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id="toc-Types_of_trophy_hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_trophy_hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_trophy_hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>African trophy hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_trophy_hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_trophy_hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_trophy_hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>North American trophy hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_trophy_hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranch_hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranch_hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ranch hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranch_hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_auctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_auctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Game auctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_auctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues_and_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues_and_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legal issues and effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues_and_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence in conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_in_conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence in conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_of_trophy_hunting_on_animal_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_trophy_hunting_on_animal_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Effects of trophy hunting on animal populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_trophy_hunting_on_animal_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_habitat_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_habitat_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Effects on habitat loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_habitat_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_support_of_conservation_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_support_of_conservation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Financial support of conservation efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_support_of_conservation_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economic influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arguments_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Neutrality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutrality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Proposed solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Certificate_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certificate_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Certificate system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certificate_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Challenges_to_the_certificate_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_to_the_certificate_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1.1</span> <span>Challenges to the certificate system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_to_the_certificate_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In the media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_trophies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_trophies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Examples of trophies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_trophies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trophy hunting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="كأس الصيد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كأس الصيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a_esportiva" title="Caça esportiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caça esportiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caza_de_trofeos" title="Caza de trofeos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caza de trofeos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87" title="شکار تروفه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکار تروفه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasse_aux_troph%C3%A9es" title="Chasse aux trophées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chasse aux trophées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_%EC%82%AC%EB%83%A5" title="트로피 사냥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트로피 사냥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%93" title="גביע ציד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גביע ציד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="トロフィーハンティング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トロフィーハンティング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trof%C3%A9jakt" title="Troféjakt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Troféjakt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofeum_%C5%82owieckie" title="Trofeum łowieckie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trofeum łowieckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a_esportiva" title="Caça esportiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caça esportiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Трофейная охота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трофейная охота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C4%B1ra_ama%C3%A7l%C4%B1_avc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Hatıra amaçlı avcılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hatıra amaçlı avcılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Трофейне полювання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трофейне полювання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83n_b%E1%BA%AFn_chi%E1%BA%BFn_ph%E1%BA%A9m" title="Săn bắn chiến phẩm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Săn bắn chiến phẩm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Trophy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Trophy (disambiguation)">Trophy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg/220px-Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg/330px-Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg/440px-Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2631" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> standing beside a dead <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> on a trophy hunting trip in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Trophy hunting</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> for <a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">sport</a> in which parts of the hunted <a href="/wiki/Wild_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animal">wild animals</a> are kept and displayed as <a href="/wiki/Trophies" class="mw-redirect" title="Trophies">trophies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animal being targeted, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a>", is typically a mature male specimen from a popular <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Collectable" title="Collectable">collectable</a> interests, usually of large sizes, holding impressive <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">furs</a>, or manes. Most trophies consist of only select parts of the animal, which are prepared for display by a <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermist</a>. The parts most commonly kept vary by species but often include the head, <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hide</a>, tusks, horns, or antlers. </p><p>Trophies are often displayed in trophy rooms or game rooms, or in gun rooms along with the hunter's gun collection.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trophy hunting has strong supporters and opponents. The controversy focuses on the morality of hunting for pleasure rather than for practical use, as well as questions about the extent to which <a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Big-game hunting">big-game hunting</a> benefits <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">conservation</a> efforts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_trophy_hunting">Types of trophy hunting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of trophy hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_trophy_hunting">African trophy hunting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: African trophy hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda,_1908.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda%2C_1908.png/220px-British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda%2C_1908.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda%2C_1908.png/330px-British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda%2C_1908.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda%2C_1908.png/440px-British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda%2C_1908.png 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>British Governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hesketh_Bell" title="Henry Hesketh Bell">Henry Hesketh Bell</a> with hunting trophies in Uganda, 1908</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%282%29.jpg/220px-Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%282%29.jpg/330px-Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%282%29.jpg/440px-Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4567" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption>A hunter and local guides posing with an <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> they killed, 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>Trophy hunting has been practiced in Africa for centuries. Popularized by British hunters and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservationists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Selous" title="Frederick Selous">Frederick Selous</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._D._M._Bell" title="W. D. M. Bell">Walter Bell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel Baker</a>, who hunted and collected animals for natural history museums in British colonies in Africa and India. This resulted in the development of a new form of tourism industry that generates many millions of revenue for Africa per year.<sup id="cite_ref-cic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first renowned safaris recorded took place in the early 20th century by President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt" title="Kermit Roosevelt">Kermit</a>. Professional hunters such as <a href="/wiki/Philip_Percival" title="Philip Percival">Phillip Percival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Downey" title="Sydney Downey">Sydney Downey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Selby_(hunter)" title="Harry Selby (hunter)">Harry Selby</a> are among the first safari guides that contributed to molding the industry. The practice of trophy hunting predates that of ranch or farm hunting, but game ranches helped to legitimize trophy hunting as a facet of the tourism industry in Africa. The first game ranches in Africa were established in the 1960s and the concept quickly grew in proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics from 2000 illustrate that there were approximately 7,000 game farms and reservations operating within South Africa, established on about 16 million <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> of land in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Game ranches attract wealthy tourists interested in hunting, as well as foreign investors on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_trophy_hunting">North American trophy hunting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: North American trophy hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg/200px-Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg/300px-Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg/400px-Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Hunter with a bear's head and hide strapped to his back on the <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Archipelago" title="Kodiak Archipelago">Kodiak Archipelago</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Trophy hunting in North America was encouraged as a way of conservation by organizations such as the Boone & Crockett club as hunting an animal with a big set of antlers or horns is a way of selecting only the mature animals, contributing to shape a successful conservation model in the country in which hunting takes a fundamental role, and trophy hunters have been deeply involved in preserving wildlife and wild spaces. Such is the case of president Theodore Roosevelt, who, after becoming president of the United States in 1901, he used his authority to establish 150 national forests, 51 federal bird reserves, four national game preserves, five national parks and 18 national monuments on over 230 million acres of public land.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, hunting for meat, trophies or recreational purposes provides an income to each state for managing wildlife and their natural habitats through the <a href="/wiki/Pittman%E2%80%93Robertson_Federal_Aid_in_Wildlife_Restoration_Act" title="Pittman–Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act">Pittman Robertson Act</a>, resulting in the expansion of natural habitats and increase of populations of big game hunting species across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the public response from the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">killing of Cecil the lion</a>, awareness of this sport was raised worldwide. Attention also focused on North American sport hunting, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The cougar, also called the mountain lion, puma, or panther, is hunted for sport across its expansive range. The only federally protected populations in the country are the <a href="/wiki/Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panther</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several states—including Colorado, Utah and Washington—in recent years have proposed an increase in cougar hunting for various reasons, and California is currently the only state throughout the West that prohibits cougar hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a> claims that the selective harvest of older males aids in the recovery of many big game species which were on the brink of <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> at the turn of the 20th century. The organization monitors the conservation success of this practice through its Big Game Records data set.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North American trophy hunting should not be confused with '<a href="/wiki/Canned_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Canned hunting">canned hunting</a>' or 'vanity hunting', which involves the shooting of (sometimes intensively bred) animals in a range designed for ease of kills, more for the purpose of collecting an animal for display than the sport. The Boone and Crockett Club disavows this practice and actively campaigns against it, as it removes the element of '<a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">fair chase</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranch_hunting">Ranch hunting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ranch hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ranch hunting is a form of big-game hunting where the animals hunted are specifically bred on a ranch for trophy hunting purposes. </p><p>Many species of game such as the Indian <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">nilgai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">axis deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">barasingha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_red_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian red sheep">Iranian red sheep</a>, and variety of other species of deer, sheep, and antelope, as well as tigers and lions and hybrids of these from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific islands were introduced to ranches in Texas and Florida for the sake of trophy hunting. </p><p>These animals are typically hunted on a fee for each kill, with hunters paying $4,000 or more to be able to hunt exotic game.<sup id="cite_ref-huntingtexastrophies_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huntingtexastrophies-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-continentalranchtexas_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-continentalranchtexas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many of these species are endangered or threatened in their native habitat, the United States' government requires 10% of the hunting fee to be given to conservation efforts in the areas where these animals are indigenous. Hunting of endangered animals in the United States is normally illegal under the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> but is permitted on these ranches since the rare animals hunted there are not indigenous to the United States. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> has criticized these ranches and their hunters with the reasoning that they are still hunting endangered animals even if the animals were raised specifically to be hunted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Game_auctions">Game auctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Game auctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Game auctions have become another source of income destined to preserve wildlife and provide an economic value to their natural habitats. Such is the case of sheep hunting in North America, where large amounts of money are paid at auctions to hunt for them, such as <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">dall ram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_sheep" title="Stone sheep">stone sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert_bighorn_sheep" title="Desert bighorn sheep">desert big horn</a>, which constitute the grand slam of trophy sheep hunting. Hunting for sheep has helped to raise funds used to boost populations of these animals while preserving their habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheep hunt takes place in rugged mountain terrains where spot and stalk is the usual method to hunt for these species, making this hunt a challenge. Only old rams may be taken, and in order to be sure about their age, the sheep hunter has to identify the age and gender by reading the size and shape of their horns that happen to determine the trophy quality. However, the real trophy about this hunt is the whole experience rather than just the animal's head.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of hunt was probably become so popular thanks to the writings of gun editor and hunter <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Connor_(writer)" title="Jack O'Connor (writer)">Jack O'Connor</a>. </p><p>In Africa, game <a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">auctions</a> help provide <a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">game farms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">reserves</a> with their wildlife. These facilities are important in terms of <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Africa" title="Tourism in Africa">tourism in Africa</a>, one of the continent's largest economic sectors, accounting for almost 5% of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa's</a> <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa in particular is the main tourist destination on the continent, and as a result, hosts a large number of game auctions, farms, and reservations. Game auctions serve as competitive markets that allow farm and reservation owners to bid on and purchase animals for their facilities. Animals purchased at auctions for these purposes are commonly bought directly as game or are then bred to supply facilities. Animals used for breeding are generally females, which cost more on average than males due to the increased breeding prospects they present.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to sex, other factors that contribute to the prices of animals on auction include the demand for particular species (based on their overall rarity) and the costs of maintaining them.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals that receive increased interest from <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poachers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinos</a> or <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">elephants</a> due to their <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> horns and tusks, present additional risks to game farm operations, and do not typically sell well at auction. However other <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulate</a> species, tend to fetch exponentially higher sums than <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prices for these animals can reach into the hundreds of thousands in South African rands, equivalent to tens of thousands of American dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues_and_effects">Legal issues and effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legal issues and effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medinaceli_1910.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Medinaceli_1910.png/200px-Medinaceli_1910.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Medinaceli_1910.png/300px-Medinaceli_1910.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Medinaceli_1910.png/400px-Medinaceli_1910.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Luis_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba,_17th_Duke_of_Medinaceli" title="Luis Fernández de Córdoba, 17th Duke of Medinaceli">17th Duke of Medinaceli</a> with a trophy <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a> killed by him in an expedition with the <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Fitz-James_Stuart,_14th_Duke_of_Pe%C3%B1aranda_de_Duero" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando Fitz-James Stuart, 14th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero">18th Duke of Peñaranda</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Trophy hunting is legal in many countries, through policies that ensure that hunting practices align to a sustainable use of the country's natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Restrictions</a> on the species that can be hunted (e.g., protected species such as brown bears in European Union<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), are usually based on populations, hunting seasons, number of available licenses and types of arms, calibers and hunting procedures, asuring hunting ethics. Permits and government consent are also required. However, some countries such as <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> are countries have chosen to ban trophy hunting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> imposed a ban on imports, limited to elephant trophies from <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> for 2014–2015. <sup id="cite_ref-Cruise_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruise-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the ban was lifted<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has currently granted permits afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> instituted a one-year ban on <a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">lion hunting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dark-star_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dark-star-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had previously permitted the hunting of fifty lions each year, which caused a shortage in mature males in the population, as the hunters preferred the lions with the largest manes.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-bots_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-bots-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the ban, <a href="/wiki/Safari_Club_International" title="Safari Club International">Safari Club International</a>, including prominent member former President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, successfully lobbied the Botswanan government to reverse the ban.<sup id="cite_ref-dark-star_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dark-star-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-bots_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-bots-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Botswana again banned trophy hunting in 2014, and now villagers claim they get no income from trophy hunters, suffer from damaged crop fields caused by <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">elephants</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">buffaloes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="African lion">African lions</a> killing their <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some conservationists claim trophy hunting is more effective for <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">wildlife management</a> than a complete hunting ban. </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">killing of Cecil the lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates Airlines">Emirates Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta Airlines">Delta Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> banned the transportation of hunting trophies on flights. </p><p>Restrictions on lion hunting may reduce tolerance for the species among communities where local people benefit from trophy hunting and may reduce funds available for <a href="/wiki/Anti-poaching" title="Anti-poaching">anti-poaching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plosone_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_in_conservation">Influence in conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence in conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Africa">In Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trophy hunting can provide economic incentives to conserve areas for wildlife: 'if it pays it stays'; there are research studies corroborating this in <i>Conservation Biology</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-cbs.umn.edu_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs.umn.edu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Journal of Sustainable Tourism</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Animal Conservation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs.umn.edu_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs.umn.edu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanzania has an estimated 40 percent of the population of lions. Its wildlife authorities defend their success in keeping such numbers (as compared to countries like Kenya, where lion numbers have plummeted dramatically) as linked to the use of trophy hunting as a conservation tool. According to Alexander N. Songorwa, director of wildlife for the Tanzanian Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, trophy hunting generated roughly $75 million for Tanzania's economy from 2008 to 2011. Of the estimated 16,800 lions in Tanzania, some 200 lions are killed a year, generating about $1,960,000 in revenue in trophy fees alone.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 study in <i><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Biology_(journal)" title="Conservation Biology (journal)">Conservation Biology</a></i> found that hunting quotas should be set regionally as a number of lions/1000 km2, as opposed to nationally, as regional overhunting had likely lead to local declines.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adolescent lions are primarily responsible for slain livestock and unwanted human interaction. In addition, they often drive females with cubs into hiding or new territory, forcing the females to hunt new prey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_trophy_hunting_on_animal_populations">Effects of trophy hunting on animal populations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effects of trophy hunting on animal populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When poorly managed, trophy hunting can cause negative ecological impacts for the target species such as altered age/sex structures,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> .social disruption,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deleterious genetic effects,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even population declines in the event of excessive off-takes,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as threaten the conservation<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and influence the behavior<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of non-target species. The conservation role of the industry is also hindered by governments and hunting operators that fail to devolve adequate benefits to local communities, reducing incentives for them to protect wildlife,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by unethical activities, such as shooting from vehicles and <a href="/wiki/Canned_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Canned hunting">canned hunting</a> conducted by some, attract negative press.<sup id="cite_ref-lindsey1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindsey1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While locals may hunt certain species as pests, particularly carnivorous species such as <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>, these animals, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a>, are known to exhibit <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticidal</a> tendencies which can be exacerbated by the removal of adult males from their populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males are trophy hunted more frequently than females. However, the removal of these males still degrades the networks and groups these species create in order to survive and provide for offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunting regulations and laws proposing constant proportions or thresholds of community members for these species have been proposed in African nations such as <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, but are exceptionally difficult to enforce due to the logistics of tracking carnivore populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_habitat_loss">Effects on habitat loss</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Effects on habitat loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_concern_of_hunters_towards_the_conservation,_ethical_and_social_issues_that_hunting_raises.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_concern_of_hunters_towards_the_conservation%2C_ethical_and_social_issues_that_hunting_raises.png/353px-The_concern_of_hunters_towards_the_conservation%2C_ethical_and_social_issues_that_hunting_raises.png" decoding="async" width="353" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_concern_of_hunters_towards_the_conservation%2C_ethical_and_social_issues_that_hunting_raises.png/530px-The_concern_of_hunters_towards_the_conservation%2C_ethical_and_social_issues_that_hunting_raises.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_concern_of_hunters_towards_the_conservation%2C_ethical_and_social_issues_that_hunting_raises.png/706px-The_concern_of_hunters_towards_the_conservation%2C_ethical_and_social_issues_that_hunting_raises.png 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Surveyed Views of Trophy Hunters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00034.x">Lindsey et al. (2006)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A 2005 paper by Nigel Leader-Williams and colleagues in the <i>Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy</i> asserted that the legalization of white rhinoceros hunting in South Africa motivated private landowners to reintroduce the species onto their lands. As a result, white rhinos increased from fewer than one hundred individuals to more than 11,000.<sup id="cite_ref-conservationmagazine.org_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservationmagazine.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leader-Williams's study also showed that trophy hunting in Zimbabwe doubled wildlife areas relative to state protected areas. The implementation of controlled and legalized hunting led to an increase in the area of suitable land available to elephants and other wildlife, which "reversed the problem of habitat loss and helping to maintain a sustained population increase in Zimbabwe's already large elephant population".<sup id="cite_ref-conservationmagazine.org_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservationmagazine.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study in the journal <i>Biological Conservation</i> stated that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism".<sup id="cite_ref-africanwildlifeconservationfund.org_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africanwildlifeconservationfund.org-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financial incentives from trophy hunting effectively more than double the land area that is used for wildlife conservation, relative to what would be conserved relying on national parks alone, according to the study published in <i>Biological Conservation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-africanwildlifeconservationfund.org_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africanwildlifeconservationfund.org-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the American writer and journalist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Conniff" title="Richard Conniff">Richard Conniff</a>, Namibia is home to 1,750 of the roughly 5,000 black rhinos surviving in the wild. Namibia's mountain zebra population has increased from 1,000 in 1982 to 27,000 in 2014. Elephants, which are gunned down elsewhere for their ivory, have gone from 15,000 to 20,000 in 1995. Lions, which were on the brink of extinction "from Senegal to Kenya", are increasing in Namibia.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_support_of_conservation_efforts">Financial support of conservation efforts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Financial support of conservation efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> recognizes that trophy hunting, when well-managed, can generate significant economic incentives for the conservation of target species and their habitats outside of protected areas.<sup id="cite_ref-cmsdata.iucn.org_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmsdata.iucn.org-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study published in the journal <i>Animal Conservation</i><sup id="cite_ref-conservationmagazine.org_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservationmagazine.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led by Peter Lindsey of Kenya's Mpala Research Centre concluded that most trophy hunters assure that they are concerned about the conservation, ethical, and social issues that hunting raises.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study interviewed 150 Americans who had hunted in Africa before, or who planned to do so within three years. For example, hunters assure that they were much less willing to hunt in areas where <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="African wild dogs">African wild dogs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cheetahs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetahs">cheetahs</a> were illegally shot than their hunting operators perceived, and they also showed greater concern for social issues than their operators realized, with a huge willingness to hunt in areas where local people lived and benefited from hunting. Eighty-six percent of hunters told the researchers they preferred hunting in an area where they knew that a portion of the proceeds went back into local communities.<sup id="cite_ref-conservationmagazine.org_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservationmagazine.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A certification system could therefore allow hunters to select those operators who benefit local people and conduct themselves in a conservation-friendly manner.<sup id="cite_ref-lindsey1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindsey1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_America">In America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The success of conservation efforts such as the Boone and Crockett Club's system for measuring and scoring big game gave hunters a goal and an ethic notions, giving animals sporting chance.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Policies such as the Pittman-Robertson act have collected taxes for over USD $11.5 billion to be destined in preserving natural areas where wildlife populations have boosted since the early 20th century while generating jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_influence">Economic influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>, trophy hunting provides an economic incentive for ranchers to continue to breed those species, which reduces the threat of the species' extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg/220px-Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg/330px-Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg/440px-Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3449" data-file-height="2587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a> head and deer <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a> mounted as hunting trophies</figcaption></figure> <p>According to a study sponsored by <a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Game_and_Wildlife_Conservation" title="International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation">International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation</a> in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, the revenue generated by hunting tourism in seven <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> members in 2008 was approximately US$190 million.<sup id="cite_ref-cic_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economists at Large, an <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> promoting <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, claim that little of this 190 million reaches communities.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeff Flocken of the <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Animal_Welfare" title="International Fund for Animal Welfare">International Fund for Animal Welfare</a> (IFAW), claims that "despite the wild claims that trophy hunting brings millions of dollars in revenue to local people in otherwise poor communities, there is no proof of this. The money that does come into Africa from hunting pales in comparison to the billions generated from tourists who come just to watch wildlife".<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, South African Environmental Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Edna_Molewa" title="Edna Molewa">Edna Molewa</a> states that the hunting industry has contributed millions to South Africa's economy in past years. In the 2010 hunting season, total revenue of approximately R1.1 billion was generated by the local and trophy hunting industries collectively. "This amount only reflects the revenue generated through accommodation and species fees. The true revenue is therefore substantially higher, as this amount does not even include revenue generated through the associated industries as a result of the multiplier effect", according to Molewa.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to G. C. Dry, former president of Wildlife Ranching South Africa, wildlife ranches have contributed greatly to the South African economy. He has argued that commercial wildlife ranching is about appropriate land-use and <a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">rural development</a>; it is less about animals <i>per se</i>, not a white affluent issue, not a conservation at-all-cost issue, but about economic sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry asserts that commercial wildlife ranching is a land-use option that is ecologically appropriate, economically sustainable, politically sensitive, and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">socially just</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> reports in <i>The baby and the bathwater: trophy hunting, conservation and rural livelihoods</i> that trophy hunting, when well-managed, can be sustainable and generate significant economic incentives for the conservation of target species, but that there are valid concerns about the legality, sustainability and ethics of some hunting practices. The paper concludes that in some contexts, there may be valid and feasible alternatives to trophy hunting that can deliver the above-mentioned benefits, but identifying, funding and implementing these requires genuine consultation and engagement with affected governments, the private sector and communities.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arguments">Arguments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opponents voice strong opinions against trophy hunting based on the belief that it is immoral and lacks financial contribution to the communities affected by trophy hunting and to conservation efforts. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>, for example, published a report in 2015 which says government corruption, especially in Zimbabwe, prevents elephant hunting fees from going towards any conservation efforts, with authorities keeping the fees for themselves. Governments also take more wildlife areas to profit from poaching and trophy hunting. Similarly, a 2017 report by the Australian-based Economists at Large says that trophy hunting amounted to less than one percent of tourism revenue in eight African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an IUCN report from 2009, surrounding communities in West Africa receive little benefit from the hunting-safari business.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors found that there was a generally negative perception of the practice in many sectors of the general US populace in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attention has been drawn both popularly and academically to the ethics of trophy hunting and trophy hunting facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally speaking, ethical arguments against trophy or sport hunting practices frame them as exploitative and abusive against animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence has been found that wild game hunting can impact the <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproductive</a>, genetic and social health of animal species, for example by increasing aggression between species members, because hunters often kill the largest or most significant male of a species. The removal of the most significant animals (because of the size of their horns or mane for example) can affect the <a href="/wiki/Population_health" title="Population health">health of a species population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2017_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rob Knell states that "high-quality males with large secondary sexual traits tend to father a high proportion of the offspring, their 'good genes' can spread rapidly, so populations of strongly <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexually selected</a> animals can adapt quickly to new environments. Removing these males reverses this effect and could have serious and <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a>. If the population is having to adapt to a new environment and you remove even a small proportion of these high quality males, you could drive it to extinction".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2017_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The League Against Cruel Sports writes a "2004 study by the University of Port Elizabeth estimated that <a href="/wiki/Eco-tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-tourism">eco-tourism</a> on private game reserves generated more than 15 times the income of livestock or game rearing or overseas hunting. Eco-tourism lodges in Eastern Cape Province produce almost 2000 rand (£180) per hectare".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House Committee on Natural Resources">U.S. House Committee on Natural Resources</a> in 2016 concluded that trophy hunting may be contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of certain animals.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 25-page report is called <i>Missing the Mark</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nnimmo_Bassey" title="Nnimmo Bassey">Nnimmo Bassey</a>, Nigerian environmental activist and director of the Health of Mother Earth Foundation, asserted in 2017 that "wildlife in Africa have been decimated by trophy hunters".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservationist groups such as <a href="/wiki/IFAW" class="mw-redirect" title="IFAW">IFAW</a> and <a href="/wiki/HSUS" class="mw-redirect" title="HSUS">HSUS</a> assert that trophy hunting is a key factor in the "silent extinction" of giraffes.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Jeff Flocken, the IFAW's analysis of <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species">CITES</a> database, 1.7 million animals were killed by trophy hunters between 2004 and 2014, with roughly 200,000 of these being members of threatened species.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positions">Positions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trophy hunting is opposed by the group <a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a> on the basis that trophy hunters are not aimed at conservation, they are instead aimed at glory in hunting and killing the biggest and rarest animals. They contend that the trophy hunters are not interested in saving endangered animals and are more than willing to pay the very high prices for permits to kill members of an endangered species.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an organisation which campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Canned_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Canned hunting">canned hunting</a> in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">PETA</a> is opposed to trophy hunting because it is unnecessary and cruel and that the pain that the animals suffer is not justified by the enjoyment that the hunters receive. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a> also opposes trophy hunting for the reason that even if the animal that is being hunted for a trophy is not endangered, it is still unjustified to kill them. They respond to claims of economic benefits as false justifications for the continuance of the inhumane sport. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/David_Sheldrick_Wildlife_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust">David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust</a>, an elephant conservation organization, believe that elephants bring in significantly more revenue from tourists who want to see them alive. Their 2013 report stated "alive, they benefit local communities and economies; dead they benefit criminal and even terrorist groups".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arguments_2">Arguments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a> fees, hunting tags, and ammunition taxes go to conservation programs.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conservation through hunting, Nationally, the white-tailed deer population has increased from about 500,000 in the early 1900s to 25 million to 30 million today,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as reintroduction of species.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, private groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Shooting_Sports_Foundation" title="National Shooting Sports Foundation">National Shooting Sports Foundation</a>, which contributed more than $400,000 in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and smaller private groups also contribute significant funds; for example, the Grand Slam Club Ovis has raised more than $6.3 million to date for the conservation of sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of game and trophy hunting claim that the economic benefits presented by the practice are essential to nations in which <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> is not as viable or popular.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, locals in more rural areas of Africa express that there is tension between human communities and certain species that pose dangers to them and their <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. Members of these communities rely on current hunting regulations that allow them to retaliate or preempt against the threats these species can pose.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programs such as CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources) in Zimbabwe have been implemented to allow landowners to benefit from the presence of wildlife on their land by marketing it to individuals such as safari owners or game ranch owners, framing wildlife as a renewable resource.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the economic boon presented by the program, CAMPFIRE has also served to mitigate illegal poaching or hunting in certain areas, as well as helping farmers more easily access essential resources that they sometimes have to compete with animal communities for.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positions_2">Positions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organizations that support trophy hunting as a tool for conservation include <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Federation" title="National Wildlife Federation">The National Wildlife Federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wilderness_Society_(United_States)" title="The Wilderness Society (United States)">The Wilderness Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izaak_Walton_League" title="Izaak Walton League">The Izzaak Walton League of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Model_of_Wildlife_Conservation" title="North American Model of Wildlife Conservation">North American Wildlife Foundation</a>, Outdoor Writers Association of America, <a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Forests" title="American Forests">The American Forestry Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Sportsmen%27s_Alliance" title="U.S. Sportsmen's Alliance">Wildlife Legislative Fund of America</a>, Wildlife Management Institute, <a href="/wiki/The_Wildlife_Society" title="The Wildlife Society">The Wildlife Society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nssf.org_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssf.org-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-animalliberationfront.com_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-animalliberationfront.com-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The Animal Liberation Front may be presenting dishonest or unreliable information. (December 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The President of <a href="/wiki/Panthera_Corporation" title="Panthera Corporation">Panthera</a>, a conservation group for big cats and their ecosystems, argues that trophy hunting gives African governments economic incentives to leave safari blocks as wilderness, and that hunting remains the most effective tool to protect wilderness in many parts of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutrality">Neutrality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Neutrality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organizations that are neutral towards trophy hunting include <a href="/wiki/The_National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Audubon Society">The National Audubon Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Defenders of Wildlife">Defenders of Wildlife</a> is considered by some to have a neutral stance on trophy hunting, but in fact in 2017 they opposed the US Department of the Interior's creation of the International Wildlife Conservation Council to support the sport trophy industry, arguing that the DOI should ‘preserve habitat, protect imperilled species, combat wildlife trafficking and promote non-consumptive ways to enjoy wildlife’. <sup id="cite_ref-https://www.iwmc.org/defenders-of-wildlife/_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https://www.iwmc.org/defenders-of-wildlife/-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_solutions">Proposed solutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Proposed solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Certificate_system">Certificate system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Certificate system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of a certification system, whereby hunting operators are rated on three criteria, would help alleviate shortcomings in the industry:<sup id="cite_ref-lindsey1_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindsey1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Their commitment to conservation, e.g. by adhering to quotas and contributing to <a href="/wiki/Anti-poaching" title="Anti-poaching">anti-poaching</a> efforts.</li> <li>How much they benefit and involve local people.</li> <li>Whether they comply with agreed ethical standards.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Challenges_to_the_certificate_system">Challenges to the certificate system</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Challenges to the certificate system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Introducing a certification system however remains challenging because it requires co-operation between hunting operators, conservationists and governments.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also requires difficult questions to be answered, including; what constitutes ethical hunting? Who constitutes local communities and what represents adequate benefits for them?<sup id="cite_ref-lindsey1_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindsey1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers also continue to express concern that allowing trophy hunts for <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> animals might send the wrong message to influential people around the world, perhaps with adverse consequences for conservation. For example, it has been suggested that people will contribute less money to conservation organizations because allowing hunting of a species could suggest that it does not need saving.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_media">In the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></div> <p>The controversy surrounding trophy hunting was further ignited when an American dentist Walter Palmer gained internet infamy when a picture of him and the dead lion Cecil went viral.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmer is an experienced and avid big-game hunter and reportedly paid over 50,000 US dollars to hunt and kill the lion. </p><p>Cecil the lion was one of the most known and studied lions in Zimbabwe. The lion was lured from the park and, after being injured by an arrow and stalked for 40 hours, Cecil was finally killed. Palmer was reportedly attracted to Cecil's rare black mane. Had Cecil been in the park, it would have been illegal to kill him. The actions the dentist and his hired hunter took in luring out of the park were not endorsed by trophy hunting officials in Zimbabwe. While Zimbabwe courts initially ruled his killing to be illegal, charges were ultimately dropped against the hunter Palmer hired.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trophy hunters imported over 1.26 million trophies into the United States in the 10 years from 2005 to 2014. Canada was the leading source of imported trophies. </p><p>From 2005 to 2014, the top ten trophy species imported into the United States were: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">Snow goose</a> 111,366</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard duck</a> 104,067</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a> 70,585</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> 69,072.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala</a> 58,423</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Common wildebeest</a> 52,473</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu</a> 50,759</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok</a> 40,664</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok</a> 34,023</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok</a> 32,771</li></ol> <p>From 2005 to 2014, the "big five" trophy species imported into the United States, totalling about 32,500 lions, elephants, rhinos, buffalo, and leopards combined, from Africa were: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_leopard" title="African leopard">African leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">Rhinoceros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Mexico has a hunting industry valued at approximately $200 million with about 4,000 hunting ranches.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_trophies">Examples of trophies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Examples of trophies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Buffalo_Head,_Stuffed.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cape_Buffalo_Head%2C_Stuffed.JPG/120px-Cape_Buffalo_Head%2C_Stuffed.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cape_Buffalo_Head%2C_Stuffed.JPG/180px-Cape_Buffalo_Head%2C_Stuffed.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cape_Buffalo_Head%2C_Stuffed.JPG/240px-Cape_Buffalo_Head%2C_Stuffed.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuffed_Capercaiile.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stuffed_Capercaiile.JPG/120px-Stuffed_Capercaiile.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stuffed_Capercaiile.JPG/180px-Stuffed_Capercaiile.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stuffed_Capercaiile.JPG/240px-Stuffed_Capercaiile.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Boar_Trophy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wild_Boar_Trophy.JPG/90px-Wild_Boar_Trophy.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wild_Boar_Trophy.JPG/135px-Wild_Boar_Trophy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wild_Boar_Trophy.JPG/180px-Wild_Boar_Trophy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibex_head.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ibex_head.JPG/90px-Ibex_head.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ibex_head.JPG/135px-Ibex_head.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ibex_head.JPG/180px-Ibex_head.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerf_10_cors_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cerf_10_cors_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg/120px-Cerf_10_cors_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cerf_10_cors_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg/180px-Cerf_10_cors_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cerf_10_cors_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg/240px-Cerf_10_cors_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" title="Big five game">Big five game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Game_and_Wildlife_Conservation_(CIC)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC)">International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_Nacional_de_Homologaci%C3%B3n_de_Trofeos_de_Caza" title="Junta Nacional de Homologación de Trofeos de Caza">Junta Nacional de Homologación de Trofeos de Caza</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Most_Dangerous_Game" title="The Most Dangerous Game">The Most Dangerous Game</a>", a classic story famous in the mid twentieth century that was inspired by and explores the philosophy of hunting for sheer pleasure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer hunting in Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting,_shoveling,_and_shutting_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting, shoveling, and shutting up">Shooting, shoveling, and shutting up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hunter" title="White hunter">White hunter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited 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Rabinowitz, editors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vNzRzcjntAC&dq=People+and+wildlife%3A+conflict+or+coexistence&pg=PP1">People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705074747/https://books.google.com/books?id=6vNzRzcjntAC&dq=People+and+wildlife:+conflict+or+coexistence&pg=PP1">Archived</a> 2023-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonLindseyBalme2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, F; Lindsey, PA; Balme, G (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs003060531200035x">"hunting and lion conservation: a question of governance?"</a>. <i>Oryx</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 501–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs003060531200035x">10.1017/s003060531200035x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=hunting+and+lion+conservation%3A+a+question+of+governance%3F&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=501-509&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs003060531200035x&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Lindsey%2C+PA&rft.au=Balme%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs003060531200035x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrophy+hunting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelierPageVanakSlotow2014" class="citation journal cs1">Selier, SJ; Page, BR; Vanak, AT; Slotow, R (2014). "Sustainability of elephant hunting across international borders in southern Africa: A case study of the greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area". <i>Journal of Wildlife Management</i>. <b>78</b> (1): 122–132. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JWMan..78..122S">2014JWMan..78..122S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjwmg.641">10.1002/jwmg.641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53669488">53669488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wildlife+Management&rft.atitle=Sustainability+of+elephant+hunting+across+international+borders+in+southern+Africa%3A+A+case+study+of+the+greater+Mapungubwe+Transfrontier+Conservation+Area&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-132&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53669488%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjwmg.641&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JWMan..78..122S&rft.aulast=Selier&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Page%2C+BR&rft.au=Vanak%2C+AT&rft.au=Slotow%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrophy+hunting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Buckley, R (2014). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Humane+Nation&rft.atitle=American+Public+Roars+After+It+Gets+a+Glimpse+of+International+Trophy+Hunting+of+Lions+%C2%B7+A+Humane+Nation&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.humanesociety.org%2Fwayne%2F2015%2F07%2Fcecil-lion-killed-by-trophy-hunter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrophy+hunting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831001758/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/11/wildlife-watch-cecil-lion-hunter-charges-dropped/">"Charges Dropped Against Professional Hunter"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. 11 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/11/wildlife-watch-cecil-lion-hunter-charges-dropped">the original</a> on 31 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Charges+Dropped+Against+Professional+Hunter&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F11%2Fwildlife-watch-cecil-lion-hunter-charges-dropped&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrophy+hunting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBale2016" class="citation web cs1">Bale, Rachael (2016-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207085924/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160206-American-trophy-hunting-wildlife-conservation/">"Exclusive: Hard Data Reveal Scale of America's Trophy-Hunting Habit"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160206-American-trophy-hunting-wildlife-conservation/">the original</a> on 2016-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Hard+Data+Reveal+Scale+of+America%27s+Trophy-Hunting+Habit&rft.date=2016-02-06&rft.aulast=Bale&rft.aufirst=Rachael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F02%2F160206-American-trophy-hunting-wildlife-conservation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrophy+hunting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Yahya M. Musakhel 2005: Identification of Biodiversity hotspots in Musakhel district Balochistan Pakistan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Foa, E. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterbiggameince00foaeiala">After Big Game in Central Africa</a></i>. St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-03274-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-03274-9">0-312-03274-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Simon, Alexander. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/2016/09/01/against-trophy-hunting/">Against Trophy Hunting - A Marxian-Leopoldian Critique</a></i> (September 2016), <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li>Paterniti, Michael. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921085412/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/10/trophy-hunting-killing-saving-animals/">Should We Kill Animals to Save Them?</a></i> (October 2017) <i>National Geographic</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>IUCN (2016) Informing Decisions About Trophy Hunting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_informingdecisionsontrophyhuntingv1.pdf">IUCN Briefing Paper - Informing Decisions on Trophy Hunting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916230835/https://www.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_informingdecisionsontrophyhuntingv1.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trophy_hunting&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/trophy_hunting" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/trophy hunting">trophy hunting</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/video/trophy-hunting-killing-or-conservation">Trophy hunting: Killing or conservation?</a></i> - <a href="/wiki/CBS_News_(streaming_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS News (streaming service)">CBS News</a> documentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.madetohunt.com/missouri-monarch-buck-world-record-deer/">Missouri Monarch World Record Buck</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hunting_trophies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hunting trophies">Hunting trophies</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hunting_topics" title="Template talk:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hunting_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting,_fishing_and_animals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Hunting, fishing and animals in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Medieval hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_hunting_technologies" title="North American hunting technologies">North American hunting technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-fowling" title="Bat-fowling">Bat-fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagling" title="Beagling">Beagling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big%E2%80%93game_hunting" title="Big–game hunting">Big–game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_stalker" title="Game stalker">Game stalkering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigging" title="Gigging">Gigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Eagles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">Field sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_hunting" title="Handgun hunting">Handgun hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_hunting" title="Layout hunting">Layout hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa_(hunt)" title="Montería (hunt)">Montería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Muttonbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">Persistence hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trophy hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">Venatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_call" title="Game call">Game call</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duck_call" title="Duck call">Duck call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_bag" title="Hunting bag">Hunting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">Air gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_spear" title="Bear spear">Bear spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_sword" title="Hunting sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">Throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">Shooting sticks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" title="Big five game">Big five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_hunting" title="Human hunting">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_game" title="Plains game">Plains game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_hunting" title="Turkey hunting">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">With dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal</a></li> <li>Squirrel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale" title="Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale">Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_pound" title="Buffalo pound">Buffalo pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">Deer park (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_kite" title="Desert kite">Desert kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_larder" title="Game larder">Game larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">Game reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">Game farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_blind" title="Hunting blind">Hunting blind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salter_(trap)" title="Salter (trap)">Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_lodge" title="Sporting lodge">Sporting lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Jagdschloss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_trap" title="Wolf trap">Wolf trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Australia" title="Hunting in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugong_hunting_in_Australia" title="Dugong hunting in Australia">Dugong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_industry" title="Kangaroo industry">Kangaroo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_tiger_hunts_in_Azerbaijan" title="Historical tiger hunts in Azerbaijan">Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li>Chad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greenland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_poaching_in_India" title="Tiger poaching in India">Tiger poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_poaching_in_Assam" title="Rhino poaching in Assam">Rhino poaching in Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Kenya" title="Elephant hunting in Kenya">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_New_Zealand" title="Hunting in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter-based_hunting_in_Fiordland" title="Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland">Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_Hunting_in_Pakistan" title="Trophy Hunting in Pakistan">Trophy Hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Romania" title="Hunting in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Spain" title="Hunting in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_hunting_reserves_in_Switzerland" title="List of federal hunting reserves in Switzerland">Federal hunting reserves</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tonga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_snaring" title="Pigeon snaring">Pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_the_United_States" title="Hunting in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Hunting and fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation and conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_(fishing_and_hunting)" title="Bag (fishing and hunting)">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_management" title="Deer management">Deer management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">Game preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">Hunting season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_hunting" title="Sustainable hunting">Sustainable hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect" title="Bambi effect">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooding_(hunting)" title="Blooding (hunting)">Blooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">Canned hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">Car hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_ague" title="Duck ague">Duck ague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">Fair chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_dressing_(hunting)" title="Field dressing (hunting)">Field dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillie" title="Gillie">Gillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_magic" title="Hunting magic">Hunting magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">List of hunting deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_big-game_hunters" title="List of big-game hunters">List of big-game hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahawking" title="Parahawking">Parahawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_hunter" title="Professional hunter">Professional hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_persecution" title="Raptor persecution">Raptor persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_(hunting)" title="Take (hunting)">Take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hunter" title="White hunter">White hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Associations_for_Hunting_and_Conservation_of_the_EU" title="Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU">Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Hunters%27_Association" title="Finnish Hunters' Association">Finnish Hunters' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club_International" title="Safari Club International">Safari Club International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">Bounty hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_hunting" title="Drag hunting">Drag hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_trial" title="Field trial">Field trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">Hunting strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">Insect collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_hunting" title="Orchid hunting">Orchid hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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