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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="Special:EditPage/List of archaeological periods">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+archaeological+periods%22">"List of archaeological periods"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+archaeological+periods%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+archaeological+periods%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+archaeological+periods%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+archaeological+periods%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+archaeological+periods%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The names for archaeological periods vary enormously from region to region. This is a list of the main divisions by continent and region. Dating also varies considerably and those given are broad approximations across wide areas. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a> has been used in many areas, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistorical</a> and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> periods identified by tool manufacture and use, of <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these ages are distinguished by the development of technology, it is natural that the dates to which these refer vary in different parts of the world. In many regions, the term <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> is no longer used, as it has been replaced by more specific geological periods. For some regions, there is need for an intermediate <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Chalcolithic</a> period between the Stone Age and Bronze Age. For cultures where indigenous metal tools were in less widespread use, other classifications, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">lithic stage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaic_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic stage">archaic stage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">formative stage</a> refer to the development of other types of technology and social organization. </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_Historical_periods" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Historical periods">Historical periods</a> denotes periods of human development with the advantage of the development of writing. Written records tend to provide more socio-political insight into the dominant nations, and hence allow categorization according to the ruling empires and cultures, such as <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a>. Inevitably these definitions of periods only relate to the region of that empire or culture. </p><p>The Industrial age or <a href="/wiki/Modern_Times_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Times (history)">Modern era</a> is generally taken to refer to post-1800. From this time, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> which began in Western Europe resulted in global trade and greatly increased cultural exchange. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_period_articles_–_by_continent_and_region"><span id="Archaeological_period_articles_.E2.80.93_by_continent_and_region"></span>Archaeological period articles – by continent and region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Archaeological period articles – by continent and region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Continents </th> <th>Regions </th> <th>Periods articles </th> <th>Major periods </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Africa </td> <td rowspan="1">North Africa </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_Africa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (North Africa) (page does not exist)">North Africa</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7500</span> <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Sub-Saharan Africa </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(Sub-Saharan_Africa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (Sub-Saharan Africa) (page does not exist)">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </td> <td> <p>Earlier Stone Age<br /> Middle Stone Age<br /> Later Stone Age<br /> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> c. 4000 BCE<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Bronze Age</a> (3500 – 600 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Iron Age</a> (550 BC – 700 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)<br /> Classic Middle Ages (c. 700 – 1700 CE)<br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">Asia </td> <td rowspan="1">Near East </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Levant)" title="List of archaeological periods (Levant)">Levantine</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> (2,000,000 – 3300 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (3300 – 1200 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (1200 – 586 BCE)<br /> Historical periods (586 BCE – present) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">South Asia </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(South_Asia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (South Asia) (page does not exist)">South Asian Periods</a> </td> <td> <p>1) <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> (c.53000 – 10000 BCE).<br /> 2) <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> (c.10000 – 6500 BCE).<br /> 3) <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (c. 6500 – 4000 BCE, up to c.2000 BC in some areas) see <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a>.<br /> 4) <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> (c. 4000 – 2000 BCE).<br /> 5) <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (c. 3100 – 1100 BCE) see <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>. <br /> 6) <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (c. 1100 - 500 BCE).<br /> i) <a href="/wiki/Proto-history" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-history">Proto-history</a> (c.1500 - 500 BCE) known as <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>. <br /> ii) <a href="/wiki/Historical_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical period">Historical period</a> after 500 BCE. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">East Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archaeological periods (East Asia)">East Asia Periods</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> c. 7500 BCE <a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan_culture" title="Pengtoushan culture">Pengtoushan culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">North Asia </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_Asia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (North Asia) (page does not exist)">North Asia Periods</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Korea </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archaeological periods (Korea)">Korean Periods</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> c. 40,000/30,000 – c. 8000 BCE<br /> <a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun pottery period</a> c. 8000 – 1500 BCE<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a> c. 1500 – 300 BCE<br /> <a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea">Protohistoric period</a> c. 300 BCE – 300/400 CE<br /> <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> c. 300/400 – 668 CE <br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Japan </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(Japan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (Japan) (page does not exist)">Japan Periods</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> c. 35,000 – c. 10,000 BCE<br /> <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> c. 10,000 – 300 BCE<br /> <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> c. 300 BCE – 250 CE<br /> <a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato period</a> c. 250 – 710 CE </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">China </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (China) (page does not exist)">China Periods</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a> c. 1.36 million years ago<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic period</a> c. 10,000 – 2100 BCE<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient China</a> c. 2100 – 221 BCE<br /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial period</a> c. 221 BCE – 1911 CE<br /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern period</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Americas </td> <td rowspan="1">North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">North America</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic/Paleo-Indian</a> (pre 8000 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic stage">Archaic</a> (c. 8000 – 1000 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a> (1000 BCE to 1000 CE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> (800 CE to 1600 CE) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Mesoamerica </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Mesoamerica)" title="List of archaeological periods (Mesoamerica)">Mesoamerica</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic/Paleo-Indian</a> (pre 8000 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic stage">Archaic</a> (c. 8000 – 1000 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a> (c. 1000 BCE – 250 CE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a> (250 – 900 CE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a> (900 – 1515) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">South America </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(South_America)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (South America) (page does not exist)">South America</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural periods of Peru">Peru</a>) </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic/Paleo-Indian</a> (pre c. 8200 BCE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic stage">Archaic</a> (c. 8200 – 1000 BCE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a> (c. 1000 BCE – 500 CE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a> (c. 500 – 1200 CE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a> (c. 1200 – 1900 CE) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Australasia </td> <td rowspan="1">Australia </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(Australia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (Australia) (page does not exist)">Australia</a> </td> <td> <p>Indigenous Period (60,000 BCE – 1606 CE)<br /> European-Contact Pre-Settlement Period (1606 – 1788 CE)<br /> Settlement / Pre-Industrial Period (1788 – 1820 CE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Times_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Times (history)">Industrial/Modern</a> (1820s – Present)<br /> NB <a href="/wiki/Australian_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian archaeology">Australian archaeology</a> is often simply classified as <b>Pre-historic</b> before European settlement (prior to 1788), and <b>Historic</b> (post-1788) but this is contentious as it implies <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous Australians</a> had no history, despite having a strong oral tradition. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">New Zealand </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(New_Zealand)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (New Zealand) (page does not exist)">New Zealand</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_period_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaic period in New Zealand (page does not exist)">Archaic period</a> (1000 – 1350/1650 CE) <br /> Classic period (1350 – 1800; 1650 – 1800 in eastern <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Oceania </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(Oceania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (Oceania) (page does not exist)">Oceania</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Europe </td> <td rowspan="1">Northern Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Northern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archaeological periods (Northern Europe)">Northern Europe</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic Stone Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> (c. 1700 BCE - c. 500 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a> (c. 500 BCE - c. 1 BCE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age_in_northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age in northern Europe">Roman Iron Age in northern Europe</a> (c. 1 CE – 400 CE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a> (c. 400 – 800 CE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> (c. 800 – 1066 CE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">Medieval period</a> (1066 – c. 1500) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Post-medieval_archaeology" title="Post-medieval archaeology">Post-medieval period</a> (c. 1500 – c. 1800) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Times_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Times (history)">Industrial/Modern</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Western Europe </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(Western_Europe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (Western Europe) (page does not exist)">Western Europe</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> (pre c. 8800 BCE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> (c. 8800 – 4900 BCE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (c. 4900 – 2000 BCE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (c. 2000 – 800 BCE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (c. late 11th century BCE – 1 BCE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> (c. 56 BCE – 400 CE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early medieval period</a> (c. 400 – 800 CE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">Medieval period</a> (800 – c. 1500) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Post-medieval_archaeology" title="Post-medieval archaeology">Post-medieval period</a> (c. 1500 – c. 1800) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Times_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Times (history)">Industrial/Modern</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Southeastern Europe </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods_(Southeastern_Europe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of archaeological periods (Southeastern Europe) (page does not exist)">Southeastern Europe</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Chalcolithic</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine period</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Times_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Times (history)">Industrial/Modern</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">List of time periods</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_archaeological_periods&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKipfer2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Kipfer" title="Barbara Ann Kipfer">Kipfer, Barbara Ann</a> (30 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C"><i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology</i></a>. New York: Springer Science & Business Media (published 2000). p. 564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306461583" title="Special:BookSources/9780306461583"><bdi>9780306461583</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>Three-Age system: The division of human prehistory into three successive stages - Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age - based on the main type of material used in tools of the period. [...] The Ages are only developmental stages, and some areas skipped one or more of the stages. At first entirely hypothetical, these divisions were later confirmed by archaeological observations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2000-04-30&rft.isbn=9780306461583&rft.aulast=Kipfer&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXneTstDbcC0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+archaeological+periods" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarvill2021" class="citation cs2">Darvill, Timothy (2021-08-19), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191842788.001.0001/acref-9780191842788-e-4253">"Three Age System"</a>, <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191842788.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780191842788.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-184278-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-184278-8"><bdi>978-0-19-184278-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309020215/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191842788.001.0001/acref-9780191842788-e-4253">archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Three+Age+System&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191842788.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-184278-8&rft.aulast=Darvill&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191842788.001.0001%2Facref-9780191842788-e-4253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+archaeological+periods" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandkilde2004" class="citation book cs1">Vandkilde, Helle (2004). "Bronze Age Scandinavia". In Bogucki, Peter; Crabtree, Pam J. (eds.). <i>Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World</i>. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80668-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80668-1"><bdi>0-684-80668-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Bronze Age proper commenced c. 1700 B.C. and concluded c. 500 B.C., but metals became socially integrated by about 2000 B.C., during the Late Neolithic period—already a bronze age in all but name.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+Scandinavia&rft.btitle=Ancient+Europe%2C+8000+B.C.+to+A.D.+1000%3A+Encyclopedia+of+the+Barbarian+World&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-684-80668-1&rft.aulast=Vandkilde&rft.aufirst=Helle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+archaeological+periods" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Flint tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipaleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Age_Poland" title="Stone-Age Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">British</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">Iron meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe"> Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">List of time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archaeology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeology" title="Template:Archaeology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeology" title="Template talk:Archaeology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archaeology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_archaeology" title="History of archaeology">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">Antiquarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hoare,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet">Richard Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens">John Lloyd Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Holmes" title="William Henry Holmes">William Henry Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers" title="Augustus Pitt Rivers">Augustus Pitt Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Garrod" title="Dorothy Garrod">Dorothy Garrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Uhle" title="Max Uhle">Max Uhle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder" title="Alfred V. Kidder">Alfred V. Kidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Method and theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_theory" title="Archaeological theory">Archaeological theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Philosophy of archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_diving" title="Archaeological diving">Archaeological diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ethics" title="Archaeological ethics">Archaeological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(archaeology)" title="Survey (archaeology)">Survey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey_(archaeology)" title="Geophysical survey (archaeology)">geophysical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_survey" title="Electrical resistance survey">electrical resistance survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondage" title="Sondage">Sondage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_layer" title="Burnt layer">Burnt layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">Lithic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-excavation_analysis" title="Post-excavation analysis">Post-excavation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_archaeology" title="Subfields of archaeology">Sub-disciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_archaeology" title="Prehistoric archaeology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_archaeology" title="Classical archaeology">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_archaeology" title="Medieval archaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-medieval_archaeology" title="Post-medieval archaeology">Post-Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_archaeology" title="Historical archaeology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_archaeology" title="Contemporary archaeology">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_in_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian archaeology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Oceania" title="Archaeology in Oceania">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubiology" title="Nubiology">Nubian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_bioarchaeology" title="Medieval bioarchaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_bioarchaeology" title="Near Eastern bioarchaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleopathology" title="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceology" title="Calceology">Calceology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_archaeology" title="Digital archaeology">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogaming" title="Archaeogaming">Archaeogaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_archaeology" title="Computational archaeology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_archaeology" title="Virtual archaeology">Virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoarchaeology" title="Geoarchaeology">Geoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_archaeology" title="Conflict archaeology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_archaeology" title="Funerary archaeology">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_archaeology" title="Gender archaeology">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_archaeology" title="Indigenous archaeology">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_archaeology" title="Industrial archaeology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_archaeology" title="Landscape archaeology">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_archaeology" title="Mortuary archaeology">Mortuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(archaeology)" title="Phenomenology (archaeology)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_archaeology" title="Queer archaeology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeological sites by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeologists" title="List of archaeologists">Archaeologists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitologists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeology_journals" title="List of archaeology journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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