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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Virtual_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Virtual archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computational_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computational_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Computational archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computational_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_and_Technologies_in_Digital_Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_and_Technologies_in_Digital_Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Methods and Technologies in Digital Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_and_Technologies_in_Digital_Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods and Technologies in Digital Archaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_and_Technologies_in_Digital_Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographical_Information_Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_Information_Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geographical Information Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_Information_Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D_Modelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_Modelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>3D Modelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D_Modelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remote_Sensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_Sensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Remote Sensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_Sensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aerial_Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerial_Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Aerial Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerial_Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photogrammetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photogrammetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Photogrammetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photogrammetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LiDAR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LiDAR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>LiDAR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LiDAR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_Station_Theodolite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_Station_Theodolite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Total Station Theodolite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_Station_Theodolite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_Collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_Collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Data Collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_Collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_in_Fieldwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_in_Fieldwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications in Fieldwork</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications_in_Fieldwork-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications in Fieldwork subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications_in_Fieldwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Virtual_Reconstruction_of_Roman_Wall_Paintings_in_the_Sarno_Baths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_Reconstruction_of_Roman_Wall_Paintings_in_the_Sarno_Baths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Virtual Reconstruction of Roman Wall Paintings in the Sarno Baths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_Reconstruction_of_Roman_Wall_Paintings_in_the_Sarno_Baths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delphi4Delphi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delphi4Delphi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Delphi4Delphi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delphi4Delphi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-Object_Segmentation_for_Assisted_Image_Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-Object_Segmentation_for_Assisted_Image_Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Multi-Object Segmentation for Assisted Image Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-Object_Segmentation_for_Assisted_Image_Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maxentius_3D_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maxentius_3D_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Maxentius 3D Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maxentius_3D_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_3D_Reconstruction_of_Soli,_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_3D_Reconstruction_of_Soli,_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>The 3D Reconstruction of Soli, Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_3D_Reconstruction_of_Soli,_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Night_in_the_Forum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Night_in_the_Forum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>A Night in the Forum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Night_in_the_Forum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evaluation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evaluation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the subdiscipline of archaeology. For the 2010 exhibition, see <a href="/wiki/Digital_Archaeology_(exhibition)" title="Digital Archaeology (exhibition)">Digital Archaeology (exhibition)</a>.</div> <p><b>Digital archaeology</b> is the application of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a> to <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes the use of tools such as <a href="/wiki/Databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Databases">databases</a>, <a href="/wiki/3D_models" class="mw-redirect" title="3D models">3D models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Computational_archaeology" title="Computational archaeology">Computational archaeology</a>, which covers computer-based analytical methods, can be considered a subfield of digital archaeology, as can <a href="/wiki/Virtual_archaeology" title="Virtual archaeology">virtual archaeology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital archaeology plays a key role in data collection, analysis, and public outreach, enhancing the study and preservation of archaeological sites and artifacts. </p><p>The use of digital technology to conduct archaeological research allows data to be collected without the invasion or destruction of archaeological sites and the cultural heritage they hold, aiding the preservation of archaeological data. This is how many early archaeological sites were discovered in-depth.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applications of this technology have aided the reconstruction of historical monuments and <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">human fossils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummified remains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subfields">Subfields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subfields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_archaeology">Virtual archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Virtual archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virtual_archaeology" title="Virtual archaeology">Virtual archaeology</a></div> <p>Virtual archaeology is a subfield of digital archaeology that creates and use virtual models and simulations of archaeological sites, artifacts, and processes. It makes use of <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_(VR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual reality (VR)">virtual reality (VR)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality (AR)</a>, and other technologies to recreate or visualize archaeological findings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computational_archaeology">Computational archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Computational archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computational_archaeology" title="Computational archaeology">Computational archaeology</a></div> <p>Computational archaeology is a subfield of digital archaeology that focuses on the analysis and interpretation of archaeological data using advanced computational techniques. This field employs <a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">data modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical analysis">statistical analysis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer simulations">computer simulations</a> to understand and reconstruct past human behaviors and societal developments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_and_Technologies_in_Digital_Archaeology">Methods and Technologies in Digital Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methods and Technologies in Digital Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_Information_Systems">Geographical Information Systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geographical Information Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GIS_in_archaeology" title="GIS in archaeology">GIS in archaeology</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographical Information System</a> (GIS) is used within digital archaeology to document, survey and analyse the spatial data of archaeological sites. The use of a GIS within the study of archaeology involves in-field analysis and collection of archaeological and environmental data, predominantly through <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spatial_cognition" title="Spatial cognition">spatial cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital mapping">digital maps</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application of GIS in the analysis of archaeological data allows archaeologists to process the data collected efficiently, recreate landscapes of archaeological sites through spatial analysis, and supply the archaeological findings to public archives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of this digital method has enhanced the ability of archaeologists to analyse the geography and spatial relationships of ancient archaeological sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_Modelling">3D Modelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 3D Modelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modelling</a> is a digital technique used within archaeological research to interpret, analyse, and visualise data. The technique utilises methods of satellite imaging and aerial photography, amongst other digital imaging techniques to construct 3D models of the <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> and archaeological findings of historical sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The application of computer technology allows large amounts of image sequencing to be collected and processed by archaeologists, enhancing the <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">photorealistic texture mapping</a> within the construction of these 3D models.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_Sensing">Remote Sensing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Remote Sensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_in_archaeology" title="Remote sensing in archaeology">Remote sensing in archaeology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aerial_Photography">Aerial Photography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aerial Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial Photography</a> is a tool used within the field of archaeological research to discover, place and document archaeological sites. The application of this technology developed from its previous use as a method of military surveillance throughout the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and offers a non-destruction means of archaeological research.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The documentation of archaeological sites through Aerial Photography techniques involve the use of digital cameras, GIS and rectification software to collect numerous black and white photographs of the site for archaeological study.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These photographs can be used by archaeologists to enhance the details of the site and plot the composite features. These results are often analysed to create a geographical framework, allowing archaeologists to create a map inclusive of the sites landscape features.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sites recognised by Aerial Photography are then classified into shadow sites, crop-marks and soil-marks.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photogrammetry">Photogrammetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Photogrammetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">Photogrammetry</a></div> <p>Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant imagery and other phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LiDAR">LiDAR</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: LiDAR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">Lidar</a></div> <p>LiDAR is a method for determining ranges by targeting an object or a surface with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the receiver. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_Station_Theodolite">Total Station Theodolite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Total Station Theodolite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Total_station" title="Total station">A Total Station Theodolite</a> (TST) is a surveying instrument <sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that utilises electronic distance measurement technology to analyse archaeological sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TST technology allows the distance of an archaeological site to be documented and maps to be established.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is conducted through the measurement of distance between the TST instrument and the site selected.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of reflectorless TST technology as a method of archaeological research utilises an infrared beam to record measurements of archaeological sites, this allows archaeologists to study the spatial landscape of sites despite possible inconsistencies in elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TST technology is considered a direct surveying technique as it utilises the manual acquisition of points of reference by the operator.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TST techniques allow data to be downloaded and analysed after the archaeological survey is complete, limiting the awareness of an archaeologist when conducting in-field analysis. However, if the TST technology is connected to a <a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">portable computer</a> recording the archaeological data, an archaeologist is able to view the data as it is collected.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_Collection">Data Collection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Data Collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></div> <p>The use of Information Communication Technology and digital techniques in archaeological studies has furthered the development of documenting archaeological data.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incorporation of modern technology throughout the process of conducting archaeological research has allowed commercial, academic and heritage management fields to become increasingly unified.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recording of archaeological data is distinguished through methods of acquisition, analysis, and representation throughout the process of data handling.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data collected through digital technology when conducting archaeological research is stored on <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archives</a> at digital repositories. The databases are then checked for integrity to ensure the data can be accessed and analysed for further research.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of Information Communication Technology and digital techniques has allowed larger amounts of data to be collected and stored from archaeological research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_in_Fieldwork">Applications in Fieldwork</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Applications in Fieldwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_Reconstruction_of_Roman_Wall_Paintings_in_the_Sarno_Baths">Virtual Reconstruction of Roman Wall Paintings in the Sarno Baths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Virtual Reconstruction of Roman Wall Paintings in the Sarno Baths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The application of digital technology through virtual analysis and 3D reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">frigidarium</a> in the Sarno Baths in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> has allowed archaeologists to reconstruct and preserve deteriorating wall paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reconstruction involved digitally removing salt deposits and abrasions in the paint layers. The use of virtual analysis and digital imaging by archaeologists allowed the preservation and reconstruction of the wall decorations to reveal further archaeological data on the methods of its original construction.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delphi4Delphi">Delphi4Delphi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Delphi4Delphi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Digital Enterprise for Learning Practice of Heritage Initiative for Delphi, otherwise referred to as Delphi4Delphi,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a research project conducted by archaeologists to document and reconstruct the historical sites at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. The project aimed to capture and reconstruct archaeological <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monuments</a> and artefacts located in Delphi through 3D imaging and reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological sites studied were the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Sanctuary of Athena Pronea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siphnian_Treasury" title="Siphnian Treasury">Treasury of the Siphians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a>, and the bronze charioteer and marble sphinx located at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project utilised digital methods of spectral documentation, 3D stereo photography systems, and the processing of 2D image sequences into 3D structures to document, analyse and reconstruct the archaeological sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-Object_Segmentation_for_Assisted_Image_Reconstruction">Multi-Object Segmentation for Assisted Image Reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Multi-Object Segmentation for Assisted Image Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Multi-Object Segmentation for Assisted Image Reconstruction, or MOSAIC+, is a project conducted by archaeologists to reconstruct fragments found in the Church of St.Trophimena in Salerno, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists conducted research involving the craquelure detection of the Visitation fresco, painted by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Salviati_(bishop)" title="Francesco Salviati (bishop)">Francesco Salviati in 1538</a>, utilising differing dimensions of the patch and <a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">in-painting</a> present.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study found the use of this digital imaging technology as non-optimal due to the distribution of larger holes within the image's restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research was conducted into the fresco fragments and their reconstruction before and after undergoing the processes of craquelure detection and in-painting.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MOSAIC+ aimed to develop the work of archaeologists through the catalogue, indexing, retrieval and reconstruction of fragments found at archaeological sites, allowing the extraction of colour and shape features to be completed accurately.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the application of digital techniques throughout conducting this research, the results indicate the possibility of virtual reconstruction to restore the appearance of archaeological artworks and aid the reconstruction of fragmented artefacts by archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maxentius_3D_Project">Maxentius 3D Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Maxentius 3D Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Maxentius 3D Project, undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University</a> located in Italy, is a research project involving the 3D reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Maxentius" title="Circus of Maxentius">Circus of Maxentius</a> in Rome. The Circus of Maxentius, situated in the <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way_Regional_Park" title="Appian Way Regional Park">Appion way regional park</a>, is a structure commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">the Roman Emperor Maxentius</a> towards the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/4th_century_A.D." class="mw-redirect" title="4th century A.D.">4th century A.D</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to its position within a regionally protected area, the vegetation preventing the reconnaissance of the structure by researchers cannot be removed in order to preserve the local ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the site is largely covered by this vegetation, the study of archaeological data collected through cartography, axonometric drawings, archaeological plans and historical illustrations,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has allowed archaeologists to construct a 3D model of the monument used to document, analyse and hypothesise its reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project involved the archaeological analysis of the two towers of the <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Circus_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (building)">Carceres</a>, the Stands, the Tribunal, the Pulvina, the Spina, the Porta Libitinensis, the Porta Triumphalis and the terrain<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to create a scientifically correct 3D model of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is through this analysis that archaeologists were able to document a terraced roof, twin staircases and embedded amphoras located at the site, and were able to form a deeper understanding of the sites original construction.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of archaeological data and digital techniques throughout this research project revealed the possibility for 3D imaging to hypothesise the accurate reconstruction of archaeological sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_3D_Reconstruction_of_Soli,_Cyprus"><span id="The_3D_Reconstruction_of_Soli.2C_Cyprus"></span>The 3D Reconstruction of Soli, Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The 3D Reconstruction of Soli, Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 3D reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Soli,_Cyprus" title="Soli, Cyprus">Soli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, has allowed archaeologists to create 3D visual models of sites of cultural heritage and archaeological architecture that are inaccessible or restricted to documentation by archaeologists through the analysis of open data from social media sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soli, initially designed by the <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Athenian statesman Solon</a>, is an ancient city built during the <a href="/wiki/6th_century_BC" title="6th century BC">6th century BC</a> and is located in the northern region of Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study focused on the reconstruction of the amphitheatre located at the site, a Roman structure built on a previous Greek theatre dating back to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_century_BC" title="2nd century BC">2nd century BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The application of digital imaging, distortion correction and geo-referencing techniques to estimate the sites 3D landscape features from 2D image sequences,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and verification of the documentation through existing drawings and Google Earth maps,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowed archaeologists to reconstruct the amphitheatre. Archaeologists were then able to create a geo-referenced <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D model</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Digital_elevation_model" title="Digital elevation model">digital surface model</a> through processes of image extraction, quality analysis, image alignment, 3D cloud point generation, modelling, photorealistic texture mapping, and <a href="/wiki/Georeferencing" title="Georeferencing">geo-referencing.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers additionally utilised <a href="/wiki/KMPlayer" title="KMPlayer">KMPlayer software</a> to extract the image sequencing frames into <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG'S</a>, a lens correction model was then applied and the points of interest throughout the site were matched through the overlap of selected images.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the application of aerial video imagery and digital imaging techniques throughout this project, archaeologists were able to capture, store, process, share, visualise and annotate 3D models of the amphitheatre located at the inaccessible site of Soli, Cyprus through time and cost effective measures in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Night_in_the_Forum">A Night in the Forum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: A Night in the Forum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Night in the Forum is an Educational Environmental Narrative compatible with <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation® VR</a> that is modelled from the 3D reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">forum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Augustus in Rome</a>. The project utilised <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual Reality</a> technology, applying <a href="/wiki/Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image Based Modelling</a> to combine <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetric algorithms</a> to reconstruct the archaeological site from 2D images.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of the VR game involved stages of Pre-production, production, and Level creation Authoring.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>pre-production</i> stage involved the documentation and analysis of the archaeological data relevant to the game context.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process involved the geometric acquisition of cultural artefacts through the use of image-based and range-based sensors, allowing researchers to obtain digital replicas of the objects.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data gathered by researchers in the field was processed though <a href="/wiki/Metashape" title="Metashape">Agisoft Photoscan</a> software to estimate the camera positions and depth information to form into <a href="/wiki/Point_Cloud_Library" title="Point Cloud Library">point clouds.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>production</i> phase of this project prioritised the archaeological interpretation of data, 3D modelling reconstruction, performance analysis and optimisation of assets.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process involved the application of three-dimensional surveying and topographic surveying to ensure realism within an aesthetic rendering of the VR game.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 3D models obtained from surveys allowed graphic simulations to be conducted and the extraction of metric data to be accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed the virtual location and restoration of fragments documented to be hypothesised.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Level Creation and Authoring</i> phase of the project involved the graphic layout and environmental simulation of the VR game and the addition of details that confer realism.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process involved the application of scene-dressing, <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computer_graphics" title="Real-time computer graphics">real time rendering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscapes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the application of 3D modelling and Virtual Reality technology to create of A Night in the Forum, the project aims to allow players to experience the complex administration of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial Rome</a> and gain knowledge on the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">forum of Augustus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of visualisation allowed archaeologists to enhance the understanding of archaeological contexts and the study archaeological sites through visual models.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the use of this digital technology throughout the process of developing this game resulted in prolonged production, increased costs and the necessary involvement of experts in the fields of both archaeology and computer graphics.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation">Evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of digital technology in the field of archaeology allows the analysis, documentation and reconstruction of data, historical sites and artefacts to be conducted through non-intrusive methods, allowing archaeologists to preserve the data and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a> held within these archaeological findings.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Information Communication Technology available within the field of archaeology develops through technological advancements, archaeologists are able to obtain further access to these technologies, allowing greater amounts of archaeological data to be accurately documented and analysed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology currently available has allowed data to be efficiently disseminated, processed and supplied to public archives, with the use of in field surveillance techniques allowing a greater amount of on-site data analysis to be conducted by archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of 3D modelling technology within digital archaeology allows researchers to accurately model archaeological sites, providing further information to formulate archaeological perspectives and promoting the communication between the cultural heritage of archaeological sites and the public population.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of digital technology within archaeology has allowed greater amounts of data to be collected by archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This collection of data requires greater maintenance of digital archives, often without a clear understanding of its relevance within archaeological research and dependent on further technological advancements to be accurately interpreted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the digital techniques used for archaeological research are developed, the sophistication of these technological advancements creates a larger margin of error for archaeologists when conducting, documenting and reconstructing archaeological research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogaming" title="Archaeogaming">Archaeogaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_heritage" title="Digital heritage">Digital heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_history" title="Digital history">Digital history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Archaeology_(exhibition)" title="Digital Archaeology (exhibition)">Digital Archaeology (exhibition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Digital_Archaeology" title="Institute for Digital Archaeology">Institute for Digital Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEvansDaly2006" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Thomas Laurence; Daly, Patrick T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-bL609miNAC"><i>Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415310482" title="Special:BookSources/9780415310482"><bdi>9780415310482</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Archaeology%3A+Bridging+Method+and+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415310482&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Laurence&rft.au=Daly%2C+Patrick+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-bL609miNAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganEve2012" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Colleen; Eve, Stuart (2012-12-01). "DIY and digital archaeology: what are you doing to participate?". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 521–537. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.2012.741810">10.1080/00438243.2012.741810</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8243">0043-8243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143125582">143125582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=DIY+and+digital+archaeology%3A+what+are+you+doing+to+participate%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=521-537&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143125582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0043-8243&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.2012.741810&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft.au=Eve%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2014" class="citation web cs1">Richter, Ashley (18 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popular-archaeology.com/blog/adventures-in-digital-archaeology/so-what-is-digital-archaeology">"So What is Digital Archaeology?"</a>. <i>Popular Archaeology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Archaeology&rft.atitle=So+What+is+Digital+Archaeology%3F&rft.date=2014-07-18&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpopular-archaeology.com%2Fblog%2Fadventures-in-digital-archaeology%2Fso-what-is-digital-archaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005183915/http://popular-archaeology.com/blog/adventures-in-digital-archaeology/so-what-is-digital-archaeology">Archived</a> 2014-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubrow2006" class="citation book cs1">Zubrow, Ezra B. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-bL609miNAC&pg=PR10">"Digital Archaeology: A historical context"</a>. In Evans, Thomas Laurence; Daly, Patrick T. (eds.). <i>Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 10–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415310482" title="Special:BookSources/9780415310482"><bdi>9780415310482</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Digital+Archaeology%3A+A+historical+context&rft.btitle=Digital+Archaeology%3A+Bridging+Method+and+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10-32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415310482&rft.aulast=Zubrow&rft.aufirst=Ezra+B.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-bL609miNAC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasaponaraMasini2016" class="citation cs2">Lasaponara, Rosa; Masini, Nicola (2016), "Living in the Golden Age of Digital Archaeology", <i>Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2016</i>, Springer International Publishing, pp. 597–610, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-42108-7_47">10.1007/978-3-319-42108-7_47</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42107-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42107-0"><bdi>978-3-319-42107-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computational+Science+and+Its+Applications+%E2%80%93+ICCSA+2016&rft.atitle=Living+in+the+Golden+Age+of+Digital+Archaeology&rft.pages=597-610&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-42108-7_47&rft.isbn=978-3-319-42107-0&rft.aulast=Lasaponara&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft.au=Masini%2C+Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrowerDumitru2017" class="citation journal cs1">Harrower, Michael J.; Dumitru, Ioana A. (March 2017). "Digital maps illuminate ancient trade routes". <i>Nature</i>. <b>543</b> (7644): 188–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F543188a">10.1038/543188a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28277507">28277507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4450827">4450827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Digital+maps+illuminate+ancient+trade+routes&rft.volume=543&rft.issue=7644&rft.pages=188-189&rft.date=2017-03&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4450827%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28277507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F543188a&rft.aulast=Harrower&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Dumitru%2C+Ioana+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReindelWagner2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reindel, Markus; Wagner, Günther A., eds. 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"New Technologies for Archaeology". <i>Natural Science in Archaeology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-87438-6">10.1007/978-3-540-87438-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-87437-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-87437-9"><bdi>978-3-540-87437-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-9712">1613-9712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Science+in+Archaeology&rft.atitle=New+Technologies+for+Archaeology&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1613-9712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-87438-6&rft.isbn=978-3-540-87437-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock,_G._R._(Gary_R.)2003" class="citation book cs1">Lock, G. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-44455-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-44455-0"><bdi>978-0-387-44455-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186563717">186563717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remote+sensing+in+archaeology&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186563717&rft.isbn=978-0-387-44455-0&rft.au=Wiseman%2C+James.+El-Baz%2C+Farouk.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_archaeology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalyEvansDaly2006" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Patrick; Evans, Thomas Laurence; Daly, Patrick T. (2006). <i>Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory</i>. Oxon: Psychology Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415310482" title="Special:BookSources/0415310482"><bdi>0415310482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Archaeology%3A+Bridging+Method+and+Theory&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0415310482&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Evans%2C+Thomas+Laurence&rft.au=Daly%2C+Patrick+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Antiquarian">Antiquarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hoare,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet">Richard Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens">John Lloyd Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Holmes" title="William Henry Holmes">William Henry Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers" title="Augustus Pitt Rivers">Augustus Pitt Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Garrod" title="Dorothy Garrod">Dorothy Garrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Uhle" title="Max Uhle">Max Uhle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder" title="Alfred V. Kidder">Alfred V. Kidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Method and theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_theory" title="Archaeological theory">Archaeological theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Philosophy of archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_diving" title="Archaeological diving">Archaeological diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ethics" title="Archaeological ethics">Archaeological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(archaeology)" title="Survey (archaeology)">Survey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey_(archaeology)" title="Geophysical survey (archaeology)">geophysical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_survey" title="Electrical resistance survey">electrical resistance survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondage" title="Sondage">Sondage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_layer" title="Burnt layer">Burnt layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">Lithic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-excavation_analysis" title="Post-excavation analysis">Post-excavation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_archaeology" title="Subfields of archaeology">Sub-disciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_archaeology" title="Prehistoric archaeology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_archaeology" title="Classical archaeology">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_archaeology" title="Medieval archaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-medieval_archaeology" title="Post-medieval archaeology">Post-Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_archaeology" title="Historical archaeology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_archaeology" title="Contemporary archaeology">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_in_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian archaeology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Oceania" title="Archaeology in Oceania">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubiology" title="Nubiology">Nubian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_bioarchaeology" title="Medieval bioarchaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_bioarchaeology" title="Near Eastern bioarchaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleopathology" title="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceology" title="Calceology">Calceology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogaming" title="Archaeogaming">Archaeogaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_archaeology" title="Computational archaeology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_archaeology" title="Virtual archaeology">Virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoarchaeology" title="Geoarchaeology">Geoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_archaeology" title="Conflict archaeology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_archaeology" title="Funerary archaeology">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_archaeology" title="Gender archaeology">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_archaeology" title="Indigenous archaeology">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_archaeology" title="Industrial archaeology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_archaeology" title="Landscape archaeology">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_archaeology" title="Mortuary archaeology">Mortuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(archaeology)" title="Phenomenology (archaeology)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_archaeology" title="Queer archaeology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeological sites by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeologists" title="List of archaeologists">Archaeologists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitologists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeology_journals" title="List of archaeology journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology" title="Category:Archaeology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template talk:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration" title="Agents of deterioration">Agents of deterioration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_processing" title="Archival processing">Archival processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(archives)" title="Calendar (archives)">Calendar (archives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural property">Conservation and restoration of cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_property)" title="Conservation science (cultural property)">Conservation science (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(museum)" title="Collection (museum)">Collection (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_catalog" title="Collection catalog">Collection catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_maintenance" title="Collections maintenance">Collections maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management" title="Collections management">Collections management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management_system" title="Collections management system">Collections management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage_management" title="Cultural heritage management">Cultural heritage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_documentation" title="Cultural property documentation">Cultural property documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_exhibition" title="Cultural property exhibition">Cultural property exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_imaging" title="Cultural property imaging">Cultural property imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_storage" title="Cultural property storage">Cultural property storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_resource_management" title="Cultural resource management">Cultural resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Database preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning" title="Deaccessioning">Deaccessioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property)" title="Disaster preparedness (cultural property)">Disaster preparedness (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">Film preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">Finding aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">Fonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_in_collection" title="Found in collection">Found in collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_asset" title="Heritage asset">Heritage asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_science" title="Heritage science">Heritage science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_vice" title="Inherent vice">Inherent vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management_(cultural_property)" title="Integrated pest management (cultural property)">Integrated pest management (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(museums)" title="Inventory (museums)">Inventory (museums)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_preservation" title="Media preservation">Media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_control_and_prevention_(library_and_archive)" title="Mold control and prevention (library and archive)">Mold control and prevention (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_media_preservation" title="Optical media preservation">Optical media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_metadata" title="Preservation metadata">Preservation metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_survey" title="Preservation survey">Preservation survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)" title="Repatriation (cultural property)">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_preservation" title="Sustainable preservation">Sustainable preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles<br /> and expertise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">Archivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Art dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_handler" title="Art handler">Art handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">Auctioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_manager" title="Collection manager">Collection manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_scientist" title="Conservation scientist">Conservation scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_technician" title="Conservation technician">Conservation technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_designer" title="Exhibition designer">Exhibition designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_maker" title="Mount maker">Mount maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objects_conservator" title="Objects conservator">Objects conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">Paintings conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_conservator" title="Photograph conservator">Photograph conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registrar_(cultural_property)" title="Registrar (cultural property)">Registrar (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_conservator" title="Textile conservator">Textile conservator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods<br /> and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(artwork)" title="Aging (artwork)">Aging (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastylosis" title="Anastylosis">Anastylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrested_decay" title="Arrested decay">Arrested decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradling_(paintings)" title="Cradling (paintings)">Cradling (paintings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_radiography" title="Cultural property radiography">Cultural property radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_of_wall_paintings" title="Detachment of wall paintings">Detachment of wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmet_method" title="Desmet method">Desmet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_case" title="Display case">Display case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_repository_audit_method_based_on_risk_assessment" title="Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment">Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_paint_analysis" title="Historic paint analysis">Historic paint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">Inpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintsugi" title="Kintsugi">Kintsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leafcasting" title="Leafcasting">Leafcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_of_paintings" title="Lining of paintings">Lining of paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deacidification" title="Mass deacidification">Mass deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpainting" title="Overpainting">Overpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-inspiration" title="Paleo-inspiration">Paleo-inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_splitting" title="Paper splitting">Paper splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)" title="Reconstruction (architecture)">Reconstruction (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissverklebung" title="Rissverklebung">Rissverklebung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_stabilization" title="Textile stabilization">Textile stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_panel_paintings" title="Transfer of panel paintings">Transfer of panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVC-based_preservation" title="UVC-based preservation">UVC-based preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualAudio" title="VisualAudio">VisualAudio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of immovable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">Frescos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_artworks" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks">Outdoor artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_bronze_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor bronze objects">Outdoor bronze objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_murals" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor murals">Outdoor murals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of movable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery">Ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_bone,_horn,_and_antler_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects">Bone, horn, and antler objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents,_and_ephemera" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents, and ephemera">Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ceramic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ceramic objects">Ceramic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_clocks" title="Conservation and restoration of clocks">Clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_copper-based_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of copper-based objects">Copper-based objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_feathers" title="Conservation and restoration of feathers">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_flags_and_banners" title="Conservation and restoration of flags and banners">Flags and banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_fur_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of fur objects">Fur objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_herbaria" title="Conservation and restoration of herbaria">Herbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains" title="Conservation and restoration of human remains">Human remains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_insect_specimens" title="Conservation and restoration of insect specimens">Insect specimens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_iron_and_steel_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of iron and steel objects">Iron and steel objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ivory_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ivory objects">Ivory objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica" title="Conservation and restoration of Judaica">Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lacquerware" title="Conservation and restoration of lacquerware">Lacquerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_leather_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of leather objects">Leather objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lighthouses" title="Conservation and restoration of lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_metals" title="Conservation and restoration of metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_musical_instruments" title="Conservation and restoration of musical instruments">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_neon_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of neon objects">Neon objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_new_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of new media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_painting_frames" title="Conservation and restoration of painting frames">Painting frames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_panel_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of panel paintings">Panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_papyrus" title="Conservation and restoration of papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_parchment" title="Conservation and restoration of parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_performance_art" title="Conservation and restoration of performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">Photographic plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_plastic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of plastic objects">Plastic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_rail_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_road_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of road vehicles">Road vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_shipwreck_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of shipwreck artifacts">Shipwreck artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_silver_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of silver objects">Silver objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_South_Asian_household_shrines" title="Conservation of South Asian household shrines">South Asian household shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_stained_glass" title="Conservation and restoration of stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_taxidermy" title="Conservation and restoration of taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Tibetan_thangkas" title="Conservation and restoration of Tibetan thangkas">Tibetan thangkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_time-based_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of time-based media art">Time-based media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_totem_poles" title="Conservation and restoration of totem poles">Totem poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_woodblock_prints" title="Conservation and restoration of woodblock prints">Woodblock prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts">Wooden artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_furniture" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden furniture">Wooden furniture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible<br /> cultural heritage</a><br /> preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_folklore" title="Applied folklore">Applied folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnochoreology" title="Ethnochoreology">Ethnochoreology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_folklore" title="Family folklore">Family folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_process" title="Folk process">Folk process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">Heritage language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language_learning" title="Heritage language learning">Heritage language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous culture">Indigenous culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_preservation" title="Language preservation">Language preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">Oral history preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_meaning" title="Preservation of meaning">Preservation of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition#Preservation" title="Tradition">Tradition preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Garc%C3%ADa_Mart%C3%ADnez_and_Gim%C3%A9nez)" title="Ecce Homo (García Martínez and Giménez)">Conservation-restoration of <i>Ecce Homo</i> by Elías García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Thomas_Eakins%27_The_Gross_Clinic" title="Conservation-restoration of Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic">Conservation-restoration of <i>The Gross Clinic</i> by Thomas Eakins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_The_Last_Supper" title="Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper">Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's <i>The Last Supper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Pompeian frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin" title="Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin">Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty">Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_H.L._Hunley" title="Conservation-restoration of the H.L. Hunley">Conservation-restoration of the <i>H.L. Hunley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_flood_of_the_Arno" title="1966 flood of the Arno">Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_and_Contemporary_Art_Research_Initiative" title="Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative">Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_Metadata:_Implementation_Strategies" title="Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies">Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_sciences" title="Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_sciences" title="Template talk:Social sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_social_science" title="Outline of social science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_social_sciences" title="History of the social sciences">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">auxiliary sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li>Philosophies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics"> economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">social science</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban 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href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_science_journals" title="List of social science journals">List of social science journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other categorizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral sciences">Behavioral sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" 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