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id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Prosody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keyboard_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Keyboard layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphophonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphophonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Morphophonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphophonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_formations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_formations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Word formations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_formations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_that_begin_with_multiple_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_that_begin_with_multiple_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Words that begin with multiple consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_that_begin_with_multiple_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Grammars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Literature and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D,%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хъырцыбзэ,Курджыбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъырцыбзэ,Курджыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хъырцыбзэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Хъырцыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgies" title="Georgies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Georgies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgische_Sprache" title="Georgische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Georgische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%82%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85%E1%8A%9B" title="ጂዮርጅኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጂዮርጅኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Georgisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Georgisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%AD%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Ақырҭуа бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ақырҭуа бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الجورجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الجورجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cheorchiano" title="Idioma cheorchiano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma cheorchiano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%93%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%93%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܘܪܓܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܘܪܓܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Վրացերէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վրացերէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_xeorxanu" title="Idioma xeorxanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma xeorxanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Гуржи мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гуржи мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrc%C3%BC_dili" title="Gürcü dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gürcü dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گورجو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گورجو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জর্জীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzia-g%C3%AD" title="Gruzia-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gruzia-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Грузин теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Грузин теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грузінская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грузінская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грузінская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грузінская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="जॉर्जियन भासा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जॉर्जियन भासा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Грузински език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грузински език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzijski_jezik" title="Gruzijski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gruzijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorjieg" title="Jorjieg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jorjieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гүржи хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гүржи хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%C3%A0" title="Georgià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Georgià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Грузин чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Грузин чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Heyorhiyano" title="Pinulongang Heyorhiyano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Heyorhiyano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruz%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Gruzínština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gruzínština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgeg" title="Georgeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Georgeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisk_(sprog)" title="Georgisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Georgisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgische_Sprache" title="Georgische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georgische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruusia_keel" title="Gruusia keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gruusia keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Γεωργιανή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωργιανή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Грузинэнь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Грузинэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_georgiano" title="Idioma georgiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma georgiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartvela_lingvo" title="Kartvela lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kartvela lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiera" title="Georgiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Georgiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="زبان گرجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان گرجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_bhasa" title="Georgian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Georgian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Georgiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Georgiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9orgien" title="Géorgien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géorgien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgysk" title="Georgysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Georgysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeoirsis" title="An tSeoirsis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeoirsis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorshish" title="Shorshish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shorshish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruz_dili" title="Gruz dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Gruz dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_xeorxiana" title="Lingua xeorxiana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua xeorxiana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzia-ng%C3%AE" title="Gruzia-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Gruzia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="조지아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Jojiya" title="Yaren Jojiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Jojiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Վրացերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վրացերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जॉर्जियाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्जियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Georgišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Georgišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzijski_jezik" title="Gruzijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gruzijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruziana_linguo" title="Gruziana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gruziana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Georgiano" title="Pagsasao a Georgiano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Georgiano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Georgia" title="Bahasa Georgia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Georgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Гуырдзиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гуырдзиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%C3%ADska" title="Georgíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Georgíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_georgiana" title="Lingua georgiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua georgiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גאורגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאורגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_G%C3%A9orgia" title="Basa Géorgia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Géorgia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಾರ್ಜಿಯನ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜಿಯನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8E_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Гюрджю тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Гюрджю тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ქართული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქართული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%90%DB%8C%D9%9B%D9%B2%DB%92_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جورجِیٛٲے زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جورجِیٛٲے زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Грузин тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грузин тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigeorgia" title="Kigeorgia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kigeorgia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Грузин кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Грузин кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_gurc%C3%AE" title="Zimanê gurcî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê gurcî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5" title="ພາສາຊອກຊີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຊອກຊີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Georgiana" title="Lingua Georgiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Georgiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruz%C4%ABnu_valoda" title="Gruzīnu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gruzīnu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Гуржи чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гуржи чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzin%C5%B3_kalba" title="Gruzinų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gruzinų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisch" title="Georgisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Georgisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartuli_(lingua)" title="Cartuli (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cartuli (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BAz_nyelv" title="Grúz nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Grúz nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Грузиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грузиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_je%C3%B4rjiana" title="Fiteny jeôrjiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny jeôrjiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ജോർജിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जॉर्जियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्जियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ქორთული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქორთული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%89" title="لغه چورچى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه چورچى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="گرجی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گرجی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Georgia" title="Bahasa Georgia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Georgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯔꯖꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯔꯖꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzia-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Gruzia-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gruzia-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Грузинонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Грузинонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B6_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Гүрж хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гүрж хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisch" title="Georgisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georgisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="グルジア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グルジア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Гуьржийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гуьржийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisk_Spriik" title="Georgisk Spriik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Georgisk Spriik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisk" title="Georgisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georgisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisk" title="Georgisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Georgisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian" title="Georgian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Georgian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Грузин йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Грузин йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzin_tili" title="Gruzin tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gruzin tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Heorhiyano" title="Salitan Heorhiyano – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Heorhiyano" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="جارجیائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارجیائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ګورجي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګورجي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_georgian-a" title="Lenga georgian-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga georgian-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_gruzi%C5%84ski" title="Język gruziński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język gruziński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_georgiana" title="Língua georgiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua georgiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrci_tili" title="Gürci tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Gürci tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_georgian%C4%83" title="Limba georgiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba georgiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartul_simi" title="Kartul simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kartul simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ґрузіньскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґрузіньскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Грузинский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грузинский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Грузин тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Грузин тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Siaosiana" title="Faʻa Siaosiana – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Siaosiana" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_georgiana" title="Limba georgiana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba georgiana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_leid" title="Georgie leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Georgie leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_gjeorgjeze" title="Gjuha gjeorgjeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha gjeorgjeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Georgian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruz%C3%ADn%C4%8Dina" title="Gruzínčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gruzínčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzin%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Gruzinščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gruzinščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D1%94%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%EA%99%97%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Ивєрский ꙗꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ивєрский ꙗꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzi%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Gruzińskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gruzińskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="زمانی گورجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی گورجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Грузијски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грузијски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzijski_jezik" title="Gruzijski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gruzijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_kieli" title="Georgian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georgian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiska" title="Georgiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georgiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Heorhiyano" title="Wikang Heorhiyano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Heorhiyano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சியார்சிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியார்சிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%97%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Гөрҗи теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гөрҗи теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาจอร์เจีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาจอร์เจีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D2%B7%D3%A3" title="Забони гурҷӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони гурҷӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrc%C3%BCce" title="Gürcüce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gürcüce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Грузин кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Грузин кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грузинська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грузинська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جارجیائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارجیائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="گرۇزىن تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گرۇزىن تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzijan_kel%27" title="Gruzijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gruzijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Gruzia" title="Tiếng Gruzia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Gruzia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="格魯吉亞語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="格魯吉亞語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heorhyano" title="Heorhyano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Heorhyano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="格鲁吉亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格鲁吉亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="גרוזיניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גרוזיניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="格魯吉亞文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格魯吉亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurciki" title="Gurciki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gurciki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groz%C4%97nu_kalba" title="Grozėnu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grozėnu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="格鲁吉亚语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格鲁吉亚语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Georgia" title="Basa Georgia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Georgia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8108#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Georgian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;"><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ქართული ენა</span></span><br /><i><span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">kartuli ena</i></span></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartuli_Georgian_Sample3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kartuli_Georgian_Sample3.svg/260px-Kartuli_Georgian_Sample3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kartuli_Georgian_Sample3.svg/390px-Kartuli_Georgian_Sample3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kartuli_Georgian_Sample3.svg/520px-Kartuli_Georgian_Sample3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="368" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">Kartuli</i></span> written in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian script</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[ˈkʰartʰuli<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈena]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 3.76 million (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 150,000 (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Georgian</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dialects" title="Georgian dialects">Georgian dialects</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Georgia">Cabinet of Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ka">ka</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=158">geo</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=158">kat</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kat" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kat">kat</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1302">nucl1302</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=42-CAB-baa">– bac 42-CAB-baa – bac</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartvelian_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kartvelian_languages.svg/320px-Kartvelian_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kartvelian_languages.svg/480px-Kartvelian_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kartvelian_languages.svg/640px-Kartvelian_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%E1%83%A6.png/37px-%E1%83%A6.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%E1%83%A6.png/55px-%E1%83%A6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%E1%83%A6.png/73px-%E1%83%A6.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="272" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgian</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Georgian" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian letters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Georgian</b> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ქართული ენა</span></span>, <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">kartuli ena</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[ˈkʰartʰuli<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈena]</a></span>) is the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelian language">Kartvelian language</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and the native or primary language of 88% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also serves as the <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for speakers of related languages.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its speakers today amount to approximately 3.8 million. Georgian is written with its own unique <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian scripts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetical systems</a> of unclear origin.<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Georgian is most closely related to the Zan languages (<a href="/wiki/Megrelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Megrelian">Megrelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a>) and more distantly to <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>. Georgian has various <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, with standard Georgian based on the Kartlian dialect, and all dialects are mutually intelligible. The history of Georgian spans from Early Old Georgian in the 5th century, to Modern Georgian today. Its development as a written language began with the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of Georgia">Christianization of Georgia</a> in the 4th century. </p><p>Georgian phonology features a rich <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> system, including aspirated, voiced, and <a href="/wiki/Ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective stop">ejective stops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Vowel_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel system">vowel system</a> consists of five vowels with varying realizations. Georgian <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> involves weak stress, with disagreements among linguists on its placement. The language's <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a> include complex <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> and harmonic clusters. The <a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli script">Mkhedruli script</a>, dominant in modern usage, corresponds closely to Georgian phonemes and has no case distinction, though it employs a capital-like effect called Mtavruli for titles and inscriptions. Georgian is an agglutinative language with a complex verb structure that can include up to eight <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>, exhibiting <a href="/wiki/Polypersonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypersonalism">polypersonalism</a>. The language has seven noun cases and employs a left-branching structure with adjectives preceding nouns and postpositions instead of prepositions. Georgian lacks grammatical gender and articles, with definite meanings established through context. Georgian's rich derivation system allows for extensive noun and verb formation from roots, with many words featuring initial consonant clusters. </p><p>The Georgian writing system has evolved from ancient scripts to the current Mkhedruli, used for most purposes. The language has a robust grammatical framework with unique features such as syncope in <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonology</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Left-branching_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-branching language">left-branching syntax.</a> Georgian's vocabulary is highly derivational, allowing for diverse word formations, while its numeric system is vigesimal. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No claimed genetic links between the Kartvelian languages and any other language family in the world are accepted in mainstream linguistics. Among the Kartvelian languages, Georgian is most closely related to the so-called <a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Megrelian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Megrelian language">Megrelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a>); <a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">glottochronological</a> studies indicate that it split from the latter approximately 2700 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a> is a more distant relative that split off much earlier, perhaps 4000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_dialects" title="Georgian dialects">Georgian dialects</a></div> <p>Standard Georgian is largely based on the <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartlian</a> dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-ARMAZI_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARMAZI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the centuries, it has exerted a strong influence on the other dialects. As a result, they are all, generally, mutually intelligible with standard Georgian, and with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Kartvelian_language" title="Proto-Kartvelian language">Proto-Kartvelian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Georgian%E2%80%93Zan_language" title="Proto-Georgian–Zan language">Proto-Georgian–Zan language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <br /><span class="nobold">ქართველები</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/135px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The <br /><b>Kartvelian</b> <br /><i>people</i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Nation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Ancient Kartvelian people</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Iberians" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Iberians">Iberians</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Subgroups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvals" title="Dvals">Dvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imeretians" class="mw-redirect" title="Imeretians">Imeretians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guria#Gurians" title="Guria">Gurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushetians" title="Tushetians">Tushetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakhetians" title="Kakhetians">Kakhetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingiloy">Ingiloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechkhumi" title="Lechkhumi">Lechkhumians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtiuleti" title="Mtiuleti">Mtiuletians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khevi" title="Khevi">Mokheves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racha" title="Racha">Rachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pshavi#Population" title="Pshavi">Pshavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartlians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khevsurians" title="Khevsurians">Khevsurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javakhians" title="Javakhians">Javakhians</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Georgia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Georgia (country)">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Georgia (country)">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dialects" title="Georgian dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Cross">St George's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">Grapevine cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History of Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgians" title="Template:Georgians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgians" title="Template talk:Georgians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The history of the Georgian language is conventionally divided into the following phases:<sup id="cite_ref-woodard_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Early <a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Georgian language">Old Georgian</a>: 5th–8th centuries</li> <li>Classical Old Georgian: 9th–11th centuries</li> <li>Middle Georgian: 11th/12th–17th/18th centuries</li> <li>Modern Georgian: 17th/18th century–present</li></ul> <p>The earliest extant references to Georgian are found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Marcus Cornelius Fronto</a>, a Roman grammarian from the 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first direct attestations of the language are inscriptions and <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsests</a> dating to the 5th century, and the oldest surviving literary work is the 5th century <i><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_of_the_Holy_Queen_Shushanik" title="Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik">Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Iakob_Tsurtaveli" title="Iakob Tsurtaveli">Iakob Tsurtaveli</a>. </p><p>The emergence of Georgian as a written language appears to have been the result of the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of Georgia">Christianization of Georgia</a> in the mid-4th century, which led to the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-woodard_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 11th century, Old Georgian had developed into Middle Georgian. The most famous work of this period is the <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">epic poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_in_the_Panther%27s_Skin" title="The Knight in the Panther's Skin">The Knight in the Panther's Skin</a>,</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli" title="Shota Rustaveli">Shota Rustaveli</a> in the 12th century. </p><p>In 1629, a certain <a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Cholokashvili" title="Nikoloz Cholokashvili">Nikoloz Cholokashvili</a> authored the first printed books written (partially) in Georgian, the <i><a href="/wiki/Alphabetum_Ibericum_sive_Georgianum_cum_Oratione" title="Alphabetum Ibericum sive Georgianum cum Oratione">Alphabetum Ibericum sive Georgianum cum Oratione</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Dittionario_giorgiano_e_italiano" title="Dittionario giorgiano e italiano">Dittionario giorgiano e italiano</a></i>. These were meant to help western Catholic missionaries learn Georgian for <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelical</a> purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the left are <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> symbols, and on the right are the corresponding letters of the modern Georgian <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>, which is essentially phonemic. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-ipashosted_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipashosted-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GMU_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMU-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">მ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ნ</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ფ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">თ</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ქ</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ბ</span></span><sup>7, 8, 10</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">დ</span></span><sup>7, 8, 10</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">გ</span></span><sup>7, 8, 10</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">პ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ტ</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">კ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span><sup>3</sup>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ყ</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>(aspirated)</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡sʰ</a></span><sup>1</sup>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ც</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a></span><sup>1</sup>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ჩ</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ძ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ჯ</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><small>ejective</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">წ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ჭ</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ს</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">შ</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <sup>2</sup>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ხ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ჰ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><small>voiced </small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ვ</span></span><sup>6</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ზ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ჟ</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> <sup>2</sup>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ღ</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vibrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrant">Vibrant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">რ</span></span><sup>4,9</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ლ</span></span><sup>5</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Opinions differ on the aspiration of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃʰ/</span>, as it is non-contrastive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Opinions differ on how to classify <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAronson1990">Aronson (1990)</a> classifies them as post-velar, <a href="#CITEREFHewitt1995">Hewitt (1995)</a> argues that they range from velar to uvular according to context.</li> <li>The uvular ejective stop is commonly realized as a uvular ejective fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a>]</span> but it can also be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a>]</span>, they are in free variation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> is realized as an alveolar tap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span> <sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> occurs in free variation.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> is pronounced as a velarized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>]</span> before back vowels; it is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> in the environment of front vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> is realized in most contexts as a bilabial fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has the following allophones.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ol><li>before voiceless consonants, it is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span>.</li> <li>after voiceless consonants it is also voiceless and has been interpreted either as labialization of the preceding consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʷ</a>]</span> or simply as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span>.</li> <li>whether it is realized as labialization after voiced consonants is debated.</li> <li>word-initially before the vowel /u/ and sometimes before other consonants it may be deleted entirely.</li></ol></li> <li>In initial positions, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ/</span> are pronounced as a weakly voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b̥,<span class="wrap"> </span>d̥,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ̊]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In word-final positions, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ/</span> may be devoiced and aspirated to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>/r/ may be dropped in CrC contexts in colloquial speech.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Word-final /b, d, ɡ/ may be realized as unreleased stops [b̚, d̚, ɡ̚] before another obstruent at word boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Former <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qʰ/</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ჴ</span></span>) has merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ხ</span></span>), leaving only the latter. </p><p>The glottalization of the ejectives is rather light, and in fact Georgian transliterates the <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis stops</a> in foreign words and names with the ejectives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The coronal occlusives (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʼ<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>n/</span>, not necessarily affricates) are variously described as apical dental, laminal alveolar, and "dental".<sup id="cite_ref-ipashosted_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipashosted-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowel phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ი</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">უ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ე</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ო</span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>   <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ა</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>Per Canepari, the main realizations of the vowels are [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>].<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aronson describes their realizations as [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">i̞</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span>] (but "slightly fronted"), [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">u̞</a></span>].<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shosted transcribed one speaker's pronunciation more-or-less consistently with [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>].<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allophonically, [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>] may be inserted to break up consonant clusters, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dɡas/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dəɡäs]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In casual speech, /iV, Vi/ sequences can be realized phonetically as [jV~i̯V, Vj~Vi̯]. <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phrase-final unstressed vowels may sometimes be partially reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosody">Prosody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prosody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a> in Georgian involves stress, intonation, and rhythm. Stress is very weak, and linguists disagree as to where stress occurs in words.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jun, Vicenik, and Lofstedt have proposed that Georgian stress and intonation are the result of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accents</a> on the first syllable of a word and near the end of a phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Borise,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgian has fixed initial word-level stress cued primarily by greater syllable duration and intensity of the initial syllable of a word.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgian vowels in non-initial syllables are pronounced with a shorter duration compared to vowels in initial syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long polysyllabic words may have a secondary stress on their third or fourth syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Gamq'relidze et al, quadrisyllabic words may be exceptionally stressed on their second syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stressed vowels in Georgian have slightly longer duration, more intensity, and higher pitch compared to unstressed vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Georgian dialects have distinctive stress.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgian contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (voiced, aspirated, or ejective) that are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><b>ბგ</b>ერა</span></span> <i>bgera</i> 'sound', <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><b>ცხ</b>ოვრება</span></span> <i>tskhovreba</i> 'life', and <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:წყალი"><b>წყ</b>ალი</a></span></span> <i>ts’q’ali</i> 'water'.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also frequent <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>, sometimes involving more than six consonants in a row, as may be seen in words like <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:გვფრცქვნი"><b>გვფრცქვნ</b>ი</a></span></span> <i>gvprtskvni</i> 'you peel us' and <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:მწვრთნელი"><b>მწვრთნ</b>ელი</a></span></span> <i>mts’vrtneli</i> 'trainer'. </p><p>Vicenik has observed that Georgian vowels following ejective stops have <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky voice</a> and suggests this may be one cue distinguishing ejectives from their aspirated and voiced counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calligraphy" title="Category:Calligraphy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KeitenAijin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/150px-KeitenAijin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/225px-KeitenAijin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/300px-KeitenAijin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By script</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_calligraphy" title="Turkish calligraphy">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calligraphy" title="Tibetan calligraphy">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_calligraphy" title="Serbian calligraphy">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyaz_(Cyrillic_calligraphy)" title="Vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)">Vyaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calligraphy" title="Vietnamese calligraphy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_calligraphy" title="Western calligraphy">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calligraphy" title="Mongolian calligraphy">Mongolian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian scripts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian Braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmCyc_Georgia_(Russian_Transcaucasia)_-_Georgian_language_alphabet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_alphabet.png/220px-AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_alphabet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_alphabet.png/330px-AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_alphabet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_alphabet.png/440px-AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_alphabet.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption>Georgian alphabet from <i>The American Cyclopædia</i>, 1879</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_Sign_in_Latin_and_Georgian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Road_Sign_in_Latin_and_Georgian.jpg/220px-Road_Sign_in_Latin_and_Georgian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Road_Sign_in_Latin_and_Georgian.jpg/330px-Road_Sign_in_Latin_and_Georgian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Road_Sign_in_Latin_and_Georgian.jpg/440px-Road_Sign_in_Latin_and_Georgian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Road sign in Mtavruli and Latin scripts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mshrali_khidi_signboard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mshrali_khidi_signboard.JPG/220px-Mshrali_khidi_signboard.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mshrali_khidi_signboard.JPG/330px-Mshrali_khidi_signboard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mshrali_khidi_signboard.JPG/440px-Mshrali_khidi_signboard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>"Mshrali khidi" (dry bridge) bilingual construction signboard in Georgian (Mtavruli) and Italian in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Georgian has been written in a variety of scripts over its history. Currently the <i><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></i> script is almost completely dominant; the others are used mostly in religious documents and architecture. </p><p><i>Mkhedruli</i> has 33 letters in common use; a half dozen more are obsolete in Georgian, though still used in other alphabets, like Mingrelian, Laz, and Svan. The letters of <i>Mkhedruli</i> correspond closely to the phonemes of the Georgian language. </p><p>According to the traditional account written down by <a href="/wiki/Leonti_Mroveli" title="Leonti Mroveli">Leonti Mroveli</a> in the 11th century, the first Georgian script was created by the first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Iberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharnavaz_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnavaz I of Iberia">Pharnavaz</a>, in the 3rd century BC. The first examples of a Georgian script date from the 5th century AD. There are now three Georgian scripts, called <i><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></i> 'capitals', <i><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></i> 'small letters', and <i>Mkhedruli</i>. The first two are used together as upper and lower case in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a> and together are called <i>Khutsuri</i> 'priest alphabet'. </p><p>In <i>Mkhedruli</i>, there is no case. Sometimes, however, a capital-like effect, called <i>Mtavruli</i> ('title' or 'heading'), is achieved by modifying the letters so that their vertical sizes are identical and they rest on the baseline with no descenders. These capital-like letters are often used in page headings, chapter titles, monumental inscriptions, and the like. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Modern Georgian alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th><span class="nowrap">National transcription</span></th> <th><span class="nowrap">IPA transcription</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ა</span></span> </th> <td><i>a</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ბ</span></span> </th> <td><i>b</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">გ</span></span> </th> <td><i>g</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">დ</span></span> </th> <td><i>d</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ე</span></span> </th> <td><i>e</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ვ</span></span> </th> <td><i>v</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v~w]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ზ</span></span> </th> <td><i>z</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">თ</span></span> </th> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ი</span></span> </th> <td><i>i</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">კ</span></span> </th> <td><i>k’</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʼ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ლ</span></span> </th> <td><i>l</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">მ</span></span> </th> <td><i>m</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ნ</span></span> </th> <td><i>n</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ო</span></span> </th> <td><i>o</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̞]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">პ</span></span> </th> <td><i>p’</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʼ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ჟ</span></span> </th> <td><i>zh</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">რ</span></span> </th> <td><i>r</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ს</span></span> </th> <td><i>s</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ტ</span></span> </th> <td><i>t’</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʼ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">უ</span></span> </th> <td><i>u</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ფ</span></span> </th> <td><i>p</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ქ</span></span> </th> <td><i>k</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ღ</span></span> </th> <td><i>gh</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ყ</span></span> </th> <td><i>q’</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qʼ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">შ</span></span> </th> <td><i>sh</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ჩ</span></span> </th> <td><i>ch</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃʰ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ც</span></span> </th> <td><i>ts</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡sʰ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ძ</span></span> </th> <td><i>dz</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">წ</span></span> </th> <td><i>ts’</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡sʼ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ჭ</span></span> </th> <td><i>ch’</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃʼ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ხ</span></span> </th> <td><i>kh</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ჯ</span></span> </th> <td><i>j</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ჰ</span></span> </th> <td><i>h</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard_layout">Keyboard layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Keyboard layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_keyboard_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian keyboard layout">Georgian keyboard layout</a></div> <p>This is the Georgian standard<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> keyboard layout. The standard Windows keyboard is essentially that of manual <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a>. </p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid black;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark_glyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotation mark glyphs">“</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark_glyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotation mark glyphs">„</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/1_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1 (number)">1</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">!</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/2_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 (number)">2</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">?</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/3_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (number)">3</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">№</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/4_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="4 (number)">4</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">§</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/5_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="5 (number)">5</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">%</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/6_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="6 (number)">6</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">:</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/7_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (number)">7</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">.</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/8_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="8 (number)">8</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">;</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/9_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="9 (number)">9</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">,</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/0_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (number)">0</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">/</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">-</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">_</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">+</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">=</a> </td> <td width="96" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;"> <big>←</big><br /> <sup><a href="/wiki/Backspace" title="Backspace">Backspace</a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="72" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black;"> <sub><a href="/wiki/Tab_key" title="Tab key">Tab key</a></sub> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ღ">ღ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ჯ">ჯ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="უ">უ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%99" class="mw-redirect" title="კ">კ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ე">ე</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ჱ">ჱ</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ნ">ნ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%92" class="mw-redirect" title="გ">გ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="შ">შ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="წ">წ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ზ">ზ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ხ">ხ</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ჴ">ჴ</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ც">ც</a></span> </td> <td width="72" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><small><a href="/wiki/Parentheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Parentheses">)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Parentheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Parentheses">(</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="84" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;border-left:1px solid black"> <sub><a href="/wiki/Caps_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Caps lock">Caps lock</a></sub> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ფ">ფ</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ჶ">ჶ</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ძ">ძ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ვ">ვ</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ჳ">ჳ</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%97" class="mw-redirect" title="თ">თ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ა">ა</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="პ">პ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="რ">რ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ო">ო</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ლ">ლ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%93" class="mw-redirect" title="დ">დ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ჟ">ჟ</a></span> </td> <td width="109" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid gainsboro"><sub><a href="/wiki/Enter_key" title="Enter key">Enter key</a></sub> <br /><big>↵</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="100" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;border-left:1px solid black"> <sub><a href="/wiki/Shift_key" title="Shift key">Shift key</a></sub><br /> ↑ </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ჭ">ჭ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ჩ">ჩ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ყ">ყ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ს">ს</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="მ">მ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ი">ი</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ჲ">ჲ</a> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ტ">ტ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ქ">ქ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ბ">ბ</a></span> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><span style="font-size:170%"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ჰ">ჰ</a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ჵ">ჵ</a> </td> <td width="142" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"> <sub><a href="/wiki/Shift_key" title="Shift key">Shift key</a></sub><br /> ↑ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="72" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;border-left:1px solid black"><sub> <a href="/wiki/Control_key" title="Control key">Control key</a></sub> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub><a href="/wiki/Windows_key" title="Windows key">Win key</a></sub> </td> <td width="72" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub> <a href="/wiki/Alt_key" title="Alt key">Alt key</a></sub> </td> <td width="290" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub><a href="/wiki/Space_bar" title="Space bar">Space bar</a></sub> </td> <td width="72" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub> <a href="/wiki/AltGr_key" title="AltGr key">AltGr key</a></sub> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub><a href="/wiki/Windows_key" title="Windows key">Win key</a></sub> </td> <td width="48" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"><sub><a href="/wiki/Menu_key" title="Menu key">Menu key</a></sub> </td> <td width="72" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;"><sub> <a href="/wiki/Control_key" title="Control key">Control key</a></sub> </td> <td width="1" style="background-color:#ffe7f4;border-right:1px solid black;"> <br />  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_verb_paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian verb paradigm">Georgian verb paradigm</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgian is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>. Certain prefixes and suffixes can be joined in order to build a verb. In some cases, one verb can have up to eight different morphemes in it at the same time. An example is <i>ageshenebinat</i> ('you [all] should've built [it]'). The verb can be broken down to parts: <i>a-g-e-shen-eb-in-a-t</i>. Each morpheme here contributes to the meaning of the verb tense or the person who has performed the verb. The verb conjugation also exhibits <a href="/wiki/Polypersonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypersonalism">polypersonalism</a>; a verb may potentially include morphemes representing both the subject and the object. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morphophonology">Morphophonology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Morphophonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Georgian <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a> is a common phenomenon. When a suffix (especially the plural suffix -<i>eb</i>-) is attached to a word that has either of the vowels <i>a</i> or <i>e</i> in the last syllable, this vowel is, in most words, lost. For example, <i>megob<b>a</b>ri</i> means 'friend'; <i>megobrebi</i> (<i>megob<b>Ø</b>rebi</i>) means 'friends', with the loss of <i>a</i> in the last syllable of the word stem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inflection">Inflection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgian has seven noun cases: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">adverbial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>. An interesting feature of Georgian is that, while the subject of a sentence is generally in the nominative case and the object is in the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a> (or dative), one can find this reversed in many situations (this depends mainly on the character of the verb). This is called the <a href="/wiki/Dative_construction" title="Dative construction">dative construction</a>. In the past tense of the transitive verbs, and in the present tense of the verb "to know", the subject is in the ergative case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Georgian is a <a href="/wiki/Left-branching" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-branching">left-branching</a> language, in which adjectives precede nouns, <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possessors</a> precede possessions, objects normally precede verbs, and <a href="/wiki/Postpositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpositions">postpositions</a> are used instead of <a href="/wiki/Prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositions">prepositions</a>.</li> <li>Each postposition (whether a suffix or a separate word) requires the modified noun to be in a specific case. This is similar to the way prepositions govern specific cases in many <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>.</li> <li>Georgian is a <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-drop">pro-drop</a> language; both subject and object pronouns are frequently omitted except for emphasis or to resolve ambiguity.</li> <li>A study by Skopeteas <i>et al.</i> concluded that Georgian word order tends to place the <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focus</a> of a sentence immediately before the verb, and the <a href="/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic (linguistics)">topic</a> before the focus. A subject–object–verb (<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a>) word order is common in idiomatic expressions and when the focus of a sentence is on the object. A subject–verb–object (<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a>) word order is common when the focus is on the subject, or in longer sentences. Object-initial word orders (<a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–subject–verb">OSV</a> or <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–verb–subject">OVS</a>) are also possible, but less common. Verb-initial word orders including both subject and object (<a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">VSO</a> or <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–object–subject">VOS</a>) are extremely rare.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Georgian has no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>; even the pronouns are ungendered.</li> <li>Georgian has no <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>. Therefore, for example, "guest", "a guest" and "the guest" are said in the same way. In <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a>, however, it is possible to establish the meaning of the definite article through use of some particles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmCyc_Georgia_(Russian_Transcaucasia)_-_Georgian_language_-_Tariel_(last_verse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_-_Tariel_%28last_verse%29.png/220px-AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_-_Tariel_%28last_verse%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_-_Tariel_%28last_verse%29.png/330px-AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_-_Tariel_%28last_verse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_-_Tariel_%28last_verse%29.png/440px-AmCyc_Georgia_%28Russian_Transcaucasia%29_-_Georgian_language_-_Tariel_%28last_verse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>The last verse of <a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli" title="Shota Rustaveli">Shota Rustaveli</a>'s romance <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_in_the_Panther%27s_Skin" title="The Knight in the Panther's Skin">The Knight in the Panther's Skin</a></i> illustrating the appearance of the Georgian script.</figcaption></figure> <p>Georgian has a rich <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">word-derivation</a> system. By using a root, and adding some definite prefixes and suffixes, one can derive many nouns and adjectives from the root. For example, from the root -<i>kart</i>-, the following words can be derived: <i>Kart<b>veli</b></i> ('a Georgian person'), <i>Kart<b>uli</b></i> ('the Georgian language') and <i><b>Sa</b>kart<b>velo</b></i> ('the country of Georgia'). </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Georgian_surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian surnames">Georgian surnames</a> end in -<i>dze</i> 'son' (Western Georgia), -<i>shvili</i> 'child' (Eastern Georgia), -<i>ia</i> (Western Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Samegrelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Samegrelo">Samegrelo</a>), -<i>ani</i> (Western Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a>), -<i>uri</i> (Eastern Georgia), etc. The ending -<i>eli</i> is a particle of nobility, comparable to French <i>de</i>, Dutch <i>van</i>, German <i>von</i> or Polish -<i>ski</i>. </p><p>Georgian has a <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> numeric system like <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and (partially) <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. Numbers greater than 20 and less than 100 are described as the sum of the greatest possible multiple of 20 plus the remainder. For example, "93" literally translates as 'four times twenty plus thirteen' (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ოთხმოცდაცამეტი</span></span>, <i>otkhmotsdatsamet’i</i>). </p><p>One of the most important Georgian dictionaries is the <i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_dictionary_of_the_Georgian_language" title="Explanatory dictionary of the Georgian language">Explanatory dictionary of the Georgian language</a></i> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ქართული ენის განმარტებითი ლექსიკონი</span></span>). It consists of eight volumes and about 115,000 words. It was produced between 1950 and 1964, by a team of linguists under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Chikobava" title="Arnold Chikobava">Arnold Chikobava</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_formations">Word formations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Word formations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgian has a word derivation system, which allows the derivation of nouns from verb roots both with prefixes and suffixes, for example: </p> <ul><li>From the root -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">ts’er</i></span>- 'write', the words <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>ts’er</b>ili</i></span> 'letter' and <i>m<b>ts’er</b>ali</i> 'writer' are derived.</li> <li>From the root -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">tsa</i></span>- 'give', the word <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">gada<b>ts</b>ema</i></span> 'broadcast' is derived.</li> <li>From the root -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">tsda</i></span>- 'try', the word <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">gamo<b>tsd</b>a</i></span> 'exam' is derived.</li> <li>From the root -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">gav</i></span>- 'resemble', the words <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">ms<b>gav</b>si</i></span> 'similar' and <i>ms<b>gav</b>seba</i> 'similarity' are derived.</li> <li>From the root -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">shen</i></span>- 'build', the word <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>shen</b>oba</i></span> 'building' is derived.</li> <li>From the root -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">tskh</i></span>- 'bake', the word <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">nam<b>tskh</b>vari</i></span> 'cake' is derived.</li> <li>From the root -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">tsiv</i></span>- 'cold', the word <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">ma<b>tsiv</b>ari</i></span> 'refrigerator' is derived.</li> <li>From the root -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">pr</i></span>- 'fly', the words <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">tvitm<b>pr</b>inavi</i></span> 'airplane' and <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">a<b>pr</b>ena</i></span> 'takeoff' are derived.</li></ul> <p>It is also possible to derive verbs from nouns: </p> <ul><li>From the noun -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">omi</i></span>- 'war', the verb <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>om</b>ob</i></span> 'you wage/are waging war' is derived.</li> <li>From the noun -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">sadili</i></span>- 'lunch', the verb <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>sadil</b>ob</i></span> 'you eat/are eating lunch' is derived.</li> <li>From the noun -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">sauzme</i></span> 'breakfast', the verb <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">ts’a<b>sauzm</b>eba</i></span> 'eating a little breakfast' is derived; the preverb <i>ts’a</i>- in Georgian adds the meaning 'a little'.</li> <li>From the noun -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">sakhli</i></span>- 'home', the verb <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">gada<b>sakhl</b>eba</i></span> 'relocating, moving' is derived.</li></ul> <p>Likewise, verbs can be derived from adjectives, for example: </p> <ul><li>From the adjective -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">ts’iteli</i></span>- 'red', the verb <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">ga<b>ts’itl</b>eba</i></span> 'blushing, making one blush' is derived. This kind of derivation can be done with many adjectives in Georgian.</li> <li>From the adjective -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">brma</i></span> 'blind', the verbs <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">da<b>brma</b>veba</i></span> 'becoming blind, blinding someone' are derived.</li> <li>From the adjective -<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">lamazi</i></span>- 'beautiful', the verb <span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn">ga<b>lamaz</b>eba</i></span> 'becoming beautiful' is derived.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_that_begin_with_multiple_consonants">Words that begin with multiple consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Words that begin with multiple consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Georgian many nouns and adjectives begin with two or more contiguous consonants. This is because syllables in the language often begin with two consonants. Recordings are available on the relevant Wiktionary entries, linked to below. </p> <ul><li>Some examples of words that begin with two consonants are: <ul><li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:წყალი"><b>წყ</b>ალი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>ts’q’</b>ali</i></span>), 'water'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:სწორი"><b>სწ</b>ორი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>sts’</b>ori</i></span>), 'correct'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:რძე"><b>რძ</b>ე</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>rdz</b>e</i></span>), 'milk'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:თმა"><b>თმ</b>ა</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>tm</b>a</i></span>), 'hair'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:მთა"><b>მთ</b>ა</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>mt</b>a</i></span>), 'mountain'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ცხენი"><b>ცხ</b>ენი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>tskh</b>eni</i></span>), 'horse'</li></ul></li> <li>Many words begin with three contiguous consonants: <ul><li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:თქვენ"><b>თქვ</b>ენ</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>tkv</b>en</i></span>), 'you <span style="font-size:85%;">(pl.)</span>'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:მწვანე"><b>მწვ</b>ანე</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>mts’v</b>ane</i></span>), 'green'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ცხვირი"><b>ცხვ</b>ირი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>tskhv</b>iri</i></span>), 'nose'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%99%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ტკბილი"><b>ტკბ</b>ილი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>t’k’b</b>ili</i></span>), 'sweet'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A2%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:მტკივნეული"><b>მტკ</b>ივნეული</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>mt’k’</b>ivneuli</i></span>), 'painful'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ჩრდილოეთი"><b>ჩრდ</b>ილოეთი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>chrd</b>iloeti</i></span>), 'north'</li></ul></li> <li>A few words in Georgian that begin with four contiguous consonants. Examples are: <ul><li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:მკვლელი"><b>მკვლ</b>ელი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>mk’vl</b>eli</i></span>), 'murderer'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:მკვდარი"><b>მკვდ</b>არი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>mk’vd</b>ari</i></span>), 'dead'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:მთვრალი"><b>მთვრ</b>ალი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>mtvr</b>ali</i></span>), 'drunk'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:მწკრივი"><b>მწკრ</b>ივი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>mts’k’r</b>ivi</i></span>), 'row, <a href="/wiki/Screeve" title="Screeve">screeve</a>'</li></ul></li> <li>Some extreme cases also exist in Georgian. For example, the following word begins with six contiguous consonants: <ul><li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:მწვრთნელი"><b>მწვრთნ</b>ელი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>mts’vrtn</b>eli</i></span>), 'trainer'</li></ul></li> <li>While the following word begins with seven: <ul><li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:გვწვრთნი"><b>გვწვრთნ</b>ი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>gvts’vrtn</b>i</i></span>), 'you train us'</li></ul></li> <li>And the following words begin with eight: <ul><li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:გვფრცქვნი"><b>გვფრცქვნ</b>ი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>gvprtskvn</b>i</i></span>), 'you peel us'</li> <li><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:გვბრდღვნი"><b>გვბრდღვნ</b>ი</a></span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language romanization"><i lang="ka-Latn"><b>gvbrdghvn</b>i</i></span>), 'you tear us'</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Ka-UDHR-Nicodene-dad.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ka-UDHR-Nicodene-dad.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Ka-UDHR-Nicodene-dad.ogg/Ka-UDHR-Nicodene-dad.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Ka-UDHR-Nicodene-dad.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Recording of a middle-aged male speaker reading Article 1.</figcaption></figure> <p>Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-About_Georgia:_Georgian_Alphabet_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Georgia:_Georgian_Alphabet-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian alphabet</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Latin alphabet</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ყველა ადამიანი იბადება თავისუფალი და თანასწორი თავისი ღირსებითა და უფლებებით. მათ მინიჭებული აქვთ გონება და სინდისი და ერთმანეთის მიმართ უნდა იქცეოდნენ ძმობის სულისკვეთებით.</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">Qvela adamiani ibadeba tavisupali da tanasc’ori tavisi ghirsebita da uplebebit. Mat minich’ebuli akvt goneba da sindisi da ertmanetis mimart unda iktseodnen dzmobis sulisk’vetebit.</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">[qʼʷe̞ɫä‿ädämiäni‿ibäde̞bä tʰäβisupʰäli d̥ä tʰänäst͡sʼo̞ɾi tʰäβisi ʁiɾse̞bitʰä d̥ä‿upʰle̞be̞bitʰ ‖ mätʰ minit͡ʃ’e̞buli‿äkʰʷtʰ ɡ̊o̞ne̞bä d̥ä sindisi d̥ä‿e̞ɾtʰmäne̞tʰis mimäɾtʰ undä‿ikʰt͡sʰe̞o̞dne̞n d͡zmo̞bis sulisk’ʷe̞tʰe̞bitʰ ‖]</span></span> </td> <td>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dialects" title="Georgian dialects">Georgian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Georgian calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_numerals" title="Georgian numerals">Georgian numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_profanity" title="Georgian profanity">Georgian profanity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kat">Georgian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Central Intelligence Agency. (2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/">Georgia</a>". In <i>The World Factbook</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/">Archived</a> 2021-02-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiller1994">Hiller (1994</a>:1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiller1994">Hiller (1994</a>:2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARMAZI-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARMAZI_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armazi.demon.co.uk/georgian/unicode/georgian_dialects.htm"><i>Georgian Dialects</i></a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002101/http://www.armazi.demon.co.uk/georgian/unicode/georgian_dialects.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The ARMAZI project. Retrieved on March 28, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manana Kock Kobaidze (2004-02-11) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webzone.imer.mah.se/projects/georgianV04/DEMO/Lect04/StandGe.html"><i>From the history of Standard Georgian</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927075905/http://webzone.imer.mah.se/projects/georgianV04/DEMO/Lect04/StandGe.html">Archived</a> September 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodard-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woodard_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woodard_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Tuite" title="Kevin Tuite">Tuite, Kevin</a>, "Early Georgian", pp. 145–6, in: Woodard, Roger D. (2008), <i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-68496-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-68496-X">0-521-68496-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braund, David (1994), <i>Georgia in Antiquity; a History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 B.C. – A.D. 562</i>, p. 216. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814473-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814473-3">0-19-814473-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/321/">"Georgian and Italian Dictionary"</a>. World Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgian+and+Italian+Dictionary&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F321%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipashosted-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipashosted_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipashosted_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShostedChikovani2006">Shosted & Chikovani (2006</a>:263)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GMU-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GMU_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_native.php?function=detail&languageid=23">"Native Phonetic Inventory: georgian"</a>. <i>gmu.edu</i>. George Mason University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gmu.edu&rft.atitle=Native+Phonetic+Inventory%3A+georgian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccent.gmu.edu%2Fbrowse_native.php%3Ffunction%3Ddetail%26languageid%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShostedChikovani2006">Shosted & Chikovani (2006</a>:256)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShostedChikovani2006">Shosted & Chikovani (2006</a>:261)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAronson1990">Aronson (1990</a>:17–18)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHewitt1995">Hewitt (1995</a>:21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAronson1990">Aronson (1990</a>:15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312661766_r_drop_in_Colloquial_Georgian">/r/ drop in Colloquial Georgian</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamq'relidzeK'ot'et'ishviliLezhavaLortkipanidze2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gamq'relidze, Nana; K'ot'et'ishvili, Shota; Lezhava, Ivane; Lortkipanidze, Luiza; Javakhidze, L (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsu.ge/data/file_db/faculty_humanities/fonetika%201.pdf"><i>ქართული ნორმატიული და დიალექტური მეტყველების ფონეტიკური ანალიზი</i></a> [<i>A phonetic analysis of Georgian normative and dialectal speech</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Nek'eri. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%93%E1%83%90+%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98+%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Nek%27eri&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gamq%27relidze&rft.aufirst=Nana&rft.au=K%27ot%27et%27ishvili%2C+Shota&rft.au=Lezhava%2C+Ivane&rft.au=Lortkipanidze%2C+Luiza&rft.au=Javakhidze%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsu.ge%2Fdata%2Ffile_db%2Ffaculty_humanities%2Ffonetika%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTestelets2020">Testelets (2020</a>:497)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutkaradzeMikautadze2014">Putkaradze & Mikautadze (2014</a>:53)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHewitt1987">Hewitt (1987</a>:19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAronson1990">Aronson (1990</a>:18)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepari2007">Canepari (2007</a>:385)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShostedChikovani2006">Shosted & Chikovani (2006</a>:262)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy1999" class="citation conference cs1">McCoy, Priscilla (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS1999/papers/p14_0447.pdf"><i>Harmony and Sonority in Georgian</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Harmony+and+Sonority+in+Georgian&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Priscilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalphoneticassociation.org%2Ficphs-proceedings%2FICPhS1999%2Fpapers%2Fp14_0447.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFᲐკადემიაᲠედაქციაᲘნსტიტუტი2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Აკადემია, Საქართველოს Მეცნიერებათა Ეროვნული; Რედაქცია, Ქართული Ენციკლოპედიის Ირაკლი Აბაშიძის Სახელობის Მთავარი Სამეცნიერო; Ინსტიტუტი, Არნოლდ Ჩიქობავას Სახელობის Ენათმეცნიერების (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iverieli.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/436653"><i>ქართული ენა : ენციკლოპედია</i></a> (in Georgian). თბილისი. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99928-20-34-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-99928-20-34-6"><bdi>978-99928-20-34-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90+%3A+%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.pub=%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-99928-20-34-6&rft.aulast=%E1%B2%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90&rft.aufirst=%E1%B2%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1+%E1%B2%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90+%E1%B2%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98&rft.au=%E1%B2%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%2C+%E1%B2%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%B2%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%B2%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%B2%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%B2%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%B2%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98+%E1%B2%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D&rft.au=%E1%B2%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%2C+%E1%B2%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93+%E1%B2%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1+%E1%B2%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%B2%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiverieli.nplg.gov.ge%2Fhandle%2F1234%2F436653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJunVicenikLofstedt2007">Jun, Vicenik & Lofstedt (2007)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoriseZientarski2018" class="citation book cs1">Borise, Lena; 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X, Tbilisi, 1941, pp. 411–427 (in Georgian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivane_Javakhishvili" title="Ivane Javakhishvili">Ivane Javakhishvili</a>. <i>Georgian Paleography</i>, Tbilisi, 1949, 500 pp (in Georgian)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunVicenikLofstedt2007" class="citation cs2">Jun, Sun-Ah; Vicenik, Chad; Lofstedt, Ingvar (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616101948/http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/grads/lofstedt/Georgian-intonation-WPP-106.pdf">"Intonational Phonology of Georgian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics</i> (106): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>57, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/grads/lofstedt/Georgian-intonation-WPP-106.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-06-16</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Working+Papers+in+Phonetics&rft.atitle=Intonational+Phonology+of+Georgian&rft.issue=106&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jun&rft.aufirst=Sun-Ah&rft.au=Vicenik%2C+Chad&rft.au=Lofstedt%2C+Ingvar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2Fgrads%2Flofstedt%2FGeorgian-intonation-WPP-106.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiziria2009" class="citation cs2">Kiziria, Dodona (2009), <i>Beginner's Georgian with 2 Audio CDs</i>, New York: Hippocrene, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1230-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1230-6"><bdi>978-0-7818-1230-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginner%27s+Georgian+with+2+Audio+CDs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1230-6&rft.aulast=Kiziria&rft.aufirst=Dodona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Korneli Danelia, Zurab Sarjveladze. <i>Questions of Georgian Paleography</i>, Tbilisi, 1997, 150 pp (in Georgian, English summary)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraveishvili1972" class="citation cs2">Kraveishvili, M. & Nakhutsrishvili, G. (1972), <i>Teach Yourself Georgian for English Speaking Georgians</i>, Tbilisi: The Georgian Society for Cultural Relations with Compatriots Abroad</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Georgian+for+English+Speaking+Georgians&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=The+Georgian+Society+for+Cultural+Relations+with+Compatriots+Abroad&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Kraveishvili&rft.aufirst=M.+%26+Nakhutsrishvili%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Elene Machavariani. <i>The graphical basis of the Georgian Alphabet</i>, Tbilisi, 1982, 107 pp (in Georgian, French summary)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1998" class="citation cs2">Price, Glanville (1998), <i>An Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe</i>, Blackwell</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Languages+of+Europe&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Glanville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutkaradzeMikautadze2014" class="citation cs2">Putkaradze, Tariel; Mikautadze, Maia (2014), <i>Phonetics of the Georgian literary language</i>, Tbilisi</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonetics+of+the+Georgian+literary+language&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Putkaradze&rft.aufirst=Tariel&rft.au=Mikautadze%2C+Maia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Ramaz Pataridze. <i>The Georgian Asomtavruli</i>, Tbilisi, 1980, 600 pp. (in Georgian).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShostedChikovani2006" class="citation cs2">Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf">"Standard Georgian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>36</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">255–</span>264, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002659">10.1017/S0025100306002659</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53481687">53481687</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Standard+Georgian&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002659&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53481687%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shosted&rft.aufirst=Ryan+K.&rft.au=Chikovani%2C+Vakhtang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FA7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF%2FS0025100306002659a.pdf%2Fstandard_georgian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkopeteasFéryAsatiani2009" class="citation cs2">Skopeteas, Stavros; Féry, Caroline; Asatiani, Rusudan (2009), <i>Word order and intonation in Georgian</i>, University of Potsdam</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+order+and+intonation+in+Georgian&rft.pub=University+of+Potsdam&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Skopeteas&rft.aufirst=Stavros&rft.au=F%C3%A9ry%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Asatiani%2C+Rusudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTestelets2020" class="citation cs2">Testelets, Yakov G. (2020), "Kartvelian (South Caucasian) Languages", in Polinsky, Maria (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus</i>, pp. <span class="nowrap">491–</span>528</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kartvelian+%28South+Caucasian%29+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Languages+of+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Testelets&rft.aufirst=Yakov+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicenik2010" class="citation cs2">Vicenik, Chad (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/890293">"An acoustic study of Georgian stop consonants"</a>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>40</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>92, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025100309990302">10.1017/s0025100309990302</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143120834">143120834</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=An+acoustic+study+of+Georgian+stop+consonants&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025100309990302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143120834%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vicenik&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F890293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Georgian language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Georgian_entry_guidelines" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:Georgian entry guidelines">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Georgian_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Georgian language">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Georgian" class="extiw" title="b:Georgian">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Georgian_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Georgian phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ka:"> Georgian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of an 1879 <i><a href="/wiki/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a></i> article about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Georgia_(Russian_Transcaucasia)" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Georgia (Russian Transcaucasia)">Georgian language</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryer,_Matthew_S.Haspelmath,_Martin2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dryer" title="Matthew Dryer">Dryer, Matthew S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_geo">"Georgian language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">World Atlas of Language Structures</a> Online</i>. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.atitle=Georgian+language&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Flanguoid%2Flect%2Fwals_code_geo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=geo">The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Georgian language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammars">Grammars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Grammars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_georgian.pdf">Reference grammar of Georgian by Howard Aronson (SEELRC, Duke University)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn101.org/georgian.php">Georgian Grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.translate.ge">Georgian English, English Georgian online dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://czudovo.info/list.php?what=1&ln=ka&in=from_en">English-Georgian, German-Georgian and Russian-Georgian dictionaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070122120120/http://www.georgianweb.com/language/dictionary/index.html">English-Georgian HTML Dictionary</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Georgian_Swadesh_list">Georgian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingua.ge/verbs-all/">Georgian Verb Conjugator/Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/unicode/tituut.asp">Georgian fonts, compliant with Unicode 4.0, also available for MAC OS 9 or X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/10573">A keyboard for typing Georgian characters for firefox</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itunes.apple.com/app/learn-georgian-alphabet-now/id1182898652?mt=8">Learn Georgian Alphabet Now app</a> Gives the name, pronunciation of each letter, and example words. Shows the stroke order of each letter. Permits drawing practice and has a quiz to learn the letters.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_culture">Literature and culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Literature and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227084408/http://www.aboutgeorgia.ge/language/">About Georgia – Language and Alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020817/http://www.kartvfund.org.ge/page3.html">Summer School of Georgian at Tbilisi State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgian-language.com/learn_georgian/write.php">Learn how to write Georgian hand-written letters correctly</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgian_language" title="Template talk:Georgian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgian_language64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screeve" title="Screeve">Screeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_conjugation" title="Georgian conjugation">Verb paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg/160px-%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" 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/></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_keyboard" title="Georgian keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_numerals" title="Georgian numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Romanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_(Unicode_block)" title="Georgian (Unicode block)">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Supplement" title="Georgian Supplement">Georgian Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Extended" title="Georgian Extended">Georgian Extended</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Mac OS Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kartvelian_language" title="Proto-Kartvelian language">Proto-Kartvelian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Georgian%E2%80%93Zan_language" title="Proto-Georgian–Zan language">Proto-Georgian–Zan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dialects" title="Georgian dialects">Georgian dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjaran_dialect" title="Adjaran dialect">Adjaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ani_(letter)" title="Ani (letter)">Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_(letter)" title="Bani (letter)">Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gani_(letter)" title="Gani (letter)">Gani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doni_(letter)" title="Doni (letter)">Doni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni_(letter)" title="Eni (letter)">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vini_(letter)" title="Vini (letter)">Vini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeni_(letter)" title="Zeni (letter)">Zeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(Georgian_letter)" title="He (Georgian letter)">He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tani_(letter)" title="Tani (letter)">Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(Georgian_letter)" title="Ini (Georgian letter)">Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27ani" title="K'ani">K'ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasi_(letter)" title="Lasi (letter)">Lasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(letter)" title="Mani (letter)">Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nari_(letter)" title="Nari (letter)">Nari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ie_(letter)" title="Ie (letter)">Ie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni_(letter)" title="Oni (letter)">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%27ari" title="P'ari">P'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhani" title="Zhani">Zhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae_(letter)" title="Rae (letter)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_(letter)" title="Sani (letter)">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27ari" title="T'ari">T'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_(letter)" title="Vie (letter)">Vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni_(letter)" title="Uni (letter)">Uni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pari_(letter)" title="Pari (letter)">Pari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kani_(letter)" title="Kani (letter)">Kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghani_(letter)" title="Ghani (letter)">Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%27ari" title="Q'ari">Q'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shini" title="Shini">Shini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chini_(letter)" title="Chini (letter)">Chini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsani" title="Tsani">Tsani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzili" title="Dzili">Dzili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%27ili" title="Ts'ili">Ts'ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ari" title="Ch'ari">Ch'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khani_(letter)" title="Khani (letter)">Khani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khari_(letter)" title="Khari (letter)">Khari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jani_(letter)" title="Jani (letter)">Jani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hae_(letter)" title="Hae (letter)">Hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(letter)" title="Hoe (letter)">Hoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi_(letter)" title="Fi (letter)">Fi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wikipedia" title="Georgian Wikipedia">Georgian Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Georgia104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template:Languages of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template talk:Languages of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Georgia104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhazian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus541" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a><br />(Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Амухско-худуцкий язык">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li> <li>Samur <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alanic_language" title="Alanic language">Alanic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Armazic_language" title="Armazic language">Armazic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles765" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles765" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a 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style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia 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George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Georgia (country)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c5dd74596-ddxsd","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.709","walltime":"2.077","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14871,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":370324,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25226,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":174761,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1765.225 1 -total"," 18.94% 334.262 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 17.71% 312.604 1 Template:Infobox"," 15.43% 272.380 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.69% 241.590 101 Template:Lang"," 12.68% 223.764 10 Template:Navbox"," 5.62% 99.141 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.44% 96.004 1 Template:Georgians"," 5.41% 95.563 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.34% 94.176 1 Template:Ethnic_group_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.999","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26210474,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFᲐკადემიაᲠედაქციაᲘნსტიტუტი2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAronson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorise2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoriseZientarski2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanepari2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamq\u0026#039;relidzeK\u0026#039;ot\u0026#039;et\u0026#039;ishviliLezhavaLortkipanidze2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHewitt1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitt1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitt1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiller1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunVicenikLofstedt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiziria2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraveishvili1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwonChitoran2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLomashvili2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPutkaradzeMikautadze2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShostedChikovani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkopeteasFéryAsatiani2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTestelets2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVicenik2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"AmCyc Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Calligraphy\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 14,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Georgian Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Endplainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Georgia (country) topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Georgian language\"] = 1,\n [\"Georgian standard keyboard\"] = 1,\n [\"Georgians\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 20,\n [\"IPA\"] = 45,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 49,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 14,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 101,\n [\"Languages of Georgia (country)\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of the Caucasus\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 2,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 53,\n [\"UDHR\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"WALS\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-54bc5bdf84-vngrw","timestamp":"20250217195801","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Georgian 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