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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_via"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Motion via</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_via-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chart_for_review_for_the_basic_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chart_for_review_for_the_basic_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Chart for review for the basic cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chart_for_review_for_the_basic_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphosyntactic_alignment" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of grammatical cases</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Casos_gramaticales" title="Anexo:Casos gramaticales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Casos gramaticales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazo" title="Kazo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kazo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%A9_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="격 목록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="격 목록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_di_casi_grammaticali" title="Lista di casi grammaticali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lista di casi grammaticali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Список на падежи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Список на падежи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_over_kasus" title="Liste over kasus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liste over kasus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_przypadk%C3%B3w" title="Lista przypadków – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lista przypadków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Список падежей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список падежей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1d_(jazykoveda)" title="Pád (jazykoveda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pád (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Списак падежа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Списак падежа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_kasus" title="Lista över kasus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lista över kasus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Список відмінків – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Список відмінків" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"List of cases" redirects here. For legal cases, see <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_case_law" title="Lists of case law">Lists of case law</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_grammatical_cases" title="Special:EditPage/List of grammatical cases">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+grammatical+cases%22">"List of grammatical cases"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+grammatical+cases%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+grammatical+cases%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+grammatical+cases%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+grammatical+cases%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+grammatical+cases%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> This is a <b>list of grammatical cases</b> as they are used by various <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional languages</a> that have <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>. </p><p>This list will mark the case, when it is used, an example of it, and then finally what language(s) the case is used in. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_movement">Location and movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location and movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note: Most cases used for location and motion can be used for time as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Found in </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive case</a></td> <td>close</td> <td>near/at/by the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antessive_case" title="Antessive case">Antessive case</a></td> <td>anterior</td> <td>before the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">Apudessive case</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>adjacent</td> <td>next to the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive case</a></td> <td>inside</td> <td>inside the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basque_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Language">Basque</a> | <a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--LocalCases_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--LocalCases-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative case</a></td> <td>between</td> <td>between the houses </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative case</a></td> <td>location</td> <td>at/on/in the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Armenian language">Armenian (Eastern)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azeri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> | <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> | <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a> | <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-tarou_takahashi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarou_takahashi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (restricted) | <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a> | <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi language">Skolt Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbian language">Sorbian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> | <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> <br />(Note: the case in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> termed the "locative case" in English is actually a <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">prepositional case</a>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pergressive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergressive case">Pergressive case</a></td> <td>vicinity</td> <td>in the vicinity of the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamu_language" title="Kamu language">Kamu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent case</a></td> <td>contacting</td> <td>touching the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Postessive_case" title="Postessive case">Postessive case</a></td> <td>posterior</td> <td>after the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Agul_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Agul language">Agul</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive case</a></td> <td>under</td> <td>under/below the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive case</a></td> <td>on the surface</td> <td>on (top of) the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--Advcases_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--Advcases-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_from">Motion from</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Motion from"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Found in </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative case</a></td> <td>near or inside</td> <td>away from the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Armenian language">Armenian (Eastern)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Armenian language">Armenian (Western)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azeri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> | <a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a> | <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-tarou_takahashi_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarou_takahashi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Ablative_(Latin)" title="Ablative (Latin)">Latin</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><sup id="cite_ref-HaroldSchiffman--TamilCases_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaroldSchiffman--TamilCases-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> | <a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukaghir language">Yukaghir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adelative_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelative case">Adelative case</a></td> <td>the vicinity</td> <td>from near the house</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative case</a></td> <td>the surface</td> <td>from (the top of) the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--Advcases_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--Advcases-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">Egressive case</a></td> <td>marking the beginning of a movement or time</td> <td>beginning from the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative case</a></td> <td>the interior</td> <td>out of the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--LocalCases_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--LocalCases-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Initiative case</td> <td>starting point of an action</td> <td>beginning from the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Postelative_case" title="Postelative case">Postelative case</a></td> <td>movement from behind</td> <td>from behind the house</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_to">Motion to</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Motion to"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Found in </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative case</a></td> <td>in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>:<br />the adjacency<br />in <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>:<br />the surface</td> <td>to the house<br /><br />onto the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a> | <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-tarou_takahashi_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarou_takahashi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><sup id="cite_ref-HaroldSchiffman--TamilCases_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaroldSchiffman--TamilCases-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a> | <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative case</a></td> <td>inside</td> <td>into the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--LocalCases_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--LocalCases-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi language">Skolt Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><sup id="cite_ref-HaroldSchiffman--TamilCases_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaroldSchiffman--TamilCases-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative case</a></td> <td>near or inside</td> <td>to/into the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--Advcases_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--Advcases-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative case</a></td> <td>the surface or below</td> <td>on(to) the house/under the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--Advcases_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--Advcases-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Superlative_case" title="Superlative case">Superlative case</a></td> <td>the top</td> <td>on(to) the house/on top of the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a> | <a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinuq</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative case</a></td> <td>marking the end of a movement or time</td> <td>as far as the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-tarou_takahashi_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarou_takahashi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_via">Motion via</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Motion via"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Found in </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative case</a></td> <td>movement through or along</td> <td>through/along the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian A & B</a> | <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankunytjatjara language">Yankunytjatjara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative case</a> (= prosecutive case, vialis case)</td> <td>movement using a surface or way</td> <td>by way of/through the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> (rare) | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> (rare)<sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--Advcases_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--Advcases-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time">Time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Found in </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative case</a></td> <td>specifying a time when and within</td> <td>E.g.: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">eō tempore</i></span>, "at that time"; <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">paucīs hōrīs</i></span>, "within a few hours". </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> | <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Armenian (Eastern)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Armenian (Western)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative case</a></td> <td>indicating duration of time<br />known as the <b>accusative of duration of time</b></td> <td>E.g.: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">multos annos</i></span>, "for many years";<br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ducentos annos</i></span>, "for 200 years". </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> | <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> | <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> | <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive case</a></td> <td>used for specifying days and dates</td> <td>E.g.: <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">maanantaina</i></span>, "on Monday";<br /><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kuudentena joulukuuta</i></span>, "on the 6th of December". </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language#Grammar" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limitative case (page does not exist)">Limitative case</a></td> <td>specifying a deadline</td> <td>E.g.: <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">午後5時半までに</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gogo go-ji han made-ni</i></span>) "by 5:30 PM" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-tarou_takahashi_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarou_takahashi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal case</a></td> <td>specifying a time</td> <td>E.g.: <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">hétkor</i></span> "at seven" or <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">hét órakor</i></span> "at seven o'clock"; <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">éjfélkor</i></span> "at midnight"; <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">karácsonykor</i></span> "at Christmas". </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> (rare)<sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--Advcases_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--Advcases-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chart_for_review_for_the_basic_cases">Chart for review for the basic cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chart for review for the basic cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td><i>interior</i> </td> <td><i>surface</i> </td> <td><i>adjacency</i> </td> <td><i>state</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>from</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>at/in</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>(in)to</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>via</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphosyntactic_alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphosyntactic alignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For meanings of the terms <i>agent</i>, <i>patient</i>, <i>experiencer</i>, and <i>instrument</i>, see <i><a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">thematic relation</a></i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Found in </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive case</a> (1)</td> <td>patient, experiencer; subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb</td> <td>he pushed the <b>door</b> and <b>it</b> opened </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> | <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive case</a> (2)</td> <td>patient, involuntary experiencer</td> <td>he pushed the <b>door</b> and <b>it</b> opened; <b>he</b> slipped </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Active-stative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Active-stative language">active-stative languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive case</a> (3)</td> <td>patient; experiencer; instrument</td> <td>he pushed the <b>door</b> with his <b>hand</b> and <b>it</b> opened </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative case</a> (1)</td> <td>patient</td> <td>he pushed the <b>door</b> and it opened </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Armenian language">Armenian (Eastern)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Armenian language">Armenian (Western)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azeri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> | <a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> | <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> | <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> | <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-tarou_takahashi_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarou_takahashi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> | <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi language">Skolt Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative case</a> (2)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a>; <i>made from</i>; <i>about</i>; <i>for a time</i></td> <td>I see <b>her</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a> | <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agentive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Agentive case">Agentive case</a></td> <td>agent, specifies or asks about <i>who</i> or <i>what</i>; specific agent that is subset of a general topic or subject</td> <td>it was <b>she</b> who committed the crime; as for him, his <b>head</b> hurts </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-tarou_takahashi_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarou_takahashi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Mongsen Ao</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">Direct case</a> </td> <td>direct subject or object of a transitive or intransitive verb </td> <td><b>I</b> saw <b>her</b>; <b>I</b> gave her the <b>book</b>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | many languages with <a href="/wiki/Symmetrical_voice" title="Symmetrical voice">Austronesian Alignment</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative case</a></td> <td>agent; subject of a transitive verb</td> <td><b>he</b> pushed the door and it opened </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> | <a href="/wiki/Dyirbal_language" title="Dyirbal language">Dyirbal</a> | <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> | <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em"><a href="/wiki/Ergative-genitive_case" title="Ergative-genitive case">Ergative-genitive case</a></td> <td>agent, possession</td> <td><b>he</b> pushed the door and it opened; <b>her</b> dog </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classic_maya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic maya language">Classic Maya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">Instructive</a></td> <td>means, answers question <i>how?</i></td> <td>by means of the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> (rare) | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--MeansCases_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--MeansCases-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a></td> <td>instrument, answers question <i>using what?</i></td> <td>with the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Armenian language">Armenian (Eastern)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Armenian language">Armenian (Western)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> | <a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a> | <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-tarou_takahashi_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarou_takahashi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukaghir language">Yukaghir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em"><a href="/wiki/Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">Instrumental-comitative case</a></td> <td>instrument, in company</td> <td>with the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative case</a> (1)</td> <td>agent, experiencer; subject of a transitive or intransitive verb</td> <td><b>he</b> pushed the door and <b>it</b> opened </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative language">nominative–accusative languages</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Marked_nominative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marked nominative language">marked nominative languages</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative case</a> (2)</td> <td>agent; voluntary experiencer</td> <td><b>he</b> pushed the door and it opened; <b>she</b> paused </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Active_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Active language">active languages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Objective_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective case">Objective case</a> (1)</td> <td>direct or indirect object of verb</td> <td>I saw <b>her</b>; I gave <b>her</b> the book. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Objective_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective case">Objective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a> (2)</td> <td>direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive</td> <td>I saw <b>her</b>; I gave <b>her</b> the book; with <b>her</b>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> | <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique case</a></td> <td>all-round case; any situation except nominative or vocative</td> <td>concerning the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> | <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> | <a href="/wiki/Old_Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Provençal">Old Provençal</a> | <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_case" title="Intransitive case">Intransitive case</a> (also called passive or patient case)</td> <td>the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb</td> <td>The door opened </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ainu_language" title="Ainu language">Ainu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pegative_case" title="Pegative case">Pegative case</a></td> <td>agent in a clause with a dative argument</td> <td><b>he</b> gave the book to him </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Azoyú Tlapanec</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation">Relation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Found in </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative case</a></td> <td>all-round indirect case</td> <td>concerning the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Armenian language">Armenian (Eastern)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Armenian language">Armenian (Western)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aversive_case" title="Aversive case">Aversive case</a></td> <td>avoiding or fear</td> <td>avoiding the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Yidiny_language" title="Yidiny language">Yidiny</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive case</a></td> <td>for, for the benefit of, intended for</td> <td>for the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> | <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a> | <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caritative_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritative case">Caritative case</a></td> <td>because of presence or absence</td> <td>for want of a house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngiyambaa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngiyambaa language">Ngiyambaa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Causal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal case">Causal case</a></td> <td>because, because of</td> <td>because of the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a> | <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em"><a href="/wiki/Causal-final_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal-final case">Causal-final case</a></td> <td>efficient or final cause</td> <td>for a house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative case</a></td> <td>accompanied with</td> <td>with the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dumi_language" title="Dumi language">Dumi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> (rare)<sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--MeansCases_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--MeansCases-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-tarou_takahashi_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarou_takahashi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> | <a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi language">Skolt Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ossetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic">Ossetic</a> (only in <a href="/wiki/Iron_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron dialect">Iron</a>) | <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative case</a></td> <td>shows direction or recipient</td> <td>for/to the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Armenian language">Armenian (Eastern)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Armenian language">Armenian (Western)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azeri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> | <a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> | <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> | <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> | <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a> | <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-tarou_takahashi_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarou_takahashi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> | <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_gd-dat"><a href="#endnote_gd-dat">†</a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> <p><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_gd-dat"><b><a href="#ref_gd-dat">^†</a></b></span> The case classically referred to as dative in Scottish Gaelic has shifted to, and is sometimes called, a <a href="#Semantics">prepositional case</a>.</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Distributive_case" title="Distributive case">Distributive case</a></td> <td>distribution by piece</td> <td>per house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--Advcases_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--Advcases-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em"><a href="/wiki/Distributive-temporal_case" title="Distributive-temporal case">Distributive-temporal case</a></td> <td>frequency</td> <td>daily; on Sundays </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--Advcases_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--Advcases-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive case</a></td> <td>shows generic relationship, generally ownership, but also composition, reference, description, etc.</td> <td>of the house; the house's </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Armenian language">Armenian (Eastern)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Armenian language">Armenian (Western)</a> | <a href="/wiki/Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azeri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> | <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> | <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> | <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> | <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> | <a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Faroese_grammar" title="Faroese grammar">Faroese</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> | <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> | <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-tarou_takahashi_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarou_takahashi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> | <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi language">Skolt Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> | <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ornative_case" title="Ornative case">Ornative case</a></td> <td>endowment</td> <td>equipped with a house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dumi_language" title="Dumi language">Dumi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Possessed_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessed case">Possessed case</a></td> <td>passive possession</td> <td>the house is owned </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_psee"><a href="#endnote_psee">†</a></sup> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_psee"><b><a href="#ref_psee">^†</a></b></span> A sentence with possessed case noun always has to include a possessive case noun. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Possessive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive case">Possessive case</a></td> <td>direct ownership</td> <td>owned by the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Privative_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Privative case">Privative case</a></td> <td>lacking, without</td> <td>without a house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kamu_language" title="Kamu language">Kamu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Martuthunira_language" title="Martuthunira language">Martuthunira</a> | <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semblative_case" title="Semblative case">Semblative/Similative case</a></td> <td>similarity, comparing</td> <td>that tree is like a house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative case</a></td> <td>along with, together with</td> <td>(together) with the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substitutive_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substitutive case (page does not exist)">Substitutive case</a></td> <td>substituting, instead of</td> <td>instead of him </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantics">Semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Found in </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive case</a></td> <td>used for amounts</td> <td>three (of the) houses </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--Amount-State-Cases_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--Amount-State-Cases-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi language">Skolt Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">Prepositional case</a></td> <td>when prepositions precede the noun</td> <td>in/on/about the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_slav-prep"><a href="#endnote_slav-prep">†</a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_slav-prep"><a href="#endnote_slav-prep">†</a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_slav-prep"><a href="#endnote_slav-prep">†</a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_gd-prep"><a href="#endnote_gd-prep">‡</a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_slav-prep"><a href="#endnote_slav-prep">†</a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_slav-prep"><a href="#endnote_slav-prep">†</a></sup> <p><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_slav-prep"><b><a href="#ref_slav-prep">^†</a></b></span> This case is called <i>lokál</i> in Czech and Slovak, <i>miejscownik</i> in Polish, <i>місцевий (miscevý)</i> in Ukrainian and <i>месны (miesny)</i> in Belarusian; these names imply that this case also covers <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative case</a>.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_gd-prep"><b><a href="#ref_gd-prep">^‡</a></b></span> The prepositional case in Scottish Gaelic is classically referred to as a <a href="#Relation">dative case</a>.</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative case</a></td> <td>used for addressing, with or without a preposition</td> <td>Hey, father!<br />O father!<br />Father! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (rare) | <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> (rare) | <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> | <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> | <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> (literary or poetic) | <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> | <a href="/wiki/Itelmen_language" title="Itelmen language">Itelmen</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ket_language" title="Ket language">Ket</a> | <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> | <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Nivkh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivkh language">Nivkh</a> | <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> | <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (rare) | <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> (rare) | <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State">State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Found in </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive case</a></td> <td>lacking</td> <td>without the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--MeansCases_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--MeansCases-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi language">Skolt Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial case</a></td> <td>temporary state</td> <td>as a house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a> | <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative case</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>comparison</td> <td>like the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dumi_language" title="Dumi language">Dumi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> | <a href="/wiki/Nivkh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivkh language">Nivkh</a> | <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Equative_case" title="Equative case">Equative case</a></td> <td>similarity</td> <td>similar to the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive case</a></td> <td>temporary state of being</td> <td>as the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--Amount-State-Cases_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--Amount-State-Cases-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a> | <a href="/wiki/Middle_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Egyptian">Middle Egyptian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi language">Skolt Sámi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em"><a href="/wiki/Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">Essive-formal case</a></td> <td>marking a condition as a quality (a kind of shape)</td> <td>as a house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em"><a href="/wiki/Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">Essive-modal case</a></td> <td>marking a condition as a quality (a way of being)</td> <td>as a house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive case</a></td> <td>marking a transition from a condition</td> <td>from being a house (i.e., it stops being a house) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> (rare) | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> (dialectal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Formal case</td> <td>marking a condition as a quality</td> <td>as a house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Identical case</td> <td>showing equality</td> <td>being the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orientative_case" title="Orientative case">Orientative case</a></td> <td>positive orientation</td> <td>turned towards the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Revertive_case" title="Revertive case">Revertive case</a></td> <td>negative orientation</td> <td>against the house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative case</a></td> <td>change of a condition into another</td> <td>(turning) into a house </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> | <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><sup id="cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--Amount-State-Cases_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanuMäkinen--Amount-State-Cases-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> | <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> | <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> | <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kven_language#Grammar" title="Kven language">Kven</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammatical_cases&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMäkinen" class="citation web cs1">Mäkinen, Panu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijatulkoen.html">"Finnish Grammar - Exterior local cases"</a>. <i>users.jyu.fi</i>. University of Jyväskylä<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=users.jyu.fi&rft.atitle=Finnish+Grammar+-+Exterior+local+cases&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4kinen&rft.aufirst=Panu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.jyu.fi%2F~pamakine%2Fkieli%2Fsuomi%2Fsijat%2Fsijatulkoen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+grammatical+cases" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. 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href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_cases" title="Template talk:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammatical_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Grammatical cases</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_case" title="Intransitive case">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegative_case" title="Pegative case">Pegative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location, time, direction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antessive_case" title="Antessive case">Antessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">Apudessive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">Approximative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_case" title="Distributive case">Distributive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributive-temporal_case" title="Distributive-temporal case">-temporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelative_case" title="Inelative case">Inelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limitative case (page does not exist)">Limitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locative-qualitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locative-qualitative case (page does not exist)">-qualitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial case (page does not exist)">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postdirective case (page does not exist)">Postdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postelative_case" title="Postelative case">Postelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postessive_case" title="Postessive case">Postessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdirective case (page does not exist)">Subdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subelative case (page does not exist)">Subelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superdirective case (page does not exist)">Superdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superelative case (page does not exist)">Superelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superlative_case" title="Superlative case">Superlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possession, companion, instrument</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritive case">Caritive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">-comitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornative_case" title="Ornative case">Ornative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Privative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equative_case" title="Equative case">Equative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">-formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">-modal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive</a></li> <li>Formal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">Instructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_case" title="Modal case">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_case" title="Multiplicative case">Multiplicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientative_case" title="Orientative case">Orientative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revertive_case" title="Revertive case">Revertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semblative_case" title="Semblative case">Semblative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cause, purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_case" title="Aversive case">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal_case" title="Causative">Causal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal-final_case" title="Causative">-final</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_case" title="Final case">Final</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">Postpositional/Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_declension" title="Czech declension">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Dutch_declension" title="Archaic Dutch declension">Archaic Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English#Morphology" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_noun_cases" title="Finnish noun cases">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_declension" title="German declension">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_declension" title="Old High German declension">Old High German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_declension" title="Gothic declension">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_noun_phrase" title="Hungarian noun phrase">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_declension" title="Latvian declension">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_declension" title="Russian declension">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_declension" title="Slovak declension">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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