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id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-類型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#類型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>類型</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-類型-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关類型子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-類型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-音区与声调轮廓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音区与声调轮廓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>音区与声调轮廓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音区与声调轮廓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-词调和音节调" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词调和音节调"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>词调和音节调</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词调和音节调-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-词调和语法调" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词调和语法调"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>词调和语法调</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词调和语法调-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声调数量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调数量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>声调数量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调数量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-性质与例子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#性质与例子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>性质与例子</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-性质与例子-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关性质与例子子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-性质与例子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-发声态" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发声态"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>发声态</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-发声态-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-发声态类型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发声态类型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>发声态类型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-发声态类型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-与声调的关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#与声调的关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>与声调的关系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-与声调的关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声调与重音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调与重音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>声调与重音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调与重音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声调与语调" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调与语调"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>声调与语调</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调与语调-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声调极性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调极性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>声调极性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调极性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-起源-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关起源子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-声调区域特征说" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调区域特征说"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>声调区域特征说</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调区域特征说-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-在世界语言中" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在世界语言中"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>在世界语言中</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在世界语言中-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声调产生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调产生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>声调产生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调产生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-发生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>发生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-发生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声调产生的阶段" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调产生的阶段"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>声调产生的阶段</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调产生的阶段-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-變調" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#變調"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>變調</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-變調-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关變調子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-變調-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-调阶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#调阶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>调阶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-调阶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-变调" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#变调"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>变调</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-变调-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-左变调与右变调" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#左变调与右变调"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>左变调与右变调</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-左变调与右变调-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声调交替" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调交替"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>声调交替</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调交替-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声调的使用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调的使用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>声调的使用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调的使用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声调与屈折" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调与屈折"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>声调与屈折</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调与屈折-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-五度标记法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#五度标记法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>五度标记法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-五度标记法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关五度标记法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-五度标记法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-曲線法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#曲線法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>曲線法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-曲線法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-數字法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#數字法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>數字法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-數字法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国际音标" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国际音标"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>国际音标</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国际音标-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-汉语拼音方案" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#汉语拼音方案"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>汉语拼音方案</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-汉语拼音方案-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發圈法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發圈法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>發圈法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發圈法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有聲調的語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有聲調的語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>有聲調的語言</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-有聲調的語言-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关有聲調的語言子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-有聲調的語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-亞洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亞洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>亞洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亞洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>非洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>歐洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大洋洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大洋洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>大洋洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大洋洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>美洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-另见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#另见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>另见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-另见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>參考</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">聲調</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。41种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="ভাষিক সুৰ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাষিক সুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D2%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5)" title="Тон (тел ғилеме) – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тон (тел ғилеме)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тон (лингвистика) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тон (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonenn_(yezhoniezh)" title="Tonenn (yezhoniezh) – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tonenn (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="To (lingüística) – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="To (lingüística)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4n_(iaith)" title="Tôn (iaith) – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tôn (iaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikalischer_Ton" title="Lexikalischer Ton – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lexikalischer Ton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics) – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tone (linguistics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tono_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Tono (lingüística) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tono (lingüística)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon_(keeleteadus)" title="Toon (keeleteadus) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toon (keeleteadus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonu_(hizkuntzalaritza)" title="Tonu (hizkuntzalaritza) – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tonu (hizkuntzalaritza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="نواخت – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نواخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooni" title="Tooni – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tooni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_(linguistique)" title="Ton (linguistique) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ton (linguistique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toan_(taalkunde)" title="Toan (taalkunde) – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Toan (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="טון (בלשנות) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טון (בלשנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nus_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Tónus (nyelvészet) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tónus (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nada_(linguistik)" title="Nada (linguistik) – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nada (linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tono_(linguistica)" title="Tono (linguistica) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tono (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E8%AA%BF" title="声調 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="声調" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu" title="Liu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Liu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тонема – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тонема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%A1%B0" title="성조 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tono_(fonolojia)" title="Tono (fonolojia) – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tono (fonolojia)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nada_(linguistik)" title="Nada (linguistik) – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nada (linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6_(%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="တက်ကျသံ (ဘာသာဗေဒ) – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တက်ကျသံ (ဘာသာဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0_(%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਸੁਰ (ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ) – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਰ (ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Tom (linguística) – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tom (linguística)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Ton (lingvistică) – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ton (lingvistică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тон (лингвистика) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тон (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzwi" title="Inzwi – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Inzwi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_(gjuh%C3%ABsi)" title="Toni (gjuhësi) – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toni (gjuhësi)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="தொனி (மொழியியல்) – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொனி (மொழியியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="วรรณยุกต์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วรรณยุกต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_(dilbilim)" title="Ton (dilbilim) – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ton (dilbilim)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Тон (мовознавство) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тон (мовознавство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87u" title="Thanh điệu – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thanh điệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_(linwince)" title="Ton (linwince) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ton (linwince)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83" title="声调 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="声调" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia%E2%81%BF-ti%C4%81u" title="Siaⁿ-tiāu – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siaⁿ-tiāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聲調" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q833734#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" 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.ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Tone (linguistics)">英語維基百科</a>和<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Тон (лингвистика)">俄語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2022年11月24日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="Talk:聲調">討論頁</a>。<br />另見其他<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:需要語言专家关注的页面（页面不存在）">需要語言專家關注的頁面</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg/333px-Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg/500px-Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg/666px-Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="越南語">越南語</a>的六聲</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/333px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/500px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/666px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>越南語各聲</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <div style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap"><b>本條目的朗讀版本（<a href="/wiki/File:Zh-yue-%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF.ogg" title="File:Zh-yue-聲調.ogg">信息／下载</a>）</b><br /> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="175" data-mwtitle="Zh-yue-聲調.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Zh-yue-%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Zh-yue-%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF.ogg/Zh-yue-%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><div style="float: left; margin-left: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span title="有聲維基百科"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span><figcaption>有聲維基百科</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;">此音频文件是根據條目“<span class="fn">聲調</span>”2017年4月25日的修訂版本录制的，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>朗讀，不會反映對該條目的後續編輯。（<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%B9%AB%E5%8A%A9" title="Help:媒體幫助">媒體幫助</a>）</div> <div style="text-align: center; clear: both"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%9C%89%E8%81%B2%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Wikipedia:有聲條目">更多有聲條目</a></b></div> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">水平聲調</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span style="font-size:80%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="nowrap">˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩</span></span></span></span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA number">IPA編號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">519–523</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">Entity <small>(decimal)</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">&#741;–&#745;</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;">編碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">Unicode碼<small>（十六進制）</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">U+02E5–U+02E9</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67735281"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">聲調輪廓</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span style="font-size:80%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="nowrap">˥˧ ˦˨ ˧˩ ˥˩</span></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="nowrap">˩˧ ˨˦ ˧˥ ˩˩˧</span></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="nowrap">˧˥˦ ˦˩˨ ˨˩˧</span></span></span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">聲調輪廓字母按順序組成：<br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˥ ˧</span> → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˥˧</span>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˨ ˩ ˧</span> → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˨˩˧</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>聲調</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Tone</span>）的完整意義是一種附著於<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节">音节</a>的高低抑揚（音調，或稱音高）。語言學家<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%85%83%E4%BB%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="趙元任">趙元任</a>從<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%98%B6" title="音阶">音阶</a>獲得靈感，設計了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BA%A6%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0%E6%B3%95" title="五度标记法">五度調值標記法</a>，以數字1表示最低音、數字5表示最高音。趙氏五度標記法已獲<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="国际语音学学会">國際語音學學會</a>認可，並成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a>標準之一。此五度標記法至今仍為最廣泛使用的聲調標記。要確定一個聲調的調值，必須借助電子儀器來記錄和分析。同樣的音節被賦予不同的單字調，就可以表達不同的意義，比如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a>的媽（mā）、麻（má）、馬（mǎ）和罵（mà）由同樣的輔音和元音構成，卻可以聲調區辨其義。 </p><p>許多南方<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語變體">漢語變體</a>如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩語">閩語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="客家語">客家語</a>有所謂入聲調，其聲調的意義包涵抑揚(音高)和頓挫(輔音韻尾)。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%80%BC" title="調值">調值</a>相同的兩個音節是否帶入聲韻尾會導致其頓挫性不同而決定其是否爲兩個不同的聲調，最典型的例子即<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>之「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E8%81%B2%E5%85%AD%E8%AA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="九聲六調">九聲六調</a>」。粵語九個聲調分別為陰平、陽平、陰上、陽上、陰去、陽去、陰入、中入、陽入，但其實只有六個不同的調值。陰入與陰平的分別、陰去與中入的分別、陽去與陽入的分別，皆在於其頓挫性質，不在於調值。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="類型"><span id=".E9.A1.9E.E5.9E.8B"></span>類型</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：類型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音区与声调轮廓"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E5.8C.BA.E4.B8.8E.E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E8.BD.AE.E5.BB.93"></span>音区与声调轮廓</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：音区与声调轮廓"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83%E8%BD%AE%E5%BB%93" class="mw-redirect" title="声调轮廓">声调轮廓</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>声调有独特的形状，即<b>声调轮廓</b>，每个声调都有实现在每个音节上的升降模式。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYip2002178–184_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYip2002178–184-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>很多单音节词只在声调有对立。多音节词的每个音节则一般都有自己的声调。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a>的声调变化可以起到一定的派生作用（如名词化），而现代汉语声调几乎不起任何语法作用。在许多<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="班图语支">班图语支</a>语言中，声调由音节间的相对音高确定。多音节词的整个词可能只有一个声调，落在每个音节上，体现为具体的高低音调。时态、人称与否定等语法信息通常只由声调传达。 </p><p>大多数声调语言的声调都是音区和轮廓调的结合。典型声调语言主要有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AE%E4%BE%97%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="壮侗语系">壮侗语系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="越語支">越语支</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="汉藏语系">汉藏语系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%9D%9E%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="亚非语系">亚非语系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%BE%9D%E6%A1%91%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="科依桑语系">科依桑语系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94-%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="尼日尔-刚果语系">尼日尔-刚果语系</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97-%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="尼罗-撒哈拉语系">尼罗-撒哈拉语系</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a>在3个音区上分别有3种轮廓的声调，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYip2002174–178_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYip2002174–178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>奥摩语支的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E5%A5%87%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本奇语（页面不存在）">本奇语</a>则有5个平调，以及一两个跨调的升调。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>大多数<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">汉语方言</a>都是轮廓调，显著特点是音高的变化形成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音高曲线（页面不存在）">音高曲线</a>；大多数班图语（西北班图语除外）的声调系统则比较简单，通常有高低调和一两个轮廓调（一般见于长元音）。这种系统中有一个默认调，一般是双调系统中的低调或三调系统中的中调，比其他声调更平凡，更不突出。还有些语言结合了相对音高和声调轮廓，如西非以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克鲁语支（页面不存在）">克鲁语支</a>为代表的尼日尔-刚果语。 </p><p>降调的下降往往大于升调的上升，降调也一般多于升调。轮廓调语言通常也会有和升调一样多或更多的降调，也有例外，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%AF%95%E8%AF%AD" title="姆毕语">姆毕语</a>有3个平调、3个升调，但没有降调。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="词调和音节调"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E8.B0.83.E5.92.8C.E9.9F.B3.E8.8A.82.E8.B0.83"></span>词调和音节调</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：词调和音节调"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>声调语言间的另一个区别是声调落在单个音节上还是整个词上。粤语、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泰语">泰语</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克鲁语支（页面不存在）">克鲁语支</a>的每个音节都可以承载一个声调，而在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%9D" title="上海话">上海话</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞典语">瑞典语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语">挪威语</a>和许多<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="班图语支">班图语支</a>语言中，每个声调的轮廓分布在整个词上。声调的种类在音节调语言中，随着音节数增长呈指数增长；在词调语言中，随着音节数增长呈线性增长。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>许多被描述为<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%BD%8E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="高低重音">高低重音</a>的语言实际上是词调语言。声调由单个音节承载，但又相互影响，因此不是互相独立的。例如，普通话中的许多后缀和助词都是轻声，其具体的实现完全由上一个音节的声调决定： </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>普通话轻声的实现 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>前接声调 </th> <th>加上轻声的<br />声调模式 </th> <th>例子 </th></tr> <tr> <td>阴平<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˥</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˥꜋</span> </td> <td>玻璃 </td></tr> <tr> <td>阳平<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧˥</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧˥꜊</span> </td> <td>伯伯 </td></tr> <tr> <td>上声<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˨˩˦</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˨˩꜉</span> </td> <td>喇叭 </td></tr> <tr> <td>去声<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˥˩</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˥˩꜌</span> </td> <td>兔子 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>声调在这种词中是整个词的属性，而不是音节的属性。上海话将这种模式发挥到了极限，所有音节的音调都由前面的声调决定，因此只有首音节的声调存是独特的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="词调和语法调"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E8.B0.83.E5.92.8C.E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95.E8.B0.83"></span>词调和语法调</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：词调和语法调"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>词调用于区分词素，语法调则会改变<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4" title="语法范畴">语法范畴</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有些学者认为语法调包括屈折与派生词法。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Tian描述了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E8%AF%AD" title="缅甸语">缅甸语</a>中的一种语法调。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="声调数量"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E6.95.B0.E9.87.8F"></span>声调数量</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：声调数量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般来说一种语言会有5种以下的平调，尼日利亚的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔里语（页面不存在）">乔里语</a>有6个平调。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdden202037_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdden202037-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有5级音高的声调理论上可以有5 × 5 × 5 = 125种，但现实中的常见声调数不及这个数字的十分之一。 </p><p>部分<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%97%E6%B0%B4%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="侗水语支">侗水语</a>有9个声调，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%97%E8%AF%AD" title="侗语">侗语</a>：3个左右的平调（高中低）；4个滑调（高升与低升、高降与低降）、2个曲折调（拱调与跌调）。这就假定入音节不像汉语传统那样可以分析出入声。例如，按传统计法，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%97%E8%AF%AD" title="侗语">侗语</a>有15个调，其中6个仅见于以<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p、t、k/</span>结尾的入音节，其余9个仅见于非入音节。对利比里亚及科特迪瓦<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沃布语（页面不存在）">沃布语</a>（韦语连续体的一部分）、亚马逊<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E5%BA%93%E7%BA%B3%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图库纳语（页面不存在）">图库纳语</a>和墨西哥南部<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E8%92%82%E8%AF%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查蒂诺语（页面不存在）">查蒂诺语</a>的初步研究表明，它们的某些方言可能拥有14个及以上的声调。利比里亚和科特迪瓦边界处的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%A6%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韦语（页面不存在）">韦语</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹语（页面不存在）">丹语</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E8%AF%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马诺语（页面不存在）">马诺语</a>约有10个声调，墨西哥的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%89%98-%E6%9B%BC%E6%A0%BC%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="歐托-曼格語系">欧托-曼格语系</a>也有大量声调。最复杂的声调系统实际上出现在西非和美洲，而非东亚。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="性质与例子"><span id=".E6.80.A7.E8.B4.A8.E4.B8.8E.E4.BE.8B.E5.AD.90"></span>性质与例子</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：性质与例子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0" title="同音文章">同音文章</a></div> <p>大多数语言都用<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%BD%8E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="高低重音">重音</a>作为<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%BF" title="語調">语调</a>，以表现<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%BE%8B_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="韵律 (语言学)">韵律</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="语用学">语用</a>，注意这并不是声调。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>声调语言的每个<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节">音节</a>都有固有的声调轮廓，因此有声调不同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="最小對立對">最小对立对</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a>的声调系统有着完善的研究。 </p><p>以下先以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>中的 [sing] 音做例子。根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>標準拼音，這個語音系為平音、上音、去音時，讀作 [sing]（音會拉長）。如為入音時，就讀做 [sik]（短促音）。以下詳細的拼音同其相應的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>一併列出，格式表示為“[拼音及聲調]與相應的文字”。“○”係指<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>中所沒有的讀音字。 </p><p>[sing1] 聲；[sing2] 醒；[sing3] 聖；[sing4] 城；[sing5] ○；[sing6] 盛；[sik7] 色；[sik8] 錫；[sik9] 食。 </p><p>九個聲調都有對應中文字有: [si1] 師; [si2] 史; [si3] 試; [si4] 時; [si5] 市; [si6] 事; [sik7] 色; [sik8] 錫; [sik9] 食。 </p><p>其他例子包括有：[bin1] 邊；[bin2] 扁；[bin3] 變；[bin4] ○；[bin5] ○；[bin6] 便；[bit7] 必；[bit8] 憋；[bit9] 別。以及： [jim1] 閹；[jim2] 掩；[jim3] 厭；[jim4] 炎；[jim5] 染；[jim6] 豔；[jip7] ○；[jip8] 醃；[jip9] 葉。 </p><p>可以見到，同樣一個音，用不同音調、不同長短讀出來，意思會很不同。同樣的道理，當表達<small> [tiu4 diu6] </small>這個音調時應謹慎使用，以免表達錯誤，让人以为是髒話。 </p><p>再以<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D" title="普通话">普通话</a>中的 [ma] 音做例子。根据<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="现代标准汉语">现代标准汉语</a>，这个语音系有阴平、阳平、上声、去声、轻声。以下详细的拼音同其相应的中文字一并列出。 </p><p>[mā]/[ㄇㄚ] 妈；[má]/[ㄇㄚˊ] 麻；[mǎ]/[ㄇㄚˇ] 马；[mà]/[ㄇㄚˋ] 骂；[ma]/[ㄇㄚ·] 吗 </p><p>若编成语句可写作：妈妈骂马的麻吗？[māma mà mǎ de má ma?]/[ㄇㄚㄇㄚㄇㄚˋ ㄇㄚˇ ㄉㄜ· ㄇㄚˊ ㄇㄚ·?] </p><p>又如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泰语">泰语</a><span lang="th">ไหมใหม่ไหม้มั้ย</span>，用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a>可记为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/mǎi mài mâi mái/</span>，可译为“新丝绸烧了吗？” </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a>中的一句话<span lang="vi">bấy nay bây bầy bảy bẫy bậy</span>（<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80129570">.mw-parser-output .han-nom{font-family:"Gothic Nguyen","Han-Nom Gothic","Minh Nguyen","Han-Nom Minh","Nom Na Tong","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)","FZKaiS-Extended","FZKaiS-Extended(SIP)","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU_HKSCS","MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">卑𠉞𣊾排𦉱擺敗</span></span>），可译为“你连续摆了七样错的东西”。 </p><p>下面是越南语6种声调的表示与读音： </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/300px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/450px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/600px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>越南语声调</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">调名 </th> <th rowspan="2">编号 </th> <th rowspan="2">描述 </th> <th colspan="2">五度标记法 </th> <th rowspan="2">变音号 </th> <th rowspan="2">例子 </th></tr> <tr> <th>北（河内） </th> <th>南（胡志明） </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngang</i> / 横声 </td> <td>A1 </td> <td>中平调 </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧</span> (33)或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˦</span> (44) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">◌ </td> <td>ma </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>huyền</i> / 玄声 </td> <td>A2 </td> <td>中降调（气声） </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧˩</span> (31)或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˨˩</span> (21) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">◌̀ </td> <td>mà </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sắc</i> / 锐声 </td> <td>B1 </td> <td>中升调（紧） </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧˥</span> (35)或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˦˥</span> (45) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">◌́ </td> <td>má </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nặng</i> / 重声 </td> <td>B2 </td> <td>中降调（喉塞） </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧ˀ˨ʔ</span> (3ˀ2ʔ)<small>或</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧ˀ˩ʔ</span> (3ˀ1ʔ) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˨˩˨</span> (212) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">़ </td> <td>mạ </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>hỏi</i> / 问声 </td> <td>C1 </td> <td>中降（升）调 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧˩˧</span> (313)或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧˨˧</span> (323)或(31) </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧˨˦</span> (324)或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˨˩˦</span> (214) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">◌̉ </td> <td>mả </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngã</i> / 跌声 </td> <td>C2 </td> <td>中升调（喉塞） </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧ˀ˥</span> (3ˀ5) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˦ˀ˥</span> (4ˀ5) </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CC%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="̃（页面不存在）">◌̃</a> </td> <td>mã </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>声调最常表现在元音上，但在大多数有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">浊</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="音節輔音">音节辅音</a>的声调语言中，成音节辅音（鼻音最多见）也可带声调，见于<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="班图语支">班图语支</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克鲁语支（页面不存在）">克鲁语支</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A-%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语">塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="旁遮普语">旁遮普语</a>可见声调分布在整个词或词素，而不限于音节核（响音）的情形。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>声调间可以通过复杂的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E8%B0%83" class="mw-redirect" title="变调">变调</a>发生相互作用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="发声态"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E5.A3.B0.E6.80.81"></span>发声态</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：发声态"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在许多东亚语言中，声调与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%A3%B0%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="发声态">发声态</a>密切相关。以<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a>为例，跌声和锐声都是高升调，前者以中断的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="声门化（页面不存在）">声门化</a>与后者区别。重声和玄声都是低降调，前者更短、末尾有<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%8E%E8%A3%82%E5%A3%B0" title="嘎裂声">嘎裂声</a>后者更长、常带<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%A3%B0" title="气声">气声</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E8%AF%AD" title="缅甸语">缅甸语</a>等语言中，调值和发生态的关系十分密切，缺一不可，这样的对立系统称为“<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%8D%80" title="音區">音区</a>”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="发声态类型"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E5.A3.B0.E6.80.81.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B"></span>发声态类型</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：发声态类型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gordon和Ladefoged提出了发声态的连续统，可以确定几种类型。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="与声调的关系"><span id=".E4.B8.8E.E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E7.9A.84.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>与声调的关系</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：与声调的关系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuang认为有两种发声态：<b>调相关</b>与<b>调无关</b>。<sup id="cite_ref-Kuang2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuang2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>声调实际上是多维的，音高轮廓、持续时间和发声态都会参与声调的对立。<sup id="cite_ref-Kuang2013_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuang2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="声调与重音"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E4.B8.8E.E9.87.8D.E9.9F.B3"></span>声调与重音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：声调与重音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>更多语言以更有限的方式应用声调。例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E9%AB%98%E4%BD%8E%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日语高低声调（页面不存在）">日语高低声调</a>，只有大约一半的词汇有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E9%99%8D%E9%98%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="音位降阶">音位降阶</a>；降阶的位置形成词汇间的对立。这样的对立系统称为<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%BD%8E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="高低重音">高低重音</a>，与一般的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E9%87%8D%E8%AE%80" title="輕重讀">重音</a>有区别，后者通常允许每个单词由一个主重音。高低重音的定义还存在争议。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyman2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyman2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="声调与语调"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E4.B8.8E.E8.AF.AD.E8.B0.83"></span>声调与语调</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：声调与语调"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>词汇和语法的声调与<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%BF" title="語調">语调</a>都由音高或发音的变化体现。词调和语调共存，词调的音高变化像波浪叠加在更大的波浪上。例如，Luksaneeyanawin (1993)描述了泰语中3种主要的语调：降（确定、封闭）、升（不确定、开放）与曲折（矛盾、冲突与强调），叠加在泰语的5个词调上，语音实现如下：<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>泰语的语调+声调实现 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>降</th> <th>升</th> <th>曲折 </th></tr> <tr> <th>高平调 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˦˥˦</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˥</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˦˥˨</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>中平调 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧˨</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˦</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧˦˨</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>低平调 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˨˩</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧˧˦</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>降调 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˦˧˨, ˦˦˨</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˦˦˧, ˥˥˦</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˦˥˨</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>升调 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˩˩˦</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˧˧˦</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">˨˩˦</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在曲折语调中，高低调似乎混在了一起，而曲折语调的低调和升语调的高调有相同的音高轮廓。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="声调极性"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E6.9E.81.E6.80.A7"></span>声调极性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：声调极性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>带简单声调或<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%BD%8E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="高低重音">高低重音</a>的语言可能只有一两个音节带“特殊声调”的标记，其余部分为某个默认调。而具体哪个调作为标记，哪个调作为默认调，不同的语言间是不一样的。例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E9%9C%8D%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="納瓦霍語">纳瓦霍语</a>中，默认调是低调，被标记音节带高调。但在相近的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%99%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="则卡尼语（页面不存在）">则卡尼语</a>中，默认调是高调，被标记音节为低调。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingston2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingston2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这与重音很相似：英语重读音节的音调更高，而<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a>重读音节的音调更低<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84090868"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="width:15em;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding: 0.3em; font-size: 120%;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="語音變化">語音變化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%BA%A4%E6%9B%BF" title="语音交替">语音交替</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2" title="音位变换">音位变换</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Quantitative metathesis" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantitative metathesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantitative_metathesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantitative metathesis（页面不存在）">Quantitative metathesis</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_metathesis" class="extiw" title="en:Quantitative metathesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantitative metathesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B1%E5%8C%96" title="輔音弱化">輔音弱化</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Consonant gradation" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Consonant gradation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_gradation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consonant gradation（页面不存在）">Consonant gradation</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_gradation" class="extiw" title="en:Consonant gradation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Consonant gradation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Consonant voicing and devoicing" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Consonant voicing and devoicing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing（页面不存在）">Consonant voicing and devoicing</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" class="extiw" title="en:Consonant voicing and devoicing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Consonant voicing and devoicing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="齒擦音化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Assibilation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="齒擦音化（页面不存在）">齒擦音化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assibilation" class="extiw" title="en:Assibilation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Assibilation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="擦音化">擦音化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="L的發聲方法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="L-vocalization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L的發聲方法（页面不存在）">L的發聲方法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-vocalization" class="extiw" title="en:L-vocalization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">L-vocalization</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E5%8F%A3%E5%8C%96" title="去口化">去口化</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="輔音強化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fortition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輔音強化（页面不存在）">輔音強化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortition" class="extiw" title="en:Fortition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fortition</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%92%E9%9F%B3" title="插音">插音</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E9%A6%96%E5%A2%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="词首增音">詞首增音</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Paragoge" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paragoge"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paragoge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paragoge（页面不存在）">Paragoge</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragoge" class="extiw" title="en:Paragoge"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paragoge</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拆包" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Unpacking (linguistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%86%E5%8C%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拆包（页面不存在）">拆包</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpacking_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Unpacking (linguistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Unpacking (linguistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%A3%82%E5%8C%96" title="元音裂化">元音裂化</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5" title="語音省略">音節省略</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="词首音脱落" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Apheresis (linguistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%8D%E9%A6%96%E9%9F%B3%E8%84%B1%E8%90%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="词首音脱落（页面不存在）">词首音脱落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Apheresis (linguistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Apheresis (linguistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詞中音脱落" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Syncope (phonology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%9E%E4%B8%AD%E9%9F%B3%E8%84%B1%E8%90%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詞中音脱落（页面不存在）">詞中音脱落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" class="extiw" title="en:Syncope (phonology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Syncope (phonology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="词尾音脱落" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Apocope"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%8D%E5%B0%BE%E9%9F%B3%E8%84%B1%E8%90%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="词尾音脱落（页面不存在）">词尾音脱落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocope" class="extiw" title="en:Apocope"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Apocope</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8A%E9%9F%B3%E8%84%AB%E8%90%BD" title="疊音脫落">疊音脫落</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Cluster reduction" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cluster reduction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cluster_reduction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cluster reduction（页面不存在）">Cluster reduction</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Cluster reduction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cluster reduction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%AB%8B%E6%BC%82%E7%A7%BB" title="对立漂移">对立漂移</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A5%E5%81%BF%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%BF" title="补偿延长">补偿延长</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="鼻音化">鼻音化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="聲調發生">聲調發生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%8A%A8%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83" title="浮动声调">浮动声调</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96" title="語音同化">語音同化</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8)" title="合音 (語音學)">合音</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Coarticulation" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coarticulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coarticulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coarticulation（页面不存在）">Coarticulation</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarticulation" class="extiw" title="en:Coarticulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coarticulation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="腭音化">腭音化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96" title="軟腭化">軟腭化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="唇音化">唇音化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尾音清化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Final-obstruent devoicing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BE%E9%9F%B3%E6%B8%85%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尾音清化（页面不存在）">尾音清化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" class="extiw" title="en:Final-obstruent devoicing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Final-obstruent devoicing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="metaphony" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="metaphony"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphony（页面不存在）">metaphony</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphony" class="extiw" title="en:metaphony"><span lang="en" dir="auto">metaphony</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%92%8C%E8%B0%90%E5%BE%8B" title="元音和谐律">元音和谐律</a>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="I-mutation" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="I-mutation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=I-mutation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-mutation（页面不存在）">I-mutation</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-mutation" class="extiw" title="en:I-mutation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">I-mutation</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Consonant harmony" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="輔音和諧律"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_harmony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consonant harmony（页面不存在）">Consonant harmony</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%92%8C%E8%AB%A7%E5%BE%8B" class="extiw" title="en:輔音和諧律"><span lang="en" dir="auto">輔音和諧律</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%95%B0%E5%8C%96" title="語音異化">語音異化</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="连音">连音</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E8%AF%B5" title="联诵">联诵</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%A3%E9%9F%B3R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="連音R（页面不存在）">連音R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="輔音變化">輔音變化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" title="變調">變調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%97%B4%E9%9A%99" title="元音间隙">元音间隙</a></li></ul> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 1em;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="融合音节" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Synalepha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="融合音节（页面不存在）">融合音节</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synalepha" class="extiw" title="en:Synalepha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Synalepha</span></a></span>）</span></span></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5" title="語音省略">音節省略</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="元音缩合" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crasis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E7%BC%A9%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元音缩合（页面不存在）">元音缩合</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crasis" class="extiw" title="en:Crasis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crasis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Synaeresis" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Synaeresis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synaeresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synaeresis（页面不存在）">Synaeresis</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaeresis" class="extiw" title="en:Synaeresis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Synaeresis</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="diaeresis (prosody)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="diaeresis (prosody)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(prosody)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaeresis (prosody)（页面不存在）">diaeresis</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/diaeresis_(prosody)" class="extiw" title="en:diaeresis (prosody)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">diaeresis (prosody)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Synizesis" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Synizesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synizesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synizesis（页面不存在）">Synizesis</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synizesis" class="extiw" title="en:Synizesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Synizesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">其他</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="元音變換">元音變換</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塞擦音化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Affrication"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞擦音化（页面不存在）">塞擦音化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affrication" class="extiw" title="en:Affrication"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Affrication</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%B7" title="輔音延長">輔音延長</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Clipping (phonetics)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clipping (phonetics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clipping_(phonetics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clipping (phonetics)（页面不存在）">Clipping</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(phonetics)" class="extiw" title="en:Clipping (phonetics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clipping (phonetics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Fronting (sound change)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fronting (sound change)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fronting_(sound_change)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fronting (sound change)（页面不存在）">Fronting</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronting_(sound_change)" class="extiw" title="en:Fronting (sound change)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fronting (sound change)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抬升 (语言学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Raising (sound change)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%AC%E5%8D%87_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抬升 (语言学)（页面不存在）">抬升</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_(sound_change)" class="extiw" title="en:Raising (sound change)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Raising (sound change)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Betacism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Betacism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betacism（页面不存在）">Betacism</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacism" class="extiw" title="en:Betacism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Betacism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%AD%90%E5%A1%94%E5%8C%96" title="愛歐塔化">愛歐塔化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="phonological change#Merger" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="phonological change#Merger"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonological_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonological change（页面不存在）">Merger</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phonological_change#Merger" class="extiw" title="en:phonological change"><span lang="en" dir="auto">phonological change#Merger</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="單元音化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Monophthongization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單元音化（页面不存在）">單元音化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthongization" class="extiw" title="en:Monophthongization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Monophthongization</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="hotacism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="hotacism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotacism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotacism（页面不存在）">hotacism</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hotacism" class="extiw" title="en:hotacism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">hotacism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%96%89%E4%BA%B2%E7%BC%98%E6%80%A7" title="鼻喉亲缘性">鼻喉亲缘性</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sulcalization" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sulcalization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulcalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulcalization（页面不存在）">Sulcalization</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulcalization" class="extiw" title="en:Sulcalization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sulcalization</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shm-%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D" title="Shm-重复">Shm-重复</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="元音推移" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vowel_shift"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元音推移（页面不存在）">元音推移</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_shift" class="extiw" title="en:Vowel shift"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vowel_shift</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E5%8F%98" title="链变">链变</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6;border-top:#aaa 1px solid; padding-top: 1px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" title="Template:语音变化"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:语音变化（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:语音变化"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>聲調起源是一個語言由沒有聲調特性轉化為有聲調特性的過程。 </p><p>歷史上，很多語言，特別是東亞語言，都有產生聲調的過程，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="上古漢語">上古漢語</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中古漢語">中古漢語</a>的過渡。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88-%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%A4" title="安德烈-乔治·奥德里古">安德烈-乔治·奥德里古</a>认为，越南语的声调来自早期的辅音对立，并认为汉语也经历过类似的过程。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="瑞典語">瑞典語</a>也都曾發生過這個過程。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>不同的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="輔音">輔音</a>，由於在人體內發音的部位不一致，有可能產生不同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%80%BC" title="調值">調值</a>的副作用，而隨著時間的過去，原來的輔音結尾變成了非必要的區分元素，而慢慢脱落。反之，不同的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%80%BC" title="調值">調值</a>成為了區分輔音的重點。這就是聲調的起源。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="声调区域特征说"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E5.8C.BA.E5.9F.9F.E7.89.B9.E5.BE.81.E8.AF.B4"></span>声调区域特征说</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：声调区域特征说"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>声调有时是一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81" title="区域特征">区域特征</a>，而非<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="語系關係">语言亲缘</a>特征。也就是说，如果有影响力的邻近语言都有声调，或者声调语言母语者<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%9B%BF%E6%8F%9B" title="語言替換">改用</a>某种语言，那么声调便会由二语习得传播开来。这一过程称为声调的<b>接触引入</b>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbyBrunelle2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbyBrunelle2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>其他情况下，声调可能会以极快的速度产生：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E7%BD%97%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="切罗基语">切罗基语</a>俄克拉荷马方言有声调，而北卡罗来纳方言则没有，两者在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E6%B3%AA%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="眼泪之路">1838年才分开</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="在世界语言中"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E8.AF.AD.E8.A8.80.E4.B8.AD"></span>在世界语言中</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：在世界语言中"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%86%85%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="德内语支">德内语支</a>的声调至少产生过两次，由两个系统拼凑而成。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E9%9C%8D%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="納瓦霍語">纳瓦霍语</a>等语言中，韵尾位置的声门化辅音（包括喉塞音）会变为低调；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯拉维语（页面不存在）">斯拉维语</a>中则变为高调，因此这两种声调系统几乎完全对称。没有声门化辅音韵尾的则发展处相反的声调，例如纳瓦霍语的高调和斯拉维语的低调。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E8%82%B2%E7%A9%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科育空语（页面不存在）">科育空语</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E5%B8%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胡帕语（页面不存在）">胡帕语</a>等分布在阿拉斯加西部至太平洋沿岸的德内语没有声调。因此，原始德内语'<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">*tuː</span>“水”在胡帕语中是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">toː</span>，在纳瓦霍语中是高调的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tó</span>，在斯拉维语中是低调的<i>tù</i>；而原始德内语<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">*-ɢʊtʼ</span>“膝盖”在胡帕语中是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">-ɢotʼ</span>，在纳瓦霍语中是低调的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">-ɡòd</span>，在斯拉维语中是高调的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">-ɡóʔ</span>。<a href="#CITEREFKingston2005">Kingston (2005)</a>从语音学的角度结束了声调相反方向的演变：声门化辅音有两种演化方式，一种是使前面的元音变紧张、带<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%A0%E5%A3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="张声（页面不存在）">张声</a>、使F0升高，另一种是使前面的元音变松弛、带<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%8E%E8%A3%82%E5%A3%B0" title="嘎裂声">嘎裂声</a>、使F0降低。前者最终产生高调，后者产生低调。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="班图语支">班图语支</a>也有这样的“镜像对称”声调系统，西北部语言的声调和其他地方的相反。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%86%88%E6%98%86%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔冈昆语支（页面不存在）">阿尔冈昆语支</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%BB%B6%E8%AA%9E" title="夏延語">夏延语</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95%E9%9C%8D%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拉帕霍语（页面不存在）">阿拉帕霍语</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基卡普语（页面不存在）">基卡普语</a>的声调是分别独立产生的。夏延语中，声调通过元音缩合产生：原始阿尔冈昆语的长元音缩为高调元音，短元音变为低调元音。基卡普语中，后带[h]的元音产生低调，这一特征后来扩散到所有后跟擦音的元音。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="摩和克語">摩和克语</a>中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="詞素">词素</a>组合时喉塞音消失，产生长降调。注意，这与现代<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">汉语方言</a>入声的演化情况相反。 </p><p>一份2013年的研究比较了1935年和2005年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鲜语">朝鲜语</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="首尔方言">首尔方言</a>录音，发现近年来，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%BA%E9%9F%B3%E4%B8%8E%E5%BC%B1%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="强音与弱音（页面不存在）">弱音</a>（ㅂㅈㄷㄱ）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="送气">送气</a>音（ㅍㅊㅌㅋ）和强音（ㅃㅉㄸㄲ）之间的对立正从<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="发音起始时间（页面不存在）">发音起始时间</a>转变为音高变化，表明现代首尔方言正在产生声调。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这些音变在不同话者之间有差异，说明音变还在进行中。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在141名被调查的首尔方言使用者中，最早体现出这种音变的是1950年代出生的女性，到1990年代出生的人群中，就几乎已经完成了。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="声调产生"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E4.BA.A7.E7.94.9F"></span>声调产生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：声调产生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="发生"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E7.94.9F"></span>发生</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：发生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“不同的音素序列中，存在着产生声调的可能性：辅音的声门化与未声门化、清音与浊音、送气与不送气、叠音与单音……甚至元音的对立都可能产生声调。”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaudSands2020_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaudSands2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>声调通常是辅音消失或合并的结果。在非声调语言中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="浊音">浊音</a>往往会使后面的元音带上较低的音高，这只是一个很小的语音细节；但如果浊音清化了，这附带的差异便可能被保留下来，以承载之前发声的对立。这样的过程称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%AB%8B%E6%BC%82%E7%A7%BB" title="对立漂移">对立漂移</a>，某一维度的对立漂移到了另一维度。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingston20112304–2310_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingston20112304–2310-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="旁遮普语">旁遮普语</a>中发生了这样的过程：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%A3%B0" title="气声">浊送气音</a>消失，留下了声调。若辅音位于词首，则留下低调；位于词尾则留下高调。没有浊送气音的，便处于两者之间，是中调。这样的对应很规则，所以在书面语中，仍写出浊送气音而不标声调。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhatia1975_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhatia1975-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 相似地，词尾的<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a>或其他复印也可能影响前面元音的音高，如果弱化为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[h]</span>、最后消失，那么音高的差异就会变为真正的对立。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingston20112310–2314_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingston20112310–2314-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>汉语就如此，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a>的韵尾<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʔ/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s/ → /h/</span>到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="中古汉语">中古汉语</a>时消失了，并分别变为上声和去声。不带它们的就变为平声。中古汉语的大多数后代经历了进一步的演变，每个调根据声母的清浊<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F#浊声丢失及声调的阴阳分裂" title="东南亚语言联盟">分裂</a>为两个声调，浊声母后面的元音获得较低的声调。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingston20112311_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingston20112311-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同一时期同一地区的很多语言也经历了类似的音变，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泰语">泰语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a>也出现了这样的分裂。 </p><p>总的来说，浊声母会使韵母带低调，送气声母会使韵母带高调。喉塞音韵尾消失时，往往使元音升高（但喉化元音往往是低调，因此如果喉塞音导致元音喉化，则会使之变为低调）。韵尾位置的擦音常会使韵母带低调或降调。缅甸语可见由元音产生声调的情况。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="声调产生的阶段"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E4.BA.A7.E7.94.9F.E7.9A.84.E9.98.B6.E6.AE.B5"></span>声调产生的阶段</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：声调产生的阶段"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1. 下表是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%9B%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玛莎·拉特利夫（页面不存在）">玛莎·拉特利夫</a>描述的白<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="苗语">苗语</a>声调产生的过程。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>表中描述的调值来自Christina Esposito。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>白苗语的声调产生 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>无调 </td> <td colspan="2">CV </td> <td colspan="2">CVʔ </td> <td colspan="2">CVh </td> <td colspan="2">CVC<sub>vl</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>有调 </td> <td colspan="2">CV <sup>平</sup> </td> <td colspan="2">CV <sup>升</sup> </td> <td colspan="2">CV <sup>降</sup> </td> <td colspan="2">CVC<sub>vl</sub> <sup>无调</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>分裂</td> <td>A1 <sup>高</sup></td> <td>A2 <sup>低</sup></td> <td>B1 <sup>高</sup></td> <td>B2 <sup>低</sup></td> <td>C1 <sup>高</sup></td> <td>C2 <sup>低</sup></td> <td>D1 <sup>高</sup></td> <td>D2 <sup>低</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>目前</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pɔ˦˥]</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pɔ˥˨]</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pɔ˨˦]</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pɔ˨]</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pɔ˧]</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pɔ̤˦˨]</span></td> <td>--</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pɔ̰˨˩]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>2. 下表描述<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a>声调产生的过程。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaudricourt2018_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaudricourt2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>调值来自James Kirby。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>越南语的声调产生 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>无调 </td> <td colspan="2">CV </td> <td colspan="2">CVx > CVʔ </td> <td colspan="2">CVs > CVh </td></tr> <tr> <td>有调 </td> <td colspan="2">CV <sup>中</sup> </td> <td colspan="2">CV <sup>升</sup> </td> <td colspan="2">CV <sup>降</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>分裂</td> <td>A1 <sup>高</sup></td> <td>A2 <sup>低</sup></td> <td>B1 <sup>高</sup></td> <td>B2 <sup>低</sup></td> <td>C1 <sup>高</sup></td> <td>C2 <sup>低</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>目前</td> <td>平声ngang<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˦/</span></td> <td>玄声huyền <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨˩/</span></td> <td>锐声sắc <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨˦/</span></td> <td>重声nặng <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨/</span></td> <td>问声hỏi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧˨/</span></td> <td>跌声ngã <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧˥/</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>3. 下表描述<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E6%8B%85%E8%AF%AD" title="傣担语">傣担语</a>声调产生的过程。第一行是原始南壮侗语，构拟据Norquest。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>调值来自张高峰。<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>傣担语的声调产生 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>原始南壮侗语 </td> <td colspan="2">*∅ </td> <td colspan="2">*-h </td> <td colspan="2">*-ʔ </td> <td colspan="2">*-ʔ͡C </td></tr> <tr> <td>声调产生 </td> <td colspan="2">平 </td> <td colspan="2">升 </td> <td colspan="2">降 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>分裂</td> <td>A1</td> <td>A2</td> <td>B1</td> <td>B2</td> <td>C1</td> <td>C2</td> <td>D1</td> <td>D2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>目前</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˦˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˦/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨˩ʔ/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧˩ʔ/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˦˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˦/</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>4. 下面是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>声调产生的过程。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>汉语的声调产生 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>无调 </td> <td colspan="2">-∅, -N </td> <td colspan="2">-ʔ </td> <td colspan="2">-s </td> <td colspan="2">-p, -t, -k </td></tr> <tr> <td>有调 </td> <td colspan="2">平 </td> <td colspan="2">上 </td> <td colspan="2">去 </td> <td colspan="2">入 </td></tr> <tr> <td>分裂</td> <td>A1</td> <td>A2</td> <td>B1</td> <td>B2</td> <td>C1</td> <td>C2</td> <td>D1</td> <td>D2 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>调值如下： </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>现代汉语方言声调调值 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>调类</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D" title="普通话">普通话</a><sup id="cite_ref-Huang_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8E%BF%E8%AF%9D" title="四县话">四县话</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hakka_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hakka-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%99%B8%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="海陸客語">海陆话</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hakka_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hakka-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="厦门话">厦门话</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cihui_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cihui-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="福州话">福州话</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cihui_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cihui-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="苏州话">苏州话</a><sup id="cite_ref-Huang_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88%E8%A9%B1" title="紹興話">绍兴话</a><sup id="cite_ref-Huang_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>阴平</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨˦/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥˧/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˦/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˦/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˦˩/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>阳平</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˩/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨˦/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥˨/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˩˧/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˩˥/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>阴上</td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨˩˦/</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧˩/</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨˦/</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥˩/</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧˩/</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥˨/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>阳上</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>阴去</td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥˩/</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˩/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˩/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨˩˧/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˦˩˨/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˦/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>阳去</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨˦˨/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧˩/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧˩/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>阴入</td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥, ˧˥<br />˨˩˦, ˥˩/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧˨/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨˧/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>阳入</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˥/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˦/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˨/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/˧˨/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>汉语所有方言的声调都能大致地彼此对应。实际口语中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E8%B0%83" class="mw-redirect" title="变调">变调</a>会强烈影响短语的实际声调。 </p><p>5. 下表展示了旁遮普语双音节词的声调产生。与前面4例不同，旁遮普语不在东亚声调<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="语言联盟">语言联盟</a>中，其声调来自浊送气声母的送气的失落。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>单音节词也有声调，下表不展示。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>旁遮普语声调产生 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>无调 </td> <td>C(V)VC̬ʰ(V)V </td> <td colspan="4">C̬ʰ(V)VC(V)V </td> <td>C(V)VC(V)V </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">有调 </td> <td rowspan="2">C̬ʰ → V́C̬V̀ <p>/ V_V </p> </td> <td colspan="2">C̬ʰVC(V)V </td> <td colspan="2">C̬ʰVVC(V)V </td> <td rowspan="2">- </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">C̬ʰ → T̥V, R̬V / #_V </td> <td colspan="2">C̬ʰVV → T̥VV̀, R̬VV̀ / #_VV </td></tr> <tr> <td>结果 </td> <td>C(V)V́C̬(V)V̀ </td> <td>T̥VC(V)V </td> <td>R̬VC(V)V </td> <td>T̥VV̀C(V)V </td> <td>R̬VV̀C(V)V </td> <td>C(V)VC(V)V </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>（C=任意辅音； T=非卷舌塞音；R=卷舌塞音；C̬=浊音；C̥=清音；Cʰ=送气音；V=中调；V́=升调；V̀=降调） </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="變調"><span id=".E8.AE.8A.E8.AA.BF"></span>變調</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：變調"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" title="變調">變調</a></div> <p>連讀變調是一種廣泛存在於聲調語言的現象，意指當聲調毗鄰時，其調值會產生一些變化。最著名的例子就是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a>的上聲變調，當兩個讀作三聲的字擺在一起時，前字必須讀成陽平，例如老虎（lǎohǔ）實際的讀音是「láohǔ」。漢語諸方言多少都有變調存在，其中<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩語">閩語</a>中各語言的變調較為複雜，但亦有規律，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E9%80%A3%E8%AE%80%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" title="閩南語連讀變調">閩南語連讀變調</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="调阶"><span id=".E8.B0.83.E9.98.B6"></span>调阶</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：调阶"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%98%B6" title="调阶">调阶</a></div> <p>声调只是相对音高。“高调”和“低调”只是相对于说话人的音域和音节间比较而言，而不是音乐那样的绝对音高比。因此，声调和句子的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%BE%8B_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="韵律 (语言学)">韵律</a>结合起来时，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%BE%8B%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="韵律单位">韵律单位</a>末尾的高调的绝对音高有可能高于单位开头的低调，这是因为音高随时间有普遍的下降趋势，这个过程称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E6%BC%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="下漂（页面不存在）">下漂</a>（Downdrift）。 </p><p>如同辅音和元音一样，声调之间也会相互影响。在许多音区调语言中，低调往往会导致后面的高中调<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E9%99%8D%E9%98%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="音位降阶">降阶</a>，这样一来，低调随着下漂抵达话者音域的低端，高调也会像<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AF%E7%94%B0" title="梯田">梯田</a>一样阶梯式下降，直到不同调离得太近，以至不能区分，话者需重新起调。这种现象称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%98%B6" title="调阶">调阶</a>（Terracing）。 </p><p>带声调语法助词的元辅音都消失之后，对其他声调的影响可能成为语法助词的唯一残余。可能会导致降阶，也可能与其他声调结合起来，改变其声调轮廓。这些统称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%8A%A8%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83" title="浮动声调">浮动声调</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="变调"><span id=".E5.8F.98.E8.B0.83"></span>变调</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：变调"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E8%B0%83" class="mw-redirect" title="变调">变调</a></div> <p>在许多轮廓调语言中，声调会影响周围的声调轮廓，变为已有或未有的其他声调的轮廓。例如，普通话的上声在语句中往往会变为简单的低平调，其不能单独出现。如果两个上声连续出现，前一个就会变为升调，与阳平等同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="左变调与右变调"><span id=".E5.B7.A6.E5.8F.98.E8.B0.83.E4.B8.8E.E5.8F.B3.E5.8F.98.E8.B0.83"></span>左变调与右变调</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：左变调与右变调"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">汉语方言</a>的变调可分为左右两类。右变调系统中，短语最后的音节保持其本调，前面所有音节都需要变调。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾话">台湾话</a>的变调系统十分复杂，例如：鹹kiam<sup>5</sup>；酸sng<sup>1</sup>；甜tinn<sup>1</sup>；鹹酸甜kiam<sub>7</sub> sng<sub>7</sub> tinn<sup>1</sup> （果脯）。这个例子中，只有末字的声调不变。下标数字代表变后的声调。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="声调交替"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E4.BA.A4.E6.9B.BF"></span>声调交替</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：声调交替"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>注意，<b>声调交替</b>与<b>变调</b>是不同的概念。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E8%B0%83" class="mw-redirect" title="变调">变调</a>是声调共现时的强制变化，而声调交替则是以词法形态为条件的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%BA%A4%E6%9B%BF" title="语音交替">语音交替</a>，是一种屈折或派生方法。<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2004_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>連金發（1999）指出，现代<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="闽南语">闽南语</a>使役动词是用声调交替来表达的，可能来自早期的词缀。例如：長 tng<sup>5</sup>vs. tng<sup>2</sup>“生长”；斷 tng<sup>7</sup>vs. tng<sup>2</sup>“使断”。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾话">台湾话</a>中的“毒”有两种发音：to̍k（入声）；thāu（去声）“毒杀某人”。<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同样的用法可见于闽语、粤语和客家话。<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="声调的使用"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E7.9A.84.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8"></span>声调的使用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：声调的使用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>东亚声调语言大多数是典型的词调，用来区分同音词，如汉语、越南语、泰语和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="苗语">苗语</a>。但在以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94-%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="尼日尔-刚果语系">尼日尔-刚果语系</a>为代表的非洲语言中，声调既可以是词调，也可以是语法调。以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克鲁语支（页面不存在）">克鲁语支</a>为例，这些模式结合在一起：名词往往有复杂的声调，但受屈折影响不大；动词往往有简单的声调，再通过声调的屈折表达<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E6%80%81" title="时态">时态</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0" title="人称">人称</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%8E%E5%90%A6%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肯定与否定（页面不存在）">肯定与否定</a>。举例来说，“你去了”和“我不去”两个短语的唯一区别可能只有声调。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E9%B2%81%E5%B7%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="约鲁巴语">约鲁巴语</a>口语中，尤其是在快速说话时，元音可能会互相<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="语音同化">同化</a>，辅音也会<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5" title="語音省略">省略</a>，最后很多词汇和语法信息都要靠声调传达。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>包括约鲁巴语在内的西非很多语言都有“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%9D%E9%BC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="话鼓（页面不存在）">话鼓</a>”，通过模仿声调或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E5%93%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="口哨語言">口哨</a>来传达信息。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p><p>注意声调语言的分布并不均匀。<sup id="cite_ref-Maddieson_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddieson-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>大多数声调语言属于尼日尔-刚果语系、汉藏语系和越语支，它们由绝大多数声调语言组成，并在特定地区占主导地位。只有南非、新几内亚、墨西哥南部、巴西等少数地区，声调语言才单独或成群地出现在非声调语言主导的地区。在中美洲等地，语言分布可能只是某种语言被纳入的偶然影响；非洲南部的科依桑语系和新几内亚的巴布亚语系，几乎所有语言都有声调，只是语系规模相对较小。 </p><p>如果只考虑复杂调和无调，可能会得出这样的结论：声调几乎总是语系中的古老特征，在成员间高度一致。然而如果把只包括两个声调的“简单调”系统包含在内，那么声调似乎就比较容易出现了，屡见于印欧语系、巴布亚语系和美洲原住民语言。<sup id="cite_ref-Maddieson_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddieson-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这可能表明，声调不是某些语系独有的特征，随着时间推移，声调有可能出现或消失。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHombertOhalaEwan1979_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHombertOhalaEwan1979-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2015年，Caleb Everett的一项研究认为，声调语言在炎热潮湿的气候中更常见，它们在这种气候中更容易产生，即使考虑语系关系也是如此。Everett的结论可能是已知的第一个自然环境对语言产生影响的案例。<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>气候与声调间的关系有争议，许多学者提出了逻辑和统计方面的问题。<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="声调与屈折"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83.E4.B8.8E.E5.B1.88.E6.8A.98"></span>声调与屈折</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：声调与屈折"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一直以来，声调都被认为是一种语音特征。直到最近，人们才发现声调也可以起屈折变化的作用。Palancar和Léonard (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>研究了墨西哥南部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%89%98-%E6%9B%BC%E6%A0%BC%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="歐托-曼格語系">欧托-曼格语系</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%97%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇南特语支（页面不存在）">奇南特语支</a>Tlatepuzco语，发现其声调可以区分<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%94" title="语气">语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0" title="人称">人称</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">数</a>： </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Tlatepuzco奇南特语中的“折” </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"> </th> <th scope="col">1单 </th> <th scope="col">1复 </th> <th scope="col">2 </th> <th scope="col">3 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">完成体 </th> <td>húʔ˩</td> <td>húʔ˩˥</td> <td>húʔ˩</td> <td>húʔ˧ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">进行体 </th> <td>húʔ˩˧</td> <td>húʔ˩˧</td> <td>húʔ˩˧</td> <td>húʔ˧ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">非现实体 </th> <td>húʔ˩˥</td> <td>húʔ˩˥</td> <td>húʔ˩˥</td> <td>húʔ˧ </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%96%E5%8E%9F%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湖原语系（页面不存在）">湖原语系</a>声调最复杂的语言<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E5%A6%82%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图如语（页面不存在）">图如语</a>中，名词有固有的声调（如be˧“火”、be˦˧“花”），而动词没有。动词的声调用于标记<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="体 (语法)">体</a>。最早提到这一特点的文献发表于1986年。<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>示例：<sup id="cite_ref-Foley-NWNG_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley-NWNG-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA"> <caption>图如语的体 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>声调</th> <th>体</th> <th>ba“来”</th> <th>tai“使……向……移动”</th> <th>da “将……置于内” </th></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>完成时刻</td> <td>ba˦ “来了”</td> <td>tai˦ “拉了”</td> <td>da˦ “吃了” </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>结果持续</td> <td>ba˧ “已经来了”</td> <td>tai˧ “已经拉掉了”</td> <td>da˧ “已经装到……上了” </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>动作未完成</td> <td>ba˦˥ “必须来”</td> <td>tai˦˥ “必须拉”</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>结果时刻</td> <td>ba˨˧ “来拿”</td> <td>tai˨˧ “落在……上”</td> <td>da˨˧ “扔进水里；洗……” </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%93%E7%82%B9%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="结点性（页面不存在）">结点</a>时刻</td> <td>ba˦˨ “结束”</td> <td>tai˦˨ “落到地上”</td> <td>da˦˨ “吃光了” </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>结点未完成</td> <td>ba˦˧ “还在路上”</td> <td>tai˦˧ “还在落”</td> <td>da˦˧ “还在吃光” </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>动作整体持续</td> <td>ba˧˨ “要来了”</td> <td>tai˧˨ “要拉了”</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>243</td> <td>结点持续</td> <td>ba˦˨˧ “坚持”</td> <td>tai˦˨˧ “要落了”</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>tai˦˥–˧˨ “拉东西，握手”</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>tai˦˥–˧ “拉了东西，握了手”</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>声调还可以用来区分<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>，这见于分布在<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="肯尼亚">肯尼亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="坦桑尼亚">坦桑尼亚</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97-%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="尼罗-撒哈拉语系">尼罗-撒哈拉语系</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B3%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="馬賽語">马赛语</a>：<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>马赛语的格 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">词义 </th> <th scope="col">主格 </th> <th scope="col">宾格 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">“头” </th> <td>èlʊ̀kʊ̀nyá</td> <td>èlʊ́kʊ́nyá </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">“鼠” </th> <td>èndérònì</td> <td>èndèrónì </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">汉语方言</a>可以通过声调变化表达意义，但还需要进一步研究。下面是两种<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a>方言的例子。<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2004_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%B1%B1%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="台山话">台山话</a>中，声调变化可以表示人称代词的数。中山话中，动词<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="完成時">完成时</a>用声调变化来表示。 </p> <ul><li>台山话</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>ngwoi˧</td> <td>我（单数） </td></tr> <tr> <td>ngwoi˨</td> <td>我们（复数） </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>中山话</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>hy˨</td> <td>去 </td></tr> <tr> <td>hy˧˥</td> <td>去了（完成时） </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>下表比较了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8E%BF%E8%AF%9D" title="四县话">四县话</a>与载瓦语、景颇语的人称代词<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。我们可以观察到主格、属格和宾格由声调变化和语音交替标记。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>人称代词的比较 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8E%BF%E8%AF%9D" title="四县话">四县话</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BD%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="载瓦语">载瓦语</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E9%A2%87%E8%AF%AD" title="景颇语">景颇语</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1主 </th> <td>ŋai˩</td> <td>ŋo˥˩</td> <td>ŋai˧ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1属 </th> <td>ŋa˨˦ or ŋai˩ ke˥</td> <td>ŋa˥</td> <td>ŋjeʔ˥ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1宾 </th> <td>ŋai˩</td> <td>ŋo˧˩</td> <td>ŋai˧ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2主 </th> <td>ŋ̍˩</td> <td>naŋ˥˩</td> <td>naŋ˧ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2属 </th> <td>ŋia˨˦ or ŋ̍˩ ke˥</td> <td>naŋ˥</td> <td>naʔ˥ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2宾 </th> <td>ŋ̍˩</td> <td>naŋ˧˩</td> <td>naŋ˧ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3主 </th> <td>ki˩</td> <td>jaŋ˧˩</td> <td>khji˧ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3属 </th> <td>kia˨˦ or ki˩ ke˥</td> <td>jaŋ˥˩</td> <td>khjiʔ˥ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3宾 </th> <td>ki˩</td> <td>jaŋ˧˩</td> <td>khji˧ </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="五度标记法"><span id=".E4.BA.94.E5.BA.A6.E6.A0.87.E8.AE.B0.E6.B3.95"></span>五度标记法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：五度标记法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BA%A6%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0%E6%B3%95" title="五度标记法">五度标记法</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="曲線法"><span id=".E6.9B.B2.E7.B7.9A.E6.B3.95"></span>曲線法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：曲線法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以一條位於右方的豎線作標尺，从低到高分作四段，各端点从低到高即分别表示相对音值的最低、次低、中、次高、最高。聲調的高低升降变化用竖线左边的从左到右的线条表示。使用這種標技法的符號稱為「調符」或「聲調字母」（tone letter）。 </p><p>例如記錄這些字在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="官話">官話</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="北方官话">北語</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">普通話</a>裏的唸法：「番」（fān）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[fɑn˥]</span>，「茄」（qié）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʨʰiɛ˧˥]</span>，「炒」（chǎo）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʂʰɑʊ˨˩˦]</span>，「蛋」（dàn）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tan˥˩]</span>。 </p><p>此外，以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="粵海片">粵海片</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="標準粵語">標準粵語</a>的唸法爲例則是：「三」（saam1）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[saːm˥]</span>，「碗」（wun2）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[wuːn˧˥]</span>，「細」（sai3）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sɐi˧]</span>，「牛」（ngau4）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ŋɐu˩]</span>，「腩」（naam5）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[naːm˨˧]</span>，「麪」（min6）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[miːn˨]</span>。 </p><p>此外，如果想表示口語<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" title="變調">變調</a>，可以把作爲標尺的豎線畫在左方，顯示聲調高低升降變化的線條則在其右方。以普通話「你好」爲例，「你」（nǐ）字本讀<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ni˨˩˦]</span>，「好」（hǎo）字本讀<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[xaʊ˨˩˦]</span>。但二字連讀時會變成（ní hǎo）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ni˧˥xaʊ˨˩˦/</span>這種唸法，這時候就可以寫成：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">⫽ni˨˩˦꜔꜒xaʊ˨˩˦⫽</span>。 </p><p>若是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E8%81%B2" title="輕聲">輕聲</a>，則把顯示聲調高低升降變化的線條改爲點。例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">普通話</a>裏的這些詞彙：「玻璃」（bōli）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pwo˥li꜋]</span>、「伯伯」（bóbo）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pwo˧˥pwo꜊]</span>、「喇叭」（lǎba）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[la˨pa˩꜉]</span>、「兔子」（tùzi）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰu˥˩t͡sz̞ᵚ꜌]</span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="數字法"><span id=".E6.95.B8.E5.AD.97.E6.B3.95"></span>數字法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：數字法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>数字法就是把相对音高高度用数字表示。一般写在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a>的右上方。各種<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>語言的記錄，以1代表最低，以2代表次低，以3代表中，以4代表次高，以5代表最高。 </p><p>例如記錄這些字在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="官話">官話</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="北方官话">北語</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">普通話</a>裏的唸法：「番」（fān）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[fɑn<sup>55</sup>]</span>，「茄」（qié）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʨʰiɛ<sup>35</sup>]</span>，「炒」（chǎo）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʂʰɑʊ<sup>214</sup>]</span>，「蛋」（dàn）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tan<sup>51</sup>]</span>。 </p><p>此外，以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="粵海片">粵海片</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="標準粵語">標準粵語</a>的唸法爲例則是：「三」（saam1）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[saːm<sup>55</sup>]</span>，「碗」（wun2）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[wuːn<sup>35</sup>˥]</span>，「細」（sai3）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sɐi<sup>33</sup>]</span>，「牛」（ngau4）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ŋɐu<sup>11</sup>]</span>，「腩」（naam5）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[naːm<sup>23</sup>]</span>，「麪」（min6）<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[miːn<sup>22</sup>]</span>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%93" title="聲調輪廓">聲調輪廓</a>多以兩個或以上的數字表示。然而，一些人表示急速停頓的短聲調（比如<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E8%81%B2" title="入聲">入聲</a>）時，為了強調它的短，寫成只有一個數字，例如音高較高而較短的音節，聲調輪廓則是/5/，長者則爲/55/。這些「急速停頓的聲調」通常有一個非<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁音">濁音</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="輔音">輔音</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="喉塞音">喉塞音</a>，故此令元音急速停頓。然而，有些人選擇保持用雙位數字表示輪廓，避免令它跟<a class="mw-selflink selflink">聲調</a>代號數字混淆。若使用曲線法，則/5/與/55/無異，都是「˥」。 </p><p>須注意，记录<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美洲原住民语言">美洲原住民语言</a>的学者，则往往以5为最低，以1为最高。跟<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>語言的記錄恰好相反。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="国际音标"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E9.99.85.E9.9F.B3.E6.A0.87"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：国际音标"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a>标示单字字调的方法有两种，其中一种就借鉴了五度标记法。以<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[a]</span>为例，最高调可以表示为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[a˥]</span>（或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[a̋]</span>），次高调为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[a˦]</span>（或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[á]</span>），中调为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[a˧]</span>（或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ā]</span>），次低调为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[a˨]</span>（或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[à]</span>），低调为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[a˩]</span>（或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ȁ]</span>）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="汉语拼音方案"><span id=".E6.B1.89.E8.AF.AD.E6.8B.BC.E9.9F.B3.E6.96.B9.E6.A1.88"></span>汉语拼音方案</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：汉语拼音方案"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音方案</a>的声调标记方法也借鉴了五度标记法的曲线法，用<i>¯</i>、<i>ˊ</i>、<i>ˇ</i>、<i>ˋ</i>分别表示。由于<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D" title="普通话">普通话</a>中的四个声调调型都不同，因此没有必要用竖标来标明相对高度。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發圈法"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.9C.88.E6.B3.95"></span>發圈法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：發圈法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%88%E6%B3%95" title="發圈法">發圈法</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg/220px-%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="448" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg/330px-%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg/440px-%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>分四聲法</figcaption></figure> <p>現行的發圈法共使用八個符號，主要形式爲半圈的「⊂」以及在半圈下加短橫的「⊆」，以不同位置、不同方向表示不同調類，具體方法是用左手拇指在食指指根左方畫半圈為平聲，在食指指頭左方畫為上聲，在無名指指頭右方上畫為去聲，在無名指指根右方上畫為入聲。<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>具體如下所示： </p><p>分四聲，祇標半圈 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>上聲</td> <td>꜂□</td> <td>去聲</td> <td>□꜄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>平聲</td> <td>꜀□</td> <td>入聲</td> <td>□꜆ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>分陰陽，根據聲母清濁不同劃分，清聲母多爲陰調，濁聲母則多爲陽調，以半圈下加短橫區別 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><b>陰調</b>（祇標半圈） </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰上</td> <td>꜂□</td> <td>陰去</td> <td>□꜄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰平</td> <td>꜀□</td> <td>陰入</td> <td>□꜆ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>陽調</b>（加一短橫） </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽上</td> <td>꜃□</td> <td>陽去</td> <td>□꜅ </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽平</td> <td>꜁□</td> <td>陽入</td> <td>□꜇ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>分上下（或高低），根據所依附元音的長短劃分，即長元音爲上（高），短元音爲下（低），以半圈開口方向區別 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><b>平聲類</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陰平</td> <td>꜀□</td> <td>下陰平</td> <td>꜆□ </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陽平</td> <td>꜁□</td> <td>下陽平</td> <td>꜇□ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>上聲類</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陰上</td> <td>꜂□</td> <td>下陰上</td> <td>꜄□ </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陽上</td> <td>꜃□</td> <td>下陽上</td> <td>꜅□ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>去聲類</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陰去</td> <td>□꜄</td> <td>下陰去</td> <td>□꜂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陽去</td> <td>□꜅</td> <td>下陽去</td> <td>□꜃ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>‌入聲類</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陰入</td> <td>□꜆</td> <td>下陰入</td> <td>□꜀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>上陽入</td> <td>□꜇</td> <td>下陽入</td> <td>□꜁ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>區段<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%A9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9" title="中日韩符号和标点">中日韓符號和標點</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F_(Unicode%E5%8D%80%E6%AE%B5)" class="mw-redirect" title="聲調修飾符號 (Unicode區段)">聲調修飾符號</a>分別收錄了兩種四角標圈法之漢語四聲標誌。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>符號</td> <td>Unicode名稱</td> <td>編碼</td> <td>字符效果</td> <td>結合字符 </td></tr> <tr> <td>平聲標誌</td> <td>Ideographic Level Tone Mark</td> <td>U+302A</td> <td>◌〪</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">〪</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>上聲標誌</td> <td>Ideographic Rising Tone Mark</td> <td>U+302B</td> <td>◌〫</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">〫</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>去聲標誌</td> <td>Ideographic Departing Tone Mark</td> <td>U+302C</td> <td>◌〬</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">〬</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>入聲標誌</td> <td>Ideographic Entering Tone Mark</td> <td>U+302D</td> <td>◌〭</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">〭</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>符號</td> <td>Unicode名稱</td> <td>編碼</td> <td>字符效果</td> <td>字符 </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰平調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Ping</td> <td>U+A700</td> <td>꜀◌</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜀</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽平調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Ping</td> <td>U+A701</td> <td>꜁◌</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜁</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰上調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Shang</td> <td>U+A702</td> <td>꜂◌</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜂</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽上調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Shang</td> <td>U+A703</td> <td>꜃◌</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜃</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰去調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Qu</td> <td>U+A704</td> <td>◌꜄</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜄</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽去調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Qu</td> <td>U+A705</td> <td>◌꜅</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜅</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陰入調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Ru</td> <td>U+A706</td> <td>◌꜆</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜆</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>陽入調</td> <td>Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Ru</td> <td>U+A707</td> <td>◌꜇</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; border: 1px dotted red;">꜇</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="有聲調的語言"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E8.81.B2.E8.AA.BF.E7.9A.84.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>有聲調的語言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：有聲調的語言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="聲調語言">聲調語言</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亞洲"><span id=".E4.BA.9E.E6.B4.B2"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞洲語言（页面不存在）">亞洲</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：亞洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="漢藏語系">漢藏語系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E7%91%A4%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="苗瑤語系">苗瑤語系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AF%E4%BE%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="壯侗語系">壯侗語系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞語系">南亞語系</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F-%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="孟-高棉語族">孟-高棉語族</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A-%E8%8A%92%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="越-芒語支">越-芒語支</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="越南語">越南語</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系">南島語系</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="马来波利尼西亚语族">馬來波利尼西亞語族</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E8%BC%9D%E8%A9%B1" title="回輝話">回輝話</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非洲"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E6.B4.B2"></span><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲語言">非洲</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：非洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%9D%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="亞非語系">亞非語系</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="乍得语族">乍得語族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%91%A9%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="奧摩語族">奧摩語族</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85-%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="尼羅-撒哈拉語系">尼羅-撒哈拉語系</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東蘇丹語族（页面不存在）">東蘇丹語族</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼羅語支（页面不存在）">尼羅語支</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5-%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="尼日-剛果語系">尼日-剛果語系</a>（除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="斯瓦希里語">斯瓦希里語</a>外）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%BE%9D%E6%A1%91%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="科依桑語系">科依桑語系</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歐洲"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="欧洲语言">歐洲</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：歐洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼語族">日耳曼語族</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="北日耳曼語支">北日耳曼語支</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="挪威語">挪威語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="瑞典語">瑞典語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西日耳曼語支</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="林堡語">林堡語</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="波罗的语族">波羅的語族</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東波羅（页面不存在）">東波羅</a>的語支 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="立陶宛語">立陶宛語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉脫維亞語">拉脫維亞語</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="斯拉夫語族">斯拉夫語族</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="南斯拉夫語支">南斯拉夫語支</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E-%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語">塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="斯洛文尼亞語">斯洛文尼亞語</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大洋洲"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E6.B4.8B.E6.B4.B2"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大洋洲語言（页面不存在）">大洋洲</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：大洋洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系">南島語系</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="马来波利尼西亚语族">馬來波利尼西亞語族</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅賓語（页面不存在）">雅賓語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%8D%A1%E5%93%87%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布卡哇語（页面不存在）">布卡哇語</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="巴布亞諸語言">巴布亞諸語言</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美洲"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E6.B4.B2"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美洲語言（页面不存在）">美洲</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：美洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="美洲原住民語言">美洲原住民語言</a>（大部份）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="另见"><span id=".E5.8F.A6.E8.A7.81"></span>另见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：另见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meeussen%27s_rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meeussen's rule（页面不存在）">Meeussen's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musical language（页面不存在）">Musical language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lion-Eating_Poet_in_the_Stone_Den&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den（页面不存在）">Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83"></span>參考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：參考"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYip2002178–184-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYip2002178–184_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYip2002">Yip (2002)</a>，第178–184頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYip2002174–178-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYip2002174–178_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYip2002">Yip (2002)</a>，第174–178頁.</span> 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Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 1985: 881–902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Why+Bench%27+%28Ethiopia%29+has+five+level+tones+today&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.aulast=Wedeking&rft.btitle=Studia+Linguistica+Diachronica+et+Sinchronica&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=881-902&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glossary.sil.org/term/grammatical-tone">"Grammatical Tone"</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529182010/https://glossary.sil.org/term/grammatical-tone">存檔</a>，存档日期2019-05-29.. <i>SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms</i>. 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Nature Communications. 2021-02-19, <b>12</b> (1): 1161 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-04-30</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 2041-1723</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-21430-x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21430-x</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430074658/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21430-x">存档</a>于2023-04-30） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Human+cortical+encoding+of+pitch+in+tonal+and+non-tonal+languages&rft.au=Chang%2C+Edward+F.&rft.au=Lu%2C+Junfeng&rft.au=Tang%2C+Claire&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jinsong&rft.aufirst=Yuanning&rft.aulast=Li&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.pages=1161&rft.volume=12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41467-021-21430-x&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-21430-x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Singh, Chander Shekhar. 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Phonation types: A cross-linguistic overview. <i>Journal of Phonetics, 29</i>, 383-406. <a href="//doi.org/10.006/jpho.2001.0147" class="extiw" title="doi:10.006/jpho.2001.0147">doi:10.006/jpho.2001.0147</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuang2013-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuang2013_11-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuang2013_11-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuang, J.-J. (2013). <i>Phonation in Tonal Contrasts (Doctoral dissertation)</i>. University of California, Los Angeles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu, X.-Y., Liu, X.-F., T., J.-H., & Che, H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218191144/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0fc0/6a4a16416c32a7d1401346135bc89a661ee2.pdf">Pitch and Phonation Type Perception in Wenzhou Dialect Tone</a>. In <i>The Third International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL 2012)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yu, K. M. & Lam, H. W. (2011). The role of creaky voice in Cantonese tonal perception. <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136</i>(3), 1320 . <a href="//doi.org/10.1121/1.4887462" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1121/1.4887462">doi:10.1121/1.4887462</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyman2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyman2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyman2009">Hyman (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laver (1994). <i>Principles of Phonetics</i>, pp. 477–478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingston2005-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingston2005_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKingston2005">Kingston (2005)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">朱曉農. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-16640">聲調起源於發聲——兼論漢語四聲的發明</a>. 学位论文数据库. 香港科技大学. 2021-06-24 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-06-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611221628/http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-16640">存档</a>于2020-06-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E6%96%BC%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%BC%E8%AB%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E6%9B%89%E8%BE%B2&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.ust.hk%2Fir%2FRecord%2F1783.1-16640&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The seminal references are <a href="#CITEREFHaudricourt1954">Haudricourt (1954)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFHaudricourt1961">Haudricourt (1961)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_19-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_19-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Suzuki, Hiroyuki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/bcl/8/1/article-p117_9.xml">An introduction to the tonogenesis triggered by breathy voice: 對舟曲藏語超音段音素的新見解——被氣聲引起的聲調發生論</a>. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 2015-01-14, <b>8</b> (1): 117–139 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-06-08</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-00801007"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1163/2405478X-00801007</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924033332/https://brill.com/view/journals/bcl/8/1/article-p117_9.xml">存档</a>于2021-09-24） –通过brill.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=An+introduction+to+the+tonogenesis+triggered+by+breathy+voice%3A+%E5%B0%8D%E8%88%9F%E6%9B%B2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%B6%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%AE%B5%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%8B%E8%A7%A3%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%A2%AB%E6%B0%A3%E8%81%B2%E5%BC%95%E8%B5%B7%E7%9A%84%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E8%AB%96&rft.aufirst=Hiroyuki&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.pages=117-139&rft.volume=8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fbcl%2F8%2F1%2Farticle-p117_9.xml&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2405478X-00801007&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pdf/JAM/Matisoff_1973_tonogenesis-SEA.pdf">存档副本</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-06-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118213503/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pdf/JAM/Matisoff_1973_tonogenesis-SEA.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2017-11-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstedt.berkeley.edu%2Fpdf%2FJAM%2FMatisoff_1973_tonogenesis-SEA.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbyBrunelle2017-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbyBrunelle2017_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirbyBrunelle2017">, Kirby & Brunelle (2017)</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKirbyBrunelle2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kang, Yoonjung; Han, Sungwoo. Tonogenesis in early Contemporary Seoul Korean: A longitudinal case study. Lingua. September 2013, <b>134</b>: 62–74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2013.06.002"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.06.002</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Tonogenesis+in+early+Contemporary+Seoul+Korean%3A+A+longitudinal+case+study&rft.au=Han%2C+Sungwoo&rft.aufirst=Yoonjung&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.date=2013-09&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.pages=62-74&rft.volume=134&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2013.06.002&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kim, Mi-Ryoung. Tonogenesis in contemporary Korean with special reference to the onset-tone interaction and the loss of a consonant opposition. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2013, <b>133</b> (3570): 3570. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ASAJ..133.3570K"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2013ASAJ..133.3570K</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4806535"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1121/1.4806535</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Tonogenesis+in+contemporary+Korean+with+special+reference+to+the+onset-tone+interaction+and+the+loss+of+a+consonant+opposition&rft.aufirst=Mi-Ryoung&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3570&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.pages=3570&rft.volume=133&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ASAJ..133.3570K&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.4806535&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">Cho, Sunghye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029072543/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sunghye_Cho2/publication/319291457_Development_of_Pitch_Contrast_and_Seoul_Korean_Intonation_Copyright/links/5d51c9b292851cd046b6c422/Development-of-Pitch-Contrast-and-Seoul-Korean-Intonation-Copyright.pdf">Development of pitch contrast and Seoul Korean intonation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (学位论文). University of Pennsylvania. 2017. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319291457">原始内容</a>存档于2020-10-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.aufirst=Sunghye&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.date=2017&rft.inst=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.title=Development+of+pitch+contrast+and+Seoul+Korean+intonation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F319291457&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaudSands2020-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaudSands2020_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaudSands2020">Michaud & Sands (2020)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingston20112304–2310-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingston20112304–2310_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKingston2011">Kingston (2011)</a>，第2304–2310頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhatia1975-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhatia1975_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhatia1975">Bhatia (1975)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingston20112310–2314-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingston20112310–2314_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKingston2011">Kingston (2011)</a>，第2310–2314頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingston20112311-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingston20112311_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKingston2011">Kingston (2011)</a>，第2311頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ratliff, Martha. (2015). Tonoexodus, tonogenesis, and tone change. In P. Honeybone & J. Salmons (Eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Historical Phonology</i> (pp. 245-261). Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ratliff, Martha. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/e-learning/July%2014%20Tonology.pdf"><i>Structure of Hmong-Mien Languages Session 3: Tonology</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102415/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/e-learning/July%2014%20Tonology.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2019-03-27.. Slides for the 2017 LSA Institute at University of Kentucky.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, Christina M. (2012). An acoustic and electroglottographic study of White Hmong tone and phonation. <i>Journal of Phonetics, 40</i>(3), 466–476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Garellek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Garellek（页面不存在）">Garellek, Marc</a>, Keating, Patricia, Esposito, Christina M., & Kreiman, Jody. (2013). Voice quality and tone identification in White Hmong. <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133</i>(2), 1078-1089.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Matisoff" class="mw-redirect" title="James Matisoff">Matisoff, James A</a>. (1999). Tibeto-Burman tonology in an areal context. In <i>Proceedings of the symposium Crosslinguistic studies of tonal phenomena: Tonogenesis, Japanese Accentology, and Other Topics</i> (pp. 3-31). Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaudricourt2018-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaudricourt2018_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaudricourt2018">Haudricourt (2018)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ferlus" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Ferlus">Ferlus, Michel</a>. (2004). The origin of tones in Viet-Muong. In <i>Papers from the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2001</i> (pp. 297-313). HAL 00927222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, J. (2010). Dialect experience in Vietnamese tone perception. <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127</i>(6), 3749-3757.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vũ, Thanh Phương. (1982). Phonetic properties of Vietnamese tones across dialects. In D. Bradley (Ed.), <i>Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 8: Tonation</i> (pp. 55–75). Canberra: Australian National University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norquest, Peter K. (2007). <i>A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai (Doctoral dissertation)</i>. University of Arizona.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. (2009). <i>The Phonology of Proto-Tai (Doctoral dissertation)</i>. Cornell University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burusphat, Somsonge. (2012). Tones of Thai Song Varieties. <i>Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS), 5</i>, 32-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ratliff, Martha. (2002). Timing tonogenesis: Evidence from borrowing. <i>Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 28</i>(2), 29-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dai, Yi-Chun. (1991). <i>The phonological domain of tone in Chinese: Historical perspectives</i> (Master's thesis). Simon Fraser University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huang-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huang_44-0"><sup><b>44.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huang_44-1"><sup><b>44.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huang_44-2"><sup><b>44.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">黄伯荣,廖序东 (2002). 现代汉语 (3rd ed., vol. 1), pp. 85-86. Beijing: 高等教育出版社.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakka-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hakka_45-0"><sup><b>45.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hakka_45-1"><sup><b>45.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hakka Affairs Council. (2018). 客語能力認證基本詞彙-初級(四縣腔). Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://elearning.hakka.gov.tw/ver2015">https://elearning.hakka.gov.tw/ver2015</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172449/https://elearning.hakka.gov.tw/ver2015/">存檔</a>，存档日期2019-03-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cihui-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cihui_46-0"><sup><b>46.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cihui_46-1"><sup><b>46.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">北京大学中国语言文学系. (1995). 汉语方言词汇 (2nd ed.). 北京: 语文出版社.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">Bowden, Andrea Lynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2983/">Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study</a> (学位论文). Brigham Young University. 2012-03-07 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-08-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819182103/https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2983/">存档</a>于2022-08-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.aufirst=Andrea+Lynn&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.date=2012-03-07&rft.inst=Brigham+Young+University&rft.title=Punjabi+Tonemics+and+the+Gurmukhi+Script%3A+A+Preliminary+Study&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fetd%2F2983%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang, Jie. (2007). 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Frontiers in Psychology. 2018, <b>9</b>: 166. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826341"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 5826341</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29515487"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 29515487</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.00166"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00166</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Robust%2C+Causal%2C+and+Incremental+Approaches+to+Investigating+Linguistic+Adaptation&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n+G.&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.pages=166&rft.volume=9&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5826341&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5826341&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.00166&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29515487&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Palancar, E. 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Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya: 3rd (9th in PDF). （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304115044/http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v26.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2017-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.btitle=Iau+Verb+Morphology&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=3rd+%289th+in+PDF%29&rft.pub=Jakarta%3A+Universitas+Katolik+Atma+Jaya&rft.series=Nusa%2C+Linguistic+Studies+of+Indonesian+and+Other+Languages+in+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fnusa%2Fpdf%2Fnusa-v26.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foley-NWNG-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foley-NWNG_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Foley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. 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Chaing, Wen-Yu(1999), What does Chao have to say about tones?, Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1999, <b>27</b> (1): 13–37</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=What+does+Chao+have+to+say+about+tones%3F&rft.au=Chaing%2C+Wen-Yu%281999%29&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft.aulast=Fon&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.pages=13-37&rft.volume=27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association(1999)1999" class="citation">International Phonetic Association(1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.au=International+Phonetic+Association%281999%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVance1977" class="citation">Vance, Timothy J.(1977), Tonal distinctions in Cantonese, Phonetica, 1977, <b>34</b> (2): 93–107, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/594156"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 594156</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000259872"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1159/000259872</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Tonal+distinctions+in+Cantonese&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.%281977%29&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Phonetica&rft.pages=93-107&rft.volume=34&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000259872&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F594156&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Bhatia, T.K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/reader/4834376">The evolution of tones in Punjabi</a>. Studies in Linguistic Sciences. 1975, <b>5</b> (2): 12–24 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040453/https://core.ac.uk/reader/4834376">存档</a>于2022-02-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+tones+in+Punjabi&rft.aufirst=T.K.&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Linguistic+Sciences&rft.pages=12-24&rft.volume=5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Freader%2F4834376&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bao, Zhiming. The Structure of Tone. 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MIT. 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=A+note+on+laryngeal+features&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Kenneth&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft.aulast=Halle&rft.btitle=Quarterly+Progress+Report+101&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=MIT&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Haudricourt, André-Georges. 由Marc Brunelle翻译. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01678018/document">The origin of tones in Vietnamese (translation of: De l'origine des tons en vietnamien)</a>. Problèmes de phonologie diachronique. 2018: 146–160 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040455/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01678018/document">存档</a>于2022-02-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+tones+in+Vietnamese+%28translation+of%3A+De+l%27origine+des+tons+en+vietnamien%29&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Georges&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Probl%C3%A8mes+de+phonologie+diachronique&rft.pages=146-160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01678018%2Fdocument&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> HAL 01678018. <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Haudricourt, André-Georges. De l'origine des tons en vietnamien. 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Problèmes de phonologie diachronique. 2017: 161–182 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-02-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040455/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01631479/document">存档</a>于2022-02-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=How+to+reconstruct+Old+Chinese+%28translation+of%3A+Comment+reconstruire+le+chinois+archa%C3%AFque%29&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Georges&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Probl%C3%A8mes+de+phonologie+diachronique&rft.pages=161-182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01631479%2Fdocument&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Reprinted (with additions). <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Haudricourt, André-Georges. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00437956.1954.11659532?needAccess=true">Comment reconstruire le chinois archaïque</a>. Word. 1954, <b>10</b> (2/3): 351–364 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-02-15</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1954.11659532"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/00437956.1954.11659532</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Comment+reconstruire+le+chinois+archa%C3%AFque&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Georges&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.date=1954&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.pages=351-364&rft.volume=10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1954.11659532%3FneedAccess%3Dtrue&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1954.11659532&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Haudricourt, André-Georges. Bipartition et tripartition des systèmes de tons dans quelques langues d'Extrême-Orient. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. 1961, <b>56</b> (1): 163–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Bipartition+et+tripartition+des+syst%C3%A8mes+de+tons+dans+quelques+langues+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Georges&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+Linguistique+de+Paris&rft.pages=163-180&rft.volume=56&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Haudricourt, André-Georges. Two-way and Three-way Splitting of Tonal Systems in Some Far Eastern Languages. Jimmy G. Harris; Richard B. Noss (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/haudricourt1972two.pdf">Tai phonetics and phonology</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 由Christopher Court翻译. Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language, Mahidol University. 1972: 58–86 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-02-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122130028/http://www.sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/haudricourt1972two.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2022-01-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Two-way+and+Three-way+Splitting+of+Tonal+Systems+in+Some+Far+Eastern+Languages&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Georges&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.btitle=Tai+phonetics+and+phonology&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=58-86&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Central+Institute+of+English+Language%2C+Mahidol+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf4%2Fhaudricourt1972two.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Translation of <a href="#CITEREFHaudricourt1961">Haudricourt (1961)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Hombert, Jean-Marie; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ohala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ohala（页面不存在）">Ohala, John J.</a>; Ewan, William G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1979-03_55_1/page/37">Phonetic explanations for the development of tones</a>. Language. 1979, <b>55</b> (1): 37–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/412518"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 412518</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412518"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/412518</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Phonetic+explanations+for+the+development+of+tones&rft.au=Ewan%2C+William+G.&rft.au=Ohala%2C+John+J.&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rft.aulast=Hombert&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.pages=37-58&rft.volume=55&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412518&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_language_1979-03_55_1%2Fpage%2F37&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412518&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation conference">Hyman, Larry M. There is no pitch-accent prototype. 2007 LSA Meeting. Anaheim, CA. 2007a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.btitle=There+is+no+pitch-accent+prototype&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=conference&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hyman, Larry M. DRAFT: Tone: Is it Different?. John Goldsmith; Jason Riggle; Alan Yu (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728084737/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/annual_report/documents/2007/Hyman_Blackwell_Tone_PLAR.pdf">The Handbook of Phonological Theory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 2nd. Blackwell. 2007b. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/annual_report/documents/2007/Hyman_Blackwell_Tone_PLAR.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2012-07-28） –通过UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2007).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=DRAFT%3A+Tone%3A+Is+it+Different%3F&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Phonological+Theory&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.berkeley.edu%2Fphonlab%2Fannual_report%2Fdocuments%2F2007%2FHyman_Blackwell_Tone_PLAR.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_M._Hyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry M. Hyman（页面不存在）">Hyman, Larry M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/annual_report/documents/2007/Hyman_Pitch-Accent.pdf">How (not) to do phonological typology: The case of pitch accent</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Language Sciences. 2009, <b>31</b> (2–3): 213–238 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-02-11</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2008.12.007"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2008.12.007</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525084759/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/annual_report/documents/2007/Hyman_Pitch-Accent.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2013-05-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=How+%28not%29+to+do+phonological+typology%3A+The+case+of+pitch+accent&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.jtitle=Language+Sciences&rft.pages=213-238&rft.volume=31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.berkeley.edu%2Fphonlab%2Fannual_report%2Fdocuments%2F2007%2FHyman_Pitch-Accent.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2008.12.007&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kingston, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUo6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">The phonetics of Athabaskan tonogenesis</a>. Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (编). Athabaskan Prosody. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. 2005: 137–184 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789027285294" title="Special:网络书源/9789027285294"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789027285294</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040451/https://books.google.com/books?id=RUo6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">存档</a>于2022-02-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=The+phonetics+of+Athabaskan+tonogenesis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.btitle=Athabaskan+Prosody&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9789027285294&rft.pages=137-184&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRUo6AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kingston, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.umass.edu/jkingstn/files/2019/04/kingstonTonogenesis2011BlackwellCompanionPhonology.pdf">Tonogenesis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Marc van Oostendorp; Colin J Ewen; Elizabeth Hume; Keren Rice (编). The Blackwell companion to phonology, Volume 4: Phonological interfaces. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011: 2304–2333 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210101322/https://blogs.umass.edu/jkingstn/files/2019/04/kingstonTonogenesis2011BlackwellCompanionPhonology.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-12-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Tonogenesis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+phonology%2C+Volume+4%3A+Phonological+interfaces&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=2304-2333&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.umass.edu%2Fjkingstn%2Ffiles%2F2019%2F04%2FkingstonTonogenesis2011BlackwellCompanionPhonology.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Maddieson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Maddieson（页面不存在）">Maddieson, Ian</a>. Universals of tone. Greenberg, J. H. (编). Universals of human language: Phonology <b>2</b>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Universals+of+tone&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Maddieson&rft.btitle=Universals+of+human+language%3A+Phonology&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Michaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Michaud（页面不存在）">Michaud, Alexis</a>; Vaissière, Jacqueline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01091477v3/document">Tone and intonation: introductory notes and practical recommendations</a>. KALIPHO - Kieler Arbeiten zur Linguistik und Phonetik. 2015, <b>3</b>: 43–80 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109070902/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01091477v3/document">存档</a>于2020-11-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Tone+and+intonation%3A+introductory+notes+and+practical+recommendations&rft.au=Vaissi%C3%A8re%2C+Jacqueline&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft.aulast=Michaud&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KALIPHO+-+Kieler+Arbeiten+zur+Linguistik+und+Phonetik&rft.pages=43-80&rft.volume=3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01091477v3%2Fdocument&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Michaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Michaud（页面不存在）">Michaud, Alexis</a>; Sands, Bonny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02519305/document">Tonogenesis</a>. Aronoff, Mark (编). Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2020 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780199384655" title="Special:网络书源/9780199384655"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780199384655</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.748"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.748</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040452/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02519305/document">存档</a>于2022-02-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Tonogenesis&rft.au=Sands%2C+Bonny&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft.aulast=Michaud&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780199384655&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-02519305%2Fdocument&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.748&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Odden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Odden（页面不存在）">Odden, David</a>. Tone: African languages. Goldsmith, J. (编). Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Tone%3A+African+languages&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Odden&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Phonological+Theory&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Odden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Odden（页面不存在）">Odden, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wcjXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Tone</a>. Rainer Vossen; Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (编). The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2020: 30–47 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780199609895" title="Special:网络书源/9780199609895"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780199609895</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209040452/https://books.google.com/books?id=wcjXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">存档</a>于2022-02-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Tone&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Odden&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+African+Languages&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780199609895&rft.pages=30-47&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwcjXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Lee_Pike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Lee Pike（页面不存在）">Pike, Kenneth L.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tonelanguagestec0000pike">Tone Languages: A Technique for Determining the Number and Type of Pitch Contrasts In a Language, with Studies in Tonemic Substitution and Fusion</a>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.btitle=Tone+Languages%3A+A+Technique+for+Determining+the+Number+and+Type+of+Pitch+Contrasts+In+a+Language%2C+with+Studies+in+Tonemic+Substitution+and+Fusion&rft.date=1948&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftonelanguagestec0000pike&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (Reprinted 1972, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-472-08734-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-472-08734-7">0-472-08734-7</a>).</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Wee, Lian-Hee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/eng_ja/1">Phonological Patterns in the Englishes of Singapore and Hong Kong</a>. World Englishes. 2008, <b>27</b> (3/4): 480–501. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.2008.00580.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00580.x</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.atitle=Phonological+Patterns+in+the+Englishes+of+Singapore+and+Hong+Kong&rft.aufirst=Lian-Hee&rft.aulast=Wee&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.jtitle=World+Englishes&rft.pages=480-501&rft.volume=27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.hkbu.edu.hk%2Feng_ja%2F1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.2008.00580.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Yip, Moira. Tone. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-77314-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-77314-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-77314-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&rft.aufirst=Moira&rft.aulast=Yip&rft.btitle=Tone&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77314-0&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.series=Cambridge+Textbooks+in+Linguistics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-77445-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-77445-4">0-521-77445-4</a> (pbk).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2" title="四聲">四聲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%84" title="平仄">平仄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%80%BC" title="調值">調值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E9%9F%B3" title="協音">協音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" title="變調">變調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%8D%80" title="音區">音區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%9B%E5%A3%B0" title="古四声">古四聲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%99%BD%E5%85%A5" title="高陽入">高陽入</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E9%99%B0%E5%85%A5" title="低陰入">低陰入</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="音高重音">音高重音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E9%99%8D%E9%9A%8E" title="音位降階">音位降階</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%93" title="聲調輪廓">聲調輪廓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E5%88%A5%E7%BE%A9" title="四聲別義">四聲別義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="粵語聲調">粵語聲調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="吠陀重音">吠陀重音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E6%B0%8F%E9%A3%9F%E7%8D%85%E5%8F%B2" title="施氏食獅史">施氏食獅史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BA%A6%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0%E6%B3%95" title="五度标记法">五度标记法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%A7%92%E6%A8%99%E5%9C%88%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="四角標圈法">四角標圈法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="原始印歐語重音">原始印歐語重音</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&section=43" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/feature/13?tg_format=map">World map of tone languages</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100228214835/http://wals.info/feature/13?tg_format=map">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） The World Atlas of Language Structures Online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104817/http://www.pkucn.com/thread-147074-1-1.html">请问Pitch Register是什么？北大中文论坛</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045432/http://wingtilldie.blogspot.com/2013/06/tone-of-IPA-piyin-bopomofo.html">注音.拼音.國際音標的聲調符號比較以及對應到的音高|振斷雙翼WingTillDie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawdata.com.tw/tw/detail.aspx?no=287439">苗瑤語聲調問題</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210924030724/http://lawdata.com.tw/tw/detail.aspx?no=287439">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/bcl/8/1/article-p117_9.xml?language=en">對舟曲藏語超音段音素的新見解——被氣聲引起的聲調發生論</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210924034553/https://brill.com/view/journals/bcl/8/1/article-p117_9.xml?language=en">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-16640">聲調起源於發聲——兼論漢語四聲的發明</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200611221628/http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-16640">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1xuezhe.exuezhe.com/Qk/art/320671?dbcode=1&flag=2">从吴方言看声母－声调的相互关系</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210924032242/https://www.1xuezhe.exuezhe.com/Qk/art/320671?dbcode=1&flag=2">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pdf/JAM/Matisoff_1973_tonogenesis-SEA.pdf">Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia - Matisoff, James 1973</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171118213503/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pdf/JAM/Matisoff_1973_tonogenesis-SEA.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style 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title="反切">反切</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="漢語音節結構">音節結構</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E6%AF%8D" title="声母">声母</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E9%9F%B3_(%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB)" title="五音 (音韻)">五音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清濁音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E8%81%B2%E6%AF%8D" title="零聲母">零聲母</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="韵母">韵母</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E9%9F%B3" title="介音">介音</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E5%91%BC" title="等呼">等呼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%90%88" title="开合">开合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%91%BC" title="四呼">四呼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E8%85%B9" title="韵腹">韵腹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%B0%BE" title="韵尾">韵尾</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B5" title="舒声韵">舒声韵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B5#陰聲韻" title="舒声韵">阴声韵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B5#陽聲韻" title="舒声韵">阳声韵</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E8%81%B2" title="入聲">入聲韻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%9F%BB" title="空韻">空韻</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">聲調</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2" title="四聲">四聲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%84" title="平仄">平仄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%80%BC" title="調值">調值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BA%A6%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0%E6%B3%95" title="五度标记法">五度标记法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%88%E6%B3%95" title="發圈法">發圈法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" title="變調">變調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E5%88%A5%E7%BE%A9" title="四聲別義">四聲別義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%99%BD%E5%85%A5" title="高陽入">高陽入</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E9%99%B0%E5%85%A5" title="低陰入">低陰入</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="汉语拼音音节列表">汉语拼音音节列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E5%8C%96#汉语兒化韻表" title="兒化">汉语儿化韵表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="古代汉语">古代汉语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="上古音">上古音</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">音系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="先秦音系">先秦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="漢代音系">漢代</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%9B%E5%A3%B0" title="古四声">古四声</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%84%A1%E8%BC%95%E8%84%A3%E9%9F%B3" title="古無輕脣音">古無輕唇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%84%A1%E8%88%8C%E4%B8%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="古無舌上音">古無舌上</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%84%A1%E6%AD%A3%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="古無正齒音">古無正齒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3%E7%84%A1%E9%82%AA%E7%B4%90" title="古音無邪紐">古無邪紐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%98%E6%97%A5%E6%AD%B8%E6%B3%A5" title="娘日歸泥">娘日歸泥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%BB%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%A3" title="喻三歸匣">喻三歸匣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%BB%E5%9B%9B%E6%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A" title="喻四歸定">喻四歸定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E4%BA%8C%E6%AD%B8%E7%B2%BE" title="照二歸精">照二歸精</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%B8%E7%9F%A5" title="照三歸知">照三歸知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E9%9F%B3" title="叶音">叶音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%BF%81%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%B0%BE%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="上古漢語濁輔音韻尾假說">濁輔音韻尾</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3" title="中古音">中古音</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">音系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="魏晉音系">魏晉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="隋唐音系">隋唐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="五代音系">五代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%B4%E6%B4%9B%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="宋代汴洛语音">宋代</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%81%B2%E6%AF%8D" title="中古聲母">中古聲母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="三十六字母">三十六字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B5%E9%9F%B3" title="切韵音">切韵音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="等韻學">等韻學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E6%9B%B8" title="韻書">韻書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="韻圖">韻圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E6%B3%95" title="门法">门法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%9F%BB" title="小韻">小韻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E8%81%94%E6%B3%95" title="系联法">系联法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D" title="攝">攝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%B4%E9%9F%BB" title="平水韻">平水韻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E5%85%83" title="十三元">十三元</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%B4%90" title="重紐">重紐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%96%87" title="異文">異文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="对音">对音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E9%9F%B3" title="洛阳音">洛阳音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%B1%89%E5%AF%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="梵汉对音">梵汉对音</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="近代汉语">近古音</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">音系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="元代音系">元代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%88%9D%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="明初官话音系">明初</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="明清官話音系">明清</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">現代</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E5%9B%A2%E9%9F%B3" title="尖团音">尖团音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%BF%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="平翹音">平翹音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E5%8C%96" title="兒化">兒化音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%98%E9%9F%B5" title="子变韵">子变韵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%88%86%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3" title="平分阴阳">平分阴阳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E4%B8%8A%E8%AE%8A%E5%8E%BB" title="濁上變去">濁上變去</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%81%E7%B3%BB%E5%A3%B0%E6%AF%8D%E4%BA%8C%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98" title="见系声母二等开口字的演变">见开二的演变</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="汉语族">汉语族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">祖語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="原始漢藏語">原始漢藏語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="原始汉语">原始汉语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">現代分支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="現代標準漢語音系">標準音系</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="晋语">晋语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%AF%AD" title="湘语">湘语</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客家话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="標準粵語">標準音系</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="闽语">闽语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="贛語">贛語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="贛語方言">方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5" title="贛語的音韻特徵">音韻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E8%A9%9E" title="贛語特徵詞">詞彙</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E7%99%BE%E8%B6%8A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贛語中的古百越語詞列表（页面不存在）">古百越詞</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贛語中的古吳語詞列表（页面不存在）">古吳語詞</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E6%A5%9A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贛語中的古楚語詞列表（页面不存在）">古楚語詞</a>）</li> <li>歷史（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上古贛語（页面不存在）">上古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="中古贛語">中古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="中世贛語">中世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="近世贛語">近世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="近代贛語">近代</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E3%80%81%E8%B4%9B%E3%80%81%E9%80%9A%E6%B3%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E6%BA%90%E6%96%BC%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D%E9%80%9A%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA" title="客、贛、通泰方言源於南朝通語說">南朝通语说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="贛客語支">客贛方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%B4%9B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="粵贛方言">粵贛方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E9%96%A9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="吳閩方言">吳閩方言</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">學者</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%95" title="钱大昕">钱大昕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89" title="高本汉">高本汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E5%85%83%E4%BB%BB" title="赵元任">赵元任</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%B8%E5%9F%B9" title="罗常培">罗常培</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="王力 (语言学家)">王力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%82" title="李方桂">李方桂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%90%8C%E9%BE%A2" title="董同龢">董同龢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%BC%A0%E5%B0%9A%E8%8A%B3" title="郑张尚芳">郑张尚芳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%82%A6%E6%96%B0" title="丁邦新">丁邦新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E6%82%9F%E4%BA%91" title="潘悟云">潘悟云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%96%B0%E9%9B%84" title="陳新雄">陳新雄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%BA%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%81" title="竺家宁">竺家宁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91" title="谢尔盖·阿纳托利耶维奇·斯塔罗斯金">斯塔罗斯京</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B3" title="白一平">白一平</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="沙加尔">沙加尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC" title="蒲立本">蒲立本</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%B0%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98" title="从中古汉语到官话的语音演变">从中古汉语到官话的语音演变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%B0%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98" title="从中古汉语到吴语的语音演变">从中古汉语到吴语的语音演变</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="超音段音位" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suprasegmentals" title="Template:Suprasegmentals"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Suprasegmentals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Suprasegmentals（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Suprasegmentals" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Suprasegmentals"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="超音段音位" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%AE%B5%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="超音段音位">超音段音位</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%97%B6%E6%80%A7" title="等时性">等时性</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节">音节</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%8B%8D" title="音拍">音拍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%AD%A5" title="音步">音步</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B1%E5%8C%96" title="元音弱化">元音弱化</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">聲調</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%93" title="聲調輪廓">聲調輪廓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%BD%8E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="高低重音">高低重音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%8D%80" title="音區">音區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E9%99%8D%E9%9A%8E" title="音位降階">音位降階</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="音位升階" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Upstep"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E5%8D%87%E9%9A%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音位升階（页面不存在）">音位升階</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstep" class="extiw" title="en:Upstep"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Upstep</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聲調下降" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Downdrift"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聲調下降（页面不存在）">聲調下降</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downdrift" class="extiw" title="en:Downdrift"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Downdrift</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%98%B6" title="调阶">聲調台階</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="浮動聲調" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Floating tone"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%8A%A8%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83" title="浮动声调">浮動聲調</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_tone" class="extiw" title="en:Floating tone"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Floating tone</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" title="變調">變調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BA%A6%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0%E6%B3%95" title="五度标记法">調符</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E9%87%8D%E8%AE%80" title="輕重讀">輕重讀</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="次重音">次重音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B1%E5%8C%96" title="元音弱化">元音弱化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E9%87%8D%E8%AE%80" title="輕重讀">強弱重音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E9%87%8D%E8%AE%80" title="輕重讀">長短重音</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%95%B7" title="音長">音長</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="長音素" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chroneme"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%B7%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="長音素（页面不存在）">長音素</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroneme" class="extiw" title="en:Chroneme"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chroneme</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%B7" title="輔音延長">輔音延長</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="母音長度">元音長度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%9F%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="超短音">超短音</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%BE%8B_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="韵律 (语言学)">韻律</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%BF" title="語調">語調</a>（音高）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="音高輪廓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pitch contour"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音高輪廓（页面不存在）">音高輪廓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_contour" class="extiw" title="en:Pitch contour"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pitch contour</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="音高複位" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pitch reset"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98%E8%A4%87%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音高複位（页面不存在）">音高複位</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_reset" class="extiw" title="en:Pitch reset"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pitch reset</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E9%87%8D%E8%AE%80" title="輕重讀">重音韻律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%A5%8F" title="节奏">节奏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BF%E5%BA%A6" title="響度">響度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%BE%8B%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="韵律单位">韵律单位</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="韻律暫停" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pausa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%BB%E5%BE%8B%E6%9A%AB%E5%81%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韻律暫停（页面不存在）">韻律暫停</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausa" class="extiw" title="en:Pausa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pausa</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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