CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vertical stabilizer - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ff0d3b37-1106-4e15-94e2-1eec04d9d03e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Vertical_stabilizer","wgTitle":"Vertical stabilizer","wgCurRevisionId":1255877478,"wgRevisionId":1255877478,"wgArticleId":1941545,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from February 2022","Use American English from August 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021","Aircraft tail components"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Vertical_stabilizer","wgRelevantArticleId":1941545,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1080767","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg/1200px-Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1251"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg/800px-Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="834"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg/640px-Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="667"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Vertical stabilizer - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Vertical_stabilizer rootpage-Vertical_stabilizer skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vertical+stabilizer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vertical+stabilizer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vertical+stabilizer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vertical+stabilizer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Principle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trim_and_control_in_yaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trim_and_control_in_yaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Trim and control in yaw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trim_and_control_in_yaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yaw_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yaw_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Yaw stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yaw_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coupling_with_roll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coupling_with_roll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Coupling with roll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coupling_with_roll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supersonic_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supersonic_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Supersonic flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supersonic_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stall_of_the_vertical_tail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stall_of_the_vertical_tail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Stall of the vertical tail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stall_of_the_vertical_tail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Structural considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Configurations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Configurations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Configurations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-All-moving_tail_fin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All-moving_tail_fin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>All-moving tail fin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All-moving_tail_fin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_tail_fins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_tail_fins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Multiple tail fins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_tail_fins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folding_for_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folding_for_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Folding for storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folding_for_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automotive_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Automotive use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vertical stabilizer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="مثبت رأسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مثبت رأسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaquli_stabilizator" title="Şaquli stabilizator – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şaquli stabilizator" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabilitzador_vertical" title="Estabilitzador vertical – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estabilitzador vertical" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svisl%C3%A1_ocasn%C3%AD_plocha" title="Svislá ocasní plocha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svislá ocasní plocha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halefinne_(fly)" title="Halefinne (fly) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Halefinne (fly)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seitenleitwerk" title="Seitenleitwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seitenleitwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabilizador_vertical" title="Estabilizador vertical – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estabilizador vertical" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9rive_(empennage)" title="Dérive (empennage) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dérive (empennage)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A7%81_%EA%BC%AC%EB%A6%AC_%EB%82%A0%EA%B0%9C" title="수직 꼬리 날개 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수직 꼬리 날개" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstabil_membujur" title="Penstabil membujur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penstabil membujur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deriva_(aeronautica)" title="Deriva (aeronautica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deriva (aeronautica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCgg%C5%91leges_vez%C3%A9rs%C3%ADk" title="Függőleges vezérsík – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Függőleges vezérsík" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielvlak" title="Kielvlak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kielvlak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4%E5%B0%BE%E7%BF%BC" title="垂直尾翼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="垂直尾翼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabilizador_vertical" title="Estabilizador vertical – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estabilizador vertical" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Киль (авиация) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киль (авиация)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vertical stabilizer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertikalni_stabilizator" title="Vertikalni stabilizator – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vertikalni stabilizator" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Вертикални реп – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вертикални реп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivuvakain" title="Sivuvakain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sivuvakain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikey_stabilizat%C3%B6r" title="Dikey stabilizatör – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dikey stabilizatör" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Кіль (авіація) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кіль (авіація)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1080767#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Vertical_stabilizer" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Vertical_stabilizer" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Vertical_stabilizer" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&oldid=1255877478" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Vertical_stabilizer&id=1255877478&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVertical_stabilizer"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVertical_stabilizer"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vertical_stabilizer&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1080767" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft component</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg/260px-Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg/390px-Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg/520px-Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>The vertical stabilizer is the fixed vertical surface of the <a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">empennage</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>vertical stabilizer</b> or <b>tail fin</b><sup id="cite_ref-BarnardPhilpott2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnardPhilpott2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the static part of the vertical tail of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BarnardPhilpott2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnardPhilpott2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is commonly applied to the assembly of both this fixed surface and one or more movable <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudders</a> hinged to it. Their role is to provide control, stability and trim in yaw (also known as directional or weathercock stability). It is part of the aircraft <a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">empennage</a>, specifically of its <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">stabilizers</a>. </p><p>The vertical tail<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is typically mounted on top of the rear fuselage, with the horizontal stabilizers mounted on the side of the fuselage (a configuration termed "conventional tail"). Other configurations, such as <a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a> or <a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">twin tail</a>, are sometimes used instead. </p><p>Vertical stabilizers have occasionally been used in <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motor sports</a>, with for example in <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype" title="Le Mans Prototype">Le Mans Prototype racing</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principle">Principle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_of_a_conventional_aircraft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tail_of_a_conventional_aircraft.svg/220px-Tail_of_a_conventional_aircraft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tail_of_a_conventional_aircraft.svg/330px-Tail_of_a_conventional_aircraft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tail_of_a_conventional_aircraft.svg/440px-Tail_of_a_conventional_aircraft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Control surfaces at the tail of a conventional aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p>The vertical tail of an aircraft typically consists of a fixed vertical stabilizer or fin on which a movable rudder is mounted. A trim tab may similarly be mounted on the rudder. Together, their role is to enable trim in the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">yaw</a> direction (compensate moments in yaw generated by any asymmetry in <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>), enable the aircraft to be controlled in yaw (for example, to initiate side slip during a <a href="/wiki/Crosswind_landing" title="Crosswind landing">crosswind landing</a>), as well as provide stability in yaw (weathercock or directional stability).<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkinson1999_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkinson1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greater its position away from the center of gravity, the more effective the vertical tail can be. Thus, shorter aircraft typically feature larger vertical tails; for example, the vertical tail of the short <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A318" title="Airbus A318">Airbus A318</a> is larger than that of its longer counterparts in the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">A320 family</a>. </p><p>The effectiveness of the vertical tail depends on its efficiency and the vertical tail volume coefficient<sup id="cite_ref-Raymer1999_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymer1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also called volume ratio<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which non-dimensionalizes its area and arm with the dimensions of the main wing: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\text{v}}={\frac {S_{\text{v}}L_{\text{tail-CG}}}{S_{\text{w}}L_{\text{w}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>v</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>v</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>tail-CG</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>w</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>w</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\text{v}}={\frac {S_{\text{v}}L_{\text{tail-CG}}}{S_{\text{w}}L_{\text{w}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3121246d77c7c001b4676c58d8f2a7f88d316587" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.131ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\text{v}}={\frac {S_{\text{v}}L_{\text{tail-CG}}}{S_{\text{w}}L_{\text{w}}}}}"></span> </p><p>(where the indices <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}"></span> stand for vertical tail and wing respectively, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span> stands for area, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{\text{w}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>w</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{\text{w}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9da186c09c2c98b2a79cd830a2ac808c3ca15f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.002ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{\text{w}}}"></span> is typically the <a href="/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)" title="Chord (aeronautics)">mean aerodynamic chord</a>). Values for the vertical tail coefficient vary only mildly from aircraft one type of aircraft to another, with extreme values ranging from 0.02 (sailplane) to 0.09 (jet aircraft transport).<sup id="cite_ref-Raymer1999_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymer1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tail efficiency is the ratio of the dynamic pressure at the tail to that in the freestream. The tail has its maximum capability when immersed in the free stream with an efficiency of one. When partially immersed in a wake its effectiveness is reduced because the wake has a lower dynamic pressure than the free stream. The fin height may need to be increased to restore its required effectiveness in certain flight conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a> had a tall fin for directional stability at high angles of incidence.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trim_and_control_in_yaw">Trim and control in yaw</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trim and control in yaw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rudder is the directional <a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces" title="Flight control surfaces">control surface</a> and is usually hinged to the fin or vertical stabilizer. Moving it allows the pilot to control <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">yaw</a> about the vertical axis, i.e., change the horizontal direction in which the nose is pointing. </p><p>Maximum rudder deflection is usually controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Rudder_travel_limiter" title="Rudder travel limiter">rudder travel limiter</a>. The largest achievable angle of a rudder at a particular flight condition is called its <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blowdown_limit" class="extiw" title="wikt:blowdown limit">blowdown limit</a>. It represents a balance between the aerodynamic forces on the rudder and the mechanical forces from the actuating mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multi-engined aircraft, especially those with wing-mounted engines, have large powerful rudders. They are required to provide sufficient control after an engine failure on take-off at maximum weight and cross wind limit<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cross-wind capability on normal take-off and landing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For taxiing and during the beginning of the take-off, aircraft are steered by a combination of rudder input as well as turning the nosewheel or tailwheel. At slow speeds the nosewheel or tailwheel has the most control authority, but as the speed increases the aerodynamic effects of the rudder increases, thereby making the rudder more and more important for yaw control. In some aircraft (mainly small aircraft) both of these mechanisms are controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudder pedals">rudder pedals</a> so there is no difference to the pilot. In other aircraft there is a special tiller controlling the wheel steering and the pedals control the rudder, and a limited amount of wheel steering (usually 5 degrees of nosewheel steering). For these aircraft the pilots stop using the tiller after lining up with the runway prior to take-off, and begin using it after landing before turning off the runway, to prevent over correcting with the sensitive tiller at high speeds. The pedals may also be used for small corrections while taxiing in a straight line, or leading in or out of a turn, before applying the tiller, to keep the turn smooth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the controls in the neutral position, a plane may still gently yaw to one side. This is corrected through the setting of a trim surface, often a separate <a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">trim tab</a> mounted on the rudder but sometimes the rudder itself, to counteract the yaw and ensure the plane flies in a straight line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Changing the setting of a trim tab adjusts the neutral or resting position of a control surface (such as an <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevator (aircraft)">elevator</a> or rudder). As the desired position of a control surface changes (corresponding mainly to different speeds), an adjustable trim tab will allow the operator to reduce the manual force required to maintain that position—to zero, if used correctly. Thus the trim tab acts as a <a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">servo tab</a>. Because the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_pressure_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)">center of pressure</a> of the trim tab is further away from the axis of rotation of the control surface than the center of pressure of the control surface, the movement generated by the tab can match the movement generated by the control surface. The position of the control surface on its axis will change until the torque from the control surface and the trim surface balance each other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aileron_yaw.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Movement caused by the use of rudder"><img alt="Movement caused by the use of rudder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aileron_yaw.gif/282px-Aileron_yaw.gif" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aileron_yaw.gif/423px-Aileron_yaw.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Aileron_yaw.gif 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Movement caused by the use of rudder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MM00756-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The rudder is controlled through rudder pedals on the bottom rear of the yoke in this photo of a Boeing 727 cockpit."><img alt="The rudder is controlled through rudder pedals on the bottom rear of the yoke in this photo of a Boeing 727 cockpit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MM00756-4.jpg/339px-MM00756-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MM00756-4.jpg/509px-MM00756-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MM00756-4.jpg/677px-MM00756-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The rudder is controlled through <a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudder pedals">rudder pedals</a> on the bottom rear of the yoke in this photo of a Boeing 727 cockpit.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_aircraft_rudder_and_trim_tab.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rudder and trim tab on a light aircraft"><img alt="Rudder and trim tab on a light aircraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Light_aircraft_rudder_and_trim_tab.JPG/150px-Light_aircraft_rudder_and_trim_tab.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Light_aircraft_rudder_and_trim_tab.JPG/225px-Light_aircraft_rudder_and_trim_tab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Light_aircraft_rudder_and_trim_tab.JPG/300px-Light_aircraft_rudder_and_trim_tab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rudder and trim tab on a <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft" title="Light aircraft">light aircraft</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cessna_208_Caravan_1_floatplane_(G-MDJE)_at_Gloucestershire_Airport_(England)_24May2017_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The water rudders on this Cessna 208 Caravan floatplane are the small vertical surfaces on the rear end of each float. Their setting is controlled from the cockpit."><img alt="The water rudders on this Cessna 208 Caravan floatplane are the small vertical surfaces on the rear end of each float. Their setting is controlled from the cockpit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cessna_208_Caravan_1_floatplane_%28G-MDJE%29_at_Gloucestershire_Airport_%28England%29_24May2017_arp.jpg/359px-Cessna_208_Caravan_1_floatplane_%28G-MDJE%29_at_Gloucestershire_Airport_%28England%29_24May2017_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cessna_208_Caravan_1_floatplane_%28G-MDJE%29_at_Gloucestershire_Airport_%28England%29_24May2017_arp.jpg/538px-Cessna_208_Caravan_1_floatplane_%28G-MDJE%29_at_Gloucestershire_Airport_%28England%29_24May2017_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cessna_208_Caravan_1_floatplane_%28G-MDJE%29_at_Gloucestershire_Airport_%28England%29_24May2017_arp.jpg/717px-Cessna_208_Caravan_1_floatplane_%28G-MDJE%29_at_Gloucestershire_Airport_%28England%29_24May2017_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The water rudders on this <a href="/wiki/Cessna_208_Caravan" title="Cessna 208 Caravan">Cessna 208 Caravan</a> <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplane</a> are the small vertical surfaces on the rear end of each float. Their setting is controlled from the cockpit.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yaw_stability">Yaw stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yaw stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vertical tail plays a determining role in yaw stability, providing most of the required restoring moment about the center of gravity when the aircraft slips. Yaw stability is typically quantified using the derivative of moment coefficient with respect to yaw angle.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The airflow over the vertical tail is often influenced by the fuselage, wings and engines of the aircraft, both in magnitude and direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main wing and the horizontal stabilizer, if they are highly <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept</a>, can contribute significantly to the yaw stability; wings swept backwards tend to increase yaw stability.  Sweep in the wing and horizontal tail of a conventional airplane, however, does not affect airplane trim in yaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dihedral_(aeronautics)" title="Dihedral (aeronautics)">Dihedral</a> in the main wing and horizontal tail can also have a small effect on the static yaw stability. This effect is complex and coupled with the effect of wing sweep and flow about the fuselage.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">Propellers</a>, especially when they are advancing so that their axis makes an angle to the <a href="/wiki/Freestream" title="Freestream">freestream velocity</a>, can affect the static stability of an airplane in yaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coupling_with_roll">Coupling with roll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coupling with roll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vertical tail affects the behavior of the aircraft in <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">roll</a>, since its <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_center" title="Aerodynamic center">aerodynamic center</a> typically lies far above the center of gravity of the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-BarnardPhilpott2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnardPhilpott2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the aircraft slips to the right, the relative wind and side force on the vertical tail translate into an anti-clockwise moment in roll.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supersonic_flight">Supersonic flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Supersonic flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Belgian_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_prepares_to_take_off_from_Mwaffaq_Salti_AB,_Jordan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Belgian_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_prepares_to_take_off_from_Mwaffaq_Salti_AB%2C_Jordan.jpg/220px-A_Belgian_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_prepares_to_take_off_from_Mwaffaq_Salti_AB%2C_Jordan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Belgian_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_prepares_to_take_off_from_Mwaffaq_Salti_AB%2C_Jordan.jpg/330px-A_Belgian_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_prepares_to_take_off_from_Mwaffaq_Salti_AB%2C_Jordan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Belgian_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_prepares_to_take_off_from_Mwaffaq_Salti_AB%2C_Jordan.jpg/440px-A_Belgian_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_prepares_to_take_off_from_Mwaffaq_Salti_AB%2C_Jordan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="1715" /></a><figcaption>Dual ventral fins on an F-16</figcaption></figure> <p>In supersonic flight, the vertical tail becomes progressively less effective with increasing Mach number until the loss of stability may no longer be acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stability is reduced because the lift, or side force, generated by the tail reduces with speed for each degree of sideslip angle (lift-curve slope). This results from the very different pressure distribution, with shock waves and expansion waves, compared to subsonic.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve the required stability at the maximum operating speed of the aircraft the vertical tail may be enlarged, such as on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">North American F-100 Super Sabre</a> (the initial fin area requirement was underestimated). Extra area may be added by installing ventral fins (such as on higher-speed, later versions of the <a href="/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader" title="Vought F-8 Crusader">Vought F-8 Crusader</a>), or folding-down wingtips (such as on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">North American XB-70 Valkyrie</a>). If a bigger tail is not acceptable automatic rudder deflections may be used to increase the tail side force and restore directional stability. This method was used on the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Avro Arrow">Avro Arrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stall_of_the_vertical_tail">Stall of the vertical tail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stall of the vertical tail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batavia_Air_737-300_Tail_Fin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Batavia_Air_737-300_Tail_Fin.jpg/220px-Batavia_Air_737-300_Tail_Fin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Batavia_Air_737-300_Tail_Fin.jpg/330px-Batavia_Air_737-300_Tail_Fin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Batavia_Air_737-300_Tail_Fin.jpg/440px-Batavia_Air_737-300_Tail_Fin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A dorsal fin is visible at the base of the vertical tail of this <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-300" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-300">Boeing 737-300</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The vertical tail sometimes features a <a href="/wiki/Fillet_(mechanics)" title="Fillet (mechanics)">fillet</a> or dorsal fin at its forward base, which helps to increase the stall angle of the vertical surface (resulting in vortex lift), and in this way prevent a phenomenon called rudder lock or rudder reversal. Rudder lock occurs when the force on a deflected rudder (e.g. in a steady <a href="/wiki/Slip_(aerodynamic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slip (aerodynamic)">sideslip</a>) suddenly reverses as the vertical tail stalls. This may leave the rudder stuck at full deflection with the pilot unable to recenter it.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dorsal fin was introduced in the 1940s, for example on the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">Douglas DC-4</a>, predating the <a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Leading-edge_root_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">wing strakes</a> of the fighter aircraft developed in the 1970s, such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_considerations">Structural considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structural considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rudder and fin on a large, or fast, aircraft are each subject to a considerable force which increases with rudder deflection. An extreme case occurs with a departure from controlled flight, known as an upset, which in the context of fin and rudder is excessive sideslip. For large transport aircraft the stabilizing moment necessary for recovery comes from the fin with little requirement for rudder deflection. These aircraft do not have a requirement to withstand near-full rudder deflections in these circumstances<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the structural weight required to prevent structural failure would make them commercially unviable. Loss of the complete fin and rudder assembly occurred on <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_587" title="American Airlines Flight 587">American Airlines Flight 587</a> when the pilot used full rudder deflections while following in the wake of a very large jet.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clear air turbulence caused the failure of the complete fin and rudder assembly on a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a> after which the pilots made a successful landing. B-52 bombers instrumented for gust and manoeuvre loads recorded gusts from clear air turbulence considerably more than the design limit with highest loads at 34,000 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">English Electric Lightning</a> T4 prototype fin failure was caused by inertial roll coupling while doing high-rate rolls. The fin was enlarged, strengthened and roll-rate limitations were imposed. However, the first T5 also had a fin failure while doing rapid rolling trials with rocket pack extended.<sup id="cite_ref-caygill_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caygill-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Lightning lost its fin due to interaction between aircraft in close proximity at low level when flying in formation at M 0.97, an aerobatic display routine. Limitations were imposed including separation between aircraft when in formation.<sup id="cite_ref-caygill_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caygill-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fin buffeting is a critical issue for fighter aircraft with twin or single fins because the fatigue life of the fin structure is reduced by the fluctuating loads caused by burst vortices impinging on the fin. The single fin on the <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> experiences buffet loads caused by burst vortices which originate from the canard and wing leading edges at high angles of attack. The sides of the top-mounted airbrake, when deflected, also shed vortices which impinge, after bursting, on the fin. Buffeting from the extended airbrake is highest when the airbrake effective angle of attack is greatest, which for a fully-extended airbrake is greatest at low aircraft angle of attack and least when manoeuvring.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet</a> twin fins are subject to buffeting from the breakdown or bursting of the <a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">leading-edge extension</a> (LEX) vortex in front of the tail.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of a LEX fence significantly reduces the buffeting and increases fin fatigue life.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_B-52_with_no_vertical_stabilizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-52H (AF Ser. No. 61-0023), instrumented to measure gust loads to investigate structural failures, still flying after its vertical stabilizer was lost in severe turbulence on 10 January 1964. The aircraft landed safely.[23]"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of a B-52 inflight with its vertical stabilizer sheared off" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Boeing_B-52_with_no_vertical_stabilizer.jpg/304px-Boeing_B-52_with_no_vertical_stabilizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Boeing_B-52_with_no_vertical_stabilizer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">B-52H (AF Ser. No. 61-0023), instrumented to measure gust loads to investigate structural failures, still flying after its vertical stabilizer was lost in severe turbulence on 10 January 1964. The aircraft landed safely.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F/A-18C showing LEX fence which reduces fin buffeting"><img alt="F/A-18C showing LEX fence which reduces fin buffeting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg/340px-An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg/511px-An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg/680px-An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">F/A-18C showing LEX fence which reduces fin buffeting </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon_S_MM7286_-_36-02_(cn_IS018)_Landing_@_LIPI_with_aerobrake_displaced_(21467992094).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typhoon showing extended airbrake which causes significant fin buffet"><img alt="Typhoon showing extended airbrake which causes significant fin buffet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon_S_MM7286_-_36-02_%28cn_IS018%29_Landing_%40_LIPI_with_aerobrake_displaced_%2821467992094%29.jpg/338px-Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon_S_MM7286_-_36-02_%28cn_IS018%29_Landing_%40_LIPI_with_aerobrake_displaced_%2821467992094%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon_S_MM7286_-_36-02_%28cn_IS018%29_Landing_%40_LIPI_with_aerobrake_displaced_%2821467992094%29.jpg/507px-Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon_S_MM7286_-_36-02_%28cn_IS018%29_Landing_%40_LIPI_with_aerobrake_displaced_%2821467992094%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon_S_MM7286_-_36-02_%28cn_IS018%29_Landing_%40_LIPI_with_aerobrake_displaced_%2821467992094%29.jpg/675px-Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon_S_MM7286_-_36-02_%28cn_IS018%29_Landing_%40_LIPI_with_aerobrake_displaced_%2821467992094%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typhoon showing extended airbrake which causes significant fin buffet</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Configurations">Configurations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Configurations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All-moving_tail_fin">All-moving tail fin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: All-moving tail fin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aircraft with all-moving fins, but which did not enter service, were the <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-107" title="North American F-107">North American F-107</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">BAC TSR-2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a> used fixed stubs for the fins and rudders for the remaining height. Conventional rudders would have been inadequate for the SR-71 because excessive deflections would have been required for the engine-out case causing unacceptable trim drag.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early configurations put forward for the X-15 show a conventional fixed fin and trailing rudder, and a ventral fin. This was changed to dorsal and ventral fins each with the outer half acting as a rudder.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_X-15_3-view.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="North American X-15 showing full-chord rudders on fixed dorsal and ventral stabilizers"><img alt="North American X-15 showing full-chord rudders on fixed dorsal and ventral stabilizers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/North_American_X-15_3-view.svg/306px-North_American_X-15_3-view.svg.png" decoding="async" width="204" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/North_American_X-15_3-view.svg/459px-North_American_X-15_3-view.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/North_American_X-15_3-view.svg/611px-North_American_X-15_3-view.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a> showing full-chord rudders on fixed dorsal and ventral stabilizers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_RA-5C_Vigilante_of_RVAH-3_in_flight_on_1_June_1976_(6430115).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The North American A-5 Vigilante used an all-moving vertical fin"><img alt="The North American A-5 Vigilante used an all-moving vertical fin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/North_American_RA-5C_Vigilante_of_RVAH-3_in_flight_on_1_June_1976_%286430115%29.jpg/328px-North_American_RA-5C_Vigilante_of_RVAH-3_in_flight_on_1_June_1976_%286430115%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/North_American_RA-5C_Vigilante_of_RVAH-3_in_flight_on_1_June_1976_%286430115%29.jpg/492px-North_American_RA-5C_Vigilante_of_RVAH-3_in_flight_on_1_June_1976_%286430115%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/North_American_RA-5C_Vigilante_of_RVAH-3_in_flight_on_1_June_1976_%286430115%29.jpg/656px-North_American_RA-5C_Vigilante_of_RVAH-3_in_flight_on_1_June_1976_%286430115%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">North American A-5 Vigilante</a> used an all-moving vertical fin</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_tail_fins">Multiple tail fins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Multiple tail fins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">twin tail</a> and <a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a> aircraft have two vertical stabilizers. Many modern combat aircraft use this configuration. The twin rudders may be used in the gear-down configuration for additional longitudinal control with toe-in or flare-out (<a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Twin rudders are also used as an airbrake as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor</a> which uses differential rudder, together with other control surface deflections, for speed control as it has no dedicated airbrake.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A twin tail may be either H-tail, twin fin/rudder construction attached to a single fuselage, such as <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">North American B-25 Mitchell</a> medium bomber or <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a>, or twin-boom where the rear airframe consists of two separate boom structures each with one single fin and rudder joined by a horizontal stabiliser, such as <a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco</a> or <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_AW.660_Argosy" title="Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy">Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy</a> transport. </p><p>A variation on the twin tail, the triple tail has three vertical stabilizers. The WW II era <a href="/wiki/Avro_Manchester" title="Avro Manchester">Avro Manchester</a> was given a third fin when the original twin fin proved insufficient. The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed Constellation</a> used three fins to give the airplane the required vertical stabilizer area while at the same time keeping the overall height low enough so that it could fit into <a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">hangars</a> for maintenance. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a> has no distinct vertical or horizontal stabilizers. Rather, they are merged into control surfaces known as <a href="/wiki/V-tail#Ruddervators" title="V-tail">ruddervators</a> which control both pitch and yaw. The arrangement looks like the letter V, and is also known as a "butterfly tail". The <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza" title="Beechcraft Bonanza">Beechcraft Bonanza Model 35</a> uses this configuration, as does the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglets</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">canard</a> <a href="/wiki/Pusher_configuration" title="Pusher configuration">pusher configuration</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutan_VariEze" title="Rutan VariEze">Rutan VariEze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutan_Long-EZ" title="Rutan Long-EZ">Rutan Long-EZ</a>, acting as both a wingtip device and a vertical stabilizer. Several other derivatives of these and other similar aircraft use this design element. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lockheed_L-1649_Constellation_TWA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Lockheed Constellation with a triple tail"><img alt="A Lockheed Constellation with a triple tail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lockheed_L-1649_Constellation_TWA.jpg/294px-Lockheed_L-1649_Constellation_TWA.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lockheed_L-1649_Constellation_TWA.jpg/441px-Lockheed_L-1649_Constellation_TWA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lockheed_L-1649_Constellation_TWA.jpg/587px-Lockheed_L-1649_Constellation_TWA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="1901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed Constellation</a> with a triple tail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fouga_magister.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The V-tail of a Belgian Air Force Fouga CM.170 Magister"><img alt="The V-tail of a Belgian Air Force Fouga CM.170 Magister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fouga_magister.jpg/315px-Fouga_magister.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fouga_magister.jpg/473px-Fouga_magister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fouga_magister.jpg/630px-Fouga_magister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The V-tail of a Belgian Air Force <a href="/wiki/Fouga_CM.170_Magister" title="Fouga CM.170 Magister">Fouga CM.170 Magister</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YF-23_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The V-tail of the YF-23"><img alt="The V-tail of the YF-23" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/YF-23_front.jpg/336px-YF-23_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/YF-23_front.jpg/505px-YF-23_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/YF-23_front.jpg/672px-YF-23_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The V-tail of the <a href="/wiki/YF-23" class="mw-redirect" title="YF-23">YF-23</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caproni_Ca.3_flying.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Caproni Ca.3 was both twin boom and triple tail"><img alt="The Caproni Ca.3 was both twin boom and triple tail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Caproni_Ca.3_flying.PNG/305px-Caproni_Ca.3_flying.PNG" decoding="async" width="204" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Caproni_Ca.3_flying.PNG/459px-Caproni_Ca.3_flying.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Caproni_Ca.3_flying.PNG/610px-Caproni_Ca.3_flying.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1497" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Caproni Ca.3 was both twin boom and triple tail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutan_Long-EZ_home_built_aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rutan Long-EZ"><img alt="Rutan Long-EZ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Rutan_Long-EZ_home_built_aircraft.jpg/385px-Rutan_Long-EZ_home_built_aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Rutan_Long-EZ_home_built_aircraft.jpg/578px-Rutan_Long-EZ_home_built_aircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Rutan_Long-EZ_home_built_aircraft.jpg/770px-Rutan_Long-EZ_home_built_aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="819" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rutan Long-EZ</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BEA_Airtours_707-400_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boeing 707-420 with additional ventral tail fin"><img alt="Boeing 707-420 with additional ventral tail fin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BEA_Airtours_707-400_%28cropped%29.jpg/393px-BEA_Airtours_707-400_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BEA_Airtours_707-400_%28cropped%29.jpg/591px-BEA_Airtours_707-400_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BEA_Airtours_707-400_%28cropped%29.jpg/786px-BEA_Airtours_707-400_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boeing 707-420 with additional ventral tail fin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Fighter_Squadron_33_(VF-33)_F-14A_Tomcat_aircraft_is_launched_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_nuclear-powered_aircraft_carrier_USS_THEODORE_ROOSEVELT_(CVN_71)_-_DPLA_-_3f048f62f250980158f27e850812881b.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twin tail layout of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat"><img alt="Twin tail layout of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_Fighter_Squadron_33_%28VF-33%29_F-14A_Tomcat_aircraft_is_launched_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_nuclear-powered_aircraft_carrier_USS_THEODORE_ROOSEVELT_%28CVN_71%29_-_DPLA_-_3f048f62f250980158f27e850812881b.jpeg/351px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="234" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_Fighter_Squadron_33_%28VF-33%29_F-14A_Tomcat_aircraft_is_launched_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_nuclear-powered_aircraft_carrier_USS_THEODORE_ROOSEVELT_%28CVN_71%29_-_DPLA_-_3f048f62f250980158f27e850812881b.jpeg/526px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_Fighter_Squadron_33_%28VF-33%29_F-14A_Tomcat_aircraft_is_launched_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_nuclear-powered_aircraft_carrier_USS_THEODORE_ROOSEVELT_%28CVN_71%29_-_DPLA_-_3f048f62f250980158f27e850812881b.jpeg/701px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="1940" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twin tail layout of the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">Grumman F-14 Tomcat</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folding_for_storage">Folding for storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Folding for storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The top part of the vertical fin on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">North American A-5 Vigilante</a> folds to the side due to the hangar deck height restriction. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A3J-1s_VAH-7_CVAN-65_NAN11-62.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North American A-5 Vigilantes, one with folded fin"><img alt="North American A-5 Vigilantes, one with folded fin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/A3J-1s_VAH-7_CVAN-65_NAN11-62.jpg/296px-A3J-1s_VAH-7_CVAN-65_NAN11-62.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/A3J-1s_VAH-7_CVAN-65_NAN11-62.jpg/445px-A3J-1s_VAH-7_CVAN-65_NAN11-62.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/A3J-1s_VAH-7_CVAN-65_NAN11-62.jpg/592px-A3J-1s_VAH-7_CVAN-65_NAN11-62.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">North American A-5 Vigilantes</a>, one with folded fin</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automotive_use">Automotive use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Automotive use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Devices similar to vertical tails have been used on cars such as the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_D-type" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaguar D-type">Jaguar D-type</a> or the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Lamborghini_Veneno" title="Lamborghini Veneno">Lamborghini Veneno</a>. On race cars, its primary purpose is to reduce sudden high-speed yaw-induced blow-overs that would cause cars to flip due to <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> when subject to extreme yaw angles during cornering or in a spin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since 2011, the vertical stabilizer has become mandatory for all newly homologated <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype" title="Le Mans Prototype">Le Mans Prototypes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lemans_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemans-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula 1</a> teams utilized a vertical stabilizer as a way to disrupt the airflow to the rear wing reducing drag, the most radical system being the "F-duct" found in the 2010 <a href="/wiki/McLaren_MP4-25" title="McLaren MP4-25">McLaren MP4-25</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_F10" title="Ferrari F10">Ferrari F10</a>. On demand by the driver, this system diverted air from a duct in the front of the car through a tunnel in the vertical fin onto the rear wing to stall it and reduce drag on the straights on which <a href="/wiki/Downforce" title="Downforce">downforce</a> was not needed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The system was banned for the <a href="/wiki/2011_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="2011 Formula One World Championship">2011 Formula 1 season</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_Massa_Ferrari_Bahrain_2010_GP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferrari F10 with vertical fin between air inlet and wing"><img alt="Ferrari F10 with vertical fin between air inlet and wing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Felipe_Massa_Ferrari_Bahrain_2010_GP.jpg/397px-Felipe_Massa_Ferrari_Bahrain_2010_GP.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Felipe_Massa_Ferrari_Bahrain_2010_GP.jpg/597px-Felipe_Massa_Ferrari_Bahrain_2010_GP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Felipe_Massa_Ferrari_Bahrain_2010_GP.jpg/795px-Felipe_Massa_Ferrari_Bahrain_2010_GP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3542" data-file-height="2007" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ferrari_F10" title="Ferrari F10">Ferrari F10</a> with vertical fin between air inlet and wing</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_123" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Airlines Flight 123">Japan Airlines Flight 123</a>, which crashed after suffering near-total loss of its vertical stabiliser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_587" title="American Airlines Flight 587">American Airlines Flight 587</a>, which had its vertical stabiliser torn off after harsh use during wake turbulence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_rudder_issues" title="Boeing 737 rudder issues">Boeing 737 rudder issues</a> – Series of accidents and incidents involving the rudder of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a> jamming and causing the aircraft to uncontrollably roll</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BarnardPhilpott2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BarnardPhilpott2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BarnardPhilpott2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BarnardPhilpott2010_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarnardPhilpott2010" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, R.H.; Philpott, D.R. (2010). <i>Aircraft Flight</i> (4th ed.). Harlow, England: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780273730989" title="Special:BookSources/9780273730989"><bdi>9780273730989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Flight&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780273730989&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft.au=Philpott%2C+D.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertical+stabilizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2005" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Bharat (2005). <i>An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation</i>. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-139606-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-139606-3"><bdi>0-07-139606-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-07-139606-3&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Bharat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertical+stabilizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.H.Hurt Jr (1959) <i>Aerodynamics for Naval Aviators</i>, p.285, Chapter 4 - STABILITY AND CONTROL, Directional Stability</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkinson1999-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkinson1999_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinson,_Lloyd_R.Simpkin,_PaulRhodes,_Darren1999" class="citation book cs1">Jenkinson, Lloyd R.; Simpkin, Paul; Rhodes, Darren (1999). <i>Civil Jet Aircraft Design</i>. Reston, Virginia: AIAA education series. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/156347350X" title="Special:BookSources/156347350X"><bdi>156347350X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Jet+Aircraft+Design&rft.place=Reston%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=AIAA+education+series&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=156347350X&rft.au=Jenkinson%2C+Lloyd+R.&rft.au=Simpkin%2C+Paul&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+Darren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertical+stabilizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raymer1999-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raymer1999_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raymer1999_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymer1999" class="citation book cs1">Raymer, Daniel P. (1999). <i>Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach</i> (3rd ed.). Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563472813" title="Special:BookSources/1563472813"><bdi>1563472813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Design%3A+A+Conceptual+Approach&rft.place=Reston%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1563472813&rft.aulast=Raymer&rft.aufirst=Daniel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertical+stabilizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2010_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2010" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Warren F. (2010). <i>Mechanics of Flight</i> (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470539750" title="Special:BookSources/9780470539750"><bdi>9780470539750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanics+of+Flight&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780470539750&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Warren+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertical+stabilizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fin Design For Combat Aircraft Fundamentals Of Design - V,Air International magazine,January 1980,p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NTSB Aircraft Accident Report PB2001-910401,NTSB/AAR-01/01,DCA91MA023,p.16 note11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NTSB Aircraft Accident Report PB2001-910401,NTSB/AAR-01/01,DCA91MA023,p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Use Of Rudder On Transport Category Airplanes,Flight Operations Technical Bulletin,Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, May 13, 2002,p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Design For Air Combat, Ray Whitford 1987,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7106%2B0426%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/0+7106+0426+2">0 7106 0426 2</a>, Fig.204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aerodynamics For Naval Aviators,H.H.Hurt Jr.,Revised January 1965,NAVWEPS 00-80T-80,Issued By The Office Of The Chief Of Naval Operations Aviation Training Division,p.287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fundamentals Of Design-V Fin Design For Combat Aircraft,B R A Burns,Air International magazine,January 1980,p.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227160225/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Education/OnlineEd/Intro2Flight/pdf/steady.pdf">"NASA Flight Education website"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Education/OnlineEd/Intro2Flight/pdf/steady.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Flight+Education+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfrc.nasa.gov%2FEducation%2FOnlineEd%2FIntro2Flight%2Fpdf%2Fsteady.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertical+stabilizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjorn_Fehrm2019" class="citation news cs1">Bjorn Fehrm (March 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leehamnews.com/2019/03/01/bjorns-corner-yaw-stability-part-2/">"Bjorn's Corner: Yaw stability, Part 2"</a>. <i>Leeham News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leeham+News&rft.atitle=Bjorn%27s+Corner%3A+Yaw+stability%2C+Part+2&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.au=Bjorn+Fehrm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleehamnews.com%2F2019%2F03%2F01%2Fbjorns-corner-yaw-stability-part-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertical+stabilizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Use Of Rudder On Transport Category Airplanes,A310/A300-600 FCOM Bulletin,March2002,p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Transportation_Safety_Board2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> (October 26, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR0404.pdf">"In-Flight Separation of Vertical Stabilizer American Airlines Flight 587 Airbus Industrie A300-605R, N14053, Belle Harbor, New York, November 12, 2001"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430010317/https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR0404.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In-Flight+Separation+of+Vertical+Stabilizer+American+Airlines+Flight+587+Airbus+Industrie+A300-605R%2C+N14053%2C+Belle+Harbor%2C+New+York%2C+November+12%2C+2001&rft.date=2004-10-26&rft.au=National+Transportation+Safety+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntsb.gov%2Finvestigations%2FAccidentReports%2FReports%2FAAR0404.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertical+stabilizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flight International magazine,13 May 1965,p.734</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caygill-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caygill_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caygill_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightning From The Cockpit,Peter Caygill 2004,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B84415%2B082%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/1+84415+082+8">1 84415 082 8</a>,p.98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-aircraft_september-october-2008_45_5">"Journal of Aircraft September-October 2008: Vol 45 Iss 5"</a>. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. September 1, 2008 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Aircraft+September-October+2008%3A+Vol+45+Iss+5&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-aircraft_september-october-2008_45_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertical+stabilizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268365818_Realistic_Simulations_of_Delta_Wing_Aerodynamics_Using_Novel_CFD_Methods">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268365818_Realistic_Simulations_of_Delta_Wing_Aerodynamics_Using_Novel_CFD_Methods</a>, Figure 3 shows Hornet vortex breakdown</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AGARD CP 494,Vortex Flow Aerodynamics,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92%2B835%2B0623%2B5" title="Special:BookSources/92+835+0623+5">92 835 0623 5</a>,p.12-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tinker, Frank A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69cDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94">"Who Will Bell the Invisible CAT?"</a> <i>Popular Mechanics</i> (Hearst Magazines); August 1969. pp. 94–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aircraft Design A Conceptual Approach,Daniel P.Raymer 1992,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B930403%2B51%2B7" title="Special:BookSources/0+930403+51+7">0 930403 51 7</a>,p.437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fin Design For Combat Aircraft, Fundamentals Of Design V, B R A Burns,Air International magazine, January 1980,p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F-12 Series Aircraft Aerodynamic and Thermodynamic Design in Retrospect,Ben R. Rich,J,Aircraft,Vol. II,No.7,July 1974,p.404</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hypersonic The Story of the North American X-15, Jenkins and Landis, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B58007%2B131%2B4" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+58007+131+4">978 1 58007 131 4</a>,p.35 and 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA284206/page/n7/mode/2up,p.2">"DTIC ADA284206: Flight Testing High Lateral Asymmetries on Highly Augmented Fighter/ Attack Aircraft"</a>. June 23, 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DTIC+ADA284206%3A+Flight+Testing+High+Lateral+Asymmetries+on+Highly+Augmented+Fighter%2F+Attack+Aircraft&rft.date=1994-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDTIC_ADA284206%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up%2Cp.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertical+stabilizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohn, Lt. Col. Allen E. and Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Rainey" title="Steven M. Rainey">Steven M. Rainey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717014716/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/f-22-emd-paper.htm">"F-22 Flight Test Program Update."</a> 9 April 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/f-22-emd-paper.htm">original.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lemans-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lemans_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErripis2010" class="citation web cs1">Erripis, Loannis K. (December 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robotpig.net/automotive-news/the-new-audi-r18-lmp1-_1983">"The New Audi R18 LMP1"</a>. <i>Robotpig.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826074915/http://robotpig.net/automotive-news/the-new-audi-r18-lmp1-_1983">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Robotpig.net&rft.atitle=The+New+Audi+R18+LMP1&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft.aulast=Erripis&rft.aufirst=Loannis+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frobotpig.net%2Fautomotive-news%2Fthe-new-audi-r18-lmp1-_1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertical+stabilizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aircraft_components_and_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_components" title="Template talk:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aircraft_components_and_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Aircraft</a> components and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_systems" title="Aircraft systems">systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&oldid=1255877478">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&oldid=1255877478</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aircraft_tail_components" title="Category:Aircraft tail components">Aircraft tail components</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2022">Use mdy dates from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2019" title="Category:Use American English from August 2019">Use American English from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 03:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertical_stabilizer&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7pnpd","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.490","walltime":"0.749","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3594,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":59008,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5181,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":90741,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 605.725 1 -total"," 39.62% 239.959 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.82% 95.841 5 Template:Cite_book"," 14.48% 87.716 1 Template:Short_description"," 13.98% 84.651 6 Template:Citation_needed"," 13.30% 80.551 5 Template:Cite_web"," 12.97% 78.556 1 Template:Aircraft_components"," 12.62% 76.468 1 Template:Navbox"," 12.18% 73.751 6 Template:Fix"," 6.85% 41.465 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.248","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5622698,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nsrkh","timestamp":"20241122142712","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vertical stabilizer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertical_stabilizer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1080767","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1080767","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-05-25T23:22:13Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T03:05:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/eb\/Empennage_components_FAA_GFH.svg","headline":"static part of the vertical tail of an aircraft, often with movable (side) rudders hinged to it to provide control, stability and trim in yaw"}</script> </body> </html>