. When its close relative the <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobo</a> was more commonly known as the pygmy chimpanzee, this species was often called the common chimpanzee or the robust chimpanzee. The chimpanzee and the bonobo are the only species in the genus <a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a>. Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows that Pan is a <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human lineage</a> and is thus <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>' closest living relative. The chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair but has a bare face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. It is larger and more robust than the bonobo, weighing 40–70 kg (88–154 lb) for males and 27–50 kg (60–110 lb) for females and standing 150 cm (4 ft 11 in). The chimpanzee lives in groups that range in size from 15 to 150 members, although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day. The species lives in a strict male-dominated hierarchy, where disputes are generally settled without the need for violence. Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded <a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool use by animals">using tools</a>, modifying sticks, rocks, grass and leaves and using them for <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and acquiring <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, nuts and water. The species has also been found creating sharpened sticks to spear small mammals. Its <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">gestation</a> period is eight months. The infant is weaned at about three years old but usually maintains a close relationship with its mother for several years more. The chimpanzee is listed on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> species. Between 170,000 and 300,000 individuals are estimated across its range. The biggest threats to the chimpanzee are habitat loss, poaching, and disease. Chimpanzees appear in Western popular culture as stereotyped clown-figures and have featured in entertainments such as <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzees%27_tea_party" title="Chimpanzees' tea party">chimpanzees' tea parties</a>, circus acts and stage shows. Although chimpanzees have been kept as pets, their strength, aggressiveness, and unpredictability makes them dangerous in this role. Some hundreds have been kept in laboratories for research, especially in the United States. Many attempts have been made to teach languages such as <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> to chimpanzees, with limited success. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yousaf_et_al._2021_Fig.1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Yousaf_et_al._2021_Fig.1.svg/220px-Yousaf_et_al._2021_Fig.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Yousaf_et_al._2021_Fig.1.svg/330px-Yousaf_et_al._2021_Fig.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Yousaf_et_al._2021_Fig.1.svg/440px-Yousaf_et_al._2021_Fig.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Taxnomic tree of apes, based on genome sequencing by The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. Figure from Yousaf et al. 2021,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> adapted from Prado-Martinez et al. 2013.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> The English word chimpanzee is first recorded in 1738.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It is derived from <a href="/wiki/Vili_language" title="Vili language">Vili</a> ci-mpenze<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tshiluba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshiluba language">Tshiluba language</a> chimpenze, with a meaning of "<a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a>",<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> or "mockman".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The colloquialism "chimp" was most likely coined some time in the late 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The genus name Pan derives from the <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Greek god</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> troglodytes was taken from the <a href="/wiki/Troglodytae" title="Troglodytae">Troglodytae</a>, a mythical race of cave-dwellers.<a href="#cite_note-Corbey-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> The first great ape known to Western science in the 17th century was the "<a href="/wiki/Bornean_orangutan" title="Bornean orangutan">orang-outang</a>" (genus Pongo), the local <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> name being recorded in Java by the Dutch physician <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Bontius" title="Jacobus Bontius">Jacobus Bontius</a>. In 1641, the Dutch anatomist <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Tulp" title="Nicolaes Tulp">Nicolaes Tulp</a> applied the name to a chimpanzee or bonobo brought to the Netherlands from Angola.<a href="#cite_note-van_WyheKjærgaard2015-13">[13]</a> Another Dutch anatomist, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Camper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Camper">Peter Camper</a>, dissected specimens from Central Africa and Southeast Asia in the 1770s, noting the differences between the African and Asian apes. The German naturalist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a> classified the chimpanzee as Simia troglodytes by 1775. Another German naturalist, <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Oken" title="Lorenz Oken">Lorenz Oken</a>, coined the genus Pan in 1816. The bonobo was recognised as distinct from the chimpanzee by 1933.<a href="#cite_note-Corbey-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones_etal.1996-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor</a></div> Despite a large number of <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> fossil finds, Pan fossils were not described until 2005. Existing chimpanzee populations in West and Central Africa do not overlap with the major <a href="/wiki/Human_fossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Human fossil">human fossil</a> sites in East Africa, but chimpanzee fossils have now been reported from Kenya. This indicates that both humans and members of the Pan <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> were present in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> Valley during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McBrearty2005-15">[15]</a> According to studies published in 2017 by researchers at <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>, bonobos, along with chimpanzees, split from the human line about 8 million years ago; then bonobos split from the common chimpanzee line about 2 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-GWU-20170505-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-SR-20170404-17">[17]</a> Another 2017 genetic study suggests ancient gene flow (<a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a>) between 200,000 and 550,000 years ago from the bonobo into the ancestors of central and eastern chimpanzees.<a href="#cite_note-de_Manuel_2016-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies_and_population_status">Subspecies and population status</h3></div> Four <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the chimpanzee have been recognised,<a href="#cite_note-Groves,_Colin_2001_pp._303-307-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> with the possibility of a fifth:<a href="#cite_note-de_Manuel_2016-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-GVwEC-21">[21]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_chimpanzee" title="Central chimpanzee">Central chimpanzee</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Tschego" class="mw-redirect" title="Tschego">tschego</a> (Pan troglodytes troglodytes), found in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, with about 140,000 individuals existing in the wild.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN_P.t._troglodytes-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_chimpanzee" title="Western chimpanzee">Western chimpanzee</a> (P. troglodytes verus), found in <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> with about 52,800 individuals still in existence.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_P.t._verus-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria-Cameroon_chimpanzee" title="Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee">Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee</a> (P. troglodytes ellioti (also known as P. t. vellerosus)),<a href="#cite_note-Groves,_Colin_2001_pp._303-307-19">[19]</a> that live within forested areas across <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and Cameroon, with 6000–9000 individuals still in existence.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_P.t._ellioti-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_chimpanzee" title="Eastern chimpanzee">Eastern chimpanzee</a> (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii), found in the Central African Republic, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, with approximately 180,000–256,000 individuals still existing in the wild.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN_P.t._schweinfurthii-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Southeastern chimpanzee, P. troglodytes marungensis, in Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Colin Groves argues that this is a subspecies, created by enough variation between the northern and southern populations of P. t. schweinfurthii,<a href="#cite_note-GVwEC-21">[21]</a> but it is not recognised by the IUCN.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome">Genome</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee_genome_project" title="Chimpanzee genome project">Chimpanzee genome project</a></div> <div style="float: left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043345449">.mw-parser-output .ib-genome{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-image{padding:0.3em;border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-label{padding:0.2em 0.3em;background-color:#f1EBf1;border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-genome .infobox-full-data{padding:0.2em 0.3em;border:1px solid #a2a9b1}</style><table class="infobox ib-genome"><caption class="infobox-title">Genomic information</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a> genome ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=202">202</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">Ploidy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">diploid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Genome_size" title="Genome size">Genome size</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,323.27 Mb</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 pairs</td></tr></tbody></table></div> A draft version of the chimpanzee genome was published in 2005 and encodes 18,759 proteins,<a href="#cite_note-genome-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> (compared to 20,383 in the human proteome).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The DNA sequences of humans and chimpanzees are very similar and the difference in protein number mostly arises from incomplete sequences in the chimpanzee genome. Both species differ by about 35 million <a href="/wiki/Point_mutation" title="Point mutation">single-nucleotide</a> changes, five million <a href="/wiki/Mutation#By_effect_on_structure" title="Mutation">insertion/deletion</a> events and various <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation">chromosomal rearrangements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sequence-31">[31]</a> Typical human and chimpanzee protein <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologs</a> differ in an average of only two <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>. About 30% of all human proteins are identical in sequence to the corresponding chimpanzee protein. Duplications of small parts of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> have been the major source of differences between human and chimpanzee genetic material; about 2.7% of the corresponding modern genomes represent differences, produced by gene duplications or deletions[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="One reference clearly says the differences come from large segmental duplication (2.7%)—nothing about deletion—and single-base-pair substitution (1.2%). This statement doesn't reflect the abstract of the reference. (October 2024)">failed verification</a>], since humans and chimpanzees diverged from their common evolutionary ancestor.<a href="#cite_note-genome-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-sequence-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturales_IMG_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Naturales_IMG_1851.jpg/220px-Naturales_IMG_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Naturales_IMG_1851.jpg/330px-Naturales_IMG_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Naturales_IMG_1851.jpg/440px-Naturales_IMG_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3111" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton</figcaption></figure> Adult chimpanzees have an average standing height of 150 cm (4 ft 11 in).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Wild adult males weigh between 40 and 70 kg (88 and 154 lb),<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and females weigh between 27 and 50 kg (60 and 110 lb).<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a> In exceptional cases, certain individuals may considerably exceed these measurements, standing over 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) on two legs and weighing up to 136 kg (300 lb) in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-39">[a]</a> The chimpanzee is more robustly built than the bonobo but less than the <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorilla</a>. The arms of a chimpanzee are longer than its legs and can reach below the knees. The hands have long fingers with short thumbs and flat fingernails. The feet are adapted for grasping, and the big toe is <a href="/wiki/Thumb#Opposition_and_apposition" title="Thumb">opposable</a>. The pelvis is long with an extended <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a>. A chimpanzee's head is rounded with a prominent and <a href="/wiki/Prognathous" class="mw-redirect" title="Prognathous">prognathous</a> face and a pronounced <a href="/wiki/Brow_ridge" title="Brow ridge">brow ridge</a>. It has forward-facing eyes, a small nose, rounded non-lobed ears and a long mobile upper lip. Additionally, adult males have sharp canine teeth. Like all great apes, it has a <a href="/wiki/Dental_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental formula">dental formula</a> of 2.1.2.32.1.2.3, that is, two <a href="/wiki/Incisors" class="mw-redirect" title="Incisors">incisors</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Premolars" class="mw-redirect" title="Premolars">premolars</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a> on both halves of each jaw. Chimpanzees lack the prominent <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_crest" title="Sagittal crest">sagittal crest</a> and associated head and neck musculature of gorillas.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_etal.1996-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes-40">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimp_and_human_hands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chimp_and_human_hands.jpg/220px-Chimp_and_human_hands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chimp_and_human_hands.jpg/330px-Chimp_and_human_hands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chimp_and_human_hands.jpg/440px-Chimp_and_human_hands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Chimpanzee hand (left) compared to human hand</figcaption></figure> Chimpanzee bodies are covered by coarse hair, except for the face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. Chimpanzees lose more hair as they age and develop bald spots. The hair of a chimpanzee is typically black but can be brown or ginger. As they get older, white or grey patches may appear, particularly on the chin and lower region.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_etal.1996-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes-40">[39]</a> Chimpanzee skin that is covered with body hair is white, while exposed areas vary: white which ages into a dark muddy colour in eastern chimpanzees, freckled on white which ages to a heavily mottled muddy colour in central chimpanzees, and black with a butterfly-shaped white mask that darkens with age in western chimpanzees.<a href="#cite_note-Post_Szabó_Keeling_1975-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Napier_Napier_1967-42">[41]</a> Facial pigmentation increases with age and exposure to ultraviolet light. Females develop swelling pink skin when in oestrus.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_etal.1996-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes-40">[39]</a> Chimpanzees are adapted for both <a href="/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">arboreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">terrestrial locomotion</a>. Arboreal locomotion consists of vertical climbing and <a href="/wiki/Brachiation" title="Brachiation">brachiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> On the ground, chimpanzees move both quadrupedally and bipedally. These movements appear to have similar energy costs.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> As with bonobos and gorillas, chimpanzees move quadrupedally by <a href="/wiki/Knuckle-walking" title="Knuckle-walking">knuckle-walking</a>, which probably evolved independently in Pan and Gorilla.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Their muscles are 50% stronger per weight than those of humans due to higher content of <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle#Twitch_speed" title="Skeletal muscle">fast twitch muscle fibres</a>, one of the chimpanzee's adaptations for climbing and swinging.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> According to Japan's <a href="/wiki/Asahiyama_Zoo" title="Asahiyama Zoo">Asahiyama Zoo</a>, the grip strength of an adult chimpanzee is estimated to be 200 kg (440 lb),<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> while other sources claim figures of up to 330 kg (730 lb).<a href="#cite_note-51">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gombe_Stream_NP_Schlafstelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gombe_Stream_NP_Schlafstelle.jpg/220px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Schlafstelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gombe_Stream_NP_Schlafstelle.jpg/330px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Schlafstelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gombe_Stream_NP_Schlafstelle.jpg/440px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Schlafstelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Overnight nest in a tree</figcaption></figure> The chimpanzee is a highly adaptable species. It lives in a variety of habitats, including dry <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> rainforest, <a href="/wiki/Montane_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane forest">montane forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swamp_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamp forest">swamp forest</a>, and dry <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a>-savanna mosaic.<a href="#cite_note-Poulsen2004-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall198644-53">[51]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gombe_Stream_National_Park" title="Gombe Stream National Park">Gombe</a>, the chimpanzee mostly uses <a href="/wiki/Semideciduous" class="mw-redirect" title="Semideciduous">semideciduous</a> and evergreen forest as well as open woodland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall198649-54">[52]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Bossou" title="Bossou">Bossou</a>, the chimpanzee inhabits multistage secondary <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forest">deciduous forest</a>, which has grown after <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">primary forest</a> and grassland.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_National_Park" title="Taï National Park">Taï</a>, it is found in the last remaining tropical rain forest in Ivory Coast.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> The chimpanzee has an advanced <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_map" title="Cognitive map">cognitive map</a> of its home range and can repeatedly find food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall1986237-57">[55]</a> The chimpanzee builds a sleeping nest in a tree in a different location each night, never using the same nest more than once. Chimpanzees sleep alone in separate nests except for infants or juvenile chimpanzees, which sleep with their mothers.<a href="#cite_note-behavior_monographs-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adult_female_and_infant_wild_chimpanzees_feeding_on_Ficus_sur.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Adult_female_and_infant_wild_chimpanzees_feeding_on_Ficus_sur.jpeg/220px-Adult_female_and_infant_wild_chimpanzees_feeding_on_Ficus_sur.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Adult_female_and_infant_wild_chimpanzees_feeding_on_Ficus_sur.jpeg/330px-Adult_female_and_infant_wild_chimpanzees_feeding_on_Ficus_sur.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Adult_female_and_infant_wild_chimpanzees_feeding_on_Ficus_sur.jpeg/440px-Adult_female_and_infant_wild_chimpanzees_feeding_on_Ficus_sur.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A mother with young eating <a href="/wiki/Ficus_sur" title="Ficus sur">Ficus</a> fruit in <a href="/wiki/Kibale_National_Park" title="Kibale National Park">Kibale National Park</a>, Uganda</figcaption></figure> The chimpanzee is an <a href="/wiki/Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivore</a>. It prefers fruit above all other food, but it also eats leaves, leaf buds, seeds, blossoms, stems, <a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">pith</a>, bark, and <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall1986232-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-eat-60">[58]</a> A study in <a href="/wiki/Budongo_Forest" title="Budongo Forest">Budongo Forest</a>, Uganda found that 64.5% of their feeding time concentrated on fruits (84.6% of which being ripe), particularly those from two species of <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maesopsis_eminii" class="mw-redirect" title="Maesopsis eminii">Maesopsis eminii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celtis_gomphophylla" title="Celtis gomphophylla">Celtis gomphophylla</a>. In addition, 19% of feeding time was spent on arboreal leaves, mostly <a href="/wiki/Broussonetia_papyrifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Broussonetia papyrifera">Broussonetia papyrifera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtis_mildbraedii" title="Celtis mildbraedii">Celtis mildbraedii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> While the chimpanzee is mostly <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a>, it does eat honey, soil, insects, birds and their eggs, and small to medium-sized mammals, including other primates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall1986232-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Insect species consumed include the <a href="/wiki/Weaver_ant" title="Weaver ant">weaver ant</a> <a href="/wiki/Oecophylla_longinoda" title="Oecophylla longinoda">Oecophylla longinoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrotermes" title="Macrotermes">Macrotermes</a> <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tutin-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deblauwe-64">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Red_colobus" title="Red colobus">red colobus</a> ranks at the top of preferred mammal prey. Other mammalian prey include <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_monkey" title="Red-tailed monkey">red-tailed monkeys</a>, infant and juvenile <a href="/wiki/Yellow_baboon" title="Yellow baboon">yellow baboons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bush_babies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush babies">bush babies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">blue duikers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bushbuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushbuck">bushbucks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">common warthogs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Despite the fact that chimpanzees are known to hunt and to collect both insects and other invertebrates, such food actually makes up a very small portion of their diet, from as little as 2% yearly to as much as 65 grams of animal flesh per day for each adult chimpanzee in peak hunting seasons. This also varies from troop to troop and year to year. However, in all cases, the majority of their diet consists of fruits, leaves, roots, and other plant matter.<a href="#cite_note-eat-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Female chimpanzees appear to consume much less animal flesh than males, according to several studies.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> documented many occasions within <a href="/wiki/Gombe_Stream_National_Park" title="Gombe Stream National Park">Gombe Stream National Park</a> of chimpanzees and western red colobus monkeys ignoring each other despite close proximity.<a href="#cite_note-behavior_monographs-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Chimpanzees do not appear to directly compete with gorillas in areas where they overlap. When fruit is abundant, gorilla and chimpanzee diets converge, but when fruit is scarce gorillas resort to vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-Tutin1993-69">[67]</a> The two apes may also feed on different species, whether fruit or insects.<a href="#cite_note-Tutin-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deblauwe-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Interactions between them can range from friendly and even stable social bonding,<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> to avoidance,<a href="#cite_note-Tutin1993-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> to aggression and even predation of infants on the part of chimpanzees.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality_and_health">Mortality and health</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG/220px-2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG/330px-2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG/440px-2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Chimpanzee named "Gregoire" on 9 December 2006, born in 1944 (Jane Goodall sanctuary of Tchimpounga, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>)</figcaption></figure> The average lifespan of a wild chimpanzee is relatively short. They usually live less than 15 years, although individuals that reach 12 years may live an additional 15 years. On rare occasions, wild chimpanzees may live nearly 60 years. Captive chimpanzees tend to live longer than most wild ones, with median lifespans of 31.7 years for males and 38.7 years for females.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> The oldest-known male captive chimpanzee to have been documented lived to 66 years,<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> and the oldest female, <a href="/wiki/Little_Mama" title="Little Mama">Little Mama</a>, was nearly 80 years old.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopards</a> prey on chimpanzees in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-Boesch_1991-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> It is possible that much of the mortality caused by leopards can be attributed to individuals that have specialised in killing chimpanzees.<a href="#cite_note-Boesch_1991-77">[75]</a> Chimpanzees may react to a leopard's presence with loud vocalising, branch shaking, and throwing objects.<a href="#cite_note-Boesch_1991-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> There is at least one record of chimpanzees killing a leopard cub after <a href="/wiki/Mobbing_(animal_behavior)" title="Mobbing (animal behavior)">mobbing</a> it and its mother in their den.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Four chimpanzees could have fallen prey to <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mahale_Mountains_National_Park" title="Mahale Mountains National Park">Mahale Mountains National Park</a>. Although no other instances of lion predation on chimpanzees have been recorded, lions likely do kill chimpanzees occasionally, and the larger group sizes of savanna chimpanzees may have developed as a response to threats from these big cats. Chimpanzees may react to lions by fleeing up trees, vocalising, or hiding in silence.<a href="#cite_note-Tsukahara-81">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pediculus_schaeffi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pediculus_schaeffi.JPG/170px-Pediculus_schaeffi.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pediculus_schaeffi.JPG/255px-Pediculus_schaeffi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Pediculus_schaeffi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>The chimpanzee louse Pediculus schaeffi is closely related to the human body louse <a href="/wiki/Pediculus_humanus" title="Pediculus humanus">P. humanus</a>.</figcaption></figure> Chimpanzees and humans share only 50% of their <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbe</a> species. This is due to the differences in environmental and dietary adaptations; human internal parasite species overlap more with omnivorous, savanna-dwelling baboons. The chimpanzee is host to the <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">louse</a> species Pediculus schaeffi, a close relative of <a href="/wiki/Pediculus_humanus" title="Pediculus humanus">P. humanus</a>, which infests human head and body hair. By contrast, the human pubic louse <a href="/wiki/Pthirus_pubis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pthirus pubis">Pthirus pubis</a> is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Pthirus_gorillae" title="Pthirus gorillae">Pthirus gorillae</a>, which infests gorillas.<a href="#cite_note-Weiss,_Robin_A._2009_20-82">[80]</a> A 2017 study of gastro<a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal parasite">intestinal parasites</a> of wild chimpanzees in degraded forest in Uganda found nine species of <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Cestode" class="mw-redirect" title="Cestode">cestode</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Trematode" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematode">trematode</a>. The most prevalent species was the protozoan Troglodytella abrassarti.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2></div> Recent studies have suggested that human observers influence chimpanzee behaviour. One suggestion is that <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drones</a>, camera traps, and remote microphones should be used to record and monitor chimpanzees rather than direct human observation.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_structure">Group structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimpanzees_in_Uganda_(5984913059).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chimpanzees_in_Uganda_%285984913059%29.jpg/220px-Chimpanzees_in_Uganda_%285984913059%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chimpanzees_in_Uganda_%285984913059%29.jpg/330px-Chimpanzees_in_Uganda_%285984913059%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chimpanzees_in_Uganda_%285984913059%29.jpg/440px-Chimpanzees_in_Uganda_%285984913059%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Group in Uganda</figcaption></figure> Chimpanzees live in communities that typically range from around 15 to more than 150 members but spend most of their time traveling in small, temporary groups consisting of a few individuals. These groups may consist of any combination of age and sexes. Both males and females sometimes travel alone.<a href="#cite_note-behavior_monographs-58">[56]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Fission%E2%80%93fusion_society" title="Fission–fusion society">fission–fusion society</a> may include groups of four types: all-male, adult females and offspring, adults of both sexes, or one female and her offspring. These smaller groups emerge in a variety of types, for a variety of purposes. For example, an all-male troop may be organised to <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunt</a> for meat, while a group consisting of lactating females serves to act as a "nursery group" for the young.<a href="#cite_note-Pepper-85">[83]</a> At the core of social structures are males, which patrol the territory, protect group members, and search for food. Males remain in their natal communities, while females generally emigrate at adolescence. Males in a community are more likely to be related to one another than females are to each other. Among males, there is generally a dominance hierarchy, and males are dominant over females.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> However, this unusual fission-fusion social structure, "in which portions of the parent group may on a regular basis separate from and then rejoin the rest,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall1986147-87">[85]</a> is highly variable in terms of which particular individual chimpanzees congregate at a given time. This is caused mainly by the large measure of individual autonomy that individuals have within their fission-fusion social groups.<a href="#cite_note-Estes-40">[39]</a> As a result, individual chimpanzees often forage for food alone, or in smaller groups, as opposed to the much larger "parent" group, which encompasses all the chimpanzees which regularly come into contact with each other and congregate into parties in a particular area.<a href="#cite_note-Pepper-85">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:013_Alpha_male_chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alpha male chimpanzee at Kibale National Park, Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/013_Alpha_male_chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/220px-013_Alpha_male_chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/013_Alpha_male_chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/330px-013_Alpha_male_chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/013_Alpha_male_chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/440px-013_Alpha_male_chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8640" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption>Alpha male chimpanzee at <a href="/wiki/Kibale_National_Park" title="Kibale National Park">Kibale National Park</a>, Uganda.</figcaption></figure> Male chimpanzees exist in a linear <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance hierarchy</a>. Top-ranking males tend to be aggressive even during dominance stability.<a href="#cite_note-Muller2002-88">[86]</a> This is probably due to the chimpanzee's fission-fusion society, with male chimpanzees leaving groups and returning after extended periods of time. With this, a dominant male is unsure if any "political maneuvering" has occurred in his absence and must re-establish his dominance. Thus, a large amount of aggression occurs within five to fifteen minutes after a reunion. During these encounters, displays of aggression are generally preferred over physical attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Muller2002-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bygott1979-89">[87]</a> Males maintain and improve their social ranks by forming coalitions, which have been characterised as "exploitative" and based on an individual's influence in agonistic interactions.<a href="#cite_note-deWaal1987-90">[88]</a> Being in a coalition allows males to dominate a third individual when they could not by themselves, as politically apt chimpanzees can exert power over aggressive interactions regardless of their rank. Coalitions can also give an individual male the confidence to challenge a dominant or larger male. The more allies a male has, the better his chance of becoming dominant. However, most changes in hierarchical rank are caused by <a href="/wiki/Dyad_(sociology)" title="Dyad (sociology)">dyadic</a> interactions.<a href="#cite_note-Muller2002-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watts2001-91">[89]</a> Chimpanzee alliances can be very fickle, and one member may suddenly turn on another if it is to his advantage.<a href="#cite_note-Nishida1986-92">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gombe_Stream_NP_gegenseitiges_Lausen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gombe_Stream_NP_gegenseitiges_Lausen.jpg/220px-Gombe_Stream_NP_gegenseitiges_Lausen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gombe_Stream_NP_gegenseitiges_Lausen.jpg/330px-Gombe_Stream_NP_gegenseitiges_Lausen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gombe_Stream_NP_gegenseitiges_Lausen.jpg/440px-Gombe_Stream_NP_gegenseitiges_Lausen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mutual grooming, removing <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a></figcaption></figure> Low-ranking males frequently switch sides in disputes between more dominant individuals. Low-ranking males benefit from an unstable hierarchy and often find increased sexual opportunities if a dispute or conflict occurs.<a href="#cite_note-deWaal1987-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nishida1986-92">[90]</a> In addition, conflicts between dominant males cause them to focus on each other rather than the lower-ranking males. Social hierarchies among adult females tend to be weaker. Nevertheless, the status of an adult female may be important for her offspring.<a href="#cite_note-Pusey1997-93">[91]</a> Females in <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_National_Park" title="Taï National Park">Taï</a> have also been recorded to form alliances.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> While chimpanzee social structure is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a>, it is not entirely unheard of for females to forge coalitions against males.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> There is also at least one recorded case of females securing a dominant position over males in their respective troop, albeit in a captive environment.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_grooming" title="Social grooming">Social grooming</a> appears to be important in the formation and maintenance of coalitions. It is more common among adult males than either between adult females or between males and females.<a href="#cite_note-Watts2001-91">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg/220px-Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg/330px-Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg/440px-Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3038" data-file-height="2363" /></a><figcaption>Males in Mahale National Park, Tanzania</figcaption></figure> Chimpanzees have been described as highly territorial and will frequently kill other chimpanzees,<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> although Margaret Power wrote in her 1991 book The Egalitarians that the field studies from which the aggressive data came, Gombe and Mahale, used artificial feeding systems that increased aggression in the chimpanzee populations studied. Thus, the behaviour may not reflect innate characteristics of the species as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-Power.Anthropologist-98">[96]</a> In the years following her artificial feeding conditions at Gombe, Jane Goodall described groups of male chimpanzees patrolling the borders of their territory, brutally attacking chimpanzees that had split off from the Gombe group. A study published in 2010 found that the chimpanzees wage wars over territory, not mates.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Patrols from smaller groups are more likely to avoid contact with their neighbours. Patrols from large groups even take over a smaller group's territory, gaining access to more resources, food, and females.<a href="#cite_note-Nishida1986-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall1986491,_528-100">[98]</a> While it was traditionally accepted that only female chimpanzees immigrate and males remain in their natal troop for life, there are confirmed cases of adult males safely integrating themselves into new communities among West African chimpanzees, suggesting they are less territorial than other subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mating_and_parenting">Mating and parenting</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg/170px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg/255px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg/340px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2357" data-file-height="3299" /></a><figcaption>Infant and mother</figcaption></figure> Chimpanzees mate throughout the year, although the number of females in <a href="/wiki/Oestrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oestrus">oestrus</a> varies seasonally in a group.<a href="#cite_note-Wallis2002-102">[100]</a> Female chimpanzees are more likely to come into oestrus when food is readily available. Oestrous females exhibit <a href="/wiki/Sexual_swelling" title="Sexual swelling">sexual swellings</a>. Chimpanzees are <a href="/wiki/Promiscuous" class="mw-redirect" title="Promiscuous">promiscuous</a>: during oestrus, females mate with several males in their community, while males have large testicles for <a href="/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">sperm competition</a>. Other forms of mating also exist. A community's dominant males sometimes restrict reproductive access to females. A male and female can form a consortship and mate outside their community. In addition, females sometimes leave their community and mate with males from neighboring communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall1986450–451-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gagneux1999-104">[102]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Alternative_mating_strategy" title="Alternative mating strategy">alternative mating strategies</a> give females more mating opportunities without losing the support of the males in their community.<a href="#cite_note-Gagneux1999-104">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Infanticide_in_primates" title="Infanticide in primates">Infanticide</a> has been recorded in chimpanzee communities in some areas, and the victims are often consumed. Male chimpanzees practice infanticide on unrelated young to shorten the interbirth intervals in the females.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodall1977-106">[104]</a> Females sometimes practice infanticide. This may be related to the dominance hierarchy in females or may simply be pathological.<a href="#cite_note-Pusey1997-93">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</a> was studied in a relatively undisturbed eastern bisexual chimpanzee community.<a href="#cite_note-White2024-107">[105]</a> Despite an increased inbreeding risk incurred by females who do not disperse before reaching reproductive age, these females were still able to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_avoidance" title="Inbreeding avoidance">avoid</a> producing inbred offspring.<a href="#cite_note-White2024-107">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">Copulation</a> is brief, lasting approximately seven seconds.<a href="#cite_note-Dixson2012-108">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> period is eight months.<a href="#cite_note-Estes-40">[39]</a> Care for the young is provided mostly by their mothers. The survival and emotional health of the young is dependent on maternal care. Mothers provide their young with food, warmth, and protection, and teach them certain skills. In addition, a chimpanzee's future rank may be dependent on its mother's status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall1986203–205-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foerster_Franz_Murray_Gilby-110">[108]</a> Male chimpanzees continue to associate with the females they impregnated and interact with and support their offspring.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Newborn chimpanzees are helpless. For example, their grasping reflex is not strong enough to support them for more than a few seconds. For their first 30 days, infants cling to their mother's bellies. Infants are unable to support their own weight for their first two months and need their mothers' support.<a href="#cite_note-Bard1995-112">[110]</a> When they reach five to six months, infants ride on their mothers' backs. They remain in continual contact for the rest of their first year. When they reach two years of age, they are able to move and sit independently and start moving beyond the arms' reach of their mothers. By four to six years, chimpanzees are weaned and infancy ends. The juvenile period for chimpanzees lasts from their sixth to ninth years. Juveniles remain close to their mothers, but interact an increasing amount with other members of their community. Adolescent females move between groups and are supported by their mothers in agonistic encounters. Adolescent males spend time with adult males in social activities like hunting and boundary patrolling.<a href="#cite_note-Bard1995-112">[110]</a> A captive study suggests males can safely immigrate to a new group if accompanied by immigrant females who have an existing relationship with this male. This gives the resident males reproductive advantages with these females, as they are more inclined to remain in the group if their male friend is also accepted.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Pant-hoot_call_made_by_a_male_chimpanzee.ogg" title="File:Pant-hoot call made by a male chimpanzee.ogg">Pant-hoot call</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Pant-hoot_call_made_by_a_male_chimpanzee.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Pant-hoot_call_made_by_a_male_chimpanzee.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Pant-hoot_call_made_by_a_male_chimpanzee.ogg/Pant-hoot_call_made_by_a_male_chimpanzee.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Pant-hoot call made by an adult male, demonstrating the introduction, build-up, climax, and let-down phases.<a href="#cite_note-Fedurek-114">[112]</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Chimpanzees use facial expressions, postures, and sounds to communicate with each other. Chimpanzees have expressive faces that are important in close-up communications. When frightened, a "full closed grin" causes nearby individuals to be fearful, as well. Playful chimpanzees display an open-mouthed grin. Chimpanzees may also express themselves with the "pout", which is made in distress, the "sneer", which is made when threatening or fearful, and "compressed-lips face", which is a type of display. When submitting to a dominant individual, a chimpanzee crunches, bobs, and extends a hand. When in an aggressive mode, a chimpanzee swaggers bipedally, hunched over and arms waving, in an attempt to exaggerate its size.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall1986119–122-115">[113]</a> While travelling, chimpanzees keep in contact by beating their hands and feet against the trunks of large trees, an act that is known as "drumming". They also do this when encountering individuals from other communities.<a href="#cite_note-Crockford2005-116">[114]</a> Vocalisations are also important in chimpanzee communication. The most common call in adults is the "<a href="/wiki/Pant-hoot_(call)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pant-hoot (call)">pant-hoot</a>", which may signal social rank and bond along with keeping groups together. Pant-hoots are made of four parts, starting with soft "hoos", the introduction; that gets louder and louder, the build-up; and climax into screams and sometimes barks; these die down back to soft "hoos" during the letdown phase as the call ends.<a href="#cite_note-Fedurek-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crockford2005-116">[114]</a> Grunting is made in situations like feeding and greeting.<a href="#cite_note-Crockford2005-116">[114]</a> Submissive individuals make "pant-grunts" towards their superiors.<a href="#cite_note-Pusey1997-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall1986129-117">[115]</a> Whimpering is made by young chimpanzees as a form of begging or when lost from the group.<a href="#cite_note-Crockford2005-116">[114]</a> Chimpanzees use distance calls to draw attention to danger, food sources, or other community members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall1986132–133-118">[116]</a> "Barks" may be made as "short barks" when hunting and "tonal barks" when sighting large snakes.<a href="#cite_note-Crockford2005-116">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gombe_Stream_NP_Beute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gombe_Stream_NP_Beute.jpg/220px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Beute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gombe_Stream_NP_Beute.jpg/330px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Beute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gombe_Stream_NP_Beute.jpg/440px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Beute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3237" data-file-height="2158" /></a><figcaption>Adult male eastern chimpanzee snatches a dead <a href="/wiki/Bushbuck_antelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushbuck antelope">bushbuck antelope</a> from a baboon in <a href="/wiki/Gombe_Stream_National_Park" title="Gombe Stream National Park">Gombe Stream National Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting">Hunting</h3></div> When hunting small monkeys such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_red_colobus" title="Western red colobus">red colobus</a>, chimpanzees hunt where the forest canopy is interrupted or irregular. This allows them to easily corner the monkeys when chasing them in the appropriate direction. Chimpanzees may also hunt as a coordinated team, so that they can corner their prey even in a continuous canopy. During an <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> hunt, each chimpanzee in the hunting groups has a role. "Drivers" serve to keep the prey running in a certain direction and follow them without attempting to make a catch. "Blockers" are stationed at the bottom of the trees and climb up to block prey that takes off in a different direction. "Chasers" move quickly and try to make a catch. Finally, "ambushers" hide and rush out when a monkey nears.<a href="#cite_note-Leipzig2002-119">[117]</a> While both adults and infants are taken, adult male colobus monkeys will attack the hunting chimps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodall1986273–274-120">[118]</a> When caught and killed, the meal is distributed to all hunting party members and even bystanders.<a href="#cite_note-Leipzig2002-119">[117]</a> Male chimpanzees hunt in groups more than females. Female chimpanzees tend to hunt solitarily. If a female chimpanzee were to participate in the hunting group and catch a Red Colobus, it would likely immediately be taken by an adult male. Female chimpanzees are estimated to hunt ≈ 10-15% of a community's vertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Primate_cognition" title="Primate cognition">Primate cognition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man%26chimpbrains.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of human and chimpanzee skull and brain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Man%26chimpbrains.png/220px-Man%26chimpbrains.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Man%26chimpbrains.png/330px-Man%26chimpbrains.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Man%26chimpbrains.png/440px-Man%26chimpbrains.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Human and chimpanzee skull and brain. Diagram by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gervais" title="Paul Gervais">Paul Gervais</a> from Histoire naturelle des mammifères (1854).</figcaption></figure> Chimpanzees display numerous signs of intelligence, from the ability to remember symbols<a href="#cite_note-symbol-122">[120]</a> to cooperation,<a href="#cite_note-recruit-123">[121]</a> tool use,<a href="#cite_note-Boesch1993-124">[122]</a> and varied <a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">language capabilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GAT-125">[123]</a> They are among species that have passed the <a href="/wiki/Mirror_test" title="Mirror test">mirror test</a>, suggesting <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> In one study, two young chimpanzees showed retention of mirror self-recognition after one year without access to mirrors.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Chimpanzees have been observed to use insects to treat their own wounds and those of others. They catch them and apply them directly to the injury.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Chimpanzees also display signs of <a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">culture</a> among groups, with the learning and transmission of variations in grooming, tool use and foraging techniques leading to localized traditions.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> A 30-year study at <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Primate_Research_Institute" title="Primate Research Institute">Primate Research Institute</a> has shown that chimpanzees are able to learn to recognise the numbers 1 to 9 and their values. The chimpanzees further show an aptitude for <a href="/wiki/Eidetic_memory" title="Eidetic memory">eidetic memory</a>, demonstrated in experiments in which the jumbled digits are flashed onto a computer screen for less than a quarter of a second. One chimpanzee, <a href="/wiki/Ayumu_(chimpanzee)" title="Ayumu (chimpanzee)">Ayumu</a>, was able to correctly and quickly point to the positions where they appeared in ascending order. Ayumu performed better than human adults who were given the same test.<a href="#cite_note-symbol-122">[120]</a> In controlled <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_pulling_paradigm" title="Cooperative pulling paradigm">experiments on cooperation</a>, chimpanzees show a basic understanding of cooperation, and recruit the best collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-recruit-123">[121]</a> In a group setting with a device that delivered food rewards only to cooperating chimpanzees, cooperation first increased, then, due to competitive behaviour, decreased, before finally increasing to the highest level through punishment and other arbitrage behaviours.<a href="#cite_note-Suchak-130">[128]</a> Great apes show <a href="/wiki/Laughter_in_animals" title="Laughter in animals">laughter-like vocalisations</a> in response to physical contact, such as wrestling, play chasing, or <a href="/wiki/Tickling" title="Tickling">tickling</a>. This is documented in wild and captive chimpanzees. Chimpanzee laughter is not readily recognisable to humans as such, because it is generated by alternating inhalations and exhalations that sound more like breathing and panting. Instances in which nonhuman primates have expressed joy have been reported. Humans and chimpanzees share similar ticklish areas of the body, such as the armpits and belly. The enjoyment of tickling in chimpanzees does not diminish with age.<a href="#cite_note-Discover2003-131">[129]</a> Chimpanzees have displayed different behaviours in response to a dying or dead group member. When witnessing a sudden death, the other group members act in frenzy, with vocalisations, aggressive displays, and touching of the corpse. In one case chimpanzees cared for a dying elder, then attended and cleaned the corpse. Afterward, they avoided the spot where the elder died and behaved in a more subdued manner.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Mothers have been reported to carry around and groom their dead infants for several days.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Experimenters now and then witness behaviour that cannot be readily reconciled with chimpanzee intelligence or <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a>, for instance, reported insightful behaviour in chimpanzees, but he likewise often observed that they experienced "special difficulty" in solving simple problems.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Researchers also reported that, when faced with a choice between two persons, chimpanzees were just as likely to beg food from a person who could see the begging gesture as from a person who could not, thereby raising the possibility that chimpanzees lack <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tool_use">Tool use</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool use by animals">Tool use by animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv/220px--Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv/Cultural-differences-in-ant-dipping-tool-length-between-neighbouring-chimpanzee-communities-at-srep12456-s2.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Chimpanzees using twigs to dip for ants</figcaption></figure> Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools. They modify sticks, rocks, grass, and leaves and use them when foraging for termites and ants,<a href="#cite_note-:1-136">[134]</a> nuts,<a href="#cite_note-:1-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> honey,<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> algae<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> or water. Despite the lack of complexity, forethought and skill are apparent in making these tools.<a href="#cite_note-Boesch1993-124">[122]</a> Chimpanzees have used stone tools since at least 4,300 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> A chimpanzee from the <a href="/wiki/Kasakela_chimpanzee_community" title="Kasakela chimpanzee community">Kasakela chimpanzee community</a> was the first nonhuman animal reported making a tool, by modifying a twig to use as an instrument for extracting termites from their mound.<a href="#cite_note-Goodall_1971-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> At Taï, chimpanzees simply use their hands to extract termites.<a href="#cite_note-Boesch1993-124">[122]</a> When foraging for honey, chimpanzees use modified short sticks to scoop the honey out of the hive if the bees are <a href="/wiki/Stingless_bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Stingless bees">stingless</a>. For hives of the dangerous <a href="/wiki/African_honeybee" class="mw-redirect" title="African honeybee">African honeybees</a>, chimpanzees use longer and thinner sticks to extract the honey.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Chimpanzees also fish for ants using the same tactic.<a href="#cite_note-Boesch_Boesch_1982-146">[144]</a> Ant dipping is difficult and some chimpanzees never master it. West African chimpanzees crack open hard nuts with stones or branches.<a href="#cite_note-Boesch1993-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boesch_Boesch_1982-146">[144]</a> Some forethought in this activity is apparent, as these tools are not found together or where the nuts are collected. Nut cracking is also difficult and must be learned.<a href="#cite_note-Boesch_Boesch_1982-146">[144]</a> Chimpanzees also use leaves as sponges or spoons to drink water.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> West African chimpanzees in Senegal were found to sharpen sticks with their teeth, which were then used to spear <a href="/wiki/Senegal_bushbaby" title="Senegal bushbaby">Senegal bushbabies</a> out of small holes in trees.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> An eastern chimpanzee has been observed using a modified branch as a tool to capture a <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Whilst experimental studies on captive chimpanzees have found that many of their species-typical tool-use behaviours can be individually learnt by each chimpanzees,<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> a 2021 study on their abilities to make and use stone flakes, in a similar way as hypothesised for early hominins, did not find this behaviour across two populations of chimpanzees—suggesting that this behaviour is outside the chimpanzee species-typical range.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg/170px-HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg/255px-HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg/340px-HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Rheinhold" title="Hugo Rheinhold">Hugo Rheinhold</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Affe_mit_Sch%C3%A4del" title="Affe mit Schädel">Affe mit Schädel</a> ("Ape with skull"), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1893</figcaption></figure> Scientists have attempted to teach human <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> to several species of great ape. One early attempt by Allen and Beatrix Gardner in the 1960s involved spending 51 months teaching <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> to a chimpanzee named <a href="/wiki/Washoe_(chimpanzee)" title="Washoe (chimpanzee)">Washoe</a>. The Gardners reported that Washoe learned 151 signs, and had spontaneously taught them to other chimpanzees, including her adopted son, <a href="/wiki/Loulis" title="Loulis">Loulis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Over a longer period of time, Washoe was reported to have learned over 350 signs.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Debate is ongoing among scientists such as <a href="/wiki/David_Premack" title="David Premack">David Premack</a> about chimpanzees' ability to learn language. Since the early reports on Washoe, numerous other studies have been conducted, with varying levels of success.<a href="#cite_note-GAT-125">[123]</a> One involved a chimpanzee jokingly named <a href="/wiki/Nim_Chimpsky" title="Nim Chimpsky">Nim Chimpsky</a> (in allusion to the theorist of language <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>), trained by Herbert Terrace of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Although his initial reports were quite positive, in November 1979, Terrace and his team, including psycholinguist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bever" title="Thomas Bever">Thomas Bever</a>, re-evaluated the videotapes of Nim with his trainers, analyzing them frame by frame for signs, as well as for exact context (what was happening both before and after Nim's signs). In the reanalysis, Terrace and Bever concluded that Nim's utterances could be explained merely as prompting on the part of the experimenters, as well as mistakes in reporting the data. "Much of the apes' behaviour is pure drill", he said. "Language still stands as an important definition of the human species." In this reversal, Terrace now argued Nim's use of ASL was not like human <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a>. Nim never initiated conversations himself, rarely introduced new words, and mostly imitated what the humans did. More importantly, Nim's word strings varied in their ordering, suggesting that he was incapable of <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. Nim's sentences also did not grow in length, unlike human children whose vocabulary and sentence length show a strong positive correlation.<a href="#cite_note-Wynne_2007-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_relations">Human relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schimpansenmaske_kaogle_Liberia_Museum_Rietberg_RAF_428.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Schimpansenmaske_kaogle_Liberia_Museum_Rietberg_RAF_428.jpg/170px-Schimpansenmaske_kaogle_Liberia_Museum_Rietberg_RAF_428.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Schimpansenmaske_kaogle_Liberia_Museum_Rietberg_RAF_428.jpg/255px-Schimpansenmaske_kaogle_Liberia_Museum_Rietberg_RAF_428.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Schimpansenmaske_kaogle_Liberia_Museum_Rietberg_RAF_428.jpg/340px-Schimpansenmaske_kaogle_Liberia_Museum_Rietberg_RAF_428.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="2202" /></a><figcaption>Chimpanzee mask, <a href="/wiki/Gio_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gio people">Gio tribe</a>, Liberia</figcaption></figure> Chimpanzees are rarely represented in <a href="/wiki/African_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="African culture">African culture</a>, as people find them "too close for comfort". The <a href="/wiki/Gio_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gio people">Gio people</a> of Liberia and the <a href="/wiki/Hemba_people" title="Hemba people">Hemba people</a> of the Congo make chimpanzee masks. Gio masks are crude and blocky, and worn when teaching young people how not to behave. The Hemba masks have a smile that suggests drunken anger, insanity or horror and are worn during rituals at funerals, representing the "awful reality of death". The masks may also serve to guard households and protect both human and plant fertility. Stories have been told of chimpanzees kidnapping and raping women.<a href="#cite_note-symbolism-155">[153]</a> In Western <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, chimpanzees have occasionally been stereotyped as childlike companions, <a href="/wiki/Sidekick" title="Sidekick">sidekicks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Clowns">clowns</a>. They are especially suited for the latter role on account of their prominent facial features, long limbs and fast movements, which humans often find amusing. Accordingly, entertainment acts featuring chimpanzees dressed up as humans with <a href="/wiki/Lip-sync" class="mw-redirect" title="Lip-sync">lip-synchronised</a> human voices have been traditional staples of <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stage_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage show">stage shows</a> and TV shows like <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Link,_Secret_Chimp" title="Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp">Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp</a> (1970–1972) and <a href="/wiki/The_Chimp_Channel" title="The Chimp Channel">The Chimp Channel</a> (1999).<a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_19-156">[154]</a> From 1926 until 1972, <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a>, followed by several other zoos around the world, held a <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzees%27_tea_party" title="Chimpanzees' tea party">chimpanzees' tea party</a> daily, inspiring a long-running series of advertisements for <a href="/wiki/PG_Tips#Advertising" title="PG Tips">PG Tips</a> tea featuring such a party.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heath_2014-158">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a> groups have urged a stop to such acts, considering them abusive.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aping_Hollywood_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aping_Hollywood_poster.jpg/170px-Aping_Hollywood_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aping_Hollywood_poster.jpg/255px-Aping_Hollywood_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aping_Hollywood_poster.jpg/340px-Aping_Hollywood_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the 1931 film Aping Hollywood. Media like this relied on the novelty of performing apes to carry their gags.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_19-156">[154]</a></figcaption></figure> Chimpanzees in media include Judy on the television series <a href="/wiki/Daktari" title="Daktari">Daktari</a> in the 1960s and Darwin on <a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Thornberrys" title="The Wild Thornberrys">The Wild Thornberrys</a> in the 1990s. In contrast to the fictional depictions of other animals, such as dogs (as in <a href="/wiki/Lassie" title="Lassie">Lassie</a>), dolphins (<a href="/wiki/Flipper_(1964_TV_series)" title="Flipper (1964 TV series)">Flipper</a>), horses (<a href="/wiki/The_Black_Stallion" title="The Black Stallion">The Black Stallion</a>) or even other great apes (<a href="/wiki/King_Kong" title="King Kong">King Kong</a>), chimpanzee characters and actions are rarely relevant to the plot. Depictions of chimpanzees as individuals rather than stock characters, and as central rather than incidental to the plot can be found in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>'s 1947 short story "<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Was_a_Man" title="Jerry Was a Man">Jerry Was a Man</a>" concerns a <a href="/wiki/Biological_uplift" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological uplift">genetically enhanced</a> chimpanzee suing for better treatment. The 1972 film <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes" title="Conquest of the Planet of the Apes">Conquest of the Planet of the Apes</a>, the third sequel of the 1968 film <a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)" title="Planet of the Apes (1968 film)">Planet of the Apes</a>, portrays a futuristic revolt of enslaved apes led by the only talking chimpanzee, <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(Planet_of_the_Apes)" title="Caesar (Planet of the Apes)">Caesar</a>, against their human masters.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_19-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pets">As pets</h3></div> Chimpanzees have traditionally been kept as pets in a few African villages, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park">Virunga National Park</a> in the east of the country, the park authorities regularly confiscate chimpanzees from people keeping them as pets.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Outside their range, chimpanzees are popular as <a href="/wiki/Exotic_pet" title="Exotic pet">exotic pets</a> despite their strength and aggression. Even in places where keeping non-human primates as pets is illegal, the exotic pet trade continues to prosper, leading to injuries from attacks.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_research">Use in research</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Countries_banning_non-human_ape_experimentation" title="Countries banning non-human ape experimentation">Countries banning non-human ape experimentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates#Chimpanzees_in_the_U.S." title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates § Chimpanzees in the U.S.</a></div> Hundreds of chimpanzees have been kept in laboratories for research. Most such laboratories either conduct or make the animals available for invasive research,<a href="#cite_note-HSUSmap-162">[160]</a> defined as "inoculation with an infectious agent, surgery or biopsy conducted for the sake of research and not for the sake of the chimpanzee, and/or drug testing".<a href="#cite_note-HSUSresearch-163">[161]</a> Research chimpanzees tend to be used repeatedly over decades for up to 40 years, unlike the pattern of use of most laboratory animals.<a href="#cite_note-HSUSbetter-164">[162]</a> Two federally funded American laboratories use chimpanzees: the <a href="/wiki/Yerkes_National_Primate_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerkes National Primate Research Center">Yerkes National Primate Research Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Southwest National Primate Center in San Antonio, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-Lovgren-165">[163]</a> Five hundred chimpanzees have been retired from laboratory use in the US and live in <a href="/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">animal sanctuaries</a> in the US or Canada.<a href="#cite_note-HSUSmap-162">[160]</a> A five-year moratorium was imposed by the US National Institutes of Health in 1996, because too many chimpanzees had been bred for HIV research, and it has been extended annually since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Lovgren-165">[163]</a> With the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee_genome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimpanzee genome">chimpanzee genome</a>, plans to increase the use of chimpanzees in America were reportedly increasing in 2006, some scientists arguing that the federal moratorium on breeding chimpanzees for research should be lifted.<a href="#cite_note-Lovgren-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Langley15-166">[164]</a> However, in 2007, the NIH made the moratorium permanent.<a href="#cite_note-Dunham-167">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg/220px-Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg/330px-Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg/440px-Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham (chimpanzee)">Ham</a>, the first great ape in space, before being inserted into his <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_2" title="Mercury-Redstone 2">Mercury-Redstone 2</a> capsule on 31 January 1961</figcaption></figure> Other researchers argue that chimpanzees either should not be used in research, or should be treated differently, for instance with <a href="/wiki/Great_ape_personhood" title="Great ape personhood">legal status as persons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Pascal Gagneux, an evolutionary biologist and primate expert at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, argues, given chimpanzees' sense of self, tool use, and genetic similarity to human beings, studies using chimpanzees should follow the ethical guidelines used for human subjects unable to give consent.<a href="#cite_note-Lovgren-165">[163]</a> A recent study suggests chimpanzees which are retired from labs exhibit a form of <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Stuart Zola, director of the Yerkes laboratory, disagrees. He told National Geographic: "I don't think we should make a distinction between our obligation to treat humanely any species, whether it's a rat or a monkey or a chimpanzee. No matter how much we may wish it, chimps are not human."<a href="#cite_note-Lovgren-165">[163]</a> Only one European laboratory, the <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Primate_Research_Centre" title="Biomedical Primate Research Centre">Biomedical Primate Research Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rijswijk" title="Rijswijk">Rijswijk</a>, the Netherlands, used chimpanzees in research. It formerly held 108 chimpanzees among 1,300 non-human primates. The Dutch ministry of science decided to phase out research at the centre from 2001.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Trials already under way were however allowed to run their course.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Chimpanzees including the female <a href="/wiki/Ai_(chimpanzee)" title="Ai (chimpanzee)">Ai</a> have been studied at the <a href="/wiki/Primate_Research_Institute" title="Primate Research Institute">Primate Research Institute</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>, Japan, formerly directed by <a href="/wiki/Tetsuro_Matsuzawa" title="Tetsuro Matsuzawa">Tetsuro Matsuzawa</a>, since 1978. 12 chimpanzees are currently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] held at the facility.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Two chimpanzees have been <a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space" title="Monkeys and apes in space">sent into outer space</a> as <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> research subjects. <a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham (chimpanzee)">Ham</a>, the first great ape in space, was launched in the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_2" title="Mercury-Redstone 2">Mercury-Redstone 2</a> capsule on 31 January 1961, and survived the suborbital flight. <a href="/wiki/Enos_(chimpanzee)" title="Enos (chimpanzee)">Enos</a>, the third primate to orbit Earth after Soviet cosmonauts <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gherman_Titov" title="Gherman Titov">Gherman Titov</a>, flew on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_5" title="Mercury-Atlas 5">Mercury-Atlas 5</a> on 29 November of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_study">Field study</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gombe_Stream_NP_Fuetterungsstation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gombe_Stream_NP_Fuetterungsstation.jpg/220px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Fuetterungsstation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gombe_Stream_NP_Fuetterungsstation.jpg/330px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Fuetterungsstation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gombe_Stream_NP_Fuetterungsstation.jpg/440px-Gombe_Stream_NP_Fuetterungsstation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="2483" /></a><figcaption>Feeding station at Gombe, where <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> used to feed and observe the chimpanzees</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> undertook the first long-term field study of the chimpanzee, begun in Tanzania at <a href="/wiki/Gombe_Stream_National_Park" title="Gombe Stream National Park">Gombe Stream National Park</a> in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-nat.geo.04.03.-175">[173]</a> Other long-term studies begun in the 1960s include <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Kortlandt" title="Adriaan Kortlandt">Adriaan Kortlandt</a>'s in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshisada_Nishida" title="Toshisada Nishida">Toshisada Nishida</a>'s in <a href="/wiki/Mahale_Mountains_National_Park" title="Mahale Mountains National Park">Mahale Mountains National Park</a> in Tanzania.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Current understanding of the species' typical behaviours and social organisation has been formed largely from Goodall's ongoing 60-year Gombe research study.<a href="#cite_note-Power.Anthropologist-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-long-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_et_al._(2020)-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks">Attacks</h3></div> Chimpanzees have attacked humans.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> In Uganda, several attacks on children have happened, some of them fatal. Some of these attacks may have been due to the chimpanzees being intoxicated (from alcohol obtained from rural brewing operations) and becoming aggressive towards humans.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Human interactions with chimpanzees may be especially dangerous if the chimpanzees perceive humans as potential rivals.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> At least six cases of chimpanzees snatching and eating human babies are documented.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> A chimpanzee's strength and sharp teeth mean that attacks, even on adult humans, can cause severe injuries. This was evident after the attack and near death of former <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> driver St. James Davis, who was <a href="/wiki/St._James_Davis_chimpanzee_attack" title="St. James Davis chimpanzee attack">mauled by two escaped chimpanzees</a> while he and his wife were celebrating the birthday of their former pet chimpanzee.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Another example of chimpanzees being aggressive toward humans occurred in 2009 in <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford, Connecticut</a>, when a 90-kilogram (200 lb), 13-year-old pet chimpanzee named <a href="/wiki/Travis_(chimpanzee)" title="Travis (chimpanzee)">Travis</a> attacked his owner's friend, who lost her hands, eyes, nose, and part of her <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> from the attack.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_immunodeficiency_virus">Human immunodeficiency virus</h3></div> Two primary classes of <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV) infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the more virulent and easily transmitted, and is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world; HIV-2 occurs mostly in west Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Reeves-189">[187]</a> Both types originated in west and central Africa, jumping from other <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">primates to humans</a>. HIV-1 has evolved from a <a href="/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Simian immunodeficiency virus">simian immunodeficiency virus</a> (SIVcpz) found in the subspecies P. t. troglodytes of southern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keele-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gao-191">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the greatest genetic diversity of HIV-1 so far discovered, suggesting the virus has been there longer than anywhere else. HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of HIV, found in the <a href="/wiki/Sooty_mangabey" title="Sooty mangabey">sooty mangabey</a> monkeys in <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reeves-189">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Djoum_Chimp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/South_Djoum_Chimp.jpg/170px-South_Djoum_Chimp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/South_Djoum_Chimp.jpg/255px-South_Djoum_Chimp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/South_Djoum_Chimp.jpg/340px-South_Djoum_Chimp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Cameroonian chimpanzee at a rescue centre after its mother was killed by poachers</figcaption></figure> The chimpanzee is on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> species. Chimpanzees are legally protected in most of their range and are found both in and outside <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>. Between 172,700 and 299,700 individuals are thought to be living in the wild,<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a> a decrease from about a million chimpanzees in the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-Fleur-192">[190]</a> Chimpanzees are listed in Appendix I of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES), meaning that commercial international trade in wild-sourced specimens is prohibited and all other international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permitting system.<a href="#cite_note-CITES-3">[3]</a> The biggest threats to the chimpanzee are habitat destruction, <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>, and disease. Chimpanzee habitats have been limited by <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> in both West and Central Africa. Road building has caused habitat degradation and fragmentation of chimpanzee populations and may allow poachers more access to areas that had not been seriously affected by humans. Although deforestation rates are low in western Central Africa, selective logging may take place outside national parks.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a> Chimpanzees are a common target for poachers. In Ivory Coast, chimpanzees make up 1–3% of <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a> sold in urban markets. They are also taken, often illegally, for the pet trade and are hunted for medicinal purposes in some areas. Farmers sometimes kill chimpanzees that threaten their crops; others are unintentionally maimed or killed by snares meant for other animals.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a> Infectious diseases are a main cause of death for chimpanzees. They succumb to many diseases that afflict humans because the two species are so similar. As the human population grows, so does the risk of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/32px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/48px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/64px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_of_the_woods.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Man_of_the_woods.JPG/28px-Man_of_the_woods.JPG" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Man_of_the_woods.JPG/42px-Man_of_the_woods.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Man_of_the_woods.JPG/57px-Man_of_the_woods.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1284" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Primates" title="Portal:Primates">Primates portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropopithecus" title="Anthropopithecus">Anthropopithecus</a> – Obsolete primate taxon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bili_ape" title="Bili ape">Bili ape</a> – Chimpanzees in the northern Democratic Republic of the Congo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee_(film)" title="Chimpanzee (film)">Chimpanzee</a>, 2012 documentary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimp_Crazy" title="Chimp Crazy">Chimp Crazy</a>, 2024 TV docuseries about chimps in the U.S. pet trade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimp_Empire" title="Chimp Empire">Chimp Empire</a>, 2023 documentary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombe_Chimpanzee_War" title="Gombe Chimpanzee War">Gombe Chimpanzee War</a> – 1974–1978 event in Tanzania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Primate_Day" title="International Primate Day">International Primate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_apes" title="List of individual apes">List of individual apes</a> – List of notable non-human apes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Small_Step:_The_Story_of_the_Space_Chimps" title="One Small Step: The Story of the Space Chimps">One Small Step: The Story of the Space Chimps</a>, 2008 documentary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_archaeology" title="Primate archaeology">Primate archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_among_animals" title="Prostitution among animals">Prostitution among animals</a> – Limited evidence for prostitution among non-human animals</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> One captive male, "Kermit", attained a height of 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) and a body weight of 82 kg (181 lb) when he was 11 years old.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> As a fully grown adult, he weighed almost 136 kg (300 lb).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> According to A. S. Vanesyan's "Anthropology" (2015), a study by "Vorden" (probably 'Worden' or 'Warden') reported that a 54 kg (119 lb) male chimpanzee squeezed 330 kg (730 lb) on a dynamometer, while an angry female squeezed 504 kg (1,111 lb) with both hands. Of the hundreds of human students who also participated in the experiment, only one could squeeze more than 200 kg (440 lb) with both hands.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The source is said to be "Jan Dembowskiy, The Psychology of Monkeys."<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> This study is listed in: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDembowski1946" class="citation book cs1">Dembowski, J. (1946). "Psychology of Monkeys". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720184946/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/748249.pdf">The Chimpanzee: A Topical Bibliography</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Warsaw: Ksrazka. p. 359. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/748249.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psychology+of+Monkeys&rft.btitle=The+Chimpanzee%3A+A+Topical+Bibliography&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=359&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ksrazka&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Dembowski&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2F748249.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChimpanzee" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McBrearty_Jablonski_2005_pp._105–108-1"><a href="#cite_ref-McBrearty_Jablonski_2005_pp._105–108_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBreartyJablonski2005" class="citation journal cs1">McBrearty, S.; Jablonski, N. G. (2005). "First fossil chimpanzee". Nature. 437 (7055): 105–108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437..105M">2005Natur.437..105M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04008">10.1038/nature04008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16136135">16136135</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4423286">4423286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=First+fossil+chimpanzee&rft.volume=437&rft.issue=7055&rft.pages=105-108&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4423286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.437..105M&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16136135&rft.aulast=McBrearty&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Jablonski%2C+N.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChimpanzee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumleMaiselsOatesPlumptre2018" class="citation journal cs1">Humle, T.; Maisels, F.; Oates, J. F.; Plumptre, A.; Williamson, E. A. (2018) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15933/129038584">"Pan troglodytes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2016: e.T15933A129038584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15933A17964454.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15933A17964454.en</a>. 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The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-11649-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-11649-8"><bdi>978-0-674-11649-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chimpanzees+of+Gombe%3A+Patterns+of+Behavior&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-674-11649-8&rft.aulast=Goodall&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChimpanzee" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pan_troglodytes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pan troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pan troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124001529/http://www.discoverchimpanzees.org/">DiscoverChimpanzees.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/guide/chimp/">Chimpanzee Genome resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/chimpanzee">Primate Info Net Pan troglodytes Factsheets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113091837/http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/chimpanzee">Archived</a> 13 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecos.fws.gov/species_profile/servlet/gov.doi.species_profile.servlets.SpeciesProfile?spcode=A06C">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile</a></li> <li>View the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Pan_troglodytes/Info/Index/">Pan troglodytes genome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=panTro6&lastVirtModeType=default&lastVirtModeExtraState=&virtModeType=default&virtMode=0&nonVirtPosition=&position=chr7%3A97762313%2D125135412&hgsid=1425676799_Kj2aag12as5zsSTAwPCp502aQVkt">Genome of Pan troglodytes (version Clint_PTRv2/panTro6)</a>, via <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/202">Data of the genome of 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hominidae_nav" title="Template:Hominidae nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hominidae_nav" title="Template talk:Hominidae nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hominidae_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hominidae nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_species_of_family_Hominidae_(great_apes)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant species of family <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae (great apes)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li> <li>Suborder: <a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pongo(Orangutans)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Pongo</a> (Orangutans)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_orangutan" title="Bornean orangutan">Bornean orangutan (P. pygmaeus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapanuli_orangutan" title="Tapanuli orangutan">Tapanuli orangutan (P. tapanuliensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a> (Gorillas)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gorilla" title="Eastern gorilla">Eastern gorilla (G. beringei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_gorilla" title="Western gorilla">Western gorilla (G. gorilla)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobo (P. paniscus)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chimpanzee (P. troglodytes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> (Humans)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human (H. sapiens)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apes" title="Category:Apes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apes" title="Template:Apes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apes" title="Template talk:Apes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Apes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hominoids" title="List of hominoids">Extant ape species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human</a> (H. sapiens)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobo</a> (P. paniscus)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chimpanzee</a> (P. troglodytes)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gorilla" title="Eastern gorilla">Eastern gorilla</a> (G. beringei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_gorilla" title="Western gorilla">Western gorilla</a> (G. gorilla)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Orangutan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan</a> (P. abelii)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_orangutan" title="Bornean orangutan">Bornean orangutan</a> (P. pygmaeus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapanuli_orangutan" title="Tapanuli orangutan">Tapanuli orangutan</a> (P. tapanuliensis)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">Gibbon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>: Hylobatidae)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg/100px-Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg/150px-Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg/200px-Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="706" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study of apes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birut%C4%97_Galdikas" title="Birutė Galdikas">Birutė Galdikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee_genome_project" title="Chimpanzee genome project">Chimpanzee genome project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Kalema-Zikusoka" title="Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka">Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_genome_project" title="Neanderthal genome project">Neanderthal genome project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Smits" title="Willie Smits">Willie Smits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Dr%C3%B8scher_Nielsen" title="Lone Drøscher Nielsen">Lone Drøscher Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Redmond" title="Ian Redmond">Ian Redmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Elgin Center">Elgin Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ape_Cognition_and_Conservation_Initiative" title="Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative">Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Orangutan_Survival" title="Borneo Orangutan Survival">Borneo Orangutan Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_archaeology" title="Primate archaeology">Primate archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primate#Legal_and_social_status" title="Primate">Legal and social status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_personhood" title="Great ape personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_banning_non-human_ape_experimentation" title="Countries banning non-human ape experimentation">Research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa_Declaration_on_Great_Apes" title="Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes">Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apes_Survival_Partnership" title="Great Apes Survival Partnership">Great Apes Survival Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Primate_Day" title="International Primate Day">International Primate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonhuman_Rights_Project" title="Nonhuman Rights Project">Nonhuman Rights Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_apes" title="List of individual apes">List of individual apes</a> (non-human)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Apes in space</a> (non-human)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigfoot" title="Bigfoot">Bigfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human last common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human last common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human last common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_primates" title="List of fictional primates">List of fictional primates</a> (non-human)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Great apes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Day" title="Monkey Day">Monkey Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_humanoids" title="Mythic humanoids">Mythic humanoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeren" title="Yeren">Yeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeti" title="Yeti">Yeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yowie" title="Yowie">Yowie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apes" title="Category:Apes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Notable_non-human_apes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Notable_non-human_apes" title="Template:Notable non-human apes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Notable_non-human_apes" title="Template talk:Notable non-human apes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Notable_non-human_apes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Notable non-human apes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Notable_non-human_apes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Notable non-human <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_apes" title="List of individual apes">List of individual apes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_monkeys" title="List of individual monkeys">List of individual monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Monkeys and apes in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_primates" title="List of fictional primates">List of fictional primates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanzi" title="Kanzi">Kanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyota_(bonobo)" title="Nyota (bonobo)">Nyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbanisha" title="Panbanisha">Panbanisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chimpanzees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_(chimpanzee)" title="Ai (chimpanzee)">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayumu_(chimpanzee)" title="Ayumu (chimpanzee)">Ayumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azalea_(chimpanzee)" title="Azalea (chimpanzee)">Azalea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime_for_Bonzo" title="Bedtime for Bonzo">Bonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brassau" title="Pierre Brassau">Pierre Brassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubbles_(chimpanzee)" title="Bubbles (chimpanzee)">Bubbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheeta" title="Cheeta">Cheeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_(chimpanzee)" title="Congo (chimpanzee)">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_(chimpanzee)" title="Enos (chimpanzee)">Enos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregoire_(chimpanzee)" title="Gregoire (chimpanzee)">Gregoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_(chimpanzee)" title="Gua (chimpanzee)">Gua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham (chimpanzee)">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiggs_(chimpanzee)" title="Jiggs (chimpanzee)">Jiggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_the_Chimp" title="Jimmy the Chimp">Jimmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx_(chimpanzee)" title="Jinx (chimpanzee)">Jinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Mendi_II" title="Jo Mendi II">Jo Mendi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_(chimpanzee)" title="Julius (chimpanzee)">Julius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasakela_chimpanzee_community" title="Kasakela chimpanzee community">Kasakela chimpanzee community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokomo_Jr." title="Kokomo Jr.">Kokomo Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lana_(chimpanzee)" title="Lana (chimpanzee)">Lana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Mama" title="Little Mama">Little Mama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulis" title="Loulis">Loulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(chimpanzee)" title="Lucy (chimpanzee)">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaco_Ti%C3%A3o" title="Macaco Tião">Macaco Tião</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_Chimps" title="Marquis Chimps">Marquis Chimps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitumba_chimpanzee_community" title="Mitumba chimpanzee community">Mitumba chimpanzee community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moja_(chimpanzee)" title="Moja (chimpanzee)">Moja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Fred_Muggs" title="J. Fred Muggs">J. Fred Muggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nim_Chimpsky" title="Nim Chimpsky">Nim Chimpsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_(chimpanzee)" title="Oliver (chimpanzee)">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankun" title="Pankun">Pankun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpanzee" title="Panpanzee">Panpanzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_(chimpanzee)" title="Sami (chimpanzee)">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santino_(chimpanzee)" title="Santino (chimpanzee)">Santino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_(chimpanzee)" title="Sarah (chimpanzee)">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_(chimpanzee)" title="Sultan (chimpanzee)">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_(chimpanzee)" title="Travis (chimpanzee)">Travis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viki_(chimpanzee)" title="Viki (chimpanzee)">Viki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_(chimpanzee)" title="Washoe (chimpanzee)">Washoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorillas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Gorilla" title="Alfred the Gorilla">Alfred the Gorilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babec" title="Babec">Babec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binti_Jua" title="Binti Jua">Binti Jua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_(gorilla)" title="Bobo (gorilla)">Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokito_(gorilla)" title="Bokito (gorilla)">Bokito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Gorilla" title="Charles the Gorilla">Charles the Gorilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colo_(gorilla)" title="Colo (gorilla)">Colo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatou_(gorilla)" title="Fatou (gorilla)">Fatou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargantua_(gorilla)" title="Gargantua (gorilla)">Gargantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_the_Gorilla" title="Guy the Gorilla">Guy the Gorilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harambe" title="Harambe">Harambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_(gorilla)" title="Ivan (gorilla)">Ivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambo" title="Jambo">Jambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_(gorilla)" title="Jenny (gorilla)">Jenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Daniel_(gorilla)" title="John Daniel (gorilla)">John Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Daniel_II" title="John Daniel II">John Daniel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumoke" title="Jumoke">Jumoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koko_(gorilla)" title="Koko (gorilla)">Koko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokomo_(gorilla)" title="Kokomo (gorilla)">Kokomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_(gorilla)" title="Louis (gorilla)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_(gorilla)" title="Massa (gorilla)">Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(gorilla)" title="Max (gorilla)">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(gorilla)" title="Michael (gorilla)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_(gorilla)" title="Nico (gorilla)">Nico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndume" title="Ndume">Ndume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozzie_(gorilla)" title="Ozzie (gorilla)">Ozzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattycake_(gorilla)" title="Pattycake (gorilla)">Pattycake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo_(gorilla)" title="Pogo (gorilla)">Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_(gorilla)" title="Samson (gorilla)">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabani_(gorilla)" title="Shabani (gorilla)">Shabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(gorilla)" title="Snowflake (gorilla)">Snowflake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timmy_(gorilla)" title="Timmy (gorilla)">Timmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_(gorilla)" title="Titus (gorilla)">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trudy_(gorilla)" title="Trudy (gorilla)">Trudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toto_(gorilla)" title="Toto (gorilla)">Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_B." title="Willie B.">Willie B.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Orangutans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abang_(orangutan)" title="Abang (orangutan)">Abang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ah_Meng" title="Ah Meng">Ah Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azy_(orangutan)" title="Azy (orangutan)">Azy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_(orangutan)" title="Bonnie (orangutan)">Bonnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantek" title="Chantek">Chantek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_(orangutan)" title="Jenny (orangutan)">Jenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Martin_(orangutan)" title="Joe Martin (orangutan)">Joe Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_(orangutan)" title="Karen (orangutan)">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karta_(orangutan)" title="Karta (orangutan)">Karta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Allen" title="Ken Allen">Ken Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_(orangutan)" title="Manis (orangutan)">Manis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonja_(Austrian_orangutan)" title="Nonja (Austrian orangutan)">Nonja (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonja_(Malaysian_orangutan)" title="Nonja (Malaysian orangutan)">Nonja (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunston_Checks_In" title="Dunston Checks In">Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_(orangutan)" title="Sandra (orangutan)">Sandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonda_(orangutan)" title="Tonda (orangutan)">Tonda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Pan troglodytes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4126704" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q4126704">Q4126704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pan troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pan_troglodytes/">Pan_troglodytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=12441">12441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4C92G">4C92G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">CMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cms.int/en/species/pan-troglodytes">pan-troglodytes</a></li> <li>ECOS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/4247">4247</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/326449">326449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PANZTR">PANZTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5219534">5219534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43577">43577</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11326321">11326321</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=573082">573082</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/15933">15933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000720">1000720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=12100798">12100798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9598">9598</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/80704/">80704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=417950">417950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=157891">157891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/6692">6692</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=12795">12795</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Simia troglodytes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46122413" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q46122413">Q46122413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7587055">7587055</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/3854AEAD-FF93-46F2-B0C9-6E8808AF125A">3854AEAD-FF93-46F2-B0C9-6E8808AF125A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4126704#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4179632-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85023971">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573057">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137705&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285643605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimpanzee&oldid=1258685490">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimpanzee&oldid=1258685490</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. 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Template:Taxonbar"," 7.95% 284.628 72 Template:Period_start"," 7.00% 250.571 33 Template:Cite_book"," 6.21% 222.130 35 Template:Cite_web"," 6.17% 220.789 1 Template:Geological_range"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.281","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23031769,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllen,_G._R.Gardner,_B._T.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson,_J._R.Gillies,_A.Lock,_L._C.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArgetsinger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandiniMotes-RodrigoArcherMinchin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandiniTennie2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetz,_E.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoesch,_C.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoesch,_C.Boesch,_H.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoesch1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoeschBoesch1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoeschHeadRobbins2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoeschKalanAgborArandjelovic2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoeschUeharaIhobe2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraccini2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradshaw,_G._A.Capaldo,_T.Lindner,_L.Grow,_G.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBygott1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhounThompson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChimpanzee_Sequencing_and_Analysis_Consortium2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrockfordBoesch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeblauwe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDembowski1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiogoMolnarWood2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDora,_B.Humle,_T.Koops,_K.Sousa,_C.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstes1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedurekZuberbühlerSemple2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoersterFranzMurrayGilby2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagneux,_P.Boesch,_C.Woodruff,_D._S.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaldikas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGao1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner,_R._A.Gardner,_B._T.1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGedert1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbyMachandaO’MalleyMurray2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoetschiMcClungBaumeyerZuberbuhler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldbergWrangham1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodall,_J.1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodall,_J.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodall1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodall2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroves2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroves2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuernsey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannahMcGrew1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastrup,_Kirsten2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinickeMundryBoeschAmarasekaran2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenschelAbernethyWhite2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiraiwa-Hasegawa1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobaiterSamuniMullinsAkankwasa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofSommer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuffman,_M._A.Kalunde,_M._S.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumleBoeschCampbellJunker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumleMaiselsOatesPlumptre2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumleMatsuzawa2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHun1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsabirye-Basuta1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJankowski2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson,_S.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesJonesJonesWilson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarcher,_K.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeele2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKivellSchimtt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöhler1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovgren2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaiselsStrindbergGreerJeffery2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall-PesciniWhiten2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMascaroSouthernDeschnerPika2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsuzawa,_T.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBreartyJablonski2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcLennanHasegawaBardiHuffman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelisHareTomasello2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercader._J.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorganAdelekeBasseyBergl2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulchay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayStantonLonsdorfWroblewski2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNapierNapier1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton-Fisher1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton-Fisher1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton-Fisher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNishida2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNishidaHiraiwa-Hasegawa1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;NeillUmbergerHolowkaLarson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOatesDoumbeDunnGonder2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhashi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepperMitaniWatts1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierce2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlumptreHartHicksNixon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPontzerRaichlenRodman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPontzerWrangham2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostSzabóKeeling1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulsenClark2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPovinelliEddy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPovinellide_Veer,_M.Gallup_Jr.,_G.Theall,_L.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPower1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrado-MartinezSudmantKiddLi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPusey,_A.Williams,_J.Goodall,_J.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves,_J._D.Doms,_R._W.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandoval2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithJungers1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthernDeschnerPika2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Fleur2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanford,_C._B.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanford2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanfordNkurunungi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStumpf,_R.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuchakEppleyCampbellFeldman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugiyama,_Y.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugiyamaKoman1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugiyamaKoman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorCropper2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsukahara1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTutinFernandez1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTutinFernandez1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Lawick-Goodall1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Riper2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandeBerg,_J._L.Zola,_S._M.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViegas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWakabi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallis,_J.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts,_D._P.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts,_D._P.Mitani,_J._C.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerness2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteStädeleRamirez_AmayaLangergraber2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitenSpiteriHornerBonnie2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson,_M._L.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWojci2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYousafLiuYeChen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_ManuelKuhlwilmP.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Waal1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_WyheKjærgaard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFВанесян2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Align\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 5,\n [\"Apes\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blist\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 91,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 17,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:chimpanzee\"] = 1,\n [\"DentalFormula\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 2,\n [\"Fossilrange\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Hominidae nav\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox genome\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Notable apes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Speciesbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","15.1"],["?","280","11.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","220","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","160","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","140","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","120","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","4.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","4.2"],["[others]","660","27.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vqclb","timestamp":"20241124160808","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chimpanzee","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimpanzee","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4126704","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4126704","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-24T23:36:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T01:10:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/42\/015_Chimpanzee_at_Kibale_forest_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg","headline":"species of mammal; species of 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