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href="/wiki/File:Hunting_h126_RAF_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hunting_h126_RAF_Museum.jpg/220px-Hunting_h126_RAF_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hunting_h126_RAF_Museum.jpg/330px-Hunting_h126_RAF_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hunting_h126_RAF_Museum.jpg/440px-Hunting_h126_RAF_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Blown flaps of the <a href="/wiki/Hunting_H.126" title="Hunting H.126">Hunting H.126</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Blown flaps</b>, <b>blown wing</b> or <b>jet flaps</b> are powered <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic">aerodynamic</a> <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift devices</a> used on the <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wings</a> of certain <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> to improve their low-speed flight characteristics. They use air blown through nozzles to shape the airflow over the rear edge of the wing, directing the flow downward to increase the <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a>. There are a variety of methods to achieve this airflow, most of which use jet exhaust or high-pressure air <a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">bled off</a> of a jet engine's compressor and then redirected to follow the line of <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">trailing-edge flaps</a>. </p><p><i>Blown flaps</i> may refer specifically to those systems that use internal ductwork within the wing to direct the airflow, or more broadly to systems like upper surface blowing or nozzle systems on conventional underwing engine that direct air through the flaps. Blown flaps are one solution among a broader category known as <a href="/wiki/Powered_lift" title="Powered lift">powered lift</a>, which also includes various <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer_control" title="Boundary layer control">boundary layer control</a> systems, systems using directed <a href="/wiki/Slipstream" title="Slipstream">prop wash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circulation_control_wing" title="Circulation control wing">circulation control wings</a>. </p><p>Internal blown flaps were used on some land and carrier-based fast jets in the 1960s, including the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed F-104">Lockheed F-104</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Blackburn Buccaneer</a> and certain versions of the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21</a>. They generally fell from favour because they imposed a significant maintenance overhead in keeping the ductwork clean and various valve systems working properly, along with the disadvantage that an engine failure reduced lift in precisely the situation where it is most desired. The concept reappeared in the form of upper and lower blowing in several <a href="/wiki/Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">transport aircraft</a>, both turboprop and turbofan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blown_flap&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a conventional blown flap, a small amount of the compressed air produced by the <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a> is "bled" off at the compressor stage and piped to channels running along the rear of the wing. There, it is forced through slots in the <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">wing flaps</a> of the aircraft when the flaps reach certain angles. Injecting high energy air into the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a> produces an increase in the stalling <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> and maximum <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a> by delaying <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary layer separation">boundary layer separation</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer_control" title="Boundary layer control">Boundary layer control</a> by mass injecting (blowing) prevents <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary layer separation">boundary layer separation</a> by supplying additional energy to the particles of <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> which are being retarded in the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a>. Therefore, injecting a high velocity air mass into the air stream essentially <a href="/wiki/Tangent" title="Tangent">tangent</a> to the wall surface of the airfoil reverses the boundary layer friction deceleration; thus, the boundary layer separation is delayed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Electric_P.10_(50096670131).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/English_Electric_P.10_%2850096670131%29.jpg/250px-English_Electric_P.10_%2850096670131%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/English_Electric_P.10_%2850096670131%29.jpg/375px-English_Electric_P.10_%2850096670131%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/English_Electric_P.10_%2850096670131%29.jpg/500px-English_Electric_P.10_%2850096670131%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Model of the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_P.10" title="English Electric P.10">English Electric P.10</a> high altitude Mach 3 reconnaissance aircraft proposal with a wing that would be used for both lift and propulsion: two turbojets would have been positioned in the wing roots for take-off (and landing) and to attain a speed where a bank of ramjets, fed by the slot intakes in the leading edge of the wings, would ignite and then be the primary propulsion for the mission</figcaption></figure> <p>The lift of a wing can be greatly increased with blowing <a href="/wiki/Flow_control_(fluid)" title="Flow control (fluid)">flow control</a>. With mechanical slots, the natural boundary layer limits the boundary layer control pressure to the freestream total head.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blowing with a small proportion of engine airflow (internal blown flap) increases the lift. Using much higher quantities of gas from the engine exhaust, which increases the effective chord of the flap (the jet flap), produces supercirculation,<sup id="cite_ref-bedford_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bedford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or forced circulation<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to the theoretical potential flow maximum.<sup id="cite_ref-bedford_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bedford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surpassing this limit requires the addition of direct thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Development of the general concept continued at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> in the 1950s and 1960s, leading to simplified systems with similar performance. The <i>externally blown flap</i> arranges the engine to blow across the flaps at the rear of the wing. Some of the jet exhaust is deflected downward directly by the flap, while additional air travels through the slots in the flap and follows the outer edge due to the <a href="/wiki/Coand%C4%83_effect" title="Coandă effect">Coandă effect</a>. The similar <i>upper-surface blowing</i> system arranges the engines over the wing and relies completely on the Coandă effect to redirect the airflow. Although not as effective as direct blowing, these "powered lift" systems are nevertheless quite powerful and much simpler to build and maintain. </p><p>A more recent and promising blow-type flow control concept is the counter-flow fluid injection which is able to exert <a href="/w/index.php?title=High-authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High-authority control (page does not exist)">high-authority control</a> to global flows using low energy modifications to key flow regions. In this case, the air blow slit is located at the pressure side near the <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">leading edge</a> <a href="/wiki/Stagnation_point" title="Stagnation point">stagnation point</a> location and the control air-flow is directed <a href="/wiki/Tangentially" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangentially">tangentially</a> to the surface but with a forward direction. During the operation of such a flow control system two different effects are present. One effect, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_layer_enhancement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boundary layer enhancement (page does not exist)">boundary layer enhancement</a>, is caused by the increased <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> levels away from the wall region thus transporting higher-energy outer flow into the wall region. In addition to that another effect, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_shaping_effect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtual shaping effect (page does not exist)">virtual shaping effect</a>, is utilized to aerodynamically thicken the <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> at high <a href="/wiki/Angles_of_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Angles of attack">angles of attack</a>. Both these effects help to delay or eliminate <a href="/wiki/Flow_separation" title="Flow separation">flow separation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, blown flaps can improve the lift of a wing by two to three times. Whereas a complex triple-slotted flap system on a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> produces a <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of lift">coefficient of lift</a> of about 2.45,<sup id="cite_ref-agard_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> external blowing (upper surface blowing on a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_YC-14" title="Boeing YC-14">Boeing YC-14</a>) improves this to about 7,<sup id="cite_ref-agard_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and internal blowing (jet flap on <a href="/wiki/Hunting_H.126" title="Hunting H.126">Hunting H.126</a>) to 9.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blown_flap&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jetwing_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Jetwing_front.jpg/250px-Jetwing_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Jetwing_front.jpg/375px-Jetwing_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Jetwing_front.jpg/500px-Jetwing_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ball-Bartoe_Jetwing" title="Ball-Bartoe Jetwing">Ball-Bartoe Jetwing</a> used for blown-wing research. Note the "<a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">augmentor</a>", intended to direct the discharged airflow over the wing</figcaption></figure> <p>Williams<sup id="cite_ref-naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states some flap blowing tests were done at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Establishment</a> before the Second World War, and that extensive tests were done during the war in Germany including flight tests with <a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_232" class="mw-redirect" title="Arado Ar 232">Arado Ar 232</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_24" title="Dornier Do 24">Dornier Do 24</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> aircraft. Lachmann<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states the Arado and Dornier aircraft used an ejector-driven single flow of air which was sucked over part of the trailing edge span and blown over the remainder. The ejector was chemically powered using high pressure vapour. The Bf 109 used engine-driven blowers for flap blowing. </p><p>Rebuffet and Poisson-Quinton<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describe tests in France at <a href="/wiki/ONERA" title="ONERA">O.N.E.R.A</a>. after the war with combined sucking at le of first flap section and blowing at second flap section using a jet engine compressor bleed ejector to give both sucking and blowing. Flight testing was done on a <a href="/wiki/Breguet_Vultur" class="mw-redirect" title="Breguet Vultur">Breguet Vultur</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tests were also done at <a href="/wiki/Westland_Aircraft" title="Westland Aircraft">Westland Aircraft</a> by W.H. Paine after the war with reports dated 1950 and 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, a <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther" title="Grumman F9F Panther">Grumman F9F Panther</a> was modified with flap blowing based on work done by John Attinello in 1951. Engine compressor bleed was used. The system was known as "Supercirculation Boundary Layer Control" or BLC for short.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1951 and 1955, Cessna did flap blowing tests on <a href="/wiki/Cessna_170" title="Cessna 170">Cessna 309</a> and 319 aircraft using the Arado system.<sup id="cite_ref-cessna_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cessna-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1950s and 60s, <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> generally evolved towards smaller wings in order to reduce drag at high speeds. Compared to the fighters of a generation earlier, they had <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing loadings</a> about four times as high; for instance the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> had a wing loading of <span class="nowrap">24 lb/ft<sup>2</sup></span> <span class="nowrap">(117 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</span> and the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> had the "very high" loading of <span class="nowrap">30 lb/ft<sup>2</sup></span> <span class="nowrap">(146 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</span>, whereas the 1950s-era <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">Lockheed F-104 Starfighter</a> had <span class="nowrap">111 lb/ft<sup>2</sup></span> <span class="nowrap">(542 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</span>. </p><p>One serious downside to these higher wing loadings is at low speed, when there is not enough wing left to provide lift to keep the plane flying. Even huge flaps could not offset this to any large degree, and as a result many aircraft landed at fairly high speeds, and were noted for accidents as a result. </p><p>The major reason flaps were not effective is that the airflow over the wing could only be "bent so much" before it stopped following the wing profile, a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Flow_separation" title="Flow separation">flow separation</a>. There is a limit to how much air the flaps can deflect overall. There are ways to improve this, through better flap design; modern airliners use complex multi-part flaps for instance. However, large flaps tend to add considerable complexity, and take up room on the outside of the wing, which makes them unsuitable for use on a fighter. </p><p>The principle of the jet flap, a type of internally blown flap, was proposed and patented in 1952 by the British <a href="/wiki/National_Gas_Turbine_Establishment" title="National Gas Turbine Establishment">National Gas Turbine Establishment</a> (NGTE) and thereafter investigated by the NGTE and the Royal Aircraft Establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was first tested at full-scale on the experimental Hunting H.126. It reduced the <a href="/wiki/Stall_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (flight)">stall</a> speed to only 32 mph (51 km/h), a number most light aircraft cannot match. The jet flap used a large percentage of the engine exhaust, rather than compressor bleed air, for blowing.<sup id="cite_ref-cafefoundation.org_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cafefoundation.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackburn_Buccanneer_blown_wings_diagram_(1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Blackburn_Buccanneer_blown_wings_diagram_%281%29.svg/220px-Blackburn_Buccanneer_blown_wings_diagram_%281%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Blackburn_Buccanneer_blown_wings_diagram_%281%29.svg/330px-Blackburn_Buccanneer_blown_wings_diagram_%281%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Blackburn_Buccanneer_blown_wings_diagram_%281%29.svg/440px-Blackburn_Buccanneer_blown_wings_diagram_%281%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Buccaneer</a> with the blowing slots visible on the leading edges. The extended <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">flaps</a> are contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Coand%C4%83_effect" title="Coandă effect">Coanda</a> airflow over the wing.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first production aircraft with blown flaps was the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, which entered service in January 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After prolonged development problems, the BLCS proved to be enormously useful in compensating for the Starfighter's tiny wing surface. The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_T2V_SeaStar" title="Lockheed T2V SeaStar">Lockheed T2V SeaStar</a>, with blown flaps, had entered service in May 1957 but was to have persistent maintenance problems with the BLCS which led to its early retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Scimitar" title="Supermarine Scimitar">Supermarine Scimitar</a> with blown flaps entered service.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blown flaps were used on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> <a href="/wiki/A-5_Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="A-5 Vigilante">A-5 Vigilante</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader" title="Vought F-8 Crusader">Vought F-8 Crusader</a> variants E(FN) and J, the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Blackburn Buccaneer</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23</a> had blown flaps. Petrov<sup id="cite_ref-icas.org_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icas.org-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states long-term operation of these aircraft showed high reliability of the BLC systems. The <a href="/wiki/TSR-2" class="mw-redirect" title="TSR-2">TSR-2</a>, which was cancelled before it entered service, had full-span blown flaps.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 1970s, the lessons of air combat over <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> changed thinking considerably. Instead of aircraft designed for outright speed, general maneuverability and load capacity became more important in most designs. The result is an evolution back to larger planforms to provide more lift. For instance the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon</a> has a wing loading of <span class="nowrap">78.5 lb/ft<sup>2</sup></span> <span class="nowrap">(383 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</span>, and uses <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge extension">leading edge extensions</a> to provide considerably more lift at higher <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angles of attack</a>, including approach and landing. Some later combat aircraft achieved the required low-speed characteristics using <a href="/wiki/Swing-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing-wing">swing-wings</a>. Internal flap blowing is still used to supplement externally blown flaps on the <a href="/wiki/Shin_Meiwa_US-1A" title="Shin Meiwa US-1A">Shin Meiwa US-1A</a>. </p><p>Some aircraft currently (2015) in service that require a STOL performance use external flap blowing and, in some cases, also use internal flap blowing on flaps as well as on control surfaces such as the rudder to ensure adequate control and stability at low speeds. External blowing concepts are known as<sup id="cite_ref-cafefoundation.org_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cafefoundation.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "externally blown flap" (used on the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">Boeing C-17 Globemaster</a>), "upper surface blowing" (used on the <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-72" title="Antonov An-72">Antonov An-72</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-74" title="Antonov An-74">Antonov An-74</a>) and "vectored slipstream", or "over the wing blowing",<sup id="cite_ref-icas.org_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icas.org-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used on the <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-70" title="Antonov An-70">Antonov An-70</a> and the Shin Meiwa US-1A and <a href="/wiki/ShinMaywa_US-2" title="ShinMaywa US-2">ShinMaywa US-2</a>. </p><p>Powered high-lift systems, such as externally blown flaps, are not used for civil transport aircraft for reasons given by Reckzeh,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which include complexity, weight, cost, sufficient existing runway lengths and certification rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blown_flap&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">Boundary layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer_control" title="Boundary layer control">Boundary layer control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coand%C4%83_effect" title="Coandă effect">Coandă effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulation_control_wing" title="Circulation control wing">Circulation control wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_vectoring" title="Thrust vectoring">Thrust vectoring</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blown_flap&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aerodynamics for Engineering Students, E.L. Houghton & P.W. Carpenter, Elsevier</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFo._Smith1975" class="citation journal cs1">o. Smith, A. M. (1975). "High-Lift Aerodynamics". <i>Journal of Aircraft</i>. <b>12</b> (6): 508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F3.59830">10.2514/3.59830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aircraft&rft.atitle=High-Lift+Aerodynamics&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=508&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F3.59830&rft.aulast=o.+Smith&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlown+flap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bedford-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bedford_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bedford_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/arc/rm/3304.pdf">http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/arc/rm/3304.pdf</a> p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cafefoundation.org/v2/pdf_tech/Drag.Reduction/NASA.Synergistic.Airframe.1998.pdf">http://cafefoundation.org/v2/pdf_tech/Drag.Reduction/NASA.Synergistic.Airframe.1998.pdf</a> p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Control of High-Reynolds-Number Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation Using Counter-Flow Fluid Injection, B.E. Wake, G. Tillman, S.S. Ochs, J.S. Kearney, 3rd AIAA Flow Control Conference, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agard-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agard_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agard_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Aerodynamic issues in the Design of High-Lift Systems for Transport Aircraft" Figure 1. Trends in Boeing Transport High Lift System Development, Agard CP-365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cafefoundation.org/v2/pdf_tech/Drag.Reduction/NASA.Synergistic.Airframe.1998.pdf">http://cafefoundation.org/v2/pdf_tech/Drag.Reduction/NASA.Synergistic.Airframe.1998.pdf</a> p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001192734/http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/arc/cp/0209.pdf">"An Analysis of Aerodynamic Data on Blowing Over Trailing Edge Flaps for Increasing Lift"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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March 1998. p. 18. TM-1998-20764. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cafefoundation.org/v2/pdf_tech/Drag.Reduction/NASA.Synergistic.Airframe.1998.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on Nov 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synergistic+Airframe-Propulsion+Interactions+and+Integrations+-+A+White+Paper+Prepared+by+the+1996-1997+Langley+Aeronautics+Technical+Committee&rft.place=Langley+Research+Center%2C+Hampton%2C+VA&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcafefoundation.org%2Fv2%2Fpdf_tech%2FDrag.Reduction%2FNASA.Synergistic.Airframe.1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlown+flap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"United States Army and Air Force Fighter 1916-1961" produced by D.A. 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href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a 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title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection 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