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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 National origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Race and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hispanic_K–12_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_K–12_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Hispanic K–12 education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_K–12_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English-language_learners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language_learners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 English-language learners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-language_learners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Immigration status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simultaneous_bilingualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simultaneous_bilingualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Simultaneous bilingualism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simultaneous_bilingualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispanic_higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Hispanic higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hispanic_university_enrollments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_university_enrollments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Hispanic university enrollments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_university_enrollments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Longevity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longevity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Longevity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longevity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mental health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mental health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Family separation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulnerabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulnerabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Vulnerabilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulnerabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Stress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_outlook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_outlook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economic outlook </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_outlook-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economic outlook subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_outlook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Median_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Median_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Median income </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Median_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_matters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_matters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cultural matters </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_matters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural matters subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_matters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Spanish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Spanish_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Spanish_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 American Spanish dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Spanish_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanglish_and_English_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanglish_and_English_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Spanglish and English dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanglish_and_English_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 Print </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Sports and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Familial_situations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Familial_situations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Familial situations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Familial_situations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_life_and_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_life_and_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.1 Family life and values </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_life_and_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermarriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermarriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.2 Intermarriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermarriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_adjustment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_adjustment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Cultural adjustment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_adjustment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transnationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transnationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.1 Transnationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transnationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.2 Gender roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.3 Sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_minority_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_minority_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Relations with other minority groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_minority_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Political affiliations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Political impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections_of_1986–1996" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_of_1986–1996"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Elections of 1986–1996 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_of_1986–1996-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_of_1996–2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_of_1996–2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Elections of 1996–2006 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_of_1996–2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_2008–2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_2008–2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 Elections 2008–2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_2008–2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_2014–2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_2014–2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.4 Elections 2014–2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_2014–2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_2024–Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_2024–Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.5 Elections 2024–Present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_2024–Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notable contributions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable contributions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Arts and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film,_radio,_television,_and_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film,_radio,_television,_and_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Film, radio, television, and theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film,_radio,_television,_and_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.3 Fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.4 Artists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_and_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_and_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Business and finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_and_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Government and politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Literature and journalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writers_and_their_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers_and_their_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.1 Writers and their works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers_and_their_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.2 Journalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 American Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.2 American Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.3 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.4 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.5 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_Missile_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.6 Cuban Missile Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.7 Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.8 After the Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medal_of_Honor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medal_of_Honor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.9 Medal of Honor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medal_of_Honor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.10 National intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hispanic_and_Latino_American_women_in_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_and_Latino_American_women_in_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7.1 Hispanic and Latino American women in sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_and_Latino_American_women_in_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispanic_and_Latino_American_men_in_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_and_Latino_American_men_in_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8 Hispanic and Latino American men in sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_and_Latino_American_men_in_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8.2 Baseball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8.3 Basketball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tennis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8.4 Tennis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soccer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soccer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8.5 Soccer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soccer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swimming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swimming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8.6 Swimming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swimming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8.7 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Latino_sentiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Latino_sentiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Anti-Latino sentiment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-Latino_sentiment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anti-Latino sentiment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-Latino_sentiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Immigration reform </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immigration_reform-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Immigration reform subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Immigration_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1965:_Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_(Hart-Celler_Act)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965:_Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_(Hart-Celler_Act)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 1965: Immigration and Nationality Act (Hart-Celler Act) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965:_Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_(Hart-Celler_Act)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1986:_Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_(IRCA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986:_Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_(IRCA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986:_Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_(IRCA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996:_Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_(IIRIRA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996:_Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_(IIRIRA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 1996: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996:_Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_(IIRIRA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012:_Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals_(DACA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012:_Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals_(DACA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 2012: Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012:_Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals_(DACA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys_and_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys_and_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Surveys and historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys_and_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-1965" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1965"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Pre-1965 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1965-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_politics,_post-1965" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_politics,_post-1965"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 Culture and politics, post-1965 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_politics,_post-1965-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.4 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_and_local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_and_local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.5 Regional and local </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_and_local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.5.1 California </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas_and_Southwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_and_Southwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.5.2 Texas and Southwest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_and_Southwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.5.3 Other regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.6 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hispanic and Latino Americans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="هسبان وأمريكيون لاتينيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هسبان وأمريكيون لاتينيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanikl%C9%99r" title="Hispaniklər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hispaniklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="هیسپانیک‌‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیسپانیک‌‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dan%C3%A9_hisp%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9ho_a_latinskoamerick%C3%A9ho_p%C5%AFvodu" title="Američané hispánského a latinskoamerického původu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Američané hispánského a latinskoamerického původu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic-_og_latinoamerikanere" title="Hispanic- og latinoamerikanere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hispanic- og latinoamerikanere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Ισπανόφωνοι αμερικανοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανόφωνοι αμερικανοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinoamericanos_e_hispanos_en_Estados_Unidos" title="Latinoamericanos e hispanos en Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Latinoamericanos e hispanos en Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آمریکایی‌های هیسپانیک و لاتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمریکایی‌های هیسپانیک و لاتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADnamerikanarar" title="Latínamerikanarar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Latínamerikanarar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniques_et_Latino-Am%C3%A9ricains" title="Hispaniques et Latino-Américains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hispaniques et Latino-Américains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino%27s_yn_Noard-Amearika" title="Latino's yn Noard-Amearika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Latino's yn Noard-Amearika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanoamerikanci_i_Latinoamerikanci" title="Hispanoamerikanci i Latinoamerikanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hispanoamerikanci i Latinoamerikanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanik_dan_Latino_Amerika_Serikat" title="Hispanik dan Latino Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hispanik dan Latino Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אמריקאים ממוצא היספני ולטיני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמריקאים ממוצא היספני ולטיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="امريكيين لاتينيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امريكيين لاتينيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E7%B3%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="ラテン系アメリカ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラテン系アメリカ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadunidenses_latinos_e_hisp%C3%A2nicos" title="Estadunidenses latinos e hispânicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estadunidenses latinos e hispânicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanoamericanii_%C8%99i_latinoamericanii_din_Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Hispanoamericanii și latinoamericanii din Statele Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hispanoamericanii și latinoamericanii din Statele Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Латиноамериканцы США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латиноамериканцы США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinos_(USA)" title="Latinos (USA) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Latinos (USA)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_an_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic an Latino Americans – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hispanic an Latino Americans" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanjoll" title="Hispanjoll – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hispanjoll" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hispanic and Latino Americans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanoamerikanci_i_Latinoamerikanci" title="Hispanoamerikanci i Latinoamerikanci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hispanoamerikanci i Latinoamerikanci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_latinot" title="Yhdysvaltain latinot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain latinot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanik_ve_Latino_Amerikal%C4%B1lar" title="Hispanik ve Latino Amerikalılar 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hispanic and Latino" redirects here. For the ethnic categories, see <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_(ethnic_categories)" title="Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)">Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Latinas" and "Latinos" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Latina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Latina (disambiguation)">Latina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latino_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Latino (disambiguation)">Latino</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Talk:Hispanic and Latino Americans">talk page</a>. (October 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hispanic and Latino Americans in the U.S</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) Americanos hispânicos e latinos (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png/220px-Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png/330px-Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png/440px-Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png 2x" data-file-width="9470" data-file-height="5635" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Proportion of Hispanic and Latino Americans in each county of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">fifty states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 65,329,087 (2020) 19.5% of the total US and Puerto Rico population (2020) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 62,080,044 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-CensusACS2020-1">[1]</a> 18.7% of the total US population (2020)<a href="#cite_note-CensusACS2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Jersey" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey">New Jersey metropolitan area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington, D.C. metro area</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a> metro areas</li><li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> industrial cities</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Porglish" title="Porglish">Porglish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> 43%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a> 30%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestant</a> 15%</li><li>Non-evangelical <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> 6%</li><li>Other 4%</li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White Latin Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Latin_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Latin Americans">Afro-Latin Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indigenous Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Hispanos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tejano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano">Tejanos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">Nuyoricans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a><a href="#cite_note-Krogstad_2021-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">National origin groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Stateside Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Americans by ancestry</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuban_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cuban Americans">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)#History" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleños of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Political movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic and Latino American politics">Latino American politics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Hispanic_Arts" title="Association of Hispanic Arts">Association of Hispanic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Congressional Hispanic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens" title="League of United Latin American Citizens">LULAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_Legal_Defense_and_Educational_Fund" title="Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund">MALDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEChA" title="MEChA">MEChA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Latino_Elected_and_Appointed_Officials" title="National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials">NALEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Latino_Fraternal_Organizations" title="National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations">NALFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_La_Raza" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of La Raza">National Council of La Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Institute" title="National Hispanic Institute">National Hispanic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">RNHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Hispanic_Professional_Engineers" title="Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers">SHPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">UFW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USHCC" class="mw-redirect" title="USHCC">USHCC</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino_literature" title="Latino literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music_in_the_United_States" title="Latin American music in the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_poetry" title="Latino poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_studies" title="Latino studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">United States Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porglish" title="Porglish">Portuglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californio" class="mw-redirect" title="Californio">Californio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridanos" title="Floridanos">Floridanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Nuevomexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">Nuyorican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_Hispanic-_or_Latino-majority_in_the_2010_census" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. communities with Hispanic- or Latino-majority in the 2010 census">Communities with Latino majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Outline of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="424" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Portal:Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Template:Hispanic and Latino Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Template talk:Hispanic and Latino Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanic and Latino Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hispanic and Latino Americans (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Americanos Hispânicos e latinos) are <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> (in U.S.A.) of full or partial <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin American</a> background, culture, or family origin.<a href="#cite_note-Krogstad_2021-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FragaGarcia2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fisher1996-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-HoldenVillars2012-6">[6]</a> These demographics include all Americans who identify as <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(demonym)" title="Latino (demonym)">Latino</a> regardless of race.<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Highway_Administration-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-SBA_8005-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-c2010def-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-hlorigin-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-PewNov2019-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> As of 2020, the Census Bureau estimated that there were almost 65.3 million Hispanics and Latinos living in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">its territories</a>. "Origin" can be viewed as the ancestry, nationality group, lineage or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States of America. People who identify as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race, because similarly to what occurred during the colonization and post-independence of the United States, Latin American countries had their populations made up of multiracial and monoracial <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">descendants of white European colonizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">descendants of black African slaves</a>, and post-independence immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-omb-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-overview-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-hlspec-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> As one of the only two specifically designated categories of <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">ethnicity in the United States</a>, Hispanics and Latinos form a <a href="/wiki/Pan-ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-ethnicity">pan-ethnicity</a> incorporating a diversity of inter-related cultural and linguistic heritages, the use of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> languages being the most important of all. The largest national origin groups of Hispanic and Latino Americans in order of population size are: <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cuban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvadorans" title="Salvadorans">Salvadoran</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">Dominican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombians" title="Colombians">Colombian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemalans" title="Guatemalans">Guatemalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hondurans" title="Hondurans">Honduran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians" title="Ecuadorians">Ecuadorian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuelans" title="Venezuelans">Venezuelan</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguans" title="Nicaraguans">Nicaraguan</a> origin. The predominant origin of regional Hispanic and Latino populations varies widely in different locations across the country.<a href="#cite_note-overview-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-popest2007-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-b03002-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-tafoya-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 2012, Hispanic Americans were the second fastest-growing ethnic group by percentage growth in the United States after <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Multiracial Americans of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous American</a> descent and European (typically Spanish) descent are the second oldest racial group (after the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>) to inhabit much of what is today the United States.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Spain colonized large areas of what is today the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American Southwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>, as well as Florida. Its holdings included present-day California, Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and Florida, all of which constituted part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Later, this vast territory became part of Mexico after its independence from Spain in 1821 and until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1848. Hispanic immigrants to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Jersey" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey">New Jersey metropolitan area</a> derive from a broad spectrum of Hispanic countries.<a href="#cite_note-NYCareaEspana-26">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_(ethnic_categories)" title="Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)">Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Harlem_Orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Spanish_Harlem_Orchestra.jpg/300px-Spanish_Harlem_Orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Spanish_Harlem_Orchestra.jpg/450px-Spanish_Harlem_Orchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Spanish_Harlem_Orchestra.jpg/600px-Spanish_Harlem_Orchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Harlem" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Harlem">Spanish Harlem</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Harlem_Orchestra" title="Spanish Harlem Orchestra">Orchestra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. New York City is home to nearly 3 million Latino Americans, the largest <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> population of any city outside <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Hispanic and Latino immigrants to New York originate from a broad spectrum of Latin American countries.</figcaption></figure> The terms <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latino_(demonym)" title="Latino (demonym)">Latino</a> refer to an <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>. Hispanic first came into popular use to refer to individuals with origins in Spanish-speaking countries after the Office of Management and Budget created the classification in 1977, as proposed by a subcommittee composed of three government employees, a Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican American.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> defines being Hispanic as being a member of an ethnicity, rather than being a member of a particular <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> and thus, people who are members of this group may also be members of any race.<a href="#cite_note-overview-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-BarreraLopez-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-compraceho-29">[29]</a> In a 2015 national survey of self-identified Hispanics, 56% said that being Hispanic is part of both their racial and ethnic background, while smaller numbers considered it part of their ethnic background only (19%) or racial background only (11%).<a href="#cite_note-BarreraLopez-28">[28]</a> Hispanics may be of any linguistic background; in a 2015 survey, 71% of American Hispanics agreed that it "is not necessary for a person to speak Spanish to be considered Hispanic/Latino".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Hispanic and Latino people may share some commonalities in their language, culture, history, and heritage. According to the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, the term Latino includes peoples with Portuguese roots, such as <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilians</a>, as well as those of Spanish-language origin.<a href="#cite_note-sihistory-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The difference between the terms Hispanic and Latino is ambiguous to some people.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The US Census Bureau equates the two terms and defines them as referring to anyone from Spain or the Spanish- or Portuguese-speaking countries of the Americas. After the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> concluded in 1848, term Hispanic or Spanish American was primarily used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Hispanos of New Mexico</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American Southwest</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970 United States census</a> controversially broadened the definition to "a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race". This is now the common formal and colloquial definition of the term within the United States, outside of New Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Cobos-1-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-OMB1997-35">[35]</a> This definition is consistent with the 21st century usage by the US Census Bureau and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">OMB</a>, as the two agencies use both terms Hispanic and Latino interchangeably. The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> believes that the term Hispanic is strictly limited to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and all countries where <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is the only official language whereas "Latino" includes all countries in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> (even <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> regardless of the fact that Portuguese is its only official language), but it does not include Spain and Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-Krogstad_2021-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbarrio116thLex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Elbarrio116thLex.jpg/220px-Elbarrio116thLex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Elbarrio116thLex.jpg/330px-Elbarrio116thLex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Elbarrio116thLex.jpg/440px-Elbarrio116thLex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Storefronts at <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue" title="Lexington Avenue">Lexington Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/116th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="116th Street (Manhattan)">116th Street</a> at <a href="/wiki/East_Harlem" title="East Harlem">East Harlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, also known as Spanish Harlem or "El Barrio"</figcaption></figure> The terms <a href="/wiki/Latino_(demonym)" title="Latino (demonym)">Latino</a> and Latina are loan words from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and are ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. In English, the term Latino is a condensed form of "latinoamericano", the Spanish term for a Latin American, or someone who comes from Latin America. The term Latino has developed a number of definitions. This definition, as a "male Latin American inhabitant of the United States",<a href="#cite_note-latino-36">[36]</a> is the oldest definition which is used in the United States, it was first used in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-latino-36">[36]</a> Under this definition a <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a>, for example, is both a Hispanic and a Latino. A <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian American</a> is also a Latino by this definition, which includes those of Portuguese-speaking origin from Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-Ready1991-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-APTwitter-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-HeraldStyle-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-StyleChanges-42">[42]</a> In English, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> are not considered "Latino", as they are for the most part descended from immigrants from Europe rather than Latin America, unless they happen to have had recent history in a Latin American country. Preference of use between the terms among Hispanics in the United States often depends on where users of the respective terms reside. Those in the Eastern United States tend to prefer the term Hispanic, whereas those in the West tend to prefer Latino.<a href="#cite_note-omb-13">[13]</a> The US ethnic designation Latino is abstracted from the longer form latinoamericano.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The element Latino- is actually an indeclinable, compositional form in -o (i.e. an elemento compositivo) that is employed to coin compounded formations (similar as franco- in francocanadiense 'French-Canadian', or ibero- in iberorrománico,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> etc.). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_Nuestra_Senora_de_la_Guadalupe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Iglesia_Nuestra_Senora_de_la_Guadalupe.jpg/220px-Iglesia_Nuestra_Senora_de_la_Guadalupe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Iglesia_Nuestra_Senora_de_la_Guadalupe.jpg/330px-Iglesia_Nuestra_Senora_de_la_Guadalupe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Iglesia_Nuestra_Senora_de_la_Guadalupe.jpg/440px-Iglesia_Nuestra_Senora_de_la_Guadalupe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_(Manhattan)" title="Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Manhattan)">Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Little_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Spain">Little Spain</a> on <a href="/wiki/14th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="14th Street (Manhattan)">14th Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, an important nucleus for many decades for the Spanish community in New York City<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></figcaption></figure> The term <a href="/wiki/Latinx" title="Latinx">Latinx</a> (and similar <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> <a href="/wiki/Xicanx" title="Xicanx">Xicanx</a>) have gained some usage.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The adoption of the X would be "[r]eflecting new consciousness inspired by more recent work by LGBTQI and feminist movements, some Spanish-speaking activists are increasingly using a yet more inclusive "x" to replace the "a" and "o", in a complete break with the <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">gender binary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Among the advocates of the term LatinX, one of the most frequently cited complaints of gender bias in the Spanish language is that a group of mixed or unknown gender would be referred to as Latinos, whereas Latinas refers to a group of women only (but this is changed immediately to Latinos, if even a single man joins this female group).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A 2020 Pew Research Center survey found that about 3% of Hispanics use the term (mostly women), and only around 23% have even heard of the term. Of those, 65% said it should not be used to describe their ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Some have pointed out that the term "Hispanic" refers to a pan-ethnic identity, one that spans a range of races, national origins, and linguistic backgrounds. "Terms like Hispanic and Latino do not fully capture how we see ourselves", says Geraldo Cadava, an associate professor of history and Hispanic studies at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quartz-51">[51]</a> According to 2017 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> data, a small minority of <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">immigrants from Brazil</a> (2%), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portugal</a> (2%), and the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Philippines</a> (1%) self-identified as Hispanic.<a href="#cite_note-PewNov2019-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States">History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Heritage_Sites" title="Hispanic Heritage Sites">Hispanic Heritage Sites</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: more about the 19th and 20th centuries. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2010)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_and_17th_centuries">16th and 17th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 16th and 17th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Marcos" title="Castillo de San Marcos">Castillo de San Marcos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine, Florida">Saint Augustine, Florida</a>. Built in 1672 by the Spanish, it is the oldest masonry fort in the United States.</figcaption></figure> Spanish explorers were pioneers in the territory of the present-day United States. The first confirmed European landing in the continental United States was by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a>, who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">La Florida</a>. In the next three decades, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. Spanish ships sailed along the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Atlantic Coast</a>, penetrating to present-day <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Maine" title="Bangor, Maine">Bangor, Maine</a>, and up the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific Coast</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>. From 1528 to 1536, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a> and three fellows (including an African named <a href="/wiki/Estevanico" title="Estevanico">Estevanico</a>), from a Spanish expedition that foundered, journeyed from Florida to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>. In 1540, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> undertook an extensive exploration of the present United States. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Fe_San_miguel_chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Santa_Fe_San_miguel_chapel.jpg/220px-Santa_Fe_San_miguel_chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Santa_Fe_San_miguel_chapel.jpg/330px-Santa_Fe_San_miguel_chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Santa_Fe_San_miguel_chapel.jpg/440px-Santa_Fe_San_miguel_chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Mission" title="San Miguel Mission">San Miguel Chapel</a>, built in 1610 in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>, is the oldest church structure in the United States.</figcaption></figure> Also in 1540, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado">Francisco Vásquez de Coronado</a> led 2,000 Spaniards and Mexican natives across today's <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>–Mexico border and traveled as far as central <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, close to the exact geographic center of what is now the continental United States. Other Spanish explorers of the US territory include, among others: <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Alvarez_de_Pineda" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso Alvarez de Pineda">Alonso Alvarez de Pineda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón">Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a>, and non-Spanish explorers working for the Spanish Crown, such as <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a>. In 1565, the Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, Florida</a>. Spanish missionaries and colonists founded settlements including in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Spanish settlements in the Americas were part of a broader network of trade routes that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The Spanish established trade connections with indigenous peoples, exchanging goods such as <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">furs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> products, and manufactured goods. These trade networks contributed to the economic development of Spanish colonies and facilitated cultural exchange between different groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey,_Galvez_en_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg/300px-Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg/450px-Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg/600px-Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Painting of <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">siege of Pensacola</a> by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau" title="Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau">Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau</a></figcaption></figure> As late as 1783, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (a conflict in which Spain <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in the American Revolutionary War">aided and fought</a> alongside the rebels), Spain held claim to roughly half the territory of today's continental United States. From 1819 to 1848, the United States increased its area by roughly a third at Spanish and Mexican expense, acquiring the present-day <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S states</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican-American War">Mexican-American War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-National_Archives_2016_j863-53">[53]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Adams-On%C3%ADs_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams-Onís treaty">Adams-Onís treaty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Office_of_the_Historian_p620-54">[54]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish-American War</a> in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Many Latinos residing in those regions during that period gained U.S. citizenship. Nonetheless, many long-established Latino residents faced significant difficulties post-citizenship. With the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Anglo" title="Anglo">Anglo-Americans</a> in these newly incorporated areas, Latino inhabitants struggled to maintain their land holdings, political influence, and cultural traditions.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The discovery of gold in California in 1848 attracted people from diverse backgrounds, including Hispanic and Latino miners, merchants, and settlers. The Gold Rush led to a population boom and rapid economic growth in California, transforming the social and political landscape of the region. Many Hispanic natives lived in the areas that the United States acquired, and a new wave of Mexican, Central American, Caribbean, and South American immigrants had moved to the United States for new opportunities. This was the beginning of a demographic that would rise dramatically over the years.<a href="#cite_note-Gutiérrez-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolores_Huerta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dolores_Huerta.jpg/220px-Dolores_Huerta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dolores_Huerta.jpg/330px-Dolores_Huerta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dolores_Huerta.jpg/440px-Dolores_Huerta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a> in 2009. Huerta has received numerous awards for her community service and advocacy for workers', and women's rights. She was the first Hispanic inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>, in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-makers_hof-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-adelante-60">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> During the 20th and 21st centuries, Hispanic immigration to the United States increased markedly following changes to the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration law</a> in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> During the World Wars, Hispanic Americans and immigrants had helped stabilize the American economy from falling due to the industrial boom in the Midwest in states such as Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. While a percentage of Americans had fled their jobs for the war, Hispanics had taken their jobs in the Industrial world. This can explain why there is such a high concentration of Hispanic Americans in Metro Areas such as the Chicago-Elgin-Naperville, Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, and Cleveland-Elyria areas.<a href="#cite_note-Gutiérrez-58">[58]</a> Hispanic and Latino Americans were actively involved in the broader civil rights movement of the 20th century, advocating for equal rights, social justice, and an end to discrimination and segregation. Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens" title="League of United Latin American Citizens">League of United Latin American Citizens</a> (LULAC) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a> (UFW) fought for the rights of Hispanic and Latino workers and communities. Hispanic contributions in the historical past and present of the United States are addressed in more detail below (See <a href="#Notables_and_their_contributions">Notables and their contributions</a>). To recognize the current and historic contributions of Hispanic Americans, on September 17, 1968, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> designated a week in mid-September as National Hispanic Heritage Week, with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>'s authorization. In 1988, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> extended the observance to a month, designated <a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month">National Hispanic Heritage Month</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heritage-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-laid_off-63">[63]</a> Hispanic Americans became the largest minority group in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Hispanic and Latino Americans increasingly sought political representation and empowerment during the 20th century. The election of individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Roybal" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Roybal">Edward Roybal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Henry B. González">Henry B. González</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Dennis Chávez">Dennis Chávez</a> to Congress marked significant milestones in Hispanic political representation. Additionally, the appointment of individuals like <a href="/wiki/Lauro_Cavazos" title="Lauro Cavazos">Lauro Cavazos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> to cabinet positions highlighted the growing influence of Hispanic and Latino leaders in government. Hispanic and Latino Americans became the largest minority group in the United States, contributing significantly to the country's population growth. Efforts to preserve and promote Hispanic and Latino culture and heritage continued in the 21st century, including initiatives to support bilingual education, celebrate cultural traditions and festivals, and recognize the contributions of Hispanic and Latino individuals and communities to American society. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Hispanic_and_Latino_population" title="List of U.S. states by Hispanic and Latino population">List of U.S. states by Hispanic and Latino population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispanic_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hispanic_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/220px-Hispanic_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hispanic_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/330px-Hispanic_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hispanic_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/440px-Hispanic_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>Hispanic Americans population pyramid in 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_state.svg/550px-Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_state.svg/825px-Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_state.svg/1100px-Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">Proportion of Americans who are Hispanic in each US state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census</div></figcaption></figure> As of 2020, Hispanics accounted for 19–20% of the US population, or 62–65 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Census_Quickfacts-65">[65]</a> The US Census Bureau later estimated that Hispanics were under-counted by 5.0% or 3.3 million persons in the US census, which explains the 3 million range in the number above. In contrast, Whites were over-counted by about 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The Hispanic growth rate over the April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007, period was 28.7%—about four times the rate of the nation's total population growth (at 7.2%).<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-67">[67]</a> The growth rate from July 1, 2005, to July 1, 2006, alone was 3.4%<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>—about three and a half times the rate of the nation's total population growth (at 1.0%).<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-67">[67]</a> Based on the 2010 census, Hispanics are now the largest minority group in 191 out of 366 metropolitan areas in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The projected Hispanic population of the United States for July 1, 2050 is 132.8 million people, or 30.2% of the nation's total projected population on that date.<a href="#cite_note-cbprojections-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Hispanic_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic populations">List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic populations</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Hispanic and Latino American population distribution over time</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispanic_Americans_1980_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1980"><img alt="1980" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hispanic_Americans_1980_County.png/303px-Hispanic_Americans_1980_County.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hispanic_Americans_1980_County.png/454px-Hispanic_Americans_1980_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hispanic_Americans_1980_County.png/605px-Hispanic_Americans_1980_County.png 2x" data-file-width="9470" data-file-height="5635" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1980</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispanic_Americans_1990_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1990"><img alt="1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hispanic_Americans_1990_County.png/303px-Hispanic_Americans_1990_County.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hispanic_Americans_1990_County.png/454px-Hispanic_Americans_1990_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hispanic_Americans_1990_County.png/605px-Hispanic_Americans_1990_County.png 2x" data-file-width="9470" data-file-height="5635" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1990</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispanic_Americans_2000_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2000"><img alt="2000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hispanic_Americans_2000_County.png/303px-Hispanic_Americans_2000_County.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hispanic_Americans_2000_County.png/454px-Hispanic_Americans_2000_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hispanic_Americans_2000_County.png/605px-Hispanic_Americans_2000_County.png 2x" data-file-width="9470" data-file-height="5635" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">2000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispanic_Americans_2010_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2010"><img alt="2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hispanic_Americans_2010_County.png/303px-Hispanic_Americans_2010_County.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hispanic_Americans_2010_County.png/454px-Hispanic_Americans_2010_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hispanic_Americans_2010_County.png/605px-Hispanic_Americans_2010_County.png 2x" data-file-width="9470" data-file-height="5635" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2020"><img alt="2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png/303px-Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png/454px-Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png/605px-Hispanic_Americans_2020_County.png 2x" data-file-width="9470" data-file-height="5635" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">2020</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_county.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_county.png/550px-Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_county.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_county.png/825px-Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_county.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_county.png/1100px-Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_by_county.png 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">Proportion of Hispanic Americans in each county of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">fifty states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a></div></figcaption></figure> US Metropolitan Statistical Areas with over 1 million Hispanics (2014)<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Metropolitan area </th> <th>Hispanic population </th> <th>Percent Hispanic </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles metropolitan area">Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,979,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,780,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,554,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,335,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,197,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,070,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,943,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,347,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_San_Antonio" title="Greater San Antonio">San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,259,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego-Carlsbad, CA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,084,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,008,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> States and territories with the highest proportion of Hispanics (2021)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>State/territory </th> <th>Hispanic population </th> <th>Percent Hispanic </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,249,043 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">99% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,059,236 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,857,387 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,754,608 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,351,124 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">940,759 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,830,915 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,293,214 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,991,635 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,864,337 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,277,330 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,514 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.4% </td></tr> </tbody></table> Of the nation's total Hispanic population, 49% (21.5 million) live in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> or <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> began receiving significant numbers of Latino migrants from the state of Texas, mostly originating from <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Over half of the Hispanic population is concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a> region, mostly composed of Mexican Americans. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> have some of the largest populations of Mexicans and Central American Hispanics in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> region is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a>, having the highest concentrations of both in the country. In the Mid Atlantic region, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">DC Metro Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a> are the largest of Hispanic groups. <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a> and Puerto Ricans. In both the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">South Atlantic states</a>, Mexicans and Puerto Ricans dominate. Mexicans dominate in the rest of the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central United States">South Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> states. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_origin">National origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National origin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIT_2006_Latin_Intermediate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/MIT_2006_Latin_Intermediate.jpg/220px-MIT_2006_Latin_Intermediate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/MIT_2006_Latin_Intermediate.jpg/330px-MIT_2006_Latin_Intermediate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/MIT_2006_Latin_Intermediate.jpg/440px-MIT_2006_Latin_Intermediate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Intermediate level international-style <a href="/wiki/Latin_dance" title="Latin dance">Latin dancing</a> at the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> ballroom dance competition. A judge stands in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Population by national origin (2022) (self-identified ethnicity, full or partial, not by birthplace)<a href="#cite_note-Census_2022_ACS-75">[75]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Hispanic ancestry</th> <th>Population</th> <th>% of Latinos</th> <th>% of USA </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a> </td> <td>37,145,956 </td> <td>60.15% </td> <td>11.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> </td> <td>5,902,402 </td> <td>9.56% </td> <td>1.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban</a> </td> <td>2,405,080 </td> <td>3.89% </td> <td>0.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran</a> </td> <td>2,389,469 </td> <td>3.87% </td> <td>0.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a> </td> <td>2,267,142 </td> <td>3.67% </td> <td>0.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian</a> </td> <td>1,905,000 </td> <td>3.08% </td> <td>0.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan</a> </td> <td>1,669,094 </td> <td>2.70% </td> <td>0.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian</a> </td> <td>1,357,798 </td> <td>2.20% </td> <td>0.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran</a> </td> <td>1,068,265 </td> <td>1.73% </td> <td>0.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian</a> </td> <td>803,854 </td> <td>1.30% </td> <td>0.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian</a> </td> <td>712,740 </td> <td>1.15% </td> <td>0.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan</a> </td> <td>627,961 </td> <td>1.02% </td> <td>0.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan</a> </td> <td>441,378 </td> <td>0.71% </td> <td>0.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentinian</a> </td> <td>304,672 </td> <td>0.49% </td> <td>0.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian</a> </td> <td>224,385 </td> <td>0.36% </td> <td>0.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean</a> </td> <td>182,671 </td> <td>0.30% </td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican</a> </td> <td>173,375 </td> <td>0.28% </td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian</a> </td> <td>128,584 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan</a> </td> <td>71,984 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan</a> </td> <td>27,522 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Central American </td> <td>36,629 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other South American </td> <td>30,622 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td> <td>1,756,181 </td> <td>2.84% </td> <td>0.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td>All other </td> <td>123,102 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td>Total </td> <td>61,755,866 </td> <td>100.00% </td> <td>18.65% </td></tr></tbody></table> As of 2022, approximately 60.1% of the nation's Hispanic population were of Mexican origin (see table). Another 9.6% were of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> origin, and with about 3.9% each of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran</a> and about 3.7% <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a> origins.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2022_ACS-75">[75]</a> The remainder were of other Central American or of South American origin, or of origin directly from Spain. In 2017, Two thirds of all Hispanic Americans were born in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> There are few immigrants directly from Spain, since Spaniards have historically emigrated to Hispanic America rather than to English-speaking countries. Because of this, most Hispanics who identify themselves as Spaniard or Spanish also identify with Hispanic American national origin. In the 2017 Census estimate approximately 1.76 million Americans reported some form of "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a>" as their ancestry, whether directly from Spain or not.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2022_ACS-75">[75]</a> In northern New Mexico and southern <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, there is a large portion of Hispanics who trace their ancestry to settlers from <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Mexico), and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> itself, in the late 16th century through the 17th century. People from this background often self-identify as "Hispanos", "Spanish" or "Hispanic". Many of these settlers also intermarried with local Native Americans, creating a <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Likewise, southern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> is home to communities of people of <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> descent, known as <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleños</a>, in addition to other people of Spanish ancestry. <a href="/wiki/Californio" class="mw-redirect" title="Californio">Californios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Nuevomexicanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tejano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano">Tejanos</a> are Americans of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a> descent, with subgroups that sometimes call themselves <a href="/wiki/Chicanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicanos">Chicanos</a>. Nuevomexicanos and Tejanos are distinct southwest Hispanic cultures with their own cuisines, dialects and musical traditions. <a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">Nuyoricans</a> are Americans of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> descent from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> area. There are close to two million Nuyoricans in the United States. Prominent Nuyoricans include Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a>, US Supreme Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, and singer <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Latin_America" title="Race and ethnicity in Latin America">Race and ethnicity in Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race and ethnicity in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the United States census</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:263px;max-width:263px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Actress_Eva_Longoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Actress_Eva_Longoria.jpg/123px-Actress_Eva_Longoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Actress_Eva_Longoria.jpg/185px-Actress_Eva_Longoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Actress_Eva_Longoria.jpg/246px-Actress_Eva_Longoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="504" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosario_Dawson_SXSW_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rosario_Dawson_SXSW_2022.jpg/132px-Rosario_Dawson_SXSW_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rosario_Dawson_SXSW_2022.jpg/198px-Rosario_Dawson_SXSW_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rosario_Dawson_SXSW_2022.jpg/264px-Rosario_Dawson_SXSW_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3389" data-file-height="4800" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Pe%C3%B1a_TIFF_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Michael_Pe%C3%B1a_TIFF_2015.jpg/121px-Michael_Pe%C3%B1a_TIFF_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Michael_Pe%C3%B1a_TIFF_2015.jpg/182px-Michael_Pe%C3%B1a_TIFF_2015.jpg 1.5x, 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/></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Clockwise from top left:</div> <a href="/wiki/Eva_Longoria" title="Eva Longoria">Eva Longoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Dawson" title="Rosario Dawson">Rosario Dawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniella_Alonso" title="Daniella Alonso">Daniella Alonso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Michael Peña">Michael Peña</a></div></div></div></div> Hispanics come from multi-racial and multi-ethnic countries with diversity of origins; therefore, a Hispanic can be from any race or mix of races. The most common ancestries are: Native American, European and African. Many also have colonial era <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a> Sephardic Jewish ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> As a result of their racial diversity, Hispanics form an <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">ethnicity</a> sharing a language (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) and cultural heritage, rather than a <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">race</a>. Hispanic origin is independent of race and is termed "ethnicity" by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a>, 20.3% of Hispanics selected "White" as their race. This marked a large drop when compared to the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 United States census</a> in which 53.0% of Hispanics identified as "White".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> These Hispanics make up 12,579,626 people or 3.8% of the population. Over 42% of Hispanic Americans identify as "<a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States#Members_of_other_races" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">some other race</a>".<a href="#cite_note-c2017-81">[81]</a> Of all Americans who checked the box "Some Other Race", 97 percent were Hispanic.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> These Hispanics make up 26,225,882 people or 42.2% of the Hispanic population. Over half of the "<a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">two or more races</a>" respondents were Hispanics.<a href="#cite_note-ASKE-83">[83]</a> These Hispanics make up 20,299,960 people or 32.7% of the Hispanic population. The largest numbers of <a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanics</a> are from the Spanish Caribbean islands, including the Cuban, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian</a> and Puerto Rican communities. In Puerto Rico, people have some Native Indigenous American ancestry as well as European and Canary Islander ancestry. There's also a population of predominantly African descent as well as populations of Native American descent as well as those with intermixed ancestries. Cubans are mostly of Iberian and Canary Islander ancestry, with some heritage from Native Indigenous Caribbean. There are also populations of Black Sub-Saharan ancestry and multi-racial people.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-amixture_in_Cuba-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The race and culture of each Hispanic country and their United States diaspora differs by history and geography. Welch and Sigelman found, as of the year 2000, lower interaction between Latinos of different nationalities (such as between Cubans and Mexicans) than between Latinos and non-Latinos.<a href="#cite_note-Welch-Sigelman-87">[87]</a> This is a reminder that while they are often treated as such, Latinos in the United States are not a monolith, and often view their own ethnic or national identity as vastly different from that of other Latinos.<a href="#cite_note-Welch-Sigelman-87">[87]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Racial Demographics of Hispanic Americans Between 1970 and 2020<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center-2013-92">[92]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race/Ethnic Group</th> <th>1970</th> <th>1980</th> <th>1990</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total Population </th> <td>9,072,602 </td> <td>14,608,673 </td> <td>22,354,059 </td> <td>35,305,818 </td> <td>50,477,594 </td> <td>62,080,044 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White</a> alone </th> <td>8,466,126 (93.3%) </td> <td>8,115,256 (55.6%) </td> <td>11,557,774 (51.7%) </td> <td>16,907,852 (47.9%) </td> <td>26,735,713 (53.0%) </td> <td>12,579,626 (20.3%) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black</a> alone </th> <td>454,934 (5.0%) </td> <td>390,852 (2.7%) </td> <td>769,767 (3.4%) </td> <td>710,353 (2.0%) </td> <td>1,243,471 (2.5%) </td> <td>1,163,862 (1.9%) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Native</a> alone </th> <td>26,859 (0.3%) </td> <td>94,745 (0.6%) </td> <td>165,461 (0.7%) </td> <td>407,073 (1.2%) </td> <td>685,150 (1.4%) </td> <td>1,475,436 (2.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone </th> <td>x </td> <td>166,010 (1.1%) </td> <td>305,303 (1.4%) </td> <td>165,155 (0.5%) </td> <td>267,565 (0.5%) </td> <td>335,278 (0.5%) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Some other race alone </th> <td>124,683 (1.4%)<a href="#cite_note-93">[a]</a> </td> <td>5,841,810 (40.0%) </td> <td>9,555,754 (42.7%) </td> <td>14,891,303 (42.2%) </td> <td>18,503,103 (36.7%) </td> <td>26,225,882 (42.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Two or more races </th> <td>x<a href="#cite_note-census-94">[b]</a> </td> <td>x<a href="#cite_note-census-94">[b]</a> </td> <td>x<a href="#cite_note-census-94">[b]</a> </td> <td>2,224,082 (6.3%) </td> <td>3,042,592 (6.0%) </td> <td>20,299,960 (32.7%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> An automosal DNA study published in 2019, focusing specifically on <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> ancestry in different ethnic/racial groups within the US, found that self-identified Hispanic Americans had a higher average amount of Native American ancestry compared to <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic White</a> Americans. On average, Hispanic Americans were found to be just over half European, around 38% Native American, and less than 10% African.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-2019-96">[94]</a> However, these results, being an average of the entire Hispanic population, vary sharply between individuals and between regions. Hispanic participants from the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central</a> regions, where the Hispanic population is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican-American</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> had an average of 43% Native American ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-2019-96">[94]</a> On the other hand, those from the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a> region, where the Hispanic population is predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a> descent,<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> averaged only 11% Native American ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-2019-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Age">edit</a>]</div> As of 2014, one third, or 17.9 million, of the Hispanic population was younger than 18 and a quarter, 14.6 million, were <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a>. This makes them more than half of the Hispanic population within the United States.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hispanic-serving_institution" title="Hispanic-serving institution">Hispanic-serving institution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispanic_K–12_education">Hispanic K–12 education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hispanic K–12 education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westlake_Theatre-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Westlake_Theatre-1.jpg/220px-Westlake_Theatre-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Westlake_Theatre-1.jpg/330px-Westlake_Theatre-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Westlake_Theatre-1.jpg/440px-Westlake_Theatre-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5423" data-file-height="3615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westlake,_Los_Angeles" title="Westlake, Los Angeles">Westlake</a> Theatre building, side wall mural of <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Escalante" title="Jaime Escalante">Jaime Escalante</a> and Edward James Olmos</figcaption></figure> With the increasing Hispanic population in the United States, Hispanics have had a considerable impact on the K–12 system. In 2011–12, Hispanics comprised 24% of all enrollments in the United States, including 52% and 51% of enrollment in California and Texas, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2015-100">[98]</a> Further research shows the Hispanic population will continue to grow in the United States, implicating that more Hispanics will populate US schools. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavazos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cavazos.jpg/170px-Cavazos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Cavazos.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Cavazos" title="Lauro Cavazos">Lauro Cavazos</a>, US <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a> from August 1988 to December 1990</figcaption></figure> The state of Hispanic education shows some promise. First, Hispanic students attending pre-K or kindergarten were more likely to attend full-day programs.<a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2015-100">[98]</a> Second, Hispanics in elementary education were the second largest group represented in gifted and talented programs.<a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2015-100">[98]</a> Third, Hispanics' average <a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress" title="National Assessment of Educational Progress">NAEP</a> math and reading scores have consistently increased over the last 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2015-100">[98]</a> Finally, Hispanics were more likely than other groups, including White people, to go to college.<a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2015-100">[98]</a> However, their academic achievement in early childhood, elementary, and secondary education lag behind other groups.<a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2015-100">[98]</a> For instance, their average math and reading <a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress" title="National Assessment of Educational Progress">NAEP</a> scores were lower than every other group, except African Americans, and have the highest dropout rate of any group, 13% despite decreasing from 24%.<a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2015-100">[98]</a> To explain these disparities, some scholars have suggested there is a Hispanic "Education Crisis" due to failed school and social policies.<a href="#cite_note-GandaraContreras2009-101">[99]</a> To this end, scholars have further offered several potential reasons including language barriers, poverty, and immigrant/nativity status resulting in Hispanics not performing well academically.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gándara-2015-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English-language_learners">English-language learners</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: English-language learners">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_in_the_United_States_by_county.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Spanish_in_the_United_States_by_county.gif/220px-Spanish_in_the_United_States_by_county.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Spanish_in_the_United_States_by_county.gif/330px-Spanish_in_the_United_States_by_county.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Spanish_in_the_United_States_by_county.gif/440px-Spanish_in_the_United_States_by_county.gif 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Spanish speakers in the United States by counties in 2000</figcaption></figure> Currently, Hispanic students make up 80% of <a href="/wiki/English-language_learner" title="English-language learner">English-language learners</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Hispanics:_Education_Issues-104">[102]</a> In 2008–2009, 5.3 million students were classified as English Language Learners (ELLs) in pre-K to 12th grade.<a href="#cite_note-Becerra-2012-105">[103]</a> This is a result of many students entering the education system at different ages, although the majority of ELLs are not foreign born.<a href="#cite_note-Becerra-2012-105">[103]</a> In order to provide English instruction for Hispanic students there have been a multitude of English Language programs. Schools make demands when it comes to English fluency. There are test requirements to certify students who are non-native English speakers in writing, speaking, reading, and listening, for example. They take an ELPAC test, which evaluates their English efficiency. This assessment determines whether they are considered ELL students or not. For Hispanic students, being an ELL student will have a big impact because it's additional pressure to pass an extra exam apart from their own original classes. Furthermore, if the exam is not passed before they attend high school, the student will fall behind in their courses due to the additional ELD courses instead of taking their normal classes in that year.<a href="#cite_note-Menken-2008-106">[104]</a> However, the great majority of these programs are English Immersion, which arguably undermines the students' culture and knowledge of their primary language.<a href="#cite_note-Gándara-2015-103">[101]</a> As such, there continues to be great debate within schools as to which program can address these language disparities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration_status">Immigration status</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Immigration status">edit</a>]</div> There are more than five million ELLs from all over the world attending public schools in the United States and speaking at least 460 different languages.<a href="#cite_note-Menken-2008-106">[104]</a> Undocumented immigrants have not always had access to compulsory education in the United States. However, since the landmark Supreme Court case <a href="/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" title="Plyler v. Doe">Plyler v. Doe</a> in 1982, immigrants have received access to K-12 education. This significantly impacted all immigrant groups, including Hispanics. However, their academic achievement is dependent upon several factors including, but not limited to time of arrival and schooling in country of origin.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> When non-native speakers arrive to the United States, the student not only enters a new country, language or culture, but they also enter a testing culture to determine everything from their placements to advancement into the next grade level in their education.<a href="#cite_note-Menken-2008-106">[104]</a> Moreover, Hispanics' immigration/nativity status plays a major role regarding their academic achievement. For instance, first- and second- generation Hispanics outperform their later generational counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Additionally, their aspirations appear to decrease as well.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> This has major implications on their post-secondary futures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simultaneous_bilingualism">Simultaneous bilingualism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Simultaneous bilingualism">edit</a>]</div> There is a term "simultaneous bilinguals" it is emerged on the research from Guadalupe Valdez <a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> she states that it is used by individuals who acquire two languages as a "first" language; that most American circumstantial bilinguals acquire their ethnic or immigrant language first and then acquire English. The period of acquisition of the second language is known as incipient bilingualism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispanic_higher_education">Hispanic higher education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hispanic higher education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engineering_building_area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Engineering_building_area.jpg/220px-Engineering_building_area.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Engineering_building_area.jpg/330px-Engineering_building_area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Engineering_building_area.jpg/440px-Engineering_building_area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso" title="University of Texas at El Paso">University of Texas at El Paso</a> was ranked the number one graduate <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> school for Hispanics.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> Those with a bachelor's degree or higher ranges from 50% of Venezuelans compared to 18% for Ecuadorians 25 years and older. Amongst the largest Hispanic groups, those with a bachelor's or higher was 25% for Cubans, 16% of Puerto Ricans, 15% of Dominicans, and 11% for Mexicans. Over 21% of all second-generation Dominican Americans have college degrees, slightly below the national average (28%) but significantly higher than US-born Mexican Americans (13%) and US-born Puerto Rican Americans (12%).<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Hispanics make up the second or third largest ethnic group in <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> universities, considered to be the most prestigious in the United States. Hispanic enrollment at Ivy League universities has gradually increased over the years. Today, Hispanics make up between 8% of students at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> to 15% at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nationaljournal.com-113">[111]</a> For example, 18% of students in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> Class of 2018 are Hispanic.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Hispanics have significant enrollment in many other top universities such as <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso" title="University of Texas at El Paso">University of Texas at El Paso</a> (70% of students), <a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a> (63%), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a> (27%), and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC-Berkeley</a> at 15% each. At <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, Hispanics are the third largest ethnic group behind non-Hispanic White people and Asians, at 18% of the student population.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hispanic_university_enrollments">Hispanic university enrollments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hispanic university enrollments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Hispanic_Outlook_in_Higher_Education" title="The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education">The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_programs_in_the_California_State_University" title="List of engineering programs in the California State University">List of engineering programs in the California State University</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#964B00; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCE00, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCE00;">2019 -2020 Total Enrollment 4-Year Schools<a href="#cite_note-USNWR_Undergraduate_School_Rankings-116">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Program </th> <th>Ranking </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miami_Dade_College" title="Miami Dade College">Miami Dade College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas_College" title="Dallas College">Dallas College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Texas_College" title="South Texas College">South Texas College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_College_System" title="Lone Star College System">Lone Star College System</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_Rio_Grande_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley">The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_University" title="Grand Canyon University">Grand Canyon University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_College" title="Bakersfield College">Bakersfield College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jacinto Community College">San Jacinto Community College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valencia_College" title="Valencia College">Valencia College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at El Paso">The University of Texas at El Paso</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin_Community_College_District" title="Austin Community College District">Austin Community College District</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida" title="University of Central Florida">University of Central Florida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rio_Hondo_College" title="Rio Hondo College">Rio Hondo College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_College" title="Santa Ana College">Santa Ana College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Broward_College" title="Broward College">Broward College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Northridge" title="California State University, Northridge">California State University, Northridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at San Antonio">The University of Texas at San Antonio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton" title="California State University, Fullerton">California State University, Fullerton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> Campus Immersion </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Los_Angeles" title="California State University, Los Angeles">California State University, Los Angeles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Governors_University" title="Western Governors University">Western Governors University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Long_Beach" title="California State University, Long Beach">California State University, Long Beach</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_New_Hampshire_University" title="Southern New Hampshire University">Southern New Hampshire University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/College_of_Southern_Nevada" title="College of Southern Nevada">College of Southern Nevada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_A_%26_M_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas A & M University">Texas A & M University</a> College Station </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_State_University" title="Texas State University">Texas State University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Arlington" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Arlington">The University of Texas at Arlington</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_College" title="Santa Monica College">Santa Monica College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Phoenix" title="University of Phoenix">University of Phoenix</a> Arizona </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_San_Bernardino" title="California State University, San Bernardino">California State University, San Bernardino</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Fresno" title="California State University, Fresno">California State University, Fresno</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_Polytechnic_University,_Pomona" title="California State Polytechnic University, Pomona">California State Polytechnic University, Pomona</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modesto_Junior_College" title="Modesto Junior College">Modesto Junior College</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> While Hispanics study in colleges and universities throughout the country, some choose to attend federally-designated <a href="/wiki/Hispanic-serving_institution" title="Hispanic-serving institution">Hispanic-serving institutions</a>, institutions that are accredited, degree-granting, public or private nonprofit institutions of higher education with 25 percent or more total undergraduate Hispanic full-time equivalent (FTE) student enrollment. There are over 270 institutions of higher education that have been designated as an HSI.<a href="#cite_note-HACU-117">[115]</a> <table style="font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Universities with the largest Hispanic undergraduate enrollment (2013)<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50">Rank</th> <th style="width:210px;">University</th> <th style="width:50px;">Hispanic enrollment</th> <th style="width:70px;">% of student body </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a></td> <td>24,105</td> <td>67% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso" title="University of Texas at El Paso">University of Texas at El Paso</a></td> <td>15,459</td> <td>81% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Pan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas Pan American">University of Texas Pan American</a></td> <td>15,009</td> <td>91% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio" title="University of Texas at San Antonio">University of Texas at San Antonio</a></td> <td>11,932</td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_University_at_Northridge" class="mw-redirect" title="California State University at Northridge">California State University at Northridge</a></td> <td>11,774</td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_University_at_Fullerton" class="mw-redirect" title="California State University at Fullerton">California State University at Fullerton</a></td> <td>11,472</td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a></td> <td>11,465</td> <td>19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_University_at_Long_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="California State University at Long Beach">California State University at Long Beach</a></td> <td>10,836</td> <td>35% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_University_at_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="California State University at Los Angeles">California State University at Los Angeles</a></td> <td>10,392</td> <td>58% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida" title="University of Central Florida">University of Central Florida</a></td> <td>10,255</td> <td>20% </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>Universities with the largest Hispanic graduate enrollment (2013) <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50">Rank</th> <th style="width:210px;">University</th> <th style="width:50px;">Hispanic enrollment</th> <th style="width:70px;">% of student body </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nova_Southeastern_University" title="Nova Southeastern University">Nova Southeastern University</a></td> <td>4,281</td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a></td> <td>3,612</td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a></td> <td>2,358</td> <td>11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Pan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas Pan American">University of Texas Pan American</a></td> <td>2,120</td> <td>78% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso" title="University of Texas at El Paso">University of Texas at El Paso</a></td> <td>2,083</td> <td>59% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CUNY_Graduate_Center" title="CUNY Graduate Center">CUNY Graduate Center</a></td> <td>1,656</td> <td>30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico" title="University of New Mexico">University of New Mexico</a></td> <td>1,608</td> <td>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio" title="University of Texas at San Antonio">University of Texas at San Antonio</a></td> <td>1,561</td> <td>35% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a></td> <td>1,483</td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a></td> <td>1,400</td> <td>10% </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Hispanic student enrollment in university and college systems (2012–2013) <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50">Rank</th> <th style="width:300px;">University system</th> <th style="width:75px;">Hispanic enrollment</th> <th style="width:75px;">% of student body </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_Community_College_System" class="mw-redirect" title="California Community College System">California Community College System</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a></td> <td>642,045</td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a></td> <td>149,137</td> <td>33% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida_College_System" title="Florida College System">Florida College System</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></td> <td>118,821</td> <td>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_System" title="University of Texas System">University of Texas System</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a></td> <td>84,086</td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_University_System_of_Florida" title="State University System of Florida">State University System of Florida</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a></td> <td>79,931</td> <td>24% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></td> <td>77,341</td> <td>30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a></td> <td>43,514</td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a></td> <td>42,604</td> <td>18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_System" title="Texas A&M University System">Texas A&M University System</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a></td> <td>27,165</td> <td>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada_System_of_Higher_Education" title="Nevada System of Higher Education">Nevada System of Higher Education</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a></td> <td>21,467</td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>–</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a><a href="#cite_note-nationaljournal.com-113">[111]</a></td> <td>11,562</td> <td>10% </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longevity">Longevity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Longevity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-03-06_%E2%80%94_Coronavirus_%E2%80%93_Flyers_at_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_wearing_facemasks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2020-03-06_%E2%80%94_Coronavirus_%E2%80%93_Flyers_at_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_wearing_facemasks.jpg/220px-2020-03-06_%E2%80%94_Coronavirus_%E2%80%93_Flyers_at_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_wearing_facemasks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2020-03-06_%E2%80%94_Coronavirus_%E2%80%93_Flyers_at_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_wearing_facemasks.jpg/330px-2020-03-06_%E2%80%94_Coronavirus_%E2%80%93_Flyers_at_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_wearing_facemasks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2020-03-06_%E2%80%94_Coronavirus_%E2%80%93_Flyers_at_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_wearing_facemasks.jpg/440px-2020-03-06_%E2%80%94_Coronavirus_%E2%80%93_Flyers_at_Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport_wearing_facemasks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5298" data-file-height="3534" /></a><figcaption>Flyers at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport wearing face masks on March 6, 2020, as the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 coronavirus</a> spreads throughout the United States. Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics">Hispanic</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2016, life expectancy for Hispanic Americans is 81.8 years, which is higher than the life expectancy for White Americans (78.6 years).<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Research on the "<a href="/wiki/Hispanic_paradox" title="Hispanic paradox">Hispanic paradox</a>"—the well-established apparent mortality advantage of Hispanic Americans compared to White Americans, despite the latter's more advantaged socioeconomic status—has been principally explained by "(1) health-related migration to and from the US; and (2) social and cultural protection mechanisms, such as maintenance of healthy lifestyles and behaviors adopted in the countries of origin, and availability of extensive social networks in the US."<a href="#cite_note-Goldman-133">[131]</a> The "salmon bias" hypothesis, which suggests that the Hispanic health advantage is attributable to higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">return migration</a> among less-healthy migrants, has received some support in the scholarly literature.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> A 2019 study, examining the comparatively better health of foreign-born American Hispanics, challenged the hypothesis that a stronger orientation toward the family (<a href="/wiki/Familism" class="mw-redirect" title="Familism">familism</a>) contributed to this advantage.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Some scholars have suggested that the Hispanic mortality advantage is likely to disappear due to the higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> among Hispanics relative to White people, although lower rates of smoking (and thus <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">smoking-attributable mortality</a>) among Hispanics may counteract this to some extent.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> As of 2017, about 19% of Hispanic Americans <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance coverage in the United States">lack health insurance coverage</a>, which is the highest of all ethnic groups except for Indigenous Americans and Alaska Natives.<a href="#cite_note-KFFCoverage-136">[134]</a> In terms of extending health coverage, Hispanics benefited the most among US ethnic groups from the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA); among non-elderly Hispanics, the uninsured rate declined from 26.7% in 2013 to 14.2% in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-KFFCoverage-136">[134]</a> Among the population of non-elderly uninsured Hispanic population in 2017, about 53% were non-citizens, about 39% were US-born citizens, and about 9% were naturalized citizens.<a href="#cite_note-KFFCoverage-136">[134]</a> (The ACA does not help undocumented immigrants or legal immigrants with less than five years' residence in the United States gain coverage).<a href="#cite_note-KFFCoverage-136">[134]</a> According to a 2013 study, Mexican women have the highest uninsured rate (54.6%) as compared to other immigrants (26.2%), Black (22.5%) and White (13.9%).<a href="#cite_note-deLeonSiantz-137">[135]</a> According to the study, Mexican women are the largest female immigrant group in the United States and are also the most at risk for developing preventable health conditions.<a href="#cite_note-deLeonSiantz-137">[135]</a> Multiple factors such as limited access to health care, legal status and income increase the risk of developing preventable health conditions because many undocumented immigrants postpone routine visits to the doctor until they become seriously ill. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mental health">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_separation">Family separation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Family separation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rally_to_end_Family_Separation_Cleveland-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rally_to_end_Family_Separation_Cleveland-03.jpg/220px-Rally_to_end_Family_Separation_Cleveland-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rally_to_end_Family_Separation_Cleveland-03.jpg/330px-Rally_to_end_Family_Separation_Cleveland-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rally_to_end_Family_Separation_Cleveland-03.jpg/440px-Rally_to_end_Family_Separation_Cleveland-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>Rally to end <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">family separation</a> in Cleveland, Ohio</figcaption></figure> Some families who are in the process of illegally crossing borders can suffer being caught and separated by border patrol agents. Migrants are also in danger of separation if they do not bring sufficient resources such as water for all members to continue crossing. Once illegal migrants have arrived to the new country, they may fear workplace raids where illegal immigrants are detained and deported. Family separation puts US-born children, undocumented children and their illegal immigrant parents at risk for depression and family maladaptive syndrome. The effects are often long-term and the impact extends to the community level. Children may experience emotional traumas and long-term changes in behaviors. Additionally, when parents are forcefully removed, children often develop feelings of abandonment and they might blame themselves for what has happened to their family. Some children that are victims to illegal border crossings that result in family separation believe in the possibility of never seeing their parents again. These effects can cause negative parent-child attachment. Reunification may be difficult because of immigration laws and re-entry restrictions which further affect the mental health of children and parents.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-Richards-138">[136]</a> Parents who leave their home country also experience negative mental health experiences. According to a study published in 2013, 46% of Mexican migrant men who participated in the study reported elevated levels of depressive symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Letiecq-Eudave-139">[137]</a> In recent years, the length of stay for migrants has increased, from 3 years to nearly a decade.<a href="#cite_note-Letiecq-Eudave-139">[137]</a> Migrants who were separated from their families, either married or single, experienced greater depression than married men accompanied by their spouses.<a href="#cite_note-Letiecq-Eudave-139">[137]</a> Furthermore, the study also revealed that men who are separated from their families are more prone to harsher living conditions such as overcrowded housing and are under a greater deal of pressure to send remittance to support their families. These conditions put additional stress on the migrants and often worsen their depression. Families who migrated together experience better living conditions, receive emotional encouragement and motivation from each other, and share a sense of solidarity. They are also more likely to successfully navigate the employment and health care systems in the new country, and are not pressured to send remittances back home. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulnerabilities">Vulnerabilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vulnerabilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ana_Navarro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ana_Navarro.jpg/200px-Ana_Navarro.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ana_Navarro.jpg/300px-Ana_Navarro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ana_Navarro.jpg/400px-Ana_Navarro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ana_Navarro" title="Ana Navarro">Ana Navarro</a> a political strategist and commentator immigrated as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista revolution">Sandinista revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996</a> significantly changed how the United States dealt with immigration. Under this new law, immigrants who overstayed their visas or were found to be in the United States illegally were subject to be detained and/or deported without legal representation. Immigrants who broke these laws may not be allowed back into the country. Similarly, this law made it more difficult for other immigrants who want to enter the United States or gain legal status. These laws also expanded the types of offenses that can be considered worthy of deportation for documented immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-Richards-138">[136]</a> Policies enacted by future presidents further limit the number of immigrants entering the country and their expedited removal. Many illegal immigrant families cannot enjoy doing everyday activities without exercising caution because they fear encountering immigration officers which limits their involvement in community events. Undocumented families also do not trust government institutions and services. Because of their fear of encountering immigration officers, illegal immigrants often feel ostracized and isolated which can lead to the development of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-Richards-138">[136]</a> The harmful effects of being ostracized from the rest of society are not limited to just that of undocumented immigrants but it affects the entire family even if some of the members are of legal status. Children often reported having been victims of bullying in school by classmates because their parents are undocumented.<a href="#cite_note-HinojosB-140">[138]</a> This can cause them to feel isolated and develop a sense of inferiority which can negatively impact their academic performance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Stress">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Havana_Entrance._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Little_Havana_Entrance._-_panoramio.jpg/200px-Little_Havana_Entrance._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Little_Havana_Entrance._-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Little_Havana_Entrance._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Little_Havana_Entrance._-_panoramio.jpg/400px-Little_Havana_Entrance._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Beginning of Calle Ocho (eighth Street) in <a href="/wiki/Little_Havana" title="Little Havana">Little Havana</a> of Miami, Florida, United States.</figcaption></figure> Despite the struggles Hispanic families encounter, they have found ways to keep motivated. Many immigrants use religion as a source of motivation. Mexican immigrants believed that the difficulties they face are a part of God's bigger plan and believe their life will get better in the end. They kept their faith strong and pray every day, hoping that God will keep their families safe.<a href="#cite_note-HinojosB-140">[138]</a> Immigrants participate in church services and bond with other immigrants that share the same experiences.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-Richards-138">[136]</a> Undocumented Hispanics also find support from friends, family and the community that serve as coping mechanisms. Some Hispanics state that their children are the reason they have the strength to keep on going. They want their children to have a future and give them things they are not able to have themselves.<a href="#cite_note-HinojosB-140">[138]</a> The community is able to provide certain resources that immigrant families need such as tutoring for their children, financial assistance and counseling services.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-Richards-138">[136]</a> Some identified that maintaining a positive mental attitude helped them cope with the stresses they experience. Many immigrants refuse to live their life in constant fear which leads to depression in order to enjoy life in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-HinojosB-140">[138]</a> Since many immigrants have unstable sources of income, many plan ahead in order to prevent future financial stress. They put money aside and find ways to save money instead of spend it such as learning to fix appliances themselves.<a href="#cite_note-HinojosB-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Poverty">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro_National_Historic_Trail_by_Samat_Jain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro_National_Historic_Trail_by_Samat_Jain.jpg/264px-El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro_National_Historic_Trail_by_Samat_Jain.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro_National_Historic_Trail_by_Samat_Jain.jpg/396px-El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro_National_Historic_Trail_by_Samat_Jain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro_National_Historic_Trail_by_Samat_Jain.jpg/528px-El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro_National_Historic_Trail_by_Samat_Jain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2393" /></a><figcaption>The section of the <a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a> road that runs through US territory, a total of 646 kilometres (401 mi), was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Trail">National Historic Trail</a> in October 2000</figcaption></figure> Many Hispanic families migrate to find better economic opportunities in order to send remittances back home. Being undocumented limits the possibilities of jobs that immigrants undertake and many struggle to find a stable job. Many Hispanics report that companies turned them down because they do not have a Social Security number. If they are able to obtain a job, immigrants risk losing it if their employer finds out they are unable to provide proof of residency or citizenship. Many look towards agencies that do not ask for identification, but those jobs are often unreliable. In order to prevent themselves from being detained and deported, many have to work under exploitation. In a study, a participant reported "If someone knows that you don't have the papers ... that person is a danger. Many people will con them ... if they know you don't have the papers, with everything they say 'hey I'm going to call immigration on you.'".<a href="#cite_note-HinojosB-140">[138]</a> These conditions lower the income that Hispanic families bring to their household and some find living each day very difficult. When an undocumented parent is deported or detained, income will be lowered significantly if the other parent also supports the family financially. The parent who is left has to look after the family and might find working difficult to manage along with other responsibilities. Even if families are not separated, Hispanics are constantly living in fear that they will lose their economic footing. Living in poverty has been linked to depression, low self-esteem, loneliness, crime activities and frequent drug use among youth.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-Richards-138">[136]</a> Families with low incomes are unable to afford adequate housing and some of them are evicted. The environment in which the children of undocumented immigrants grow up in is often composed of poor air quality, noise, and toxins which prevent healthy development.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-Richards-138">[136]</a> Furthermore, these neighborhoods are prone to violence and gang activities, forcing the families to live in constant fear which can contribute to the development of PTSD, aggression and depression. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_outlook">Economic outlook</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economic outlook">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:88%"> <caption>Median US household income by Nationality (2015) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>Income </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$60,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentinian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$60,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$56,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$56,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$54,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$51,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$51,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$47,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$44,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$44,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$40,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$40,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$36,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$36,800 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="3">Sources:<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Median_income">Median income</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Median income">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">US census</a> reported the median household incomes of Hispanic Americans to be $50,486. This is the third consecutive annual increase in median household income for Hispanic-origin households.<a href="#cite_note-census.gov-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty_2">Poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Poverty">edit</a>]</div> According to the US census, the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty rate</a> Hispanics was 18.3 percent in 2017, down from 19.4 percent in 2016. Hispanics accounted for 10.8 million individuals in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-census.gov-90">[90]</a> In comparison, the average poverty rates in 2017 for non-Hispanic White Americans was 8.7 percent with 17 million individuals in poverty, Asian Americans was 10.0 percent with 2 million individuals in poverty, and African Americans was 21.2 percent with 9 million individuals in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-census.gov-90">[90]</a> Among the largest Hispanic groups during 2015 was: Honduran Americans & Dominican Americans (27%), Guatemalan Americans (26%), Puerto Ricans (24%), Mexican Americans (23%), Salvadoran Americans (20%), Cuban Americans and Venezuelan Americans (17%), Ecuadorian Americans (15%), Nicaraguan Americans (14%), Colombian Americans (13%), Argentinian Americans (11%), and Peruvian Americans (10%).<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Poverty affects many underrepresented students as racial/ethnic minorities tend to stay isolated within pockets of low-income communities. This results in several inequalities, such as "school offerings, teacher quality, curriculum, counseling and all manner of things that both keep students engaged in school and prepare them to graduate".<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> In the case of Hispanics, the poverty rate for Hispanic children in 2004 was 28.6 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Hispanics:_Education_Issues-104">[102]</a> Moreover, with this lack of resources, schools reproduce these inequalities for generations to come. In order to assuage poverty, many Hispanic families can turn to social and community services as resources. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_matters">Cultural matters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cultural matters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="American culture">American culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic culture">Hispanic culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Latino_Fraternal_Organizations" title="National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations">National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Latin_American_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Museum_of_Latin_American_Art.jpg/220px-Museum_of_Latin_American_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Museum_of_Latin_American_Art.jpg/330px-Museum_of_Latin_American_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Museum_of_Latin_American_Art.jpg/440px-Museum_of_Latin_American_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Latin_American_Art" title="Museum of Latin American Art">Museum of Latin American Art</a></figcaption></figure> The geographic, political, social, economic and racial diversity of Hispanic Americans makes all Hispanics very different depending on their family heritage and/or national origin. Many times, there are many cultural similarities between Hispanics from neighboring countries than from more distant countries, i.e. Spanish Caribbean, Southern Cone, Central America etc. Yet several features tend to unite Hispanics from these diverse backgrounds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish language in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish">Spanish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Spanish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Barbara_County_Courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Santa_Barbara_County_Courthouse.jpg/220px-Santa_Barbara_County_Courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Santa_Barbara_County_Courthouse.jpg/330px-Santa_Barbara_County_Courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Santa_Barbara_County_Courthouse.jpg/440px-Santa_Barbara_County_Courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Revival architecture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a></figcaption></figure> As one of the most important uniting factors of Hispanic Americans, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is an important part of Hispanic culture. Teaching Spanish to children is often one of the most valued skills taught amongst Hispanic families. Spanish is not only closely tied with the person's family, heritage, and overall culture, but valued for increased opportunities in business and one's future professional career. A 2013 Pew Research survey showed that 95% of Hispanics adults said "it's important that future generations of Hispanics speak Spanish".<a href="#cite_note-pewresearch.org-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Given the United States' proximity to other <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Spanish-speaking countries</a>, Spanish is being passed on to future American generations. Amongst second-generation Hispanics, 80% speak fluent Spanish, and amongst third-generation Hispanics, 40% speak fluent Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Spanish is also the most popular language taught in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristkindlmarketChicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/ChristkindlmarketChicago.jpg/220px-ChristkindlmarketChicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/ChristkindlmarketChicago.jpg/330px-ChristkindlmarketChicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/ChristkindlmarketChicago.jpg/440px-ChristkindlmarketChicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Picasso" title="Chicago Picasso">Chicago Picasso</a> as seen at <a href="/wiki/Christkindlmarket,_Chicago" title="Christkindlmarket, Chicago">Christkindlmarket</a></figcaption></figure> Hispanics have revived the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish language in the United States</a>, first brought to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> during the Spanish colonial period in the 16th century. Spanish is the oldest European language in the United States, spoken uninterruptedly for four and a half centuries, since the founding of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine, Florida">Saint Augustine, Florida</a> in 1565.<a href="#cite_note-legacies-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-st-aug-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-amlib-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-mhs-152">[150]</a> Today, 90% of all Hispanics speak English, and at least 78% speak fluent Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-lang-153">[151]</a> Additionally, 2.8 million non-Hispanic Americans also speak Spanish at home for a total of 41.1 million.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center-2013-92">[92]</a> With 40% of Hispanic Americans being immigrants,<a href="#cite_note-profile-154">[152]</a> and with many of the 60% who are US-born being the children or grandchildren of immigrants, <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingualism</a> is the norm in the community at large. At home, at least 69% of all Hispanics over the age of five are bilingual in English and Spanish, whereas up to 22% are monolingual English-speakers, and 9% are monolingual Spanish speakers. Another 0.4% speak a language other than English and Spanish at home.<a href="#cite_note-lang-153">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Spanish_dialects">American Spanish dialects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: American Spanish dialects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican Spanish</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%"> <caption>Spanish speakers in the United States </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Number of speakers </th> <th>Percent of population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.0 million </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.3 million </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28.1 million </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37.0 million </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.3 million </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40.0 million </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">*-Projected; sources:<a href="#cite_note-pewresearch.org-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Spanish dialects spoken in the United States differ depending on the country of origin of the person or the person's family heritage. However, generally, Spanish spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a> is <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano Spanish</a>. A variety of Spanish native to the Southwest spoken by descendants of the early Spanish colonists in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> is known as Traditional <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican Spanish</a>. One of the major distinctions of Traditional New Mexican Spanish is its use of distinct vocabulary and grammatical forms that make <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican Spanish</a> unique amongst Spanish dialects. The Spanish spoken in the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> is generally <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean Spanish</a> and is heavily influenced by the Spanish of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rico</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño Spanish</a>, descended from <a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian Spanish</a>, is the historic Spanish dialect spoken by the descendants of the earliest Spanish colonists beginning in the 18th century in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. Spanish spoken elsewhere throughout the country varies, although is generally <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center-2013-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Heritage Spanish speakers tend to speak Spanish with near-native level phonology, but a more limited command of morphosyntax.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Hispanics who speak Spanish as a second language often speak with English accents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanglish_and_English_dialects">Spanglish and English dialects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Spanglish and English dialects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami#Dialect" title="Miami">Miami § Dialect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Spanish_origin" title="List of English words of Spanish origin">List of English words of Spanish origin</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Hispanic_Cultural_Center_Albuquerque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Hispanic_Cultural_Center_Albuquerque.jpg/250px-National_Hispanic_Cultural_Center_Albuquerque.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Hispanic_Cultural_Center_Albuquerque.jpg/375px-National_Hispanic_Cultural_Center_Albuquerque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Hispanic_Cultural_Center_Albuquerque.jpg/500px-National_Hispanic_Cultural_Center_Albuquerque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Cultural_Center" title="National Hispanic Cultural Center">National Hispanic Cultural Center</a></figcaption></figure> Hispanics have influenced the way Americans speak with the introduction of many Spanish words into the English language. Amongst younger generations of Hispanics, <a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a>, a term for any mix of Spanish and English, is common in speaking. As they are fluent in both languages, speakers will often switch between Spanish and English throughout the conversation. Spanglish is particularly common in Hispanic-majority cities and communities such as <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Hispanics have also influenced the way English is spoken in the United States. In Miami, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Miami#Dialect" title="Miami">Miami dialect</a> has evolved as the most common form of English spoken and heard in Miami today. This is a native dialect of English, and was developed amongst second and third generations of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban Americans</a> in Miami. Today, it is commonly heard everywhere throughout the city. <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias" title="Enrique Iglesias">Enrique Iglesias</a> are examples of people who speak with the Miami dialect. Another major English dialect, is spoken by <a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tejano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano">Tejanos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Lopez" title="George Lopez">George Lopez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a> are examples of speakers of Chicano English.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> An English dialect spoken by Puerto Ricans and other Hispanic groups is called <a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardi_B" title="Cardi B">Cardi B</a> are examples of people who speak with the New York Latino dialect. When speaking in English, American Hispanics may often insert Spanish tag and filler items such as tú sabes, este, and órale, into sentences as a marker of ethnic identity and solidarity. The same often occurs with grammatical words like pero.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_Concepcion_San_Antonio.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mission_Concepcion_San_Antonio.JPG/250px-Mission_Concepcion_San_Antonio.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mission_Concepcion_San_Antonio.JPG/375px-Mission_Concepcion_San_Antonio.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mission_Concepcion_San_Antonio.JPG/500px-Mission_Concepcion_San_Antonio.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2476" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions_National_Historical_Park" title="San Antonio Missions National Historical Park">San Antonio Missions National Historical Park</a> in Texas a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> comprises four missions, <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_(Texas)" title="Mission San José (Texas)">Mission San José</a>, Mission San Juan, and <a href="/wiki/Mission_Espada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Espada">Mission Espada</a>. These missions are renowned for their architectural and cultural significance, reflecting the Spanish colonial heritage of the region.</figcaption></figure> According to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Center">Pew Center</a> study which was conducted in 2019, the majority of Hispanic Americans are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> (72%),<a href="#cite_note-Decline2019-163">[161]</a> Among American Hispanics, as of 2018–19, 47% are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, 24% are <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, 1% are <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a>, less than 1% are <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christian</a>, 3% are members of non-Christian faiths, and 23% are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">unaffiliated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Decline2019-163">[161]</a> The proportion of Hispanics who are Catholic has dropped from 2009 (when it was 57%), while the proportion of unaffiliated Hispanics has increased since 2009 (when it was 15%).<a href="#cite_note-Decline2019-163">[161]</a> Among Hispanic Protestant community, most are <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a>, but some belong to <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline denominations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ShiftingIdentity-164">[162]</a> Compared to Catholic, unaffiliated, and mainline Protestant Hispanics; Evangelical Protestant Hispanics are substantially more likely to attend services weekly, pray daily, and adhere to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">biblical liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ShiftingIdentity-164">[162]</a> As of 2014, about 67% of Hispanic Protestants and about 52% of Hispanic Catholics were renewalist, meaning that they described themselves as <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecosal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">charismatic Christians</a> (in the Catholic tradition, called <a href="/wiki/Catholic_charismatic_renewal" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic charismatic renewal">Catholic charismatic renewal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Catholic affiliation is much higher among first-generation Hispanic immigrants than it is among second and third-generation Hispanic immigrants, who exhibit a fairly high rate of conversion to Protestantism or the unaffiliated camp.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Greeley" title="Andrew Greeley">Andrew Greeley</a>, as many as 600,000 American Hispanics leave Catholicism for Protestant churches every year, and this figure is much higher in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Hispanic Catholics are developing youth and social programs to retain members.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Hispanics make up a substantial proportion (almost 40%) of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics in the United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dias-169">[167]</a> although the number of American Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priests" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priests">priests</a> is low relative to Hispanic membership in the church.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Horacio_G%C3%B3mez" title="José Horacio Gómez">José Horacio Gómez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Los Angeles">Archbishop of Los Angeles</a> and a naturalized American citizen born in Mexico, was elected as president of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">US Conference of Catholic Bishops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dias-169">[167]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pew Research Center: Hispanic and Latino Religious Affiliation (2010–2022)<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Catholicism </th> <th>Unaffiliated </th> <th>Evangelical Protestant </th> <th>Non-Evangelical Protestant </th> <th>Other religion </th></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>54 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>54 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>58 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>55 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>58 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>67 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Latino_literature" title="Latino literature">Latino literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latino_Cultural_Center_Dallas_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Latino_Cultural_Center_Dallas_1.jpg/250px-Latino_Cultural_Center_Dallas_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Latino_Cultural_Center_Dallas_1.jpg/375px-Latino_Cultural_Center_Dallas_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Latino_Cultural_Center_Dallas_1.jpg/500px-Latino_Cultural_Center_Dallas_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Latino_Cultural_Center" title="Latino Cultural Center">Latino Cultural Center</a></figcaption></figure> The United States is home to thousands of Spanish-language <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> outlets, which range in size from giant commercial and some non-commercial <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_over-the-air_television_networks" title="List of United States over-the-air television networks">broadcasting networks</a> and major magazines with circulations numbering in the millions, to low-power <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM radio</a> stations with listeners numbering in the hundreds. There are hundreds of Internet media outlets targeting US Hispanic consumers. Some of the outlets are online versions of their printed counterparts and some online exclusively. Increased use of Spanish-language media leads to increased levels of group consciousness, according to survey data. The differences in attitudes are due to the diverging goals of Spanish-language and English-language media. The effect of using Spanish-language media serves to promote a sense of group consciousness among Hispanics by reinforcing roots in the Hispanic world and the commonalities among Hispanics of varying national origin.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The first Hispanic-American owned major <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">film studio</a> in the United States is based in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a>. In 2017, Ozzie and Will Areu purchased <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry's</a> former studio to establish Areu Bros. Studios.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio">Radio</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> Spanish language radio is the largest non-English broadcasting media.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> While other foreign language broadcasting declined steadily, Spanish broadcasting grew steadily from the 1920s to the 1970s. The 1930s were boom years.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> The early success depended on the concentrated geographical audience in Texas and the Southwest.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> American stations were close to Mexico which enabled a steady circular flow of entertainers, executives and technicians, and stimulated the creative initiatives of Hispanic radio executives, brokers, and advertisers. Ownership was increasingly concentrated in the 1960s and 1970s. The industry sponsored the now-defunct trade publication Sponsor from the late 1940s to 1968.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> Spanish-language radio has influenced American and Hispanic discourse on key current affairs issues such as citizenship and immigration.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Networks">Networks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Networks">edit</a>]</div> Notable Hispanic-oriented media outlets include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNN_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="CNN en Español">CNN en Español</a>, a Spanish-language news network based in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_Deportes" title="ESPN Deportes">ESPN Deportes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Deportes" title="Fox Deportes">Fox Deportes</a>, two Spanish-language sports television networks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>, the second-largest Spanish-language television network in the United States, with affiliates in nearly every major <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_North_America_by_media_market" title="List of television stations in North America by media market">U.S. market</a>, and numerous affiliates internationally; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TeleXitos" title="TeleXitos">TeleXitos</a> an American Spanish language digital multicast television network owned by NBCUniversal Telemundo Enterprises.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universo_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Universo (TV network)">Universo</a>, a cable network that produces content for U.S.-born Hispanic audiences;</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univisi%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Univisión">Univisión</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish-language_television_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish-language television channels">Spanish-language television network</a> in the United States, with affiliates in nearly every major U.S. market, and numerous affiliates internationally. It is the country's fourth-largest network overall;<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UniM%C3%A1s" title="UniMás">UniMás</a>, an American Spanish language free-to-air television network owned by Univision Communications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_TV" title="Fusion TV">Fusion TV</a>, an English television channel targeting Hispanic audiences with news and satire programming;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galavisi%C3%B3n" title="Galavisión">Galavisión</a>, a Spanish-language television channel targeting Hispanic audiences with general entertainment programming;</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrella_TV" title="Estrella TV">Estrella TV</a>, an American Spanish-language broadcast television network owned by the Estrella Media.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-me" title="V-me">V-me</a>, a Spanish-language television network; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primo_TV" title="Primo TV">Primo TV</a>, an English-language cable channel aimed at Hispanic youth.;</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azteca_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Azteca América">Azteca América</a>, a Spanish-language television network in the United States, with affiliates in nearly every major U.S. market, and numerous affiliates internationally;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a>, a former music channel that merged with the Hispanic-oriented <a href="/wiki/NuvoTV" title="NuvoTV">NuvoTV</a> in 2015. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FM_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="FM (TV channel)">FM</a>, a music-centric channel that replaced NuvoTV following the latter's merger with Fuse in 2015.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a> Latino, a Spanish-language Christian television network based in <a href="/wiki/West_Frankfort,_Illinois" title="West Frankfort, Illinois">West Frankfort, Illinois</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBN_Enlace_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBN Enlace USA">TBN Enlace USA</a>, a Spanish-language Christian television network based in <a href="/wiki/Tustin,_California" title="Tustin, California">Tustin, California</a>;</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Print">Print</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Print">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Opini%C3%B3n" title="La Opinión">La Opinión</a>, a Spanish-language daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the six counties of <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>. It is the largest Spanish-language newspaper in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_Herald" title="El Nuevo Herald">El Nuevo Herald</a> and Diario Las Américas, Spanish-language daily newspapers serving the greater <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a>, market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Tiempo_Latino" title="El Tiempo Latino">El Tiempo Latino</a> a Spanish-language free-circulation weekly newspaper published in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latina_(magazine)" title="Latina (magazine)">Latina</a>, a magazine for <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicultural">bicultural</a> Hispanic women</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="People en Español">People en Español</a>, a Spanish-language magazine counterpart of <a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a></li> <li>Vida Latina, a Spanish-language entertainment magazine distributed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_and_music">Sports and music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sports and music">edit</a>]</div> Because of different cultures throughout the Hispanic world, there are various music forms throughout Hispanic countries, with different sounds and origins. <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> are genres that are most popular to Hispanic youth in the United States. Recently <a href="/wiki/Latin_trap" title="Latin trap">Latin trap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corridos_tumbados" title="Corridos tumbados">trap corridos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_dembow" title="Dominican dembow">Dominican dembow</a> have gained popularity.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a> is a common sport for Hispanics from outside of the Caribbean region, particularly immigrants. <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> is a common among Caribbean Hispanics. Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">gridiron football</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CornmealProducts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CornmealProducts.jpg/170px-CornmealProducts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CornmealProducts.jpg/255px-CornmealProducts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CornmealProducts.jpg/340px-CornmealProducts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican food">Mexican food</a> has become part of the mainstream American market</figcaption></figure> Hispanic food, particularly Mexican food, has influenced <a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American cuisine</a> and eating habits. <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a> has become mainstream in American culture. Across the United States, <a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">tortillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa (sauce)">salsa</a> are arguably becoming as common as hamburger buns and <a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">ketchup</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tortilla_chip" title="Tortilla chip">Tortilla chips</a> have surpassed <a href="/wiki/Potato_chip" title="Potato chip">potato chips</a> in annual sales, and <a href="/wiki/Chifle" title="Chifle">plantain chips</a> popular in <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> cuisines have continued to increase sales.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a> has been described as "America's new favorite fruit"; its largest market within the US is among Hispanic Americans.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Due to the large Mexican-American population in the Southwestern United States, and its proximity to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, Mexican food there is believed to be some of the best in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban cuisine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> and today, <a href="/wiki/Cortado" title="Cortado">cortaditos</a>, pastelitos de guayaba and <a href="/wiki/Empanada" title="Empanada">empanadas</a> are common mid-day snacks in the city. Cuban culture has changed Miami's coffee drinking habits, and today a <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche" title="Café con leche">café con leche</a> or a cortadito is commonly had at one of the city's numerous coffee shops.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_sandwich" title="Cuban sandwich">Cuban sandwich</a>, developed in Miami, is now a staple and icon of the city's cuisine and culture.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Familial_situations">Familial situations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Familial situations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_life_and_values">Family life and values</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Family life and values">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quincea%C3%B1era._Santa_Fe_(14369403262).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Quincea%C3%B1era._Santa_Fe_%2814369403262%29.jpg/220px-Quincea%C3%B1era._Santa_Fe_%2814369403262%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Quincea%C3%B1era._Santa_Fe_%2814369403262%29.jpg/330px-Quincea%C3%B1era._Santa_Fe_%2814369403262%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Quincea%C3%B1era._Santa_Fe_%2814369403262%29.jpg/440px-Quincea%C3%B1era._Santa_Fe_%2814369403262%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Mexican American girls at a <a href="/wiki/Quincea%C3%B1era" title="Quinceañera">Quinceañera</a> celebration in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>.</figcaption></figure> Hispanic culture places a strong value on family, and is commonly taught to Hispanic children as one of the most important values in life. Statistically, Hispanic families tend to have larger and closer knit families than the American average. Hispanic families tend to prefer to live near other family members. This may mean that three or sometimes four generations may be living in the same household or near each other, although four generations is uncommon in the United States. The role of <a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">grandparents</a> is believed to be very important in the upbringing of children.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Hispanics tend to be very group-oriented, and an emphasis is placed on the well-being of the family above the individual. The extended family plays an important part of many Hispanic families, and frequent social, family gatherings are common. Traditional rites of passages, particularly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>: such as <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptisms</a>, birthdays, <a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">first Holy Communions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quincea%C3%B1era" title="Quinceañera">quinceañeras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">graduations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</a> are all popular moments of family gatherings and celebrations in Hispanic families.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Education is another important priority for Hispanic families. Education is seen as the key towards continued <a href="/wiki/Upward_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Upward mobility">upward mobility</a> in the United States among Hispanic families. A 2010 study by the Associated Press showed that Hispanics place a higher emphasis on education than the average American. Hispanics expect their children to graduate university.<a href="#cite_note-nancys.landale-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Hispanic youth today stay at home with their parents longer than before. This is due to more years spent studying and the difficulty of finding a paid job that meets their aspirations.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intermarriage">Intermarriage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Intermarriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariah_Carey_2_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mariah_Carey_2_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/150px-Mariah_Carey_2_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mariah_Carey_2_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/225px-Mariah_Carey_2_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mariah_Carey_2_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/300px-Mariah_Carey_2_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="3105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>'s father was of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelans" title="Afro-Venezuelans">Afro-Venezuelan</a> descent, while her mother is of Irish descent.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anya_Taylor-Joy_at_Cannes_2024_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anya_Taylor-Joy_at_Cannes_2024_02.jpg/150px-Anya_Taylor-Joy_at_Cannes_2024_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anya_Taylor-Joy_at_Cannes_2024_02.jpg/225px-Anya_Taylor-Joy_at_Cannes_2024_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anya_Taylor-Joy_at_Cannes_2024_02.jpg/300px-Anya_Taylor-Joy_at_Cannes_2024_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anya_Taylor-Joy" title="Anya Taylor-Joy">Anya Taylor-Joy</a> is of Argentine of English and Scottish descent, the son of a British father and an <a href="/wiki/English_Argentines" title="English Argentines">Anglo-Argentine</a> mother.<a href="#cite_note-hollywoodrep-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-standard-197">[195]</a> Her mother was born in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> to an English diplomat father, David Joy, and a Spanish mother from <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></figcaption></figure> Hispanic Americans, like many immigrant groups before them, are out-marrying at high rates. Out-marriages comprised 17.4% of all existing Hispanic marriages in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Social_Trends:_Marrying_Out-199">[197]</a> The rate was higher for newlyweds (which excludes immigrants who are already married): Among all newlyweds in 2010, 25.7% of all Hispanics married a non-Hispanic (this compares to out-marriage rates of 9.4% of White people, 17.1% of Black people, and 27.7% of Asians). The rate was larger for native-born Hispanics, with 36.2% of native-born Hispanics (both men and women) out-marrying compared to 14.2% of foreign-born Hispanics.<a href="#cite_note-PewRiseIntermarriage-200">[198]</a> The difference is attributed to recent immigrants tending to marry within their immediate immigrant community due to commonality of language, proximity, familial connections, and familiarity.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Social_Trends:_Marrying_Out-199">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/150px-Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/225px-Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/300px-Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Salazar" title="Rosa Salazar">Rosa Salazar</a> is of <a href="/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2008, 81% of Hispanics who married out married non-Hispanic White people, 9% married non-Hispanic Black people, 5% non-Hispanic Asians, and the remainder married non-Hispanic, multi-racial partners.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Social_Trends:_Marrying_Out-199">[197]</a> Of approximately 275,500 new interracial or interethnic marriages in 2010, 43.3% were White-Hispanic (compared to White-Asian at 14.4%, White-Black at 11.9%, and other combinations at 30.4%; "other combinations" consists of pairings between different minority groups and multi-racial people).<a href="#cite_note-PewRiseIntermarriage-200">[198]</a> Unlike those for marriage to Black people and Asians, intermarriage rates of Hispanics to White people do not vary by gender. The combined median earnings of White/Hispanic couples are lower than those of White/White couples but higher than those of Hispanic/Hispanic couples. 23% of Hispanic men who married White women have a college degree compared to only 10% of Hispanic men who married a Hispanic woman. 33% of Hispanic women who married a White husband are college-educated compared to 13% of Hispanic women who married a Hispanic man.<a href="#cite_note-PewRiseIntermarriage-200">[198]</a> Attitudes among non-Hispanics toward intermarriage with Hispanics are mostly favorable, with 81% of White people, 76% of Asians and 73% of Black people "being fine" with a member of their family marrying a Hispanic and an additional 13% of White people, 19% of Asians and 16% of Black people "being bothered but accepting of the marriage". Only 2% of White people, 4% of Asians, and 5% of Black people would not accept a marriage of their family member to a Hispanic.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Social_Trends:_Marrying_Out-199">[197]</a> Hispanic attitudes toward intermarriage with non-Hispanics are likewise favorable, with 81% "being fine" with marriages to White people and 73% "being fine" with marriages to Black people. A further 13% admitted to "being bothered but accepting" of a marriage of a family member to a White and 22% admitted to "being bothered but accepting" of a marriage of a family member to a Black. Only 5% of Hispanics objected outright marriage of a family member to a non-Hispanic Black and 2% to a non-Hispanic White.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Social_Trends:_Marrying_Out-199">[197]</a> Unlike intermarriage with other racial groups, intermarriage with non-Hispanic Black people varies by nationality of origin. Puerto Ricans have by far the highest rates of intermarriage with Black people, of all major Hispanic national groups, who also has the highest overall intermarriage rate among Hispanics.<a href="#cite_note-nancys.landale-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Cubans have the highest rate of intermarriage with non-Hispanic White people, of all major Hispanic national groups, and are the most assimilated into White American culture.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_adjustment">Cultural adjustment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Cultural adjustment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camila_Cabello_Vogue_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Camila_Cabello_Vogue_2.jpg/170px-Camila_Cabello_Vogue_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Camila_Cabello_Vogue_2.jpg/255px-Camila_Cabello_Vogue_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Camila_Cabello_Vogue_2.jpg/340px-Camila_Cabello_Vogue_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camila_Cabello" title="Camila Cabello">Camila Cabello</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. She moved between <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> before locating to <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> at age 5.</figcaption></figure> As Hispanic migrants become the norm in the United States, the effects of this migration on the identity of these migrants and their kin becomes most evident in the younger generations. Crossing the borders changes the identities of both the youth and their families. Often "one must pay special attention to the role expressive culture plays as both entertainment and as a site in which identity is played out, empowered, and reformed" because it is "sometimes in opposition to dominant norms and practices and sometimes in conjunction with them".<a href="#cite_note-Hondagneu-Sotelo,_Pierrette_2004-213">[211]</a> The exchange of their culture of origin with American culture creates a dichotomy within the values that the youth find important, therefore changing what it means to be Hispanic in the global sphere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transnationalism">Transnationalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Transnationalism">edit</a>]</div> Along with feeling that they are neither from the country of their ethnic background nor the United States, a new identity within the United States is formed called <a href="/wiki/Latinidad" title="Latinidad">latinidad</a>. This is especially seen in cosmopolitan social settings like New York City, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Underway is "the intermeshing of different Latino subpopulations has laid the foundations for the emergence and ongoing evolution of a strong sense of latinidad" which establishes a "sense of cultural affinity and identity deeply rooted in what many Hispanics perceive to be a shared historical, spiritual, aesthetic and linguistic heritage, and a growing sense of cultural affinity and solidarity in the social context of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-Hondagneu-Sotelo,_Pierrette_2004-213">[211]</a> This unites Hispanics as one, creating cultural kin with other Hispanic ethnicities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_roles">Gender roles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Gender roles">edit</a>]</div> In a 1998 study of Mexican Americans it was found that males were more likely to endorse the notion than men should be the sole breadwinners of the family, while Mexican American women did not endorse this notion.<a href="#cite_note-Gowan-1998-214">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_woman_washing_in_front_of_house_in_corral._Mexican_section,_San_Antonio,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mexican_woman_washing_in_front_of_house_in_corral._Mexican_section%2C_San_Antonio%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Mexican_woman_washing_in_front_of_house_in_corral._Mexican_section%2C_San_Antonio%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mexican_woman_washing_in_front_of_house_in_corral._Mexican_section%2C_San_Antonio%2C_Texas.jpg/330px-Mexican_woman_washing_in_front_of_house_in_corral._Mexican_section%2C_San_Antonio%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mexican_woman_washing_in_front_of_house_in_corral._Mexican_section%2C_San_Antonio%2C_Texas.jpg/440px-Mexican_woman_washing_in_front_of_house_in_corral._Mexican_section%2C_San_Antonio%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Hispanic woman washing, doing household chores</figcaption></figure> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s countercultural movement</a>, Mexican men often felt an exaggerated need to be the sole breadwinner of their families.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> There are two sides to machismo, the man who has a strong work ethic and lives up to his responsibilities, or the man who heavily drinks and therefore displays acts of unpleasant behavior towards his family.<a href="#cite_note-Gowan-1998-214">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jill_Biden_being_interviewed_by_Natalie_Morales_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jill_Biden_being_interviewed_by_Natalie_Morales_in_2016.jpg/220px-Jill_Biden_being_interviewed_by_Natalie_Morales_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jill_Biden_being_interviewed_by_Natalie_Morales_in_2016.jpg/330px-Jill_Biden_being_interviewed_by_Natalie_Morales_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jill_Biden_being_interviewed_by_Natalie_Morales_in_2016.jpg/440px-Jill_Biden_being_interviewed_by_Natalie_Morales_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Morales_(journalist)" title="Natalie Morales (journalist)">Natalie Morales</a> interviewing <a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a> at the White House in 2016.</figcaption></figure> The traditional roles of women in a Hispanic community are of housewife and mother, a woman's role is to cook, clean, and care for her children and husband; putting herself and her needs last.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> The typical structure of a Hispanic family forces women to defer authority to her husband, allowing him to make the important decisions, that both the woman and children must abide by.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> In traditional Hispanic households, women and young girls are homebodies or muchachas de la casa ("girls of the house"), showing that they abide "by the cultural norms ... [of] respectability, chastity, and family honor [as] valued by the [Hispanic] community".<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Migration to the United States can change the identity of Hispanic youth in various ways, including how they carry their gendered identities.<a href="#cite_note-Foner-2018-219">[217]</a> However, when Hispanic women come to the United States, they tend to adapt to the perceived social norms of this new country and their social location changes as they become more independent and able to live without the financial support of their families or partners.<a href="#cite_note-Foner-2018-219">[217]</a> The unassimilated community views these adapting women as being de la calle ("of [or from] the street"), transgressive, and sexually promiscuous.<a href="#cite_note-Foner-2018-219">[217]</a> A women's motive for pursuing an education or career is to prove she can care and make someone of herself, breaking the traditional gender role that a Hispanic woman can only serve as a mother or housewife, thus changing a woman's role in society.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Some Hispanic families in the United States "deal with young women's failure to adhere to these culturally prescribed norms of proper gendered behavior in a variety of ways, including sending them to live in ... [the sending country] with family members, regardless of whether or not ... [the young women] are sexually active".<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Now there has been a rise in the Hispanic community where both men and women are known to work and split the household chores among themselves; women are encouraged to gain an education, degree, and pursue a career.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sexuality">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Fe_Plaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Santa_Fe_Plaza.jpg/250px-Santa_Fe_Plaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Santa_Fe_Plaza.jpg/375px-Santa_Fe_Plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Santa_Fe_Plaza.jpg/500px-Santa_Fe_Plaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Plaza" title="Santa Fe Plaza">Santa Fe Plaza</a></figcaption></figure> According to polling data released in 2022, 11% of Hispanic American adults identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. This is more than twice the rate of <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> or <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>. Over 20% of Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gen_Z" class="mw-redirect" title="Gen Z">Gen Z</a> claimed an <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> identity.<a href="#cite_note-SLTribune2018-223">[221]</a> The growth of the young Hispanic population is driving an increase of the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> community in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Studies have shown that Hispanic Americans are over-represented among <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> According to Gattamorta, et al. (2018), the socially constructed notion of <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">machismo</a> reinforces male gender roles in Hispanic culture, which can lead to internalized homophobia in Hispanic gay men and increase mental health issues and suicidal ideation.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> However, according to Reyes Salinas, more recent research shows that there has been an explosive growth of <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> self-identification among young Hispanic Americans, which may signal that the Hispanic attitudes towards LGBT have broken down.<a href="#cite_note-SLTribune2018-223">[221]</a> According to Marina Franco, polling conducted in 2022 suggests that the Hispanic community in America is largely accepting of LGBT people and gay marriage, which is significant in light of the rapid growth of LGBT self-identification among Hispanics.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_other_minority_groups">Relations with other minority groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Relations with other minority groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunny_Hostin_(49469995906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sunny_Hostin_%2849469995906%29.jpg/200px-Sunny_Hostin_%2849469995906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sunny_Hostin_%2849469995906%29.jpg/300px-Sunny_Hostin_%2849469995906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Sunny_Hostin_%2849469995906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Hostin" title="Sunny Hostin">Sunny Hostin</a> American lawyer, columnist, journalist, and television host. Hostin was born to a Puerto Rican mother and an African American father, and her maternal grandfather was of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jewish</a> descent.</figcaption></figure> As a result of the rapid growth of the Hispanic population, there has been some tension with other minority populations, especially the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> population, as Hispanics have increasingly moved into once exclusively Black areas.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> There has also been increasing cooperation between minority groups to work together to attain political influence.<a href="#cite_note-Nagourney-Steinhauer-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> <ul><li>A 2007 <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> study reported that 51% of Black people felt that Hispanics were taking jobs and political power from them and 44% of Hispanics said they feared African-Americans, identifying them (African-Americans) with high crime rates. That said, large majorities of Hispanics credited American Black people and the civil rights movement with making life easier for them in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> poll from 2006 showed that Black people overwhelmingly felt that Hispanic immigrants were hard working (78%) and had strong family values (81%); 34% believed that immigrants took jobs from Americans, 22% of Black people believed that they had directly lost a job to an immigrant, and 34% of Black people wanted immigration to be curtailed. The report also surveyed three cities: <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> (with its well-established Hispanic community); <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> (with a less-established but quickly growing Hispanic community); and <a href="/wiki/Raleigh-Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh-Durham">Raleigh-Durham</a> (with a very new but rapidly growing Hispanic community). The results showed that a significant proportion of Black people in those cities wanted immigration to be curtailed: Chicago (46%), Raleigh-Durham (57%), and Washington, DC (48%).<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a></li> <li>Per a 2008 <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> Law School research brief, a recurring theme to Black/Hispanic tensions is the growth in "contingent, flexible, or contractor labor", which is increasingly replacing long term steady employment for jobs on the lower-rung of the pay scale (which had been disproportionately filled by Black people). The transition to this employment arrangement corresponds directly with the growth in the Hispanic immigrant population. The perception is that this new labor arrangement has driven down wages, removed benefits, and rendered temporary, jobs that once were stable (but also benefiting consumers who receive lower-cost services) while passing the costs of labor (healthcare and indirectly education) onto the community at large.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a></li> <li>A 2008 <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup</a> poll indicated that 60% of Hispanics and 67% of Black people believe that good relations exist between US Black people and Hispanics<a href="#cite_note-Gallup2008-237">[235]</a> while only 29% of Black people, 36% of Hispanics and 43% of White people, say Black–Hispanic relations are bad.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup2008-237">[235]</a></li> <li>In 2009, in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a>, Hispanics committed 30% of the hate crimes against Black victims and Black people committed 70% of the hate crimes against Hispanics.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic and Latino American politics">Hispanic and Latino American politics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress">List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption>Current Hispanics in the United States government </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Political party </th> <th>State </th> <th>First elected </th> <th>Ancestry </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Supreme Court </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>2009<a href="#cite_note-239">[c]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Santos" title="Robert Santos">Robert Santos</a> </td> <th> </th> <th> </th> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">State Governors </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Sununu" title="Chris Sununu">Chris Sununu</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">Salvadoran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Lujan_Grisham" title="Michelle Lujan Grisham">Michelle Lujan Grisham</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td>2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Hispanos of New Mexico</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">US Senate </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Men%C3%A9ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Menéndez">Bob Menéndez</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>2006</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Catherine Cortez Masto</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Ray_Luj%C3%A1n" title="Ben Ray Luján">Ben Ray Luján</a> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Hispanos of New Mexico</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Alex Padilla</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-240">[d]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">US House of Representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">Nydia Velázquez</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grace_Napolitano" title="Grace Napolitano">Grace Napolitano</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mario_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="Mario Díaz-Balart">Mario Díaz-Balart</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Grijalva" title="Raúl Grijalva">Raúl Grijalva</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td>2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linda_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Linda Sánchez">Linda Sánchez</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Roberto_Cuellar" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Roberto Cuellar">Henry Roberto Cuellar</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Garamendi" title="John Garamendi">John Garamendi</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Tony Cárdenas">Tony Cárdenas</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Castro" title="Joaquin Castro">Joaquin Castro</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raul_Ruiz_(politician)" title="Raul Ruiz (politician)">Raúl Ruiz</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vargas" title="Juan Vargas">Juan Vargas</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Pete Aguilar</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruben_Gallego" title="Ruben Gallego">Ruben Gallego</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td>2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alex_Mooney" title="Alex Mooney">Alex Mooney</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td>2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norma_Torres" title="Norma Torres">Norma Torres</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemalan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanette_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Nanette Barragán">Nanette Barragán</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salud_Carbajal" title="Salud Carbajal">Salud Carbajal</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lou_Correa" title="Lou Correa">Lou Correa</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adriano_Espaillat" title="Adriano Espaillat">Adriano Espaillat</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Gonzalez_(politician)" title="Vicente Gonzalez (politician)">Vicente González</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mast" title="Brian Mast">Brian Mast</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darren_Soto" title="Darren Soto">Darren Soto</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Gomez" title="Jimmy Gomez">Jimmy Gomez</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Escobar" title="Veronica Escobar">Veronica Escobar</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuy_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Chuy García">Chuy García</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td>2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Garcia" title="Sylvia Garcia">Sylvia Garcia</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Levin" title="Mike Levin">Mike Levin</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Garcia_(politician)" title="Mike Garcia (politician)">Mike Garcia</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlos_A._Gim%C3%A9nez" title="Carlos A. Giménez">Carlos A. Giménez</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_Gonzales" title="Tony Gonzales">Tony Gonzales</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Leger_Fernandez" title="Teresa Leger Fernandez">Teresa Leger</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malliotakis" title="Nicole Malliotakis">Nicole Malliotakis</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_Elvira_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Elvira Salazar">Maria Elvira Salazar</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Torres" title="Ritchie Torres">Ritchie Torres</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yadira_Caraveo" title="Yadira Caraveo">Yadira Caraveo</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greg_Casar" title="Greg Casar">Greg Casar</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lori_Chavez-DeRemer" title="Lori Chavez-DeRemer">Lori Chavez-DeRemer</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ciscomani" title="Juan Ciscomani">Juan Ciscomani</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monica_De_La_Cruz" title="Monica De La Cruz">Monica De La Cruz</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthony_D%27Esposito" title="Anthony D'Esposito">Anthony D'Esposito</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Frost" title="Maxwell Frost">Maxwell Frost</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(California_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (California politician)">Robert Garcia</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_Paulina_Luna" title="Anna Paulina Luna">Anna Paulina Luna</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rob_Menendez" title="Rob Menendez">Rob Menendez</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Gluesenkamp_Perez" title="Marie Gluesenkamp Perez">Marie Gluesenkamp Perez</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delia_Ramirez" title="Delia Ramirez">Delia Ramirez</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemalan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Salinas" title="Andrea Salinas">Andrea Salinas</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabe_Vasquez" title="Gabe Vasquez">Gabe Vasquez</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHCcirca1984.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CHCcirca1984.JPG/220px-CHCcirca1984.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CHCcirca1984.JPG/330px-CHCcirca1984.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CHCcirca1984.JPG/440px-CHCcirca1984.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Congressional Hispanic Caucus</a>, circa 1984</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congressman_Devin_Nunes_with_Attorney_General_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Congressman_Devin_Nunes_with_Attorney_General_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/220px-Congressman_Devin_Nunes_with_Attorney_General_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Congressman_Devin_Nunes_with_Attorney_General_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/330px-Congressman_Devin_Nunes_with_Attorney_General_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Congressman_Devin_Nunes_with_Attorney_General_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/440px-Congressman_Devin_Nunes_with_Attorney_General_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a> members met with Attorney General Al Gonzales</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_affiliations">Political affiliations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Political affiliations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Hispanic_and_Latino_American_members_of_the_Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Hispanic and Latino American members of the Cabinet of the United States">Category:Hispanic and Latino American members of the Cabinet of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Marion_Hernandez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Joseph_Marion_Hernandez.jpg/175px-Joseph_Marion_Hernandez.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Joseph_Marion_Hernandez.jpg/263px-Joseph_Marion_Hernandez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Joseph_Marion_Hernandez.jpg/350px-Joseph_Marion_Hernandez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Delegate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marion_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Joseph Marion Hernández">Joseph Marion Hernández</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a>, elected in 1822, the first Hispanic American to serve in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in any capacity</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octaviano_Larrazolo,_bw_photo_portrait,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Octaviano_Larrazolo%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/173px-Octaviano_Larrazolo%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Octaviano_Larrazolo%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/260px-Octaviano_Larrazolo%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Octaviano_Larrazolo%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/346px-Octaviano_Larrazolo%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="3778" /></a><figcaption>Republican politician <a href="/wiki/Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo</a>, elected in 1928, the first Mexican American and first Latino United States senator.</figcaption></figure> Hispanics differ on their political views depending on their location and background. The majority (57%)<a href="#cite_note-BG-241">[237]</a> either identify as or support the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, and 23% identify as <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BG-241">[237]</a> This 34-point gap as of December 2007 was an increase from the gap of 21 points 16 months earlier. While traditionally a key <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> constituency at-large,<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> beginning in the early 2010s, Hispanics have begun to split<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> between the Democrats and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> In a 2022 study, it was found that 64% of Latinos surveyed had positive attitudes towards President Obama's executive actions on immigration, which was notably four percentage points lower than that of non-Hispanic Black respondents. It was also noted that support for undocumented immigrants was lowest among Latinos living in developing 'bedroom communities' or newly built suburbs designed for commuters. This was also the case for Latinos of affluent income levels, however they were still most likely to display a positive attitude towards undocumented immigrants, especially when compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> Cuban Americans, Colombian Americans, Chilean Americans, and Venezuelan Americans <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">tend to favor conservative political ideologies</a> and support the Republicans. Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Dominican Americans tend to favor progressive political ideologies and support the Democrats. However, because the latter groups are far more numerous—as, again, Mexican Americans alone are 64% of Hispanics—the Democratic Party is considered to be in a far stronger position with the ethnic group overall. Some political organizations associated with Hispanic Americans are <a href="/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens" title="League of United Latin American Citizens">League of United Latin American Citizens</a> (LULAC), the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_La_Raza" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of La Raza">National Council of La Raza</a> (NCLR), the <a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American_National_Foundation" title="Cuban American National Foundation">Cuban American National Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Latino_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Latino Policy">National Institute for Latino Policy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_impact">Political impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Political impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_minority_governors_and_lieutenant_governors_in_the_United_States" title="List of minority governors and lieutenant governors in the United States">List of minority governors and lieutenant governors in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Latino_vote" title="Latino vote">Latino vote</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_B_Gonzalez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Henry_B_Gonzalez.jpg/124px-Henry_B_Gonzalez.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Henry_B_Gonzalez.jpg/187px-Henry_B_Gonzalez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Henry_B_Gonzalez.jpg/249px-Henry_B_Gonzalez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Democratic politician <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Henry B. González">Henry B. González</a>, elected in 1961, served 37 years in the House, the longest-serving Hispanic American in congressional history.</figcaption></figure> The United States has a population of over 60 million of Hispanic Americans, of whom 27 million are citizens eligible to vote (13% of total eligible voters); therefore, Hispanics have a very important effect on presidential elections since the vote difference between two main parties is usually around 4%.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elections_of_1986–1996">Elections of 1986–1996</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Elections of 1986–1996">edit</a>]</div> During the 1986 midterm elections, Hispanic voter turnout was increasing, although it remained lower compared to other demographic groups. The political concerns of Hispanic communities during this period included immigration reform and civil rights, with modest gains for Latino candidates at state and local levels. In the 1988 presidential election, George H.W. Bush (Republican) and Michael Dukakis (Democrat) were the main contenders, and although Hispanic voters were becoming more engaged, their influence was still emerging. The 1990 Census highlighted the substantial growth of Hispanic populations in the United States, leading to greater attention from political parties to Hispanic issues and concerns. The 1992 presidential election marked a significant shift as Bill Clinton (Democrat) engaged actively with Hispanic voters, resulting in increased Latino support and signaling a broader Democratic outreach. Clinton's administration would further stimulate Hispanic political activity. The 1994 midterm elections saw Republican gains and were significantly impacted by debates over immigration and welfare reform, including California's Proposition 187, which sought to limit public services for undocumented immigrants and mobilized many Latino voters. By the 1996 presidential election, Bill Clinton's successful re-election campaign reflected the growing influence of Hispanic voters. Key issues for the Latino community during this time included immigration, education, and healthcare. The period also witnessed an increase in Latino representation in Congress with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Bob Menendez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Luis Gutiérrez">Luis Gutiérrez</a> emerging as prominent leaders. Overall, the period from 1986 to 1996 marked a critical phase in the evolving political influence and representation of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elections_of_1996–2006">Elections of 1996–2006</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Elections of 1996–2006">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_vucanovich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Barbara_vucanovich.jpg/125px-Barbara_vucanovich.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Barbara_vucanovich.jpg/188px-Barbara_vucanovich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Barbara_vucanovich.jpg/250px-Barbara_vucanovich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Vucanovich" title="Barbara Vucanovich">Barbara Vucanovich</a> the first Hispanic woman elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, in which she served representing <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 presidential election</a>, 72% of Hispanics backed President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. In <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a>, the Democratic total fell to 62%, and went down again in <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>, with Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> winning Hispanics 54–44 against Bush.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> Hispanics in the West, especially in California, were much stronger for the Democratic Party than in Texas and Florida. California Hispanics voted 63–32 for Kerry in 2004, and both Arizona and New Mexico Hispanics by a smaller 56–43 margin. Texas Hispanics were split nearly evenly, favoring Kerry 50–49 over their favorite son candidate and Florida Hispanics (who are mostly Cuban American) backed Bush, by a 54–45 margin. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/1998_California_Proposition_227" title="1998 California Proposition 227">California Proposition 227</a>, which sought to eliminate bilingual education in public schools, was passed. This initiative highlighted the political mobilization of Latino communities and their influence on educational policy in California. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/175px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/263px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/350px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> announces <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> nomination as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a>.</figcaption></figure> The 2000 presidential election was notably close, with George W. Bush winning the presidency over Al Gore. Bush's outreach to Hispanic voters, particularly in battleground states such as Florida, was a significant factor in his narrow victory. Despite the growing visibility of Hispanic candidates, their representation at the national level remained limited. By the 2002 midterm elections, there was a notable increase in Hispanic representation in Congress, with more Latino candidates successfully winning seats in the House of Representatives. This trend continued to grow, reflecting the expanding political engagement of Hispanic Americans. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. Bush was re-elected, with a notable increase in Hispanic support attributed to his campaign's targeted outreach efforts. Prominent Latino figures, including New Mexico Governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> and U.S. Senators <a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a>, gained national recognition during this period. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_general_elections,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="United States general elections, 2006">2006 midterm election</a>, however, due to the unpopularity of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, the heated debate concerning <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal Hispanic immigration</a> and Republican-related Congressional scandals, Hispanics went as strongly Democratic as they have since the Clinton years. Exit polls showed the group voting for Democrats by a lopsided 69–30 margin, with Florida Hispanics for the first time split evenly. The runoff election in Texas' 23rd congressional district was seen as a bellwether of Hispanic politics. Democrat <a href="/wiki/Ciro_Rodriguez" title="Ciro Rodriguez">Ciro Rodriguez</a>'s unexpected (and unexpectedly decisive) defeat of Republican incumbent <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bonilla" title="Henry Bonilla">Henry Bonilla</a> was seen as proof of a leftward lurch among Hispanic voters; majority-Hispanic counties overwhelmingly backed Rodriguez and majority European-American counties overwhelmingly backed Bonilla. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elections_2008–2012">Elections 2008–2012</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Elections 2008–2012">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen_official_photo.jpg/150px-Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen_official_photo.jpg/225px-Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen_official_photo.jpg/300px-Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen" title="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen">Ileana Ros-Lehtinen</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban American</a> Hispanic in congress and first Hispanic chair of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 Presidential election</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008">Democratic primary</a>, Hispanics participated in larger numbers than before, with <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> receiving most of the group's support.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> Pundits discussed whether Hispanics would not vote for <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> because he was African-American.<a href="#cite_note-Nagourney-Steinhauer-231">[229]</a> Hispanics voted 2 to 1 for Mrs. Clinton, even among the younger demographic. In other groups, younger voters went overwhelmingly for Obama.<a href="#cite_note-86pdf-254">[250]</a> Among Hispanics, 28% said race was involved in their decision, as opposed to 13% for (non-Hispanic) White people.<a href="#cite_note-86pdf-254">[250]</a> Obama defeated Clinton. In the matchup between Obama and Republican candidate <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, Hispanics supported Obama with 59% to McCain's 29% in the June 30 <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup</a> tracking poll.<a href="#cite_note-afp-255">[251]</a> This was higher than expected, since McCain had been a leader of the comprehensive immigration reform effort (John McCain was born in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> to parents who were serving in the US Navy, but raised in the United States).<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> However, McCain had retreated from reform during the Republican primary, damaging his standing among Hispanics.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Obama took advantage of the situation by running ads in Spanish highlighting McCain's reversal.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_NewMexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Governor_NewMexico.jpg/150px-Governor_NewMexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Governor_NewMexico.jpg/225px-Governor_NewMexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Governor_NewMexico.jpg/300px-Governor_NewMexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Susana_Martinez" title="Susana Martinez">Susana Martinez</a>, first elected Hispanic woman Governor in the United States. She is of Mexican descent.</figcaption></figure> In the general election, 67% of Hispanics voted for Obama.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-259">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> with a relatively strong turnout in states such as Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, helping Obama carry those formerly Republican states. Obama won 70% of non-Cuban Hispanics and 35% of the traditionally Republican Cuban Americans who have a strong presence in Florida. The relative growth of non-Cuban vs Cuban Hispanics also contributed to his carrying Florida's Hispanics with 57% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-259">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> While employment and the economy were top concerns for Hispanics, almost 90% of Hispanic voters rated immigration as "somewhat important" or "very important" in a poll taken after the election.<a href="#cite_note-usnews-262">[258]</a> Republican opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007</a> had damaged the party's appeal to Hispanics, especially in <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a> such as Florida, Nevada and New Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-usnews-262">[258]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> of Hispanic voters taken in the final days of June 2008, only 18% of participants identified as Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-afp-255">[251]</a> The 2010 midterm elections highlighted the growing influence of Hispanic Americans in U.S. politics. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a>, a Republican from Florida, won a Senate seat, enhancing the visibility of Latino politicians in national politics. Hispanics voted even more heavily for Democrats in the 2012 election with the Democratic incumbent Barack Obama receiving 71% and the Republican challenger <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> receiving about 27% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> Some Hispanic leaders were offended by remarks Romney made during a fundraiser, when he suggested that cultural differences<a href="#cite_note-culturematters-265">[261]</a> and "the hand of providence"<a href="#cite_note-telprov-266">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-sherwoodpale-267">[263]</a> help explain why Israelis are more economically successful than Palestinians, and why similar economic disparities exist between other neighbors, such as the United States and Mexico, or Chile and Ecuador.<a href="#cite_note-ABCTextRomney-268">[264]</a> A senior aide to Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas called the remarks racist,<a href="#cite_note-sherwoodpale-267">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> as did American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Angelo Falcón">Angelo Falcón</a>, president of the National Institute of Latino Policy.<a href="#cite_note-embajada-270">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>'s father was born to American parents in a <a href="/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico" title="Mormon colonies in Mexico">Mormon colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The Hispanic vote was crucial to Obama's re-election, particularly in swing states such as <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. The Obama campaign's focus on issues important to Latino voters, including immigration reform and healthcare, helped secure substantial support from the Hispanic community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elections_2014–2022">Elections 2014–2022</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Elections 2014–2022">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latino_vote#2020_election" title="Latino vote">Latino vote § 2020 election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona" title="2020 United States presidential election in Arizona">2020 United States presidential election in Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada" title="2020 United States presidential election in Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="2020 United States presidential election in Florida">Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas" title="2020 United States presidential election in Texas">Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg/84px-Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg/126px-Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg/168px-Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="4200" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell,_official_portrait,_116h_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell%2C_official_portrait%2C_116h_Congress.jpg/84px-Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell%2C_official_portrait%2C_116h_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell%2C_official_portrait%2C_116h_Congress.jpg/126px-Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell%2C_official_portrait%2C_116h_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell%2C_official_portrait%2C_116h_Congress.jpg/168px-Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell%2C_official_portrait%2C_116h_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="4500" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Veronica_Escobar_official_portrait,_116th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Veronica_Escobar_official_portrait%2C_116th_Congress.jpg/84px-Veronica_Escobar_official_portrait%2C_116th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Veronica_Escobar_official_portrait%2C_116th_Congress.jpg/126px-Veronica_Escobar_official_portrait%2C_116th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Veronica_Escobar_official_portrait%2C_116th_Congress.jpg/168px-Veronica_Escobar_official_portrait%2C_116th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="4200" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Elvira_Salazar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Maria_Elvira_Salazar.jpg/84px-Maria_Elvira_Salazar.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Maria_Elvira_Salazar.jpg/126px-Maria_Elvira_Salazar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Maria_Elvira_Salazar.jpg/168px-Maria_Elvira_Salazar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_Padilla_117th_Congress_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Alex_Padilla_117th_Congress_portrait.jpg/84px-Alex_Padilla_117th_Congress_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Alex_Padilla_117th_Congress_portrait.jpg/126px-Alex_Padilla_117th_Congress_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Alex_Padilla_117th_Congress_portrait.jpg/168px-Alex_Padilla_117th_Congress_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep._Maxwell_Frost_-_118th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rep._Maxwell_Frost_-_118th_Congress.jpg/84px-Rep._Maxwell_Frost_-_118th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rep._Maxwell_Frost_-_118th_Congress.jpg/126px-Rep._Maxwell_Frost_-_118th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rep._Maxwell_Frost_-_118th_Congress.jpg/168px-Rep._Maxwell_Frost_-_118th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="4200" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Clockwise from top left:</div> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell" title="Debbie Mucarsel-Powell">Debbie Mucarsel-Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Escobar" title="Veronica Escobar">Veronica Escobar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Frost" title="Maxwell Frost">Maxwell Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Alex Padilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Elvira_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Elvira Salazar">Maria Elvira Salazar</a></div></div></div></div> "More convincing data" from the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> from the polling firm Latino Decisions indicates that Clinton received a higher share of the Hispanic vote, and Trump a lower share, than the Edison exit polls showed. Using wider, more geographically and linguistically representative sampling, Latino Decisions concluded that Clinton won 79% of Hispanic voters (also an improvement over Obama's share in 2008 and 2012), while Trump won only 18% (lower than previous Republicans such as Romney and McCain).<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> Additionally, the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Congressional_Election_Study" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Congressional Election Study">Cooperative Congressional Election Study</a> found that Clinton's share of the Hispanic vote was one percentage point higher than Obama's in 2012, while Trump's was seven percentage points lower than Romney's.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> Trump's campaign was marked by controversial statements and policies regarding immigration, which galvanized Latino voters. On June 26, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Millennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennial">millennial</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York,_2018#District_14" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 2018">primary</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="New York's 14th congressional district">New York's 14th congressional district</a> covering parts of <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, defeating the incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_Chairman_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Caucus Chairman of the United States House of Representatives">Democratic Caucus Chair</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">Joe Crowley</a>, in what has been described as the biggest <a href="/wiki/Upset_(competition)" title="Upset (competition)">upset</a> victory in the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_elections" title="2018 United States elections">2018 midterm election season</a> and at the age of 29 years, became the youngest woman ever elected to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker-274">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> She is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a> and has been endorsed by various politically <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States#Progressivism_in_the_21st_century" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> organizations and individuals.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> report, the 2020 election will be the first one when Hispanics are the largest racial or ethnic minority group in the electorate. A record 32 million Hispanics were projected to be eligible to vote in the presidential election, many of them first-time voters. On September 15, 2020, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald J. Trump">Donald J. Trump</a> announced his intent to nominate and appoint <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Verastegui" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Verastegui">Eduardo Verastegui</a>, to be a member of the President's Advisory Commission on Hispanic Prosperity if re-elected after days of the Democratic convention.<a href="#cite_note-decent-277">[273]</a> Hispanic communities across the United States were long held as a single voting bloc, but <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic">geographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> differences show stark divides in how Hispanic Americans have cast their ballots in 2020. Hispanics helped deliver Florida to Donald Trump in part because of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a> (along with smaller populations such as <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a>); President Trump's reelection campaign ran pushing a strong anti-<a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> message as a strategy in Florida, to their success. However the perceived anti-immigrant rhetoric resonated with <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> in Arizona and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (Arizona being one of the states hardest hit by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a>).<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> Many Latino voters in Nevada are members of the <a href="/wiki/Culinary_Workers_Union" title="Culinary Workers Union">Culinary Union Local 226</a> and supported Biden based on <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law" title="Right-to-work law">Right-to-work standards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> The takeaway may be this may be the last election cycle that the "<a href="/wiki/Hispanic_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic vote">Hispanic vote</a>" as a whole is more talked about instead of particular communities within it, such as Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans and so on. In Texas like in Arizona and Nevada, the Hispanic community mainly being Mexican American; one in three Texan voters is now Hispanic. Biden did win the Hispanic vote in those states. But in Texas, 41 percent to 47 percent of Hispanic voters backed Trump in several heavily Hispanic border counties in the Rio Grande Valley region, a Democratic stronghold. In Florida, Trump won 45 percent of the Hispanic vote, an 11-point improvement from his 2016 performance reported NBC News.<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> Recognizing Hispanics as a population that can not only make a difference in swing states like Arizona, Nevada, Texas or Florida, but also really across the country, even in places like <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, the number of Hispanic eligible voters may be the reason for the thin margins. In 1984, 37 percent of Hispanics voted for <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and 40 percent voted for <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2004. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Candidate of the plurality </th> <th>Political party </th> <th>% of Hispanic vote </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>56% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>61% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>69% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>61% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>72% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>62% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>58% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>67% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>71% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>65% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>63% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>52% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> In Florida, even though Trump won Florida and gained Hispanic voters, Biden kept 53% of the Hispanic vote and Trump 45%. According to NBC News exit polls, 55% of Cuban Americans, 30% of Puerto Ricans and 48% of other Hispanics voted for Trump.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> Subsections of Hispanic voters have a range of historical influences vying to affect their votes. Cuban American voters, mostly concentrated in South Florida, tend to vote Republican in part because of their anathema for socialism, the party of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s government that many of their families fled. Mexican Americans, however, have no such historical relationship with either party. Puerto Rican voters who have left the island might be influenced by the territory's move towards statehood, as a referendum for Trump's relief effort after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a>, or regarding how it is taxed.<a href="#cite_note-Quartz-51">[51]</a> The 2020 presidential election was a major event, with Joe Biden defeating incumbent President Donald Trump. Biden's campaign focused on issues such as immigration reform, healthcare, and economic recovery, which resonated with many Latino voters. Despite Biden's win, Trump made significant inroads with Hispanic voters compared to 2016, particularly in Florida and Texas. This election highlighted the diverse political preferences within the Latino community and the growing complexity of its electoral impact. Nationwide, Hispanics cast 16.6 million votes in 2020, an increase of 30.9% over the 2016 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> After representative <a href="/wiki/Filemon_Vela_Jr." title="Filemon Vela Jr.">Filemon Vela Jr.</a> resigned, <a href="/wiki/Mayra_Flores" title="Mayra Flores">Mayra Flores</a> won a <a href="/wiki/2022_Texas%27s_34th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2022 Texas's 34th congressional district special election">special election</a> to succeed him, she won the election to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> in June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-SANews04112022-284">[280]</a> She was the first <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican-born</a> woman to serve in the House, but would go on to lose in the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas">2022</a> General election to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Gonzalez_(politician)" title="Vicente Gonzalez (politician)">Vicente Gonzalez.</a><a href="#cite_note-SANews04112022-284">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-TXTrib06142022-285">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elections_2024–Present">Elections 2024–Present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Elections 2024–Present">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="2024 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania">2024 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Moreno_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bernie_Moreno_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/200px-Bernie_Moreno_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bernie_Moreno_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/300px-Bernie_Moreno_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bernie_Moreno_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/400px-Bernie_Moreno_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="2983" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Moreno" title="Bernie Moreno">Bernie Moreno</a> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> Republican businessman, who won the U.S. Senate race.<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a></figcaption></figure> Hispanic voters in the United States have traditionally leaned toward the Democratic Party, but recent elections reveal a significant shift toward the Republican Party, particularly in key battleground states. In the 2024 election, Republican candidate Donald Trump garnered over 44% of the Hispanic vote, surpassing the 44% support[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>] that George W. Bush received in 2004. This shift continues a trend that began in 2020, when Trump made notable inroads among Latino voters, especially in states like Florida and Texas, where Hispanic voters played a crucial role in his victories. Trump's support among Hispanic men has grown particularly strong, with 55% of Latino men voting for him in 2024, a significant increase from 2020. In <a href="/wiki/Central_California" title="Central California">Central California</a>, a region with a sizable Latino population, there is also a noticeable trend toward the Republican Party. Many Latino voters in this area feel neglected by the Democrats and increasingly courted by Republicans. While the majority of Hispanic voters still align with the Democratic Party, the growing rightward shift is increasingly evident among certain demographic groups. Economic concerns—such as <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation_surge" title="2021–2023 inflation surge">inflation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">healthcare costs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing_in_the_United_States" title="Affordable housing in the United States">housing affordability</a>—have become more central to many Latino voters, especially <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">older generations</a>, rather than the social issues like immigration or <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">reproductive rights</a> that were focal points in Democratic campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> The COVID-19 pandemic caused a temporary decline in immigration to the U.S., but as restrictions have eased, immigration has surged, particularly from Latin America and parts of <a href="/wiki/Asian_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Asian immigration to the United States">Asia</a>. Currently, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipinos</a> are the three largest Asian ethnic groups immigrating to the United States. Asians in the U.S. are a highly diverse group that is growing fast.<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> Asian immigrants comprise 6% of the United States population and are estimated to rise to 10% by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> In 2023, border encounters reached record highs, driven by a combination of economic instability, violence, and natural disasters in countries like <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>. Additionally, the U.S. has seen an influx of <a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">refugees</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">conflict-ridden regions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, as ongoing wars and political instability continue to displace millions. Additionally, ideological factors played a significant role, particularly among <a href="/wiki/Cuban_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Cuban immigration to the United States">Cuban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> communities, in response to the backlash following a comedian's offensive remark at a Trump rally, where Puerto Rico was described as an "island of garbage". Despite these gains for the GOP, the Democratic Party retains a substantial advantage, particularly among younger, urban, and more progressive Hispanic voters. As Professor Carl Tobias of the University of Richmond noted, Trump's hardline stance on immigration resonated more with some Latino voters than the approach advocated by Vice President Kamala Harris. This trend was especially evident in areas along the Mexican-American border and communities affected by recent immigration patterns.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_contributions">Notable contributions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Notable contributions">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julie_Chavez_Rodriguez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Julie_Chavez_Rodriguez.jpg/245px-Julie_Chavez_Rodriguez.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Julie_Chavez_Rodriguez.jpg/368px-Julie_Chavez_Rodriguez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Julie_Chavez_Rodriguez.jpg/490px-Julie_Chavez_Rodriguez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julie_Chavez_Rodriguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Chavez Rodriguez">Julie Chavez Rodriguez</a> the granddaughter of American labor leader, <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a> and American labor activist <a href="/wiki/Helen_Fabela_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Helen Fabela Chávez">Helen Fabela Chávez</a> became the director of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs">White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs</a> in 2021.</figcaption></figure> Hispanic Americans have made distinguished contributions to the United States in all major fields, such as <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">politics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in the United States">science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Arts and entertainment">edit</a>]</div> In 1995, the American Latino Media Arts Award, or <a href="/wiki/ALMA_Award" title="ALMA Award">ALMA Award</a> was created. It is a distinction given to Hispanic performers (actors, film and television directors and musicians) by the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_La_Raza" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of La Raza">National Council of La Raza</a>. The number of Latin nominees at the Grammy Awards lag behind. Talking to <a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a> magazine ahead of music's biggest night in 2021, Grammy nominees <a href="/wiki/J_Balvin" title="J Balvin">J Balvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Martin" title="Ricky Martin">Ricky Martin</a> reflected on what it is mean to continue to represent Hispanics at awards shows like the Grammys. Martin, who served as a pioneer for the "Latin crossover" in the '90s told "When you get nominated, it's the industry telling you, 'Hey Rick, you did a good job this year, congratulations.' Yes, I need that", the 49-year-old says. "When you walk into the studio, you say, 'This got a Grammy potential.' You hear the songs that do and the ones that don't. It's inevitable." Like <a href="/wiki/Selena_Gomez" title="Selena Gomez">Selena Gomez</a> tapping into her roots, the influence Hispanics and reggaetón are having on the mainstream is undeniable.<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_music_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic music in the United States">Hispanic music in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:263px;max-width:263px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad_Bunny_2019_by_Glenn_Francis_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bad_Bunny_2019_by_Glenn_Francis_%28cropped%29.jpg/119px-Bad_Bunny_2019_by_Glenn_Francis_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bad_Bunny_2019_by_Glenn_Francis_%28cropped%29.jpg/179px-Bad_Bunny_2019_by_Glenn_Francis_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bad_Bunny_2019_by_Glenn_Francis_%28cropped%29.jpg/238px-Bad_Bunny_2019_by_Glenn_Francis_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2650" data-file-height="4010" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:TIFF_2019_jlo_(1_of_1)_(48696670846)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/TIFF_2019_jlo_%281_of_1%29_%2848696670846%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-TIFF_2019_jlo_%281_of_1%29_%2848696670846%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/TIFF_2019_jlo_%281_of_1%29_%2848696670846%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-TIFF_2019_jlo_%281_of_1%29_%2848696670846%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/TIFF_2019_jlo_%281_of_1%29_%2848696670846%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-TIFF_2019_jlo_%281_of_1%29_%2848696670846%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1469" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Selena_in_1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Selena_in_1995.jpg/114px-Selena_in_1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Selena_in_1995.jpg/171px-Selena_in_1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Selena_in_1995.jpg/228px-Selena_in_1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="1056" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Santana_Acer_Arena_(5558151833)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Santana_Acer_Arena_%285558151833%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/141px-Santana_Acer_Arena_%285558151833%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Santana_Acer_Arena_%285558151833%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/212px-Santana_Acer_Arena_%285558151833%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Santana_Acer_Arena_%285558151833%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/282px-Santana_Acer_Arena_%285558151833%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2167" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Clockwise from top left:</div> <a href="/wiki/Bad_Bunny" title="Bad Bunny">Bad Bunny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a></div></div></div></div> There are many Hispanic American musicians that have made a significant impact on the music industry and achieved fame within the United States and internationally, such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rios" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Rios">Christopher Rios</a> better known by his stage name Big Pun, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selena_Gomez" title="Selena Gomez">Selena Gomez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demi_Lovato" title="Demi Lovato">Demi Lovato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fergie_(singer)" title="Fergie (singer)">Fergie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)" title="Pitbull (rapper)">Pitbull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Justice" title="Victoria Justice">Victoria Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Zack de la Rocha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Lavoe" title="Héctor Lavoe">Héctor Lavoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tito_Puente" title="Tito Puente">Tito Puente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kat_DeLuna" title="Kat DeLuna">Kat DeLuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Martin" title="Ricky Martin">Ricky Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Anthony" title="Marc Anthony">Marc Anthony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_(singer)" title="Miguel (singer)">Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Aguilera" title="Christina Aguilera">Christina Aguilera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Mars" title="Bruno Mars">Bruno Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Garc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry García">Jerry García</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Navarro" title="Dave Navarro">Dave Navarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santaye" title="Santaye">Santaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Crespo" title="Elvis Crespo">Elvis Crespo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romeo_Santos" title="Romeo Santos">Romeo Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Araya" title="Tom Araya">Tom Araya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Sandoval" title="Sonny Sandoval">Sonny Sandoval</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Volta" title="The Mars Volta">The Mars Volta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Lobos" title="Los Lobos">Los Lobos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villano_Antillano" title="Villano Antillano">Villano Antillano</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Park_Mexican" title="South Park Mexican">South Park Mexican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuco_(musician)" title="Cuco (musician)">Cuco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malo_(band)" title="Malo (band)">Malo</a>, <a href="/wiki/OhGeesy" title="OhGeesy">OhGeesy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malu_Trevejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Malu Trevejo">Malu Trevejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_Spice" title="Ice Spice">Ice Spice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_M.A" title="Young M.A">Young M.A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Banks" title="Lloyd Banks">Lloyd Banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expos%C3%A9_(group)" title="Exposé (group)">Exposé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Sensation_(group)" title="Sweet Sensation (group)">Sweet Sensation</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Benitez" title="John Benitez">Jellybean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immortal_Technique" title="Immortal Technique">Immortal Technique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brujeria_(band)" title="Brujeria (band)">Brujeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuerza_Regida" title="Fuerza Regida">Fuerza Regida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xavi_(singer)" title="Xavi (singer)">Xavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aventura_(band)" title="Aventura (band)">Aventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunay_(singer)" title="Lunay (singer)">Lunay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myke_Towers" title="Myke Towers">Myke Towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Wheeler" title="Jay Wheeler">Jay Wheeler</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.I_the_Prince_of_N.Y" title="J.I the Prince of N.Y">J.I.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amara_La_Negra" title="Amara La Negra">Amara La Negra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseline_Hernandez" title="Joseline Hernandez">Joseline Hernandez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lele_Pons" title="Lele Pons">Lele Pons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_Tha_Product" title="Snow Tha Product">Snow Tha Product</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mar%C3%ADas" title="The Marías">The Marías</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngela_Aguilar" title="Ángela Aguilar">Ángela Aguilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tego_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Tego Calderón">Tego Calderón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Royce" title="Prince Royce">Prince Royce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Omar" title="Don Omar">Don Omar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Palmieri" title="Eddie Palmieri">Eddie Palmieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisin_%26_Yandel" title="Wisin & Yandel">Wisin & Yandel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Martinez" title="Melanie Martinez">Melanie Martinez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Angeliq" title="Mariah Angeliq">Mariah Angeliq</a>, <a href="/wiki/That_Mexican_OT" title="That Mexican OT">That Mexican OT</a>, <a href="/wiki/MC_Magic" title="MC Magic">MC Magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/TKA" title="TKA">TKA</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_India" title="La India">La India</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Lamond" title="George Lamond">George Lamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa-Fire" title="Sa-Fire">Sa-Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_(singer)" title="Cynthia (singer)">Cynthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Lisa" title="Lisa Lisa">Lisa Lisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julieta_Venegas" title="Julieta Venegas">Julieta Venegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intocable" title="Intocable">Intocable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marisela" title="Marisela">Marisela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepe_Aguilar" title="Pepe Aguilar">Pepe Aguilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Secada" title="Jon Secada">Jon Secada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chayanne" title="Chayanne">Chayanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/DannyLux" title="DannyLux">DannyLux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eslabon_Armado" title="Eslabon Armado">Eslabon Armado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Cornejo" title="Iván Cornejo">Iván Cornejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Frontera" title="Grupo Frontera">Grupo Frontera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahritza_y_su_Esencia" title="Yahritza y su Esencia">Yahritza y su Esencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herencia_de_Patrones" title="Herencia de Patrones">Herencia de Patrones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Apollo" title="Omar Apollo">Omar Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eladio_Carri%C3%B3n" title="Eladio Carrión">Eladio Carrión</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frost_(rapper)" title="Frost (rapper)">Kid Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hill" title="Cypress Hill">Cypress Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/N.O.R.E." title="N.O.R.E.">N.O.R.E.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat_Joe" title="Fat Joe">Fat Joe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mellow_Man_Ace" title="Mellow Man Ace">Mellow Man Ace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicano_Batman" title="Chicano Batman">Chicano Batman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delinquent_Habits" title="Delinquent Habits">Delinquent Habits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Rob" title="Lil Rob">Lil Rob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Valens" title="Ritchie Valens">Ritchie Valens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozomatli" title="Ozomatli">Ozomatli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bia_(rapper)" title="Bia (rapper)">BIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plan_B_(duo)" title="Plan B (duo)">Plan B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chencho_Corleone" title="Chencho Corleone">Chencho Corleone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maye_(singer)" title="Maye (singer)">Maye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kap_G" title="Kap G">Kap G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tha_Mexakinz" title="Tha Mexakinz">Tha Mexakinz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brownside" title="Brownside">Brownside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psycho_Realm" title="Psycho Realm">Psycho Realm</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Lighter_Shade_of_Brown" title="A Lighter Shade of Brown">A Lighter Shade of Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Santa_Rosa" title="Gilberto Santa Rosa">Gilberto Santa Rosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noriel" title="Noriel">Noriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baby_Rasta_%26_Gringo" title="Baby Rasta & Gringo">Baby Rasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brytiago" title="Brytiago">Brytiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farruko" title="Farruko">Farruko</a>, <a href="/wiki/J_%C3%81lvarez" title="J Álvarez">J Álvarez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darell_(rapper)" title="Darell (rapper)">Darell</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91engo_Flow" title="Ñengo Flow">Ñengo Flow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Fonsi" title="Luis Fonsi">Luis Fonsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano" title="José Feliciano">José Feliciano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daddy_Yankee" title="Daddy Yankee">Daddy Yankee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Suzy" title="Lil Suzy">Lil Suzy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Torres" title="Judy Torres">Judy Torres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nayobe" title="Nayobe">Nayobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Col%C3%B3n" title="Willie Colón">Willie Colón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenni_Rivera" title="Jenni Rivera">Jenni Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baby_Bash" title="Baby Bash">Baby Bash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_J" title="Frankie J">Frankie J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Larry Hernández">Larry Hernandez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arc%C3%A1ngel" title="Arcángel">Arcángel</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_la_Ghetto" title="De la Ghetto">De la Ghetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giselle_Bellas" title="Giselle Bellas">Giselle Bellas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Guerra" title="Juan Luis Guerra">Juan Luis Guerra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Residente" title="Residente">Residente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuel_AA" title="Anuel AA">Anuel AA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozuna" title="Ozuna">Ozuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Pump" title="Lil Pump">Lil Pump</a>, <a href="/wiki/6ix9ine" title="6ix9ine">6ix9ine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Becky_G" title="Becky G">Becky G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Queen" title="Ivy Queen">Ivy Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardi_B" title="Cardi B">Cardi B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali_Uchis" title="Kali Uchis">Kali Uchis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Bunny" title="Bad Bunny">Bad Bunny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rauw_Alejandro" title="Rauw Alejandro">Rauw Alejandro</a>, all of the members of <a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">all-female band</a> <a href="/wiki/Go_Betty_Go" title="Go Betty Go">Go Betty Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camila_Cabello" title="Camila Cabello">Camila Cabello</a>, two members of girl group <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Harmony" title="Fifth Harmony">Fifth Harmony</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Jauregui" title="Lauren Jauregui">Lauren Jauregui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ally_Brooke" title="Ally Brooke">Ally Brooke</a>, and two members of the <a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint" title="Nonpoint">Nonpoint</a>. Hispanic music imported from Cuba (<a href="/wiki/Chachach%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chachachá">chachachá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhumba" title="Rhumba">rhumba</a>) and Mexico (<a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">ranchera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">mariachi</a>) had brief periods of popularity during the 1950s. Examples of artists include <a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a>, who was a Cuban American singer and the most popular Latin artist of the 20th century, gaining twenty-three <a href="/wiki/Gold_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold album">gold albums</a> during her career. Bill Clinton awarded her the National Medal of Arts in 1994. Among the Hispanic American musicians who were pioneers in the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> were <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Valens" title="Ritchie Valens">Ritchie Valens</a>, who scored several hits, most notably "<a href="/wiki/La_Bamba_(song)" title="La Bamba (song)">La Bamba</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Santiago" title="Herman Santiago">Herman Santiago</a>, who wrote the lyrics to the iconic rock and roll song "<a href="/wiki/Why_Do_Fools_Fall_in_Love_(song)" title="Why Do Fools Fall in Love (song)">Why Do Fools Fall in Love</a>". Songs that became popular in the United States and are heard during the holiday/Christmas season include "¿Dónde Está Santa Claus?", a novelty Christmas song with 12-year-old Augie Ríos which was a hit record in 1959 and featured the Mark Jeffrey Orchestra, "<a href="/wiki/Feliz_Navidad_(song)" title="Feliz Navidad (song)">Feliz Navidad</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano" title="José Feliciano">José Feliciano</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>’s 1994 song "<a href="/wiki/All_I_Want_for_Christmas_Is_You" title="All I Want for Christmas Is You">All I Want for Christmas Is You</a>", which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">best-selling holiday song by a female artist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_del_Aguila" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel del Aguila">Miguel del Aguila</a> wrote 116 works and has three Latin Grammy nominations. In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> magazine introduced the <a href="/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs" title="Hot Latin Songs">Hot Latin Songs</a> chart which ranks the best-performing songs on Spanish-language radio stations in the United States. Seven years later, Billboard initiated the <a href="/wiki/Top_Latin_Albums" class="mw-redirect" title="Top Latin Albums">Top Latin Albums</a> which ranks top-selling Latin albums in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-294">[290]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a> incorporated "Los Premios de Oro y Platino" (The Gold and Platinum Awards) to certify Latin recordings which contains at least 50% of its content recorded in Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> In 1989, Univision established the <a href="/wiki/Lo_Nuestro_Awards" title="Lo Nuestro Awards">Lo Nuestro Awards</a> which became the first award ceremony to recognize the most talented performers of Spanish-language music and was considered to be the "Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammys</a>".<a href="#cite_note-LoNuestro-296">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-univision-lonuestro-297">[293]</a> In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/The_Latin_Recording_Academy" title="The Latin Recording Academy">Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences</a> (LARAS) established the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Grammy Award">Latin Grammy Awards</a> to recognize musicians who perform in Spanish and Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/The_Recording_Academy" title="The Recording Academy">The Recording Academy</a>, LARAS extends its membership internationally to <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Hispanophone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a> communities worldwide beyond the Americas, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Becky_G" title="Becky G">Becky G</a> won favorite female Latin artist, a brand new category at the <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2020" title="American Music Awards of 2020">AMAs</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/63rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="63rd Annual Grammy Awards">63rd Annual Grammy Awards</a>, the academy announced several changes for different categories and rules: the category Latin Pop Album has been renamed <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Latin_Pop_or_Urban_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop or Urban Album">Best Latin Pop or Urban Album</a>, while Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album has been renamed <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Latin_Rock_or_Alternative_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album">Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film,_radio,_television,_and_theatre">Film, radio, television, and theatre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Film, radio, television, and theatre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_film" title="List of Hispanics and Latinos in film">List of Hispanics and Latinos in film</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:263px;max-width:263px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lin-Manuel_Miranda_%26_James_McAvoy_(48383681926)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lin-Manuel_Miranda_%26_James_McAvoy_%2848383681926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/119px-Lin-Manuel_Miranda_%26_James_McAvoy_%2848383681926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lin-Manuel_Miranda_%26_James_McAvoy_%2848383681926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/179px-Lin-Manuel_Miranda_%26_James_McAvoy_%2848383681926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lin-Manuel_Miranda_%26_James_McAvoy_%2848383681926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/238px-Lin-Manuel_Miranda_%26_James_McAvoy_%2848383681926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2864" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Avatar_The_Way_of_Water_Tokyo_Press_Conference_Zoe_Salda%C3%B1a_(52563431865)_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Avatar_The_Way_of_Water_Tokyo_Press_Conference_Zoe_Salda%C3%B1a_%2852563431865%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/136px-Avatar_The_Way_of_Water_Tokyo_Press_Conference_Zoe_Salda%C3%B1a_%2852563431865%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Avatar_The_Way_of_Water_Tokyo_Press_Conference_Zoe_Salda%C3%B1a_%2852563431865%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/204px-Avatar_The_Way_of_Water_Tokyo_Press_Conference_Zoe_Salda%C3%B1a_%2852563431865%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Avatar_The_Way_of_Water_Tokyo_Press_Conference_Zoe_Salda%C3%B1a_%2852563431865%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/272px-Avatar_The_Way_of_Water_Tokyo_Press_Conference_Zoe_Salda%C3%B1a_%2852563431865%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1370" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_Vergara_at_Golden_Globes_Red_Carpet_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sofia_Vergara_at_Golden_Globes_Red_Carpet_2020.png/136px-Sofia_Vergara_at_Golden_Globes_Red_Carpet_2020.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sofia_Vergara_at_Golden_Globes_Red_Carpet_2020.png/204px-Sofia_Vergara_at_Golden_Globes_Red_Carpet_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sofia_Vergara_at_Golden_Globes_Red_Carpet_2020.png/272px-Sofia_Vergara_at_Golden_Globes_Red_Carpet_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="831" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_James_Olmos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Edward_James_Olmos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/119px-Edward_James_Olmos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Edward_James_Olmos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/179px-Edward_James_Olmos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Edward_James_Olmos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/238px-Edward_James_Olmos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2118" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Clockwise from top left:</div> <a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manuel Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Salda%C3%B1a" title="Zoe Saldaña">Zoe Saldaña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos" title="Edward James Olmos">Edward James Olmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sof%C3%ADa_Vergara" title="Sofía Vergara">Sofía Vergara</a></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">American cinema</a> has often reflected and propagated <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">negative stereotypes</a> towards foreign nationals and ethnic minorities.<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> For example, Hispanics are largely depicted as sexualized figures such as the Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">macho</a> or the Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Sex_kitten" title="Sex kitten">vixen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang</a> members, (illegal) <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigrants</a>, or <a href="/wiki/List_of_entertainer_occupations" title="List of entertainer occupations">entertainers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> However representation in Hollywood has enhanced in latter times of which it gained noticeable momentum in the 1990s and does not emphasize oppression, exploitation, or resistance as central themes. According to Ramírez Berg, third wave films "do not accentuate <a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a> oppression or resistance; ethnicity in these films exists as one fact of several that shape characters' lives and stamps their personalities".<a href="#cite_note-Enrique_Pérez-2009-303">[299]</a> Filmmakers like <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos" title="Edward James Olmos">Edward James Olmos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rodriguez" title="Robert Rodriguez">Robert Rodriguez</a> were able to represent the Hispanic American experience like none had on screen before, and actors like <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Swank" title="Hilary Swank">Hilary Swank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Michael Peña">Michael Peña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordana_Brewster" title="Jordana Brewster">Jordana Brewster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_de_Armas" title="Ana de Armas">Ana de Armas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Alba" title="Jessica Alba">Jessica Alba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Martinez" title="Natalie Martinez">Natalie Martinez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenna_Ortega" title="Jenna Ortega">Jenna Ortega</a> have become successful. In the last decade, minority filmmakers like <a href="/wiki/Chris_Weitz" title="Chris Weitz">Chris Weitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Gomez-Rejon" title="Alfonso Gomez-Rejon">Alfonso Gomez-Rejon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Riggen" title="Patricia Riggen">Patricia Riggen</a> have been given applier narratives. Portrayal in films of them include <a href="/wiki/La_Bamba_(film)" title="La Bamba (film)">La Bamba</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Selena_(film)" title="Selena (film)">Selena</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/The_Mask_of_Zorro" title="The Mask of Zorro">The Mask of Zorro</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Nothing_like_the_Holidays" title="Nothing like the Holidays">Nothing like the Holidays</a> (2008), <a href="/wiki/Dora_and_the_Lost_City_of_Gold" title="Dora and the Lost City of Gold">Dora and the Lost City of Gold</a> (2019), <a href="/wiki/Being_the_Ricardos" title="Being the Ricardos">Being the Ricardos</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_(2022_film)" title="Father of the Bride (2022 film)">Father of the Bride</a> (2022) and <a href="/wiki/Josefina_L%C3%B3pez" title="Josefina López">Josefina López</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Real_Women_Have_Curves" title="Real Women Have Curves">Real Women Have Curves</a>, originally <a href="/wiki/Real_Women_Have_Curves_(play)" title="Real Women Have Curves (play)">a play</a> which premiered in 1990 and was later released as a film in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Enrique_Pérez-2009-303">[299]</a> Hispanics have also contributed some prominent actors and others to the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">film industry</a>. Of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> origin: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer" title="José Ferrer">José Ferrer</a> (the first Hispanic actor to win an acting <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> for his role in <a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(play)" title="Cyrano de Bergerac (play)">Cyrano de Bergerac</a>), <a href="/wiki/Auli%CA%BBi_Cravalho" title="Auliʻi Cravalho">Auliʻi Cravalho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Moreno" title="Rita Moreno">Rita Moreno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chita_Rivera" title="Chita Rivera">Chita Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raul_Julia" title="Raul Julia">Raul Julia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Perez" title="Rosie Perez">Rosie Perez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Dawson" title="Rosario Dawson">Rosario Dawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esai_Morales" title="Esai Morales">Esai Morales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Plaza" title="Aubrey Plaza">Aubrey Plaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix" title="Joaquin Phoenix">Joaquin Phoenix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benicio_del_Toro" title="Benicio del Toro">Benicio del Toro</a>. Of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> origin: <a href="/wiki/Emile_Kuri" title="Emile Kuri">Emile Kuri</a> (the first Hispanic to win an Academy Award – for Best Production Design – in 1949), <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Novarro" title="Ramon Novarro">Ramon Novarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Dolores del Río">Dolores del Río</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupe_V%C3%A9lez" title="Lupe Vélez">Lupe Vélez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Montalb%C3%A1n" title="Ricardo Montalbán">Ricardo Montalbán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katy_Jurado" title="Katy Jurado">Katy Jurado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Grenier" title="Adrian Grenier">Adrian Grenier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Hernandez" title="Jay Hernandez">Jay Hernandez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salma_Hayek" title="Salma Hayek">Salma Hayek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Trejo" title="Danny Trejo">Danny Trejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Alba" title="Jessica Alba">Jessica Alba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tessa_Thompson" title="Tessa Thompson">Tessa Thompson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kate_del_Castillo" title="Kate del Castillo">Kate del Castillo</a>. Of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> origin: <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Romero" title="Cesar Romero">Cesar Romero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Ferrer" title="Mel Ferrer">Mel Ferrer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Andy García">Andy García</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Diaz" title="Cameron Diaz">Cameron Diaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Conchita_Alonso" title="María Conchita Alonso">María Conchita Alonso</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Levy_(actor)" title="William Levy (actor)">William Levy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eva_Mendes" title="Eva Mendes">Eva Mendes</a>. Of <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican</a> origin: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montez" title="Maria Montez">Maria Montez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Saldana" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoe Saldana">Zoe Saldana</a>. Of partial <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> origin: <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheen" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a>. Other outstanding figures are: <a href="/wiki/Anita_Page" title="Anita Page">Anita Page</a> (of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">Salvadoran</a> origin), <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Lamas" title="Fernando Lamas">Fernando Lamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Thompson" title="Carlos Thompson">Carlos Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Rey" title="Alejandro Rey">Alejandro Rey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Cristal" title="Linda Cristal">Linda Cristal</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine</a> origin), <a href="/wiki/Raquel_Welch" title="Raquel Welch">Raquel Welch</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivian</a> origin), <a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> origin), <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Isaac" title="Oscar Isaac">Oscar Isaac</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemalan</a> origin), <a href="/wiki/John_Gavin" title="John Gavin">John Gavin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pascal" title="Pedro Pascal">Pedro Pascal</a> (both of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> origin). One of the first Latina actresses to achieve success in Hollywood was <a href="/wiki/Lupe_V%C3%A9lez" title="Lupe Vélez">Lupe Vélez</a>. She was born in Mexico, where she started her film career before moving to the US, where she rose to fame in American and international cinema. During the early <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound era of film</a>, Vélez became well-known for her roles and lively personality. In 1927, she began her career in <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Gaucho" title="The Gaucho">The Gaucho</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/F._Richard_Jones" title="F. Richard Jones">F. Richard Jones</a> in 1928, is one of her well-known films.<a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a> Being a Latina actress in Hollywood in the early 1900s, she was often cast in roles that reflected the image of Latina women as hostile and seductive. Hollywood's perception of Latinx identities frequently impacted these roles, and Vélez's portrayals were typically limited to these stereotypical representations of Latina women. Despite her adjustment and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> to Hollywood's expectations, Vélez was proud of her Mexican background. In stand-up comedy, <a href="/wiki/Cristela_Alonzo" title="Cristela Alonzo">Cristela Alonzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anjelah_Johnson" title="Anjelah Johnson">Anjelah Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rodriguez_(actor)" title="Paul Rodriguez (actor)">Paul Rodríguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Giraldo" title="Greg Giraldo">Greg Giraldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheech_Marin" title="Cheech Marin">Cheech Marin</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Lopez" title="George Lopez">George Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Prinze" title="Freddie Prinze">Freddie Prinze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jade_Esteban_Estrada" title="Jade Esteban Estrada">Jade Esteban Estrada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mencia" title="Carlos Mencia">Carlos Mencia</a>, John Mendoza, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Iglesias" title="Gabriel Iglesias">Gabriel Iglesias</a> and others are prominent. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarioLopezAAFeb09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MarioLopezAAFeb09.jpg/150px-MarioLopezAAFeb09.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MarioLopezAAFeb09.jpg/225px-MarioLopezAAFeb09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MarioLopezAAFeb09.jpg/300px-MarioLopezAAFeb09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1853" data-file-height="2091" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mario_Lopez" title="Mario Lopez">Mario Lopez</a> actor, television host, and entertainment personality known for his roles in "<a href="/wiki/Saved_by_the_Bell" title="Saved by the Bell">Saved by the Bell</a>" and as a host on various television programs.</figcaption></figure> Some of the Hispanic actors who achieved notable success in U.S. television include <a href="/wiki/Desi_Arnaz" title="Desi Arnaz">Desi Arnaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Carter" title="Lynda Carter">Lynda Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Smits" title="Jimmy Smits">Jimmy Smits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charo" title="Charo">Charo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jencarlos_Canela" title="Jencarlos Canela">Jencarlos Canela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Serratos" title="Christian Serratos">Christian Serratos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pena_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Pena Jr.">Carlos Pena Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Longoria" title="Eva Longoria">Eva Longoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sof%C3%ADa_Vergara" title="Sofía Vergara">Sofía Vergara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Antonio_Chavira" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo Antonio Chavira">Ricardo Antonio Chavira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Vargas" title="Jacob Vargas">Jacob Vargas</a>, <a href="/wiki/America_Ferrera" title="America Ferrera">America Ferrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bratt" title="Benjamin Bratt">Benjamin Bratt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Montalb%C3%A1n" title="Ricardo Montalbán">Ricardo Montalbán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Elizondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Elizondo">Hector Elizondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Lopez" title="Mario Lopez">Mario Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/America_Ferrera" title="America Ferrera">America Ferrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karla_Souza" title="Karla Souza">Karla Souza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Boneta" title="Diego Boneta">Diego Boneta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Estrada" title="Erik Estrada">Erik Estrada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cote_de_Pablo" title="Cote de Pablo">Cote de Pablo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Prinze" title="Freddie Prinze">Freddie Prinze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauren_V%C3%A9lez" title="Lauren Vélez">Lauren Vélez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Gomez" title="Isabella Gomez">Isabella Gomez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justina_Machado" title="Justina Machado">Justina Machado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Plana" title="Tony Plana">Tony Plana</a> <a href="/wiki/Stacey_Dash" title="Stacey Dash">Stacey Dash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sheen" title="Charlie Sheen">Charlie Sheen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Ortega" title="Kenny Ortega">Kenny Ortega</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Award</a>-winning producer, director and choreographer who has choreographed many major television events such as <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXX" title="Super Bowl XXX">Super Bowl XXX</a>, the <a href="/wiki/72nd_Academy_Awards" title="72nd Academy Awards">72nd Academy Awards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_memorial_service" title="Michael Jackson memorial service">memorial service</a>. Hispanics are underrepresented in U.S. television, radio, and film. This is combatted by organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Organization_of_Latin_Actors" title="Hispanic Organization of Latin Actors">Hispanic Organization of Latin Actors</a> (HOLA), founded in 1975; and <a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Media_Coalition" title="National Hispanic Media Coalition">National Hispanic Media Coalition</a> (NHMC), founded in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a> Together with numerous Hispanic civil rights organizations, the NHMC led a "brownout" of the national television networks in 1999, after discovering that there were no Hispanic on any of their new <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> series that year.<a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a> This resulted in the signing of historic diversity agreements with <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> that have since increased the hiring of Hispanic talent and other staff in all of the networks. <a href="/wiki/Latino_Public_Broadcasting" title="Latino Public Broadcasting">Latino Public Broadcasting</a> (LPB) funds programs of educational and cultural significance to Hispanic Americans. These programs are distributed to various public television stations throughout the United States. The <a href="/wiki/72nd_Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="72nd Primetime Emmy Awards">72nd Primetime Emmy Awards</a> was criticized by Hispanics; there were no major nominations for Hispanic performers, despite the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences" title="Academy of Television Arts & Sciences">Academy of Television Arts & Sciences</a> publicizing their improved diversity in 2020. While there was a record number of Black nominees, there was only one individual Hispanic nomination. Hispanic representation groups said the greater diversity referred only to more African American nominees.<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> reported the criticism using the term "Black", it was itself criticized for erasing <a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Afro-Hispanics</a>, a discussion that then prompted more investigation into this under-represented minority ethnic group in Hollywood.<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a> boycotted the Emmys because of its lack of Hispanic nominees.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fashion">Fashion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Fashion">edit</a>]</div> In the world of fashion, notable Hispanic designers include <a href="/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta" title="Oscar de la Renta">Oscar de la Renta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Herrera_(fashion_designer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Herrera (fashion designer)">Carolina Herrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Rodriguez" title="Narciso Rodriguez">Narciso Rodriguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cuevas" title="Manuel Cuevas">Manuel Cuevas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cornejo" title="Maria Cornejo">Maria Cornejo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a> among others. <a href="/wiki/Christy_Turlington" title="Christy Turlington">Christy Turlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro" title="Lais Ribeiro">Lais Ribeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adriana_Lima" title="Adriana Lima">Adriana Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen" title="Gisele Bündchen">Gisele Bündchen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lea_T" title="Lea T">Lea T</a> achieved international fame as models. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artists">Artists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Artists">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Rita_de_Acosta_Lydig_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Portrait_of_Rita_de_Acosta_Lydig_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Rita_de_Acosta_Lydig_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Portrait_of_Rita_de_Acosta_Lydig_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_Rita_de_Acosta_Lydig_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Portrait_of_Rita_de_Acosta_Lydig_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg/400px-Portrait_of_Rita_de_Acosta_Lydig_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rita_de_Acosta_Lydig" title="Rita de Acosta Lydig">Rita de Acosta Lydig</a>.</figcaption></figure> Notable Hispanic artists include <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat" title="Jean-Michel Basquiat">Jean-Michel Basquiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Baca" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith Baca">Judith Baca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Herrera" title="Carmen Herrera">Carmen Herrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patssi_Valdez" title="Patssi Valdez">Patssi Valdez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gronk_(artist)" title="Gronk (artist)">Gronk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Jim%C3%A9nez_(sculptor)" title="Luis Jiménez (sculptor)">Luis Jiménez</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Torres" title="Félix González-Torres">Félix González-Torres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Mendieta" title="Ana Mendieta">Ana Mendieta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ester_Hernandez" title="Ester Hernandez">Ester Hernandez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Shannon_(artist)" title="Joe Shannon (artist)">Joe Shannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abelardo_Morell" title="Abelardo Morell">Abelardo Morell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Melendez" title="Bill Melendez">Bill Melendez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena_Campos_Pons" title="María Magdalena Campos Pons">María Magdalena Campos Pons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ramos" title="Sandra Ramos">Sandra Ramos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrna_B%C3%A1ez" title="Myrna Báez">Myrna Báez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soraida_Martinez" title="Soraida Martinez">Soraida Martinez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yolanda_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(artist)" title="Yolanda González (artist)">Yolanda Gonzalez</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_and_finance">Business and finance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Business and finance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_500" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic 500">Hispanic 500</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_P%C3%A9rez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jorge_P%C3%A9rez.jpg/170px-Jorge_P%C3%A9rez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jorge_P%C3%A9rez.jpg/255px-Jorge_P%C3%A9rez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jorge_P%C3%A9rez.jpg/340px-Jorge_P%C3%A9rez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3073" data-file-height="4610" /></a><figcaption>Real estate developer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_M._P%C3%A9rez" title="Jorge M. Pérez">Jorge M. Pérez</a>.</figcaption></figure> The total number of Hispanic-owned businesses in 2002 was 1.6 million, having grown at triple the national rate for the preceding five years.<a href="#cite_note-heritage-62">[62]</a> Hispanic business leaders include Cuban immigrant <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Goizueta" title="Roberto Goizueta">Roberto Goizueta</a>, who rose to head of <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a> Advertising Mexican-American magnate <a href="/wiki/Arte_Moreno" title="Arte Moreno">Arte Moreno</a> became the first Hispanic to own a <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major league</a> team in the United States when he purchased the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim">Los Angeles Angels</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">baseball</a> club.<a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> Also a major sports team owner is Mexican-American <a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a>, president and CEO of Alvarado Construction, Inc. and co-owner of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Rockies" title="Colorado Rockies">Colorado Rockies</a> baseball team. There are several Hispanics on the <a href="/wiki/Forbes_400" title="Forbes 400">Forbes 400</a> list of richest Americans. <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Santo_Domingo" title="Alejandro Santo Domingo">Alejandro Santo Domingo</a> and his brother Andres Santo Domingo inherited their fathers stake in <a href="/wiki/SABMiller" title="SABMiller">SABMiller</a>, now merged with <a href="/wiki/Anheuser-Busch_InBev" class="mw-redirect" title="Anheuser-Busch InBev">Anheuser-Busch InBev</a>. The brothers are ranked No. 132 and are each worth $4.8bn.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes400-315">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_M._Perez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge M. Perez">Jorge Perez</a> founded and runs The Related Group. He built his career developing and operating low-income multifamily apartments across Miami.<a href="#cite_note-realdeal-316">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a> He is ranked No. 264 and is worth $3bn.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes400-315">[311]</a> The largest Hispanic-owned food company in the United States is <a href="/wiki/Goya_Foods" title="Goya Foods">Goya Foods</a>, because of World War II hero <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Unanue" title="Joseph A. Unanue">Joseph A. Unanue</a>, the son of the company's founders.<a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Ramos_(industrialist)" title="Ángel Ramos (industrialist)">Angel Ramos</a> was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>, Puerto Rico's first television station<a href="#cite_note-Manati-319">[315]</a> and now the second largest Spanish-language television network in the United States, with an average viewership over one million in primetime. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Ramirez_Sr." title="Samuel A. Ramirez Sr.">Samuel A. Ramirez Sr.</a> made <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> history by becoming the first Hispanic to launch a successful investment banking firm, Ramirez & Co.<a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nina_Tassler" title="Nina Tassler">Nina Tassler</a> is president of <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> Entertainment since September 2004. She is the highest-profile Hispanic in <a href="/wiki/Network_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Network television">network television</a> and one of the few executives who has the power to approve the airing or renewal of series. Since 2021, magazine Hispanic Executive has released a list of 30 under 30 executives in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-322">[318]</a> Members include financial analyst Stephanie Nuesi, fashion entrepreneur Zino Haro, and <a href="/wiki/Obama_Foundation" title="Obama Foundation">Obama scholar</a> Josue de Paz.<a href="#cite_note-323">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress">List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:263px;max-width:263px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Gutierrez_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Carlos_Gutierrez_official_portrait.jpg/131px-Carlos_Gutierrez_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Carlos_Gutierrez_official_portrait.jpg/197px-Carlos_Gutierrez_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Carlos_Gutierrez_official_portrait.jpg/262px-Carlos_Gutierrez_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1761" data-file-height="2100" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg/124px-Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg/186px-Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg/248px-Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_Cortez_Masto_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Catherine_Cortez_Masto_official_portrait.jpg/139px-Catherine_Cortez_Masto_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Catherine_Cortez_Masto_official_portrait.jpg/209px-Catherine_Cortez_Masto_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Catherine_Cortez_Masto_official_portrait.jpg/278px-Catherine_Cortez_Masto_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Brian_Sandoval_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Brian_Sandoval_2010.jpg/116px-Brian_Sandoval_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Brian_Sandoval_2010.jpg/174px-Brian_Sandoval_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Brian_Sandoval_2010.jpg/232px-Brian_Sandoval_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Clockwise from top left:</div> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Carlos Gutierrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Sandoval" title="Brian Sandoval">Brian Sandoval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Catherine Cortez Masto</a></div></div></div></div> As of 2007, there were more than five thousand elected officeholders in the United States who were of Hispanic origin.<a href="#cite_note-324">[320]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress">Hispanic representatives</a> have included <a href="/wiki/Ladislas_Lazaro" title="Ladislas Lazaro">Ladislas Lazaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_M._Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Antonio M. Fernández">Antonio M. Fernández</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gonzalez" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry B. Gonzalez">Henry B. Gonzalez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kika_de_la_Garza" title="Kika de la Garza">Kika de la Garza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">Herman Badillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romualdo_Pacheco" title="Romualdo Pacheco">Romualdo Pacheco</a> and Manuel Lujan Jr., out of almost two dozen former representatives. Current representatives include <a href="/wiki/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen" title="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen">Ileana Ros-Lehtinen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_E._Serrano" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose E. Serrano">Jose E. Serrano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Luis Gutiérrez">Luis Gutiérrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">Nydia Velázquez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Roybal-Allard" title="Lucille Roybal-Allard">Lucille Roybal-Allard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Sanchez" title="Loretta Sanchez">Loretta Sanchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Hinojosa" title="Rubén Hinojosa">Rubén Hinojosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="Mario Díaz-Balart">Mario Díaz-Balart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raul_Grijalva" class="mw-redirect" title="Raul Grijalva">Raul Grijalva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_R._Lujan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben R. Lujan">Ben R. Lujan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Herrera_Beutler" title="Jaime Herrera Beutler">Jaime Herrera Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raul_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Raul Labrador">Raul Labrador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Mooney" title="Alex Mooney">Alex Mooney</a>—in all, they number thirty. Former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senators</a> are <a href="/wiki/Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mel Martinez">Mel Martinez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Chavez">Dennis Chavez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Montoya" title="Joseph Montoya">Joseph Montoya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a>. As of January 2011, the U.S. Senate includes Hispanic members <a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Bob Menendez</a>, a Democrat and Republicans <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a>, all Cuban Americans.<a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a> Numerous Hispanics hold elective and appointed office in <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">local government</a> throughout the United States.<a href="#cite_note-326">[322]</a> Current Hispanic Governors include Republican <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Brian_Sandoval" title="Brian Sandoval">Brian Sandoval</a> and Republican <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Susana_Martinez" title="Susana Martinez">Susana Martinez</a>; upon taking office in 2011, Martinez became the first Hispanic woman governor in the history of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a> Former Hispanic governors include Democrats <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Apodaca" title="Jerry Apodaca">Jerry Apodaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raul_Hector_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Raul Hector Castro">Raul Hector Castro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a>, as well as Republicans <a href="/wiki/Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romualdo_Pacheco" title="Romualdo Pacheco">Romualdo Pacheco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Bob Martinez</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIG13488-179.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DIG13488-179.JPG/220px-DIG13488-179.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DIG13488-179.JPG/330px-DIG13488-179.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DIG13488-179.JPG/440px-DIG13488-179.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Secretary <a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a> candidate for <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Castro_2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Julián Castro 2020 presidential campaign">US President</a> and his twin brother Representative <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Castro" title="Joaquin Castro">Joaquin Castro</a>.</figcaption></figure> Since 1988,<a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Lauro_Cavazos" title="Lauro Cavazos">Lauro Cavazos</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a>, the first Hispanic <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">United States Cabinet</a> member, Hispanic Americans have had an increasing presence in presidential administrations. Hispanics serving in subsequent cabinets include <a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a>, current <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Solis" title="Hilda Solis">Hilda Solis</a>, current <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">United States Secretary of Labor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Carlos Gutierrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>; <a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Federico Peña</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cisneros" title="Henry Cisneros">Henry Cisneros</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a>; <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lujan_Jr." title="Manuel Lujan Jr.">Manuel Lujan Jr.</a>, former Secretary of the Interior; and Bill Richardson, former Secretary of Energy and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Rios" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosa Rios">Rosa Rios</a> is the current <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_United_States" title="Treasurer of the United States">US Treasurer</a>, including the latest three, were Hispanic women. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Justice">Associate Justice</a> of Hispanic origin. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Santos" title="Robert Santos">Robert Santos</a> became the first Director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> of Hispanic origin (<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a>).<a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Congressional Hispanic Caucus</a> (CHC), founded in December 1976, and the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a> (CHC), founded on March 19, 2003, are two organizations that promote policy of importance to Americans of Hispanic descent. They are divided into the two major American political parties: The Congressional Hispanic Caucus is composed entirely of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> representatives, whereas the Congressional Hispanic Conference is composed entirely of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> representatives. Groups like the United States Hispanic Leadership Institute (USHLI) work to achieve the promises and principles of the United States by "promoting education, research, and leadership development, and empowering Hispanics and similarly disenfranchised groups by maximizing their civic awareness, engagement, and participation".<a href="#cite_note-USHLI-330">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_journalism">Literature and journalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Literature and journalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Hispanic_and_Latino_American_writers" title="Category:Hispanic and Latino American writers">Category:Hispanic and Latino American writers</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Hispanic_Journalists" title="National Association of Hispanic Journalists">National Association of Hispanic Journalists</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_literature_in_Spanish" title="American literature in Spanish">American literature in Spanish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Santayana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/George_Santayana.jpg/170px-George_Santayana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/George_Santayana.jpg/255px-George_Santayana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/George_Santayana.jpg/340px-George_Santayana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a> was a philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Majfud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jorge_Majfud.jpg/170px-Jorge_Majfud.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jorge_Majfud.jpg/255px-Jorge_Majfud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jorge_Majfud.jpg/340px-Jorge_Majfud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Majfud" title="Jorge Majfud">Jorge Majfud</a> is a professor, essayist, and novelist</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assistant_Secretary_Fernandez_Chats_With_Univision%27s_Jorge_Ramos_derivative_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Assistant_Secretary_Fernandez_Chats_With_Univision%27s_Jorge_Ramos_derivative_work.jpg/170px-Assistant_Secretary_Fernandez_Chats_With_Univision%27s_Jorge_Ramos_derivative_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Assistant_Secretary_Fernandez_Chats_With_Univision%27s_Jorge_Ramos_derivative_work.jpg/255px-Assistant_Secretary_Fernandez_Chats_With_Univision%27s_Jorge_Ramos_derivative_work.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Assistant_Secretary_Fernandez_Chats_With_Univision%27s_Jorge_Ramos_derivative_work.jpg/340px-Assistant_Secretary_Fernandez_Chats_With_Univision%27s_Jorge_Ramos_derivative_work.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ramos_(news_anchor)" title="Jorge Ramos (news anchor)">Jorge Ramos</a> has won eight <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Awards</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz-Balart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz-Balart.jpg/170px-Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz-Balart.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz-Balart.jpg/255px-Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz-Balart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz-Balart.jpg/340px-Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz-Balart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="José Díaz-Balart">José Díaz-Balart</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writers_and_their_works">Writers and their works</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Writers and their works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_%C3%81lvarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Álvarez">Julia Álvarez</a> (<a href="/wiki/How_the_Garc%C3%ADa_Girls_Lost_Their_Accents" title="How the García Girls Lost Their Accents">How the García Girls Lost Their Accents</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolfo_Anaya" title="Rudolfo Anaya">Rudolfo Anaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bless_Me,_Ultima" title="Bless Me, Ultima">Bless Me, Ultima</a> and Heart of Aztlan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Arana" title="Marie Arana">Marie Arana</a> (American Chica, Bolívar: American Liberator, and Silver, Sword, and Stone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Cisneros" title="Sandra Cisneros">Sandra Cisneros</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_House_on_Mango_Street" title="The House on Mango Street">The House on Mango Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woman_Hollering_Creek_and_Other_Stories" title="Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories">Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junot_D%C3%ADaz" title="Junot Díaz">Junot Díaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Brief_Wondrous_Life_of_Oscar_Wao" title="The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao">The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Domeyko" title="Cecilia Domeyko">Cecilia Domeyko</a> (Sacrifice on the Border)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Fenollosa" title="Ernest Fenollosa">Ernest Fenollosa</a> (art historian, Masters of Ukiyoe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigoberto_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Rigoberto González">Rigoberto González</a> (Butterfly Boy: Memories of a Chicano Mariposa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hijuelos" title="Oscar Hijuelos">Oscar Hijuelos</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Mambo_Kings_Play_Songs_of_Love" title="The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love">The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Majfud" title="Jorge Majfud">Jorge Majfud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crisis_(novel_by_Jorge_Majfud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis (novel by Jorge Majfud)">Crisis</a> and La frontera salvaje<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micol_Ostow" title="Micol Ostow">Micol Ostow</a> (Mind Your Manners, Dick and Jane and Emily Goldberg Learns to Salsa)<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Pastoriza_Iyodo" title="Benito Pastoriza Iyodo">Benito Pastoriza Iyodo</a> (A Matter of Men and September Elegies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Alvaro_Rios" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto Alvaro Rios">Alberto Alvaro Rios</a> (Capirotada, Elk Heads on the Wall, and The Iguana Killer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Rivera" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomas Rivera">Tomas Rivera</a> (...And the Earth did Not Devour Him)</li> <li>Richard Rodríguez (<a href="/wiki/Hunger_of_Memory:_The_Education_of_Richard_Rodriguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez">Hunger of Memory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a> (novelist and philosopher: "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Troncoso" title="Sergio Troncoso">Sergio Troncoso</a> (<a href="/wiki/From_This_Wicked_Patch_of_Dust" title="From This Wicked Patch of Dust">From This Wicked Patch of Dust</a> and The Last Tortilla and Other Stories)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisa_Valdes-Rodriguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisa Valdes-Rodriguez">Alisa Valdes-Rodriguez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haters_(novel)" title="Haters (novel)">Haters</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Villase%C3%B1or" title="Victor Villaseñor">Victor Villaseñor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rain_of_Gold" title="Rain of Gold">Rain of Gold</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zeta_Acosta" title="Oscar Zeta Acosta">Oscar Zeta Acosta</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Cockroach_People" title="The Revolt of the Cockroach People">The Revolt of the Cockroach People</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journalists">Journalists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Journalists">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Vega" title="Cecilia Vega">Cecilia Vega</a> American journalist, currently serving as chief <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> correspondent for <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ramos_(news_anchor)" title="Jorge Ramos (news anchor)">Jorge Ramos</a> has won eight <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Awards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maria_Moors_Cabot_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Moors Cabot Award">Maria Moors Cabot Award</a> for excellence in journalism. In 2015, Ramos was one of five selected as <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine's World's Most Influential People.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="José Díaz-Balart">José Díaz-Balart</a> is currently the anchor for <a href="/wiki/Noticias_Telemundo" title="Noticias Telemundo">Noticias Telemundo</a>, as well as anchor of <a href="/wiki/NBC_Nightly_News" title="NBC Nightly News">NBC Nightly News</a> on Saturdays.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Ramos_(journalist)" title="Paola Ramos (journalist)">Paola Ramos</a>, correspondent for <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a> and is a contributor to <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a> and <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Cabrera" title="Ana Cabrera">Ana Cabrera</a> currently works as a television news anchor for <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> in Manhattan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Morales_(journalist)" title="Natalie Morales (journalist)">Natalie Morales</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (U.S. TV program)">Today Show</a> West Coast anchor and appears on other programs including <a href="/wiki/Dateline_NBC" title="Dateline NBC">Dateline NBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC_Nightly_News" title="NBC Nightly News">NBC Nightly News</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Elena_Salinas" title="María Elena Salinas">María Elena Salinas</a> <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> News contributor called the "Voice of Hispanic America" by The New York Times</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Radford" title="Morgan Radford">Morgan Radford</a>, reporter employed by <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> and <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>, was a production assistant for <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Rivera" title="Geraldo Rivera">Geraldo Rivera</a> has won a <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a> and appears regularly on <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> programs such as <a href="/wiki/The_Five_(talk_show)" title="The Five (talk show)">The Five</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="John Quiñones">John Quiñones</a>, co-anchor of the <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> program, <a href="/wiki/Primetime_(U.S._TV_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime (U.S. TV program)">Primetime</a> and now hosts What Would You Do?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubén Salazar">Rubén Salazar</a>, reporter for the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> and news director for <a href="/wiki/KMEX" class="mw-redirect" title="KMEX">KMEX</a>, which was a Spanish language station.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Elvira_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Elvira Salazar">Maria Elvira Salazar</a>, journalist and broadcast television anchor who worked for <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="CNN en Español">CNN en Español</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noticiero_Univision" title="Noticiero Univision">Noticiero Univision</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Ruiz" title="Michele Ruiz">Michele Ruiz</a>, former Los Angeles news anchor for <a href="/wiki/KNBC-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="KNBC-TV">KNBC-TV</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselle_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Giselle Fernández">Giselle Fernández</a>, reporting and guest anchoring for <a href="/wiki/CBS_Early_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Early Show">CBS Early Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS_Evening_News" title="CBS Evening News">CBS Evening News</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Today">NBC Today</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC_Nightly_News" title="NBC Nightly News">NBC Nightly News</a>; regular host for <a href="/wiki/Access_Hollywood" title="Access Hollywood">Access Hollywood</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_P%C3%A9rez" title="Elizabeth Pérez">Elizabeth Pérez</a>, television journalist for <a href="/wiki/CNN_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="CNN en Español">CNN en Español</a>.</li></ul> Political strategists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Schlapp" title="Mercedes Schlapp">Mercedes Schlapp</a>, American lobbyist and columnist for <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>, including <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovanny_Vicente" title="Geovanny Vicente">Geovanny Vicente</a>, political strategist, international consultant and columnist who writes for <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in the American Revolutionary War">Spain in the American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hispanics in the American Civil War">Hispanics in the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps">Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans_in_World_War_II" title="Hispanic Americans in World War II">Hispanic Americans in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EstevesWP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/EstevesWP.jpg/170px-EstevesWP.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/EstevesWP.jpg/255px-EstevesWP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/EstevesWP.jpg/340px-EstevesWP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Major General <a href="/wiki/Luis_R._Esteves" title="Luis R. Esteves">Luis R. Esteves</a>, the first Hispanic to graduate from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> ("West Point")</figcaption></figure> Hispanics have participated in the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">military of the United States</a> and in every major <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_history_events" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military history events">military conflict</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> onward.<a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a> 11% to 13% military personnel now are Hispanics and they have been deployed in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan War</a>, and U.S. military missions and bases elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a> Hispanics have not only distinguished themselves in the battlefields but also reached the high echelons of the military, serving their country in sensitive leadership positions on domestic and foreign posts. Up to now, 43 Hispanics have been awarded the nation's highest military distinction, the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> (also known as the Congressional Medal of Honor). The following is a list of some notable Hispanics in the military: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: American Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a> (1746–1786) – Spanish military leader and colonial administrator who aided the American Thirteen Colonies in their quest for independence and led Spanish forces against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> in the Revolutionary War; since 2014, a posthumous <a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizen_of_the_United_States" title="Honorary citizen of the United States">honorary citizen of the United States</a>.</li> <li>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Jordi_Farragut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordi Farragut">Jorge Farragut Mesquida</a> (1755–1817) – participated in the American Revolution as a lieutenant in the South Carolina Navy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: American Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hispanics in the American Civil War">Hispanics in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_Farragut2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Admiral_Farragut2.jpg/170px-Admiral_Farragut2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Admiral_Farragut2.jpg/255px-Admiral_Farragut2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Admiral_Farragut2.jpg/340px-Admiral_Farragut2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>David Farragut, first full admiral in the US Navy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiegoArchuleta(Gen)HstMilitOccNM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DiegoArchuleta%28Gen%29HstMilitOccNM.jpg/170px-DiegoArchuleta%28Gen%29HstMilitOccNM.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DiegoArchuleta%28Gen%29HstMilitOccNM.jpg/255px-DiegoArchuleta%28Gen%29HstMilitOccNM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/DiegoArchuleta%28Gen%29HstMilitOccNM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Diego Archuleta, first Hispanic to reach the military rank of Brigadier General</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Admiral <a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a> – promoted to vice admiral on December 21, 1864, and to <a href="/wiki/Full_admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Full admiral">full admiral</a> on July 25, 1866, after the war, thereby becoming the first person to be named full admiral in the Navy's history.<a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a></li> <li>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Andrade" title="Cipriano Andrade">Cipriano Andrade</a> – Mexican <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">Navy rear admiral</a> who fought for the Union. He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Jos%C3%A9_Gonzales" title="Ambrosio José Gonzales">Ambrosio José Gonzales</a> – Cuban officer active during the bombardment of Fort Sumter; because of his actions, was appointed Colonel of artillery and assigned to duty as Chief of Artillery in the department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.</li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Diego_Archuleta" title="Diego Archuleta">Diego Archuleta</a> (1814–1884) – member of the Mexican Army who fought against the United States in the Mexican–American War. During the American Civil War, he joined the Union Army (US Army) and became the first Hispanic to reach the military rank of brigadier general. He commanded The First New Mexico Volunteer Infantry in the Battle of Valverde. He was later appointed an Indian (Native Americans) Agent by Abraham Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-HF-339">[335]</a></li> <li>Colonel Carlos de la Mesa – grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_de_la_Mesa_Allen_Sr." title="Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.">Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.</a> commanding general of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st Infantry Division</a> in North Africa and Sicily, and later the commander of the <a href="/wiki/104th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="104th Infantry Division (United States)">104th Infantry Division</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Colonel Carlos de la Mesa was a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> national who fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> in the Spanish Company of the "Garibaldi Guard" of the 39th New York State Volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a></li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Cavada" title="Federico Fernández Cavada">Federico Fernández Cavada</a> – commanded the 114th Pennsylvania Volunteer infantry regiment when it took the field in the Peach Orchard at Gettysburg.<a href="#cite_note-HCW-341">[337]</a></li> <li>Colonel Miguel E. Pino – commanded the 2nd Regiment of New Mexico Volunteers, which fought at the Battle of Valverde in February and the Battle of Glorieta Pass and helped defeat the attempted invasion of New Mexico by the Confederate Army.<a href="#cite_note-HAD-342">[338]</a></li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Santos_Benavides" title="Santos Benavides">Santos Benavides</a> – commanded his own regiment, the "Benavides Regiment"; highest ranking Mexican-American in the Confederate Army.<a href="#cite_note-HCW-341">[337]</a></li> <li>Major Salvador Vallejo – officer in one of the California units that served with the Union Army in the West.<a href="#cite_note-HAD-342">[338]</a></li> <li>Captain <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Cavada" title="Adolfo Fernández Cavada">Adolfo Fernández Cavada</a> – served in the 114th Pennsylvania Volunteers at Gettysburg with his brother, Colonel Federico Fernandez Cavada; served with distinction in the Army of the Potomac from Fredericksburg to Gettysburg; "special aide-de-camp" to General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Andrew A. Humphreys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HCW-341">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[339]</a></li> <li>Captain Rafael Chacón – <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican American</a> leader of the Union New Mexico Volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a></li> <li>Captain Roman Anthony Baca – member of the Union forces in the New Mexico Volunteers; spy for the Union Army in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-HAD-342">[338]</a></li> <li>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(soldier)" title="Augusto Rodríguez (soldier)">Augusto Rodriguez</a> – <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican people">Puerto Rican</a> native; officer in the <a href="/wiki/15th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment" title="15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment">15th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>; served in the defenses of Washington, D.C., and led his men in the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wyse_Fork" title="Battle of Wyse Fork">Wyse Fork</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CW-345">[341]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_S%C3%A1nchez_(Confederate_spy)" title="Lola Sánchez (Confederate spy)">Lola Sánchez</a> – Cuban-born woman who became a Confederate spy; helped the Confederates obtain a victory against the Union forces in the "Battle of Horse Landing".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreta_Janeta_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Loreta Janeta Velázquez">Loreta Janeta Velázquez</a>, also known as "Lieutenant Harry Buford" – <a href="/wiki/Cuban_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban people">Cuban</a> woman who donned Confederate garb and served as a Confederate officer and spy during the American Civil War.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Major General <a href="/wiki/Luis_R._Esteves" title="Luis R. Esteves">Luis R. Esteves</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> – in 1915, became the first Hispanic to graduate from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> ("West Point"); organized the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican National Guard">Puerto Rican National Guard</a>.</li> <li>Private <a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Serna" title="Marcelino Serna">Marcelino Serna</a> – undocumented <a href="/wiki/Mexican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican people">Mexican</a> immigrant who joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and became the most decorated soldier from Texas in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>; first Hispanic to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans_in_World_War_II" title="Hispanic Americans in World War II">Hispanic Americans in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_del_Valle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pedro_del_Valle.jpg/170px-Pedro_del_Valle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pedro_del_Valle.jpg/255px-Pedro_del_Valle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pedro_del_Valle.jpg/340px-Pedro_del_Valle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Pedro del Valle – first Hispanic to reach the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_Conteras_Bozak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carmen_Conteras_Bozak.jpg/170px-Carmen_Conteras_Bozak.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carmen_Conteras_Bozak.jpg/255px-Carmen_Conteras_Bozak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carmen_Conteras_Bozak.jpg/340px-Carmen_Conteras_Bozak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Contreras-Bozak" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen Contreras-Bozak">Carmen Contreras-Bozak</a> – first <a href="/wiki/Latinas_and_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinas and World War II">Hispanic women to serve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Pedro_del_Valle" title="Pedro del Valle">Pedro del Valle</a> – first Hispanic to reach the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a>; played an instrumental role in the seizure of <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> as commanding general of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Division (United States)">U.S. 1st Marine Division</a> during World War II.</li> <li>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Elwood_Richard_Quesada" title="Elwood Richard Quesada">Elwood R. Quesada</a> (1904–1993) – commanding general of the 9th Fighter Command, where he established advanced headquarters on the <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> beachhead on <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Landings">D-Day plus one</a>, and directed his planes in <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">aerial cover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">air support</a> for the Allied invasion of the European continent during World War II. He was the foremost proponent of "the inherent flexibility of air power", a principle he helped prove during the war.</li> <li>Major General <a href="/wiki/Terry_de_la_Mesa_Allen_Sr." title="Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.">Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.</a> (1888–1969) – commanding general of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st Infantry Division</a> in North Africa and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> during World War II; commander of the <a href="/wiki/104th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="104th Infantry Division (United States)">104th Infantry Division</a>.</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Virgil_R._Miller" title="Virgil R. Miller">Virgil R. Miller</a> – regimental commander of the <a href="/wiki/442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="442nd Regimental Combat Team (United States)">442d Regimental Combat Team</a>, a unit composed of "Nisei" (second generation Americans of Japanese descent), during World War II; led the 442nd in its rescue of the Lost Texas Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="36th Infantry Division (United States)">36th Infantry Division</a>, in the forests of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France.<a href="#cite_note-USMA-346">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-JAWWII-347">[343]</a></li> <li>Captain <a href="/wiki/Marion_Frederic_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_Arellano" title="Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano">Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano</a> (1913–1980) – served in World War II; first Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> commander.</li> <li>First Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Francis_Perdomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Francis Perdomo">Oscar Francis Perdomo</a> – of the 464th Fighter Squadron, 507th Fighter Group; the last "Ace in a Day" for the United States in World War II.</li> <li>CWO2 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Aviles_Sr." title="Joseph B. Aviles Sr.">Joseph B. Aviles Sr.</a> – member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>; first <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American">Hispanic American</a> to be promoted to <a href="/wiki/Chief_petty_officer" title="Chief petty officer">chief petty officer</a>; received a wartime promotion to <a href="/wiki/Chief_warrant_officer" title="Chief warrant officer">chief warrant officer</a> (November 27, 1944), thus becoming the first Hispanic American to reach that level as well.<a href="#cite_note-348">[344]</a></li> <li>Sergeant First Class <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Ramos_Calero" title="Agustín Ramos Calero">Agustín Ramos Calero</a> – most decorated Hispanic soldier in the <a href="/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theatre of World War II">European Theatre of World War II</a>.</li> <li>PFC <a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabaldon" title="Guy Gabaldon">Guy Gabaldon</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> – captured over a thousand prisoners during the World War II <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan" title="Battle of Saipan">Battle of Saipan</a>.</li> <li>Tech4 <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Contreras-Bozak" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen Contreras-Bozak">Carmen Contreras-Bozak</a> – first <a href="/wiki/Latinas_and_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinas and World War II">Hispanic woman to serve</a> in the United States <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a>, where she served as an interpreter and in numerous administrative positions.<a href="#cite_note-WAC-349">[345]</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Korean War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ModestoCartagena3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/ModestoCartagena3.jpg/170px-ModestoCartagena3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/43/ModestoCartagena3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Modesto Cartagena, most decorated Puerto Rican soldier in history.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Major General <a href="/wiki/Salvador_E._Felices" title="Salvador E. Felices">Salvador E. Felices</a>, United States Air Force – flew in 19 combat missions over <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1953. In 1957, he participated in "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Power_Flite" title="Operation Power Flite">Operation Power Flite</a>", a historic project that was given to the <a href="/wiki/15th_Expeditionary_Mobility_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Expeditionary Mobility Task Force">Fifteenth Air Force</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> headquarters. Operation Power Flite was the first around the world non-stop flight by an <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">all-jet aircraft</a>.</li> <li>First Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldomero Lopez">Baldomero Lopez</a> – the only Hispanic graduate of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> ("Annapolis") to be awarded the Medal of Honor.</li> <li>Sergeant First Class <a href="/wiki/Modesto_Cartagena" title="Modesto Cartagena">Modesto Cartagena</a> – member of the <a href="/wiki/65th_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Infantry Regiment">65th Infantry Regiment</a>, an all-<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> regiment also known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Borinqueneers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Borinqueneers">The Borinqueneers</a>", during World War II and the Korean War; most decorated Puerto Rican soldier in history.<a href="#cite_note-OK-350">[346]</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuban_Missile_Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Cuban Missile Crisis">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Admiral <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Rivero,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Horacio Rivero, Jr.">Horacio Rivero, Jr.</a> – second Hispanic four-star admiral; commander of the American fleet sent by President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> to set up a quarantine (blockade) of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> ships during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Vietnam War">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Sergeant First Class <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Otero_Barreto" title="Jorge Otero Barreto">Jorge Otero Barreto</a> a.k.a. "The <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Rambo" title="John Rambo">Rambo</a>"– the most decorated Hispanic American soldier in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[347]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_the_Vietnam_War">After the Vietnam War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: After the Vietnam War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GEN_CAVAZOS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GEN_CAVAZOS.jpg/170px-GEN_CAVAZOS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GEN_CAVAZOS.jpg/255px-GEN_CAVAZOS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GEN_CAVAZOS.jpg/340px-GEN_CAVAZOS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4644" data-file-height="5736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Cavazos" title="Richard E. Cavazos">Richard E. Cavazos</a>, first Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Four-star_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-star rank">four-star general</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VADM_Antonia_Novello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/VADM_Antonia_Novello.jpg/170px-VADM_Antonia_Novello.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/VADM_Antonia_Novello.jpg/255px-VADM_Antonia_Novello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/VADM_Antonia_Novello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a>, first woman and first Hispanic to serve as <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Sanchez" title="Ricardo Sanchez">Ricardo Sanchez</a> – top commander of the Coalition forces during the first year of the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, 2003–2004, during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.</li> <li>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Baca" title="Edward D. Baca">Edward D. Baca</a> – in 1994, became the first Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_National_Guard_Bureau" title="Chief of the National Guard Bureau">Chief of the National Guard Bureau</a>.</li> <li>Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a>, M.D., <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Commissioned Corps</a> – in 1990, became the first Hispanic (and first female) U.S. Surgeon General.</li> <li>Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carmona" title="Richard Carmona">Richard Carmona</a>, M.D., <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Commissioned Corps</a> – served as the 17th <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General of the United States</a>, under President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_V._Medina" title="Joseph V. Medina">Joseph V. Medina</a>, USMC – made history by becoming the first Marine Corps officer to take command of a <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">naval flotilla</a>.</li> <li>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._R%C3%A1bago" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald J. Rábago">Ronald J. Rábago</a> – first person of Hispanic descent to be promoted to rear admiral (lower half) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[348]</a></li> <li>Captain <a href="/wiki/Linda_Garcia_Cubero" title="Linda Garcia Cubero">Linda Garcia Cubero</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> – in 1980, became the first Hispanic woman graduate of the United States Air Force.</li> <li>Major General <a href="/wiki/Erneido_Oliva" title="Erneido Oliva">Erneido Oliva</a> – deputy commanding general of the <a href="/wiki/D.C._National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="D.C. National Guard">D.C. National Guard</a>.</li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Carmelita_Vigil-Schimmenti" title="Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti">Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti</a>, United States Air Force – in 1985 became the first Hispanic female to attain the rank of brigadier general in the Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-HM-353">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-NH-354">[350]</a></li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Angela_Salinas" title="Angela Salinas">Angela Salinas</a> – on August 2, 2006, became the first Hispanic female to obtain a general rank in the Marines.<a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a></li> <li>Chief Master Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Col%C3%B3n-L%C3%B3pez" title="Ramón Colón-López">Ramón Colón-López</a> – pararescueman; in 2007, was the only Hispanic among the first six airmen to be awarded the newly created <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Combat_Action_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Combat Action Medal">Air Force Combat Action Medal</a>.</li> <li>Specialist <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Clayton" title="Hilda Clayton">Hilda Clayton</a> (1991–2013) – combat photographer with <a href="/w/index.php?title=55th_Signal_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="55th Signal Company (page does not exist)">55th Signal Company</a> who captured the explosion that killed her and four Afghan soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-CBS-356">[352]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medal_of_Honor">Medal of Honor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Medal of Honor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients">List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients</a></div> The following 43 Hispanics were awarded the Medal of Honor: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Bazaar" title="Philip Bazaar">Philip Bazaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._De_Castro" title="Joseph H. De Castro">Joseph H. De Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ortega" title="John Ortega">John Ortega</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_Silva" title="France Silva">France Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_B._Barkley" title="David B. Barkley">David B. Barkley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Adams" title="Lucian Adams">Lucian Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_B._Davila" title="Rudolph B. Davila">Rudolph B. Davila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcario_Garcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcario Garcia">Marcario Garcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Gonsalves" title="Harold Gonsalves">Harold Gonsalves</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_M._Gonzales" title="David M. Gonzales">David M. Gonzales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvestre_S._Herrera" title="Silvestre S. Herrera">Silvestre S. Herrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_M._Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose M. Lopez">Jose M. Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_P._Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe P. Martinez">Joe P. Martinez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Perez_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Perez Jr.">Manuel Perez Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleto_L._Rodriguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleto L. Rodriguez">Cleto L. Rodriguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_R._Ruiz" title="Alejandro R. Ruiz">Alejandro R. Ruiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_F._Valdez" title="Jose F. Valdez">Jose F. Valdez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ysmael_R._Villegas" title="Ysmael R. Villegas">Ysmael R. Villegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Luis_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Fernando Luis García">Fernando Luis García</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gomez" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Gomez">Edward Gomez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Guillen" title="Ambrosio Guillen">Ambrosio Guillen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_P._Hernandez" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodolfo P. Hernandez">Rodolfo P. Hernandez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldomero Lopez">Baldomero Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Martinez_(soldier)" title="Benito Martinez (soldier)">Benito Martinez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Arnold_Obregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Arnold Obregon">Eugene Arnold Obregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Rodriguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph C. Rodriguez">Joseph C. Rodriguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_P._Baca" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Baca">John P. Baca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_P._Benavidez" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy P. Benavidez">Roy P. Benavidez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_A._De_La_Garza" title="Emilio A. De La Garza">Emilio A. De La Garza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Dias" title="Ralph E. Dias">Ralph E. Dias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Daniel D. Fernández">Daniel Fernandez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Cantu_Gonzalez" title="Alfredo Cantu Gonzalez">Alfredo Cantu "Freddy" Gonzalez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_Francisco_Jimenez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Francisco Jimenez">Jose Francisco Jimenez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Keith" title="Miguel Keith">Miguel Keith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Lozada_(Medal_of_Honor)" title="Carlos Lozada (Medal of Honor)">Carlos James Lozada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Rascon" title="Alfred V. Rascon">Alfred V. Rascon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_R._Rocco" title="Louis R. Rocco">Louis R. Rocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euripides_Rubio" class="mw-redirect" title="Euripides Rubio">Euripides Rubio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Santiago-Colon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Santiago-Colon">Hector Santiago-Colon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmelindo_Rodrigues_Smith" title="Elmelindo Rodrigues Smith">Elmelindo Rodrigues Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_R._Vargas" title="Jay R. Vargas">Jay R. Vargas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humbert_Roque_Versace" title="Humbert Roque Versace">Humbert Roque Versace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximo_Yabes" title="Maximo Yabes">Maximo Yabes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_intelligence">National intelligence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: National intelligence">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In the spy arena, <a href="/wiki/Jose_Rodriguez_(intelligence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Rodriguez (intelligence)">José Rodríguez</a>, a native of Puerto Rico, was the deputy director of operations and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Clandestine_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of the National Clandestine Service">Director of the National Clandestine Service</a> (D/NCS), two senior positions in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), between 2004 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-357">[353]</a></li> <li>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_O._Cubria" title="Mercedes O. Cubria">Mercedes O. Cubria</a> (1903–1980), a.k.a. La Tía (The Aunt), was the first Cuban-born female officer in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. She served in the Women's Army Corps during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and in the United States Army during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and was recalled into service during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. In 1988, she was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Hall_of_Fame" title="Military Intelligence Hall of Fame">Military Intelligence Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MI-358">[354]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Hispanic_Professional_Engineers" title="Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers">Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:263px;max-width:263px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Walter_Alvarez_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Luis_Walter_Alvarez_1961.jpg/114px-Luis_Walter_Alvarez_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Luis_Walter_Alvarez_1961.jpg/171px-Luis_Walter_Alvarez_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Luis_Walter_Alvarez_1961.jpg/228px-Luis_Walter_Alvarez_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="3680" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellen_Ochoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ellen_Ochoa.jpg/141px-Ellen_Ochoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ellen_Ochoa.jpg/212px-Ellen_Ochoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ellen_Ochoa.jpg/282px-Ellen_Ochoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="4072" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Acaba_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Joseph_Acaba_v2.jpg/149px-Joseph_Acaba_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Joseph_Acaba_v2.jpg/224px-Joseph_Acaba_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Joseph_Acaba_v2.jpg/298px-Joseph_Acaba_v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4944" data-file-height="6180" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:FJ_DUARTE_(2006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/FJ_DUARTE_%282006%29.jpg/106px-FJ_DUARTE_%282006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/FJ_DUARTE_%282006%29.jpg/159px-FJ_DUARTE_%282006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/FJ_DUARTE_%282006%29.jpg/212px-FJ_DUARTE_%282006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="407" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Clockwise from top left:</div> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Álvarez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Ochoa" title="Ellen Ochoa">Ellen Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._J._Duarte" title="F. J. Duarte">Francisco Javier Duarte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Acaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Acaba">Joseph Acaba</a></div></div></div></div> Among Hispanic Americans who have excelled in science are <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_%C3%81lvarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Walter Álvarez">Luis Walter Álvarez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>–winning physicist of Spanish descent, and his son <a href="/wiki/Walter_Alvarez" title="Walter Alvarez">Walter Alvarez</a>, a geologist. They first proposed that an asteroid impact on the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> caused the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">extinction of the dinosaurs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario J. Molina">Mario J. Molina</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in chemistry and currently works in the chemistry department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Manuel_Blanco" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Manuel Blanco">Victor Manuel Blanco</a> is an astronomer who in 1959 discovered "Blanco 1", a <a href="/wiki/Galactic_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic cluster">galactic cluster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EG-359">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/F._J._Duarte" title="F. J. Duarte">F. J. Duarte</a> is a laser physicist and author; he received the Engineering Excellence Award from the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">Optical Society of America</a> for the invention of the <a href="/wiki/N-Slit_interferometer" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Slit interferometer">N-slit laser interferometer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Qui%C3%B1ones-Hinojosa" title="Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa">Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa</a> is the director of the Pituitary Surgery Program at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a> and the director of the Brain Tumor Stem Cell Laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine</a>. Physicist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Baez" title="Albert Baez">Albert Baez</a> made important contributions to the early development of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_microscope" title="X-ray microscope">X-ray microscopes</a> and later <a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray telescopes">X-ray telescopes</a>. His nephew <a href="/wiki/John_Carlos_Baez" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carlos Baez">John Carlos Baez</a> is also a noted mathematical physicist. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a> is a biologist and philosopher, former president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, and has been awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a>. Peruvian-American biophysicist <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bustamante_(biophysicist)" title="Carlos Bustamante (biophysicist)">Carlos Bustamante</a> has been named a <a href="/wiki/Searle_Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Searle Scholar">Searle Scholar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloan_Foundation" title="Alfred P. Sloan Foundation">Alfred P. Sloan Foundation</a> Fellow. <a href="/wiki/Luis_von_Ahn" title="Luis von Ahn">Luis von Ahn</a> is one of the pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a> and the founder of the companies <a href="/wiki/ReCAPTCHA" title="ReCAPTCHA">reCAPTCHA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a>. Colombian-American <a href="/wiki/Ana_Maria_Rey" title="Ana Maria Rey">Ana Maria Rey</a> received a <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a> for her work in atomic physics in 2013. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Fernando_E._Rodr%C3%ADguez_Vargas" title="Fernando E. Rodríguez Vargas">Fernando E. Rodríguez Vargas</a> discovered the bacteria that cause dental cavity. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Gualberto_Rua%C3%B1o" title="Gualberto Ruaño">Gualberto Ruaño</a> is a biotechnology pioneer in the field of personalized medicine and the inventor of molecular diagnostic systems, Coupled Amplification and Sequencing (CAS) System, used worldwide for the management of viral diseases.<a href="#cite_note-361">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Tang%C3%BCis" title="Fermín Tangüis">Fermín Tangüis</a> was an agriculturist and scientist who developed the Tangüis Cotton in Peru and saved that nation's cotton industry.<a href="#cite_note-MV-362">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a>, born in Spain, was a co-winner of the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Stewart_(cancer_researcher)" title="Sarah Stewart (cancer researcher)">Sarah Stewart</a>, a Mexican-American microbiologist, is credited with the discovery of the Polyomavirus and successfully demonstrating that cancer causing viruses could be transmitted from animal to animal. Mexican-American psychiatrist Dr. <a href="/wiki/Nora_Volkow" title="Nora Volkow">Nora Volkow</a>, whose brain imaging studies helped characterize the mechanisms of drug addiction, is the current director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a>. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Helen_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Tr%C3%ADas" title="Helen Rodríguez Trías">Helen Rodríguez Trías</a>, an early advocate for women's reproductive rights, helped drive and draft U.S. federal sterilization guidelines in 1979. She was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Citizens_Medal" title="Presidential Citizens Medal">Presidential Citizens Medal</a> by President Bill Clinton, and was the first Hispanic president of the American Public Health Association. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changdiaz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Changdiaz.jpg/150px-Changdiaz.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Changdiaz.jpg/225px-Changdiaz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Changdiaz.jpg/300px-Changdiaz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2541" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Chang-Diaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Chang-Diaz">Franklin Chang-Diaz</a> NASA astronaut and physicist known for his expertise in <a href="/wiki/Plasma_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma propulsion">plasma propulsion</a> systems.</figcaption></figure> Some Hispanics have made their names in <a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">astronautics</a>, including several NASA astronauts:<a href="#cite_note-363">[359]</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Chang-Diaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Chang-Diaz">Franklin Chang-Diaz</a>, the first Hispanic NASA astronaut, is co-recordholder for the most flights in outer space, and is the leading researcher on the <a href="/wiki/Variable_Specific_Impulse_Magnetoplasma_Rocket" title="Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket">plasma engine</a> for rockets; <a href="/wiki/France_A._C%C3%B3rdova" title="France A. Córdova">France A. Córdova</a>, former NASA chief scientist; <a href="/wiki/Juan_R._Cruz" title="Juan R. Cruz">Juan R. Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> aerospace engineer; <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I._Noriega" title="Carlos I. Noriega">Carlos I. Noriega</a>, NASA mission specialist and computer scientist; Dr. <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figueroa" title="Orlando Figueroa">Orlando Figueroa</a>, mechanical engineer and director of Mars exploration in NASA; <a href="/wiki/Amri_Hern%C3%A1ndez-Pellerano" title="Amri Hernández-Pellerano">Amri Hernández-Pellerano</a>, engineer who designs, builds and tests the electronics that will regulate the solar array power in order to charge the spacecraft battery and distribute power to the different loads or users inside various spacecraft at NASA's <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/Olga_D._Gonz%C3%A1lez-Sanabria" title="Olga D. González-Sanabria">Olga D. González-Sanabria</a> won an R&D 100 Award for her role in the development of the "Long Cycle-Life Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries" which help enable the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> power system. <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Reaves" title="Mercedes Reaves">Mercedes Reaves</a>, research engineer and scientist who is responsible for the design of a viable full-scale <a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">solar sail</a> and the development and testing of a scale model solar sail at NASA <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a>. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rodriguez_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Rodriguez (NASA)">Pedro Rodríguez</a>, inventor and mechanical engineer who is the director of a test laboratory at NASA and of a portable, battery-operated lift seat for people suffering from knee arthritis. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Felix_Soto_Toro" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Soto Toro">Felix Soto Toro</a>, electrical engineer and astronaut applicant who developed the Advanced Payload Transfer Measurement System (ASPTMS) (Electronic 3D measuring system); <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Ochoa" title="Ellen Ochoa">Ellen Ochoa</a>, a pioneer of spacecraft technology and astronaut; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph Acaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Caldeiro" title="Fernando Caldeiro">Fernando Caldeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_M._Gutierrez" title="Sidney M. Gutierrez">Sidney Gutierrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John Olivas</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_D._Zamka" title="George D. Zamka">George Zamka</a>, who are current or former astronauts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_athletes_in_American_sports" title="Hispanic and Latino athletes in American sports">Hispanic and Latino athletes in American sports</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hispanic_and_Latino_American_women_in_sports">Hispanic and Latino American women in sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Hispanic and Latino American women in sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monica_Puig_RG13_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monica_Puig_RG13_%282%29.JPG/175px-Monica_Puig_RG13_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monica_Puig_RG13_%282%29.JPG/263px-Monica_Puig_RG13_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monica_Puig_RG13_%282%29.JPG/350px-Monica_Puig_RG13_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monica_Puig" title="Monica Puig">Monica Puig</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2013_French_Open" title="2013 French Open">2013 French Open</a></figcaption></figure> Hispanic and Latino American women have left an indelible mark on sports in the US, showcasing exceptional talent, resilience, and cultural diversity. Some notable figures include <a href="/wiki/Monica_Puig" title="Monica Puig">Monica Puig</a>, tennis player hailing from Puerto Rico, Monica Puig achieved historic success by winning the gold medal in women's singles at the 2016 Rio Olympics, marking Puerto Rico's first-ever Olympic gold medal in any sport. <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Hernandez" title="Laurie Hernandez">Laurie Hernandez</a>, gymnastics athlete also of Puerto Rican descent, Laurie Hernandez secured a gold medal with the US gymnastics team at the 2016 Rio Olympics and added a silver medal on the balance beam, captivating audiences with her grace and skill. <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Mendoza" title="Jessica Mendoza">Jessica Mendoza</a>, softball/baseball player of Mexican heritage, is celebrated as a former professional softball player and Olympic gold medalist (2004). She continues to inspire as a groundbreaking baseball analyst for ESPN, breaking barriers in sports broadcasting. <a href="/wiki/Giselle_Juarez_(softball)" title="Giselle Juarez (softball)">Giselle Juarez</a>, softball player of Mexican descent, emerged as a standout pitcher, leading the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a> to victory in the 2021 NCAA Women's College World Series championship, showcasing her dominance on the mound. <a href="/wiki/Linda_Alvarado" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda Alvarado">Linda Alvarado</a>, made history as the first Hispanic woman to co-own a Major League Baseball team, the Colorado Rockies, breaking barriers and paving the way for diversity in professional sports ownership. <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Villa" title="Brenda Villa">Brenda Villa</a>, water polo of Mexican descent, is a trailblazer in women's water polo, earning four Olympic medals (gold in 2012, silver in 2000 and 2008, bronze in 2004) and inspiring a generation with her leadership and achievements. <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lopez" title="Nancy Lopez">Nancy Lopez</a>, golf a Hall of Fame golfer of Mexican heritage, amassed an impressive 48 LPGA Tour victories, including three major championships, during her illustrious career, solidifying her legacy as one of golf's all-time greats. <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Huerta" title="Sofia Huerta">Sofia Huerta</a>, player of Mexican and American descent, has excelled in professional soccer, showcasing her versatility and skill as a midfielder and forward in the NWSL and internationally with Mexico's national team, inspiring young athletes with her talent and determination. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispanic_and_Latino_American_men_in_sports">Hispanic and Latino American men in sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Hispanic and Latino American men in sports">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Football">Football</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tony_Romo_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tony_Romo_2015.jpg/170px-Tony_Romo_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tony_Romo_2015.jpg/255px-Tony_Romo_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tony_Romo_2015.jpg/340px-Tony_Romo_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tony_Romo" title="Tony Romo">Tony Romo</a>, <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> <a href="/wiki/Quarterback" title="Quarterback">quarterback</a> known for his career with the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a> and current role as a popular football analyst for CBS Sports.</figcaption></figure> There have been far fewer <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> players, let alone star players, but <a href="/wiki/Tom_Flores" title="Tom Flores">Tom Flores</a> was the first Hispanic head coach and the first Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Quarterback" title="Quarterback">quarterback</a> in American professional football, and won <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowls" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Bowls">Super Bowls</a> as a player, as assistant coach and as head coach for the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Raiders" title="Oakland Raiders">Oakland Raiders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_M%C3%BA%C3%B1oz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Múñoz">Anthony Múñoz</a> is enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">Pro Football Hall of Fame</a>, ranked No. 17 on <a href="/wiki/Sporting_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting News">Sporting News</a>'s 1999 list of the 100 greatest football players, and was the highest-ranked offensive lineman. <a href="/wiki/Jim_Plunkett" title="Jim Plunkett">Jim Plunkett</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a> and was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="College Football Hall of Fame">College Football Hall of Fame</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Kapp" title="Joe Kapp">Joe Kapp</a> is inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Football Hall of Fame">Canadian Football Hall of Fame</a> and <a href="/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="College Football Hall of Fame">College Football Hall of Fame</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steve_Van_Buren" title="Steve Van Buren">Steve Van Buren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gramatica" title="Martin Gramatica">Martin Gramatica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cruz_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Cruz (American football)">Victor Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Gonzalez" title="Tony Gonzalez">Tony Gonzalez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hendricks" title="Ted Hendricks">Ted Hendricks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bulger" title="Marc Bulger">Marc Bulger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Romo" title="Tony Romo">Tony Romo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanchez" title="Mark Sanchez">Mark Sanchez</a> can also be cited among successful Hispanics in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baseball">Baseball</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Baseball">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Mendoza" title="Jessica Mendoza">Jessica Mendoza</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-Rod3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/A-Rod3.jpg/220px-A-Rod3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/A-Rod3.jpg/330px-A-Rod3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/A-Rod3.jpg/440px-A-Rod3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alex_Rodriguez" title="Alex Rodriguez">Alex Rodriguez</a> baseball player who achieved iconic status in the <a href="/wiki/MLB" class="mw-redirect" title="MLB">MLB</a>, notably with the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Mariners" title="Seattle Mariners">Seattle Mariners</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>, before becoming a prominent television analyst.</figcaption></figure> Hispanics have played in the Major Leagues since the very beginning of organized baseball, with Cuban player <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bell%C3%A1n" title="Steve Bellán">Esteban Bellán</a> being the first (1873).<a href="#cite_note-364">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[361]</a> The large number of Hispanic American stars in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (MLB) includes players like <a href="/wiki/Ted_Williams" title="Ted Williams">Ted Williams</a> (considered by many to be the greatest hitter of all time), <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Sosa" title="Sammy Sosa">Sammy Sosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Rodriguez" title="Alex Rodriguez">Alex Rodriguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Rios" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex Rios">Alex Rios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera" title="Miguel Cabrera">Miguel Cabrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefty_G%C3%B3mez" class="mw-redirect" title="Lefty Gómez">Lefty Gómez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolf_Luque" title="Dolf Luque">Adolfo Luque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Iván Rodríguez">Iván Rodríguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(baseball)" title="Carlos González (baseball)">Carlos González</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Clemente" title="Roberto Clemente">Roberto Clemente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Adrián González">Adrián González</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(pitcher)" title="José Fernández (pitcher)">Jose Fernandez</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ortiz" title="David Ortiz">David Ortiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Marichal" title="Juan Marichal">Juan Marichal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Valenzuela" title="Fernando Valenzuela">Fernando Valenzuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomar_Garciaparra" title="Nomar Garciaparra">Nomar Garciaparra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pujols" title="Albert Pujols">Albert Pujols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Vizquel" title="Omar Vizquel">Omar Vizquel</a>, managers <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(catcher)" title="Mike González (catcher)">Miguel Angel Gonzalez</a> (the first Hispanic Major League manager),<a href="#cite_note-366">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[363]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_L%C3%B3pez" title="Al López">Al López</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozzie_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Ozzie Guillén">Ozzie Guillén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Alou" title="Felipe Alou">Felipe Alou</a>, and General Manager <a href="/wiki/Omar_Minaya" title="Omar Minaya">Omar Minaya</a>. Hispanics in the <a href="/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum">MLB Hall of Fame</a> include <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Alomar" title="Roberto Alomar">Roberto Alomar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Aparicio" title="Luis Aparicio">Luis Aparicio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Carew" title="Rod Carew">Rod Carew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Cepeda" title="Orlando Cepeda">Orlando Cepeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Marichal" title="Juan Marichal">Juan Marichal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Pedro Martínez">Pedro Martínez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_P%C3%A9rez" title="Tony Pérez">Tony Pérez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Iván Rodríguez">Iván Rodríguez</a>, Ted Williams, <a href="/wiki/Reggie_Jackson" title="Reggie Jackson">Reggie Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rivera" title="Mariano Rivera">Mariano Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Edgar Martínez">Edgar Martinez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Clemente" title="Roberto Clemente">Roberto Clemente</a>. <a href="/wiki/Afro-Latin_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Latin Americans">Afro-Hispanic</a> players <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Dihigo" title="Martín Dihigo">Martin Dihigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%A9ndez" title="José Méndez">Jose Mendez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Torriente" title="Cristóbal Torriente">Cristóbal Torriente</a> are Hispanic Hall of Famers who played in the <a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro leagues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basketball">Basketball</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Basketball">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmelo_Anthony_Nov_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Carmelo_Anthony_Nov_2013.jpg/170px-Carmelo_Anthony_Nov_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Carmelo_Anthony_Nov_2013.jpg/255px-Carmelo_Anthony_Nov_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Carmelo_Anthony_Nov_2013.jpg/340px-Carmelo_Anthony_Nov_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Puerto Rican NBA All-star <a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Anthony" title="Carmelo Anthony">Carmelo Anthony</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Ariza" title="Trevor Ariza">Trevor Ariza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Aguirre" title="Mark Aguirre">Mark Aguirre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Anthony" title="Carmelo Anthony">Carmelo Anthony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manu_Gin%C3%B3bili" title="Manu Ginóbili">Manu Ginóbili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arroyo" title="Carlos Arroyo">Carlos Arroyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Arenas" title="Gilbert Arenas">Gilbert Arenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolando_Blackman" title="Rolando Blackman">Rolando Blackman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pau_Gasol" title="Pau Gasol">Pau Gasol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Calder%C3%B3n_(basketball)" title="José Calderón (basketball)">Jose Calderon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Juan_Barea" class="mw-redirect" title="José Juan Barea">José Juan Barea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Villanueva" title="Charlie Villanueva">Charlie Villanueva</a> can be cited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA). <a href="/wiki/Dick_Versace" title="Dick Versace">Dick Versace</a> made history when he became the first person of Hispanic heritage to coach an NBA team. <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Lobo" title="Rebecca Lobo">Rebecca Lobo</a> was a major star and champion of collegiate (<a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> (NCAA)) and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> basketball and played professionally in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">Women's National Basketball Association</a> (WNBA). <a href="/wiki/Diana_Taurasi" title="Diana Taurasi">Diana Taurasi</a> became just the seventh player ever to win an NCAA title, a WNBA title and as well an Olympic gold medal. <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Antigua" title="Orlando Antigua">Orlando Antigua</a> became in 1995 the first Hispanic and the first non-Black in 52 years to play for the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters" title="Harlem Globetrotters">Harlem Globetrotters</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tennis">Tennis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Tennis">edit</a>]</div> Notable Hispanic and Latino American <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> players include legendary player <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Gonzales" title="Pancho Gonzales">Pancho Gonzales</a>, as well as Olympic tennis champions <a href="/wiki/Mary_Joe_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Mary Joe Fernández">Mary Joe Fernández</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gigi_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Gigi Fernández">Gigi Fernández</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monica_Puig" title="Monica Puig">Monica Puig</a>, a Puerto Rican-born player, achieved significant recognition by winning the <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a> in women's singles at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Rio_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Rio Olympics">2016 Rio Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-2016-369">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soccer">Soccer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Soccer">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Bocanegra_(2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Carlos_Bocanegra_%282010%29.jpg/170px-Carlos_Bocanegra_%282010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Carlos_Bocanegra_%282010%29.jpg/255px-Carlos_Bocanegra_%282010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Carlos_Bocanegra_%282010%29.jpg/340px-Carlos_Bocanegra_%282010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bocanegra" title="Carlos Bocanegra">Carlos Bocanegra</a> soccer player who served as the captain of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team" title="United States men's national soccer team">United States national team</a> and played professionally in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> and Europe.</figcaption></figure> Hispanics have made significant contributions to all major American sports and leagues, with a particularly notable impact on the growth of soccer in the United States. Soccer, being the most popular sport in the Spanish-speaking world, has been profoundly influenced by Hispanic heritage. This influence is evident in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> (MLS), where teams such as <a href="/wiki/LA_Galaxy" title="LA Galaxy">LA Galaxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_FC" title="Los Angeles FC">Los Angeles FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Dynamo">Houston Dynamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Crew" title="Columbus Crew">Columbus Crew</a> have substantial fan bases comprising primarily Mexican Americans.<a href="#cite_note-370">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[368]</a> Notable Hispanic players in MLS include <a href="/wiki/Tab_Ramos" title="Tab Ramos">Tab Ramos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Reyna" title="Claudio Reyna">Claudio Reyna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Gonzalez" title="Omar Gonzalez">Omar Gonzalez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Balboa" title="Marcelo Balboa">Marcelo Balboa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Espinoza" title="Roger Espinoza">Roger Espinoza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bocanegra" title="Carlos Bocanegra">Carlos Bocanegra</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swimming">Swimming</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Swimming">edit</a>]</div> Swimmers <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Lochte" title="Ryan Lochte">Ryan Lochte</a> (the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals)<a href="#cite_note-373">[369]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dara_Torres" title="Dara Torres">Dara Torres</a> (one of three women with the most Olympic women's swimming medals), both of Cuban ancestry,<a href="#cite_note-374">[370]</a> have won multiple medals at various Olympic Games over the years. Torres is also the first American swimmer to appear in five Olympic Games.<a href="#cite_note-375">[371]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maya_DiRado" title="Maya DiRado">Maya DiRado</a>, of Argentine ancestry, won four medals at the 2016 games, including two gold medals.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-2016-369">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_De_La_Hoya_at_Morongo_Casino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Oscar_De_La_Hoya_at_Morongo_Casino.jpg/130px-Oscar_De_La_Hoya_at_Morongo_Casino.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Oscar_De_La_Hoya_at_Morongo_Casino.jpg/195px-Oscar_De_La_Hoya_at_Morongo_Casino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Oscar_De_La_Hoya_at_Morongo_Casino.jpg/260px-Oscar_De_La_Hoya_at_Morongo_Casino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oscar_De_La_Hoya" title="Oscar De La Hoya">De La Hoya</a> "The Golden Boy," is a former professional boxer and Olympic gold medalist who became a prominent figure in boxing both inside the ring and as a promoter</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a>'s first Hispanic American world champion was <a href="/wiki/Solly_Smith" title="Solly Smith">Solly Smith</a>. Some other champions include <a href="/wiki/Oscar_De_La_Hoya" title="Oscar De La Hoya">Oscar De La Hoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cotto" title="Miguel Cotto">Miguel Cotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Chacon" title="Bobby Chacon">Bobby Chacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandon_R%C3%ADos" title="Brandon Ríos">Brandon Ríos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Carbajal" title="Michael Carbajal">Michael Carbajal</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruiz" title="John Ruiz">John Ruiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Ruiz_Jr." title="Andy Ruiz Jr.">Andy Ruiz Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikey_Garcia" title="Mikey Garcia">Mikey Garcia</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee_Trevino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lee_Trevino.jpg/130px-Lee_Trevino.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lee_Trevino.jpg/195px-Lee_Trevino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lee_Trevino.jpg/260px-Lee_Trevino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lee_Trevino" title="Lee Trevino">Lee Trevino</a> retired professional golfer who won numerous <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour" title="PGA Tour">PGA Tour</a> events, including several major championships</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ricco_Rodriguez" title="Ricco Rodriguez">Ricco Rodriguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tito_Ortiz" title="Tito Ortiz">Tito Ortiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Sanchez" title="Diego Sanchez">Diego Sanchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Diaz" title="Nick Diaz">Nick Diaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nate_Diaz" title="Nate Diaz">Nate Diaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominick_Cruz" title="Dominick Cruz">Dominick Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Shamrock" title="Frank Shamrock">Frank Shamrock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Melendez" title="Gilbert Melendez">Gilbert Melendez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Huerta" title="Roger Huerta">Roger Huerta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Condit" title="Carlos Condit">Carlos Condit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Ferguson" title="Tony Ferguson">Tony Ferguson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Masvidal" title="Jorge Masvidal">Jorge Masvidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Gastelum" title="Kelvin Gastelum">Kelvin Gastelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cejudo" title="Henry Cejudo">Henry Cejudo</a> and UFC Heavy Weight Champion <a href="/wiki/Cain_Velasquez" title="Cain Velasquez">Cain Velasquez</a> have been competitors in the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">Ultimate Fighting Championship</a> (UFC) of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a>. In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Guerin" title="Bill Guerin">Bill Guerin</a> whose mother is <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaraguan</a> became the first Hispanic player in the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL). He was also selected to four <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="National Hockey League All-Star Game">NHL All-Star Games</a>. In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Gomez" title="Scott Gomez">Scott Gomez</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Calder_Memorial_Trophy" title="Calder Memorial Trophy">NHL Rookie of the Year Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-376">[372]</a> Figure skater <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Galindo" title="Rudy Galindo">Rudy Galindo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golfers</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_%22Chi-Chi%22_Rodr%C3%ADguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan "Chi-Chi" Rodríguez">Chi Chi Rodríguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_L%C3%B3pez" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy López">Nancy López</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Trevino" title="Lee Trevino">Lee Trevino</a>; <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a> player <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Fern%C3%A1ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa Fernández">Lisa Fernández</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rodriguez_(skateboarder)" title="Paul Rodriguez (skateboarder)">Paul Rodríguez Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/X_Games" title="X Games">X Games</a> professional skateboarder, are all Hispanic Americans who have distinguished themselves in their sports. In gymnastics, Laurie Hernandez, who is of Puerto Rican ancestry, was a gold medalist at the 2016 Games.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-2016-369">[365]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">sports entertainment</a> we find the <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestlers</a> <a href="/wiki/Hulk_Hogan" title="Hulk Hogan">Hulk Hogan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Del_Rio" title="Alberto Del Rio">Alberto Del Rio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rey_Mysterio,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Rey Mysterio, Jr.">Rey Mysterio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Guerrero" title="Eddie Guerrero">Eddie Guerrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seth_Rollins" title="Seth Rollins">Tyler Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melina_Perez" title="Melina Perez">Melina Pérez</a> and executive <a href="/wiki/Vickie_Guerrero" title="Vickie Guerrero">Vickie Guerrero</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-Latino_sentiment">Anti-Latino sentiment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Anti-Latino sentiment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Anti-Mexican sentiment</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner#United_States" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner § United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_El_Paso,_Texas_(48485174852).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_El_Paso%2C_Texas_%2848485174852%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_El_Paso%2C_Texas_%2848485174852%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_El_Paso%2C_Texas_%2848485174852%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_El_Paso%2C_Texas_%2848485174852%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_El_Paso%2C_Texas_%2848485174852%29.jpg/440px-President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_El_Paso%2C_Texas_%2848485174852%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="President Trump">President Trump</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> while they are visiting survivors of the <a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">2019 El Paso shooting</a>, which was an anti-Latino terrorist attack in El Paso, Texas</figcaption></figure> In countries where the majority of the population is descended from immigrants, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">opposition to immigration</a> sometimes takes the forms of <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">religious intolerance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Higham-377">[373]</a> Throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">US history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Latino_discrimination_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Latino discrimination in the United States">anti-Latino sentiment</a> has existed to varying degrees at different times, and it was largely based on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">Anti-Catholicism in the United States</a>), <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia in the United States</a>), economic and social conditions in <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a>, and opposition to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[377]</a> In 2006, Time magazine reported that the number of <a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">hate groups</a> in the United States increased by 33 percent since 2000, primarily as a result of anti-illegal immigrant and anti-Mexican sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-382">[378]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) statistics, the number of anti-Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a> increased by 35 percent since 2003 (albeit from a low level). In California, the state with the largest Hispanic population, the number of hate crimes which were committed against Hispanics almost doubled.<a href="#cite_note-383">[379]</a> In 2009, the FBI reported that 4,622 of the 6,604 hate crimes which were recorded in the United States were anti-Hispanic, comprising 70.3% of all recorded hate crimes, the highest percentage of all of the hate crimes which were recorded in 2009. This percentage is contrasted by the fact that 34.6% of all of the hate crimes which were recorded in 2009 were anti-Black, 17.9% of them were <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">anti-homosexual</a>, 14.1% of them were <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Jewish</a>, and 8.3% of them were anti-White.<a href="#cite_note-384">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Discrimination">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_Equality_Book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Inside_the_Equality_Book.jpg/220px-Inside_the_Equality_Book.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Inside_the_Equality_Book.jpg/330px-Inside_the_Equality_Book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Inside_the_Equality_Book.jpg/440px-Inside_the_Equality_Book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The story of <a href="/wiki/Mendez_v._Westminster" title="Mendez v. Westminster">Mendez v. Westminster</a> book monument</figcaption></figure> It is reported that 31% of Hispanics have reported personal experiences with <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> whilst 82% of Hispanics believe that discrimination plays a crucial role in whether or not they will find success while they are living in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-Richards-138">[136]</a> The current legislation on immigration policies also plays a crucial role in creating a hostile and discriminatory environment for immigrants. In order to measure the discrimination which immigrants are being subjected to, researchers must take into account the immigrants' perception that they are being targeted for discrimination and they must also be aware that instances of discrimination can also vary based on: personal experiences, social attitudes and ethnic group barriers. The immigrant experience is associated with lower self-esteem, internalized symptoms and behavioral problems amongst Mexican youth. It is also known that more time which is spent living in the United States is associated with increased feelings of distress, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-Richards-138">[136]</a> Like many other Hispanic groups that migrate to the United States, these groups are often stigmatized. An example of this stigmatization occurred after <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>, when people who were considered threats to national security were frequently described with terms like migrant and the "Hispanic Other" along with other terms like refugee and asylum seeker.<a href="#cite_note-385">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigration_reform">Immigration reform</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Immigration reform">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1965:_Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_(Hart-Celler_Act)">1965: Immigration and Nationality Act (Hart-Celler Act)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: 1965: Immigration and Nationality Act (Hart-Celler Act)">edit</a>]</div> The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), enacted in 1952, serves as a foundational piece of US immigration law by consolidating and reorganizing various provisions into a unified framework. Since its enactment, the INA has undergone numerous amendments, reflecting its evolving role in immigration policy. It is codified in Title 8 of the United States Code (USC), which is the comprehensive collection of US laws. Title 8 specifically addresses "Aliens and Nationality," and the INA's sections are aligned with corresponding US Code sections for clarity. For accuracy, the official U.S. Code is provided by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the US House of Representatives, with links available through USCIS.<a href="#cite_note-386">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1986:_Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_(IRCA)">1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: 1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)">edit</a>]</div> The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), detailed in House Report 99–1000, introduced significant changes to US immigration law. Title I of the Act focused on controlling illegal immigration by making it unlawful for employers to hire or continue employing unauthorized aliens without verifying their work status.<a href="#cite_note-congress.gov-387">[383]</a> It established an employment verification system requiring employers to attest to and maintain records of employees' work eligibility. The Act also set up procedures for monitoring the verification system and addressing violations, while explicitly prohibiting the use of such verification for national identity purposes. Additionally, Title I outlined employer sanctions, including a public education period and a phased enforcement approach. Title II of the Act provided a legalization program for certain undocumented aliens who met specific criteria, including continuous residence in the U.S. since January 1, 1982.<a href="#cite_note-congress.gov-387">[383]</a> It authorized adjustment from temporary to permanent resident status under certain conditions and required the Attorney General to manage and disseminate information about the program. Title III addressed the reform of legal immigration, including provisions for temporary agricultural workers and adjustments to visa programs. The Act also established various commissions and reports to assess and improve immigration policies and enforcement measures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996:_Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_(IIRIRA)">1996: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: 1996: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)">edit</a>]</div> The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 expanded the definition of "qualified alien" under section 431 of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 (8 USC 1641) to include certain categories of battered aliens. The new provisions added to 8 USC 1641 recognize battered aliens.<a href="#cite_note-The_Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996-388">[384]</a> Those who have experienced battery or extreme cruelty by a spouse or parent, or by a member of their family residing with them. As eligible for benefits if there is a substantial connection between the abuse and the need for assistance. This includes aliens with pending petitions for various statuses under the Immigration and Nationality Act, such as spousal or child status of a US citizen or applications for suspension of deportation. The act extends protections to aliens whose children have been subjected to similar abuse, provided there is no active participation by the alien in the abuse. It also includes alien children who reside with a parent who has been abused. These provisions do not apply if the abuser resides in the same household as the victim. The Attorney General is tasked with issuing guidance on the interpretation of "battery" and "extreme cruelty" and establishing standards for determining the connection between such abuse and the need for benefits.<a href="#cite_note-The_Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996-388">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012:_Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals_(DACA)">2012: Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: 2012: Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8471.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8471.jpg/220px-DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8471.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8471.jpg/330px-DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8471.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8471.jpg/440px-DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8471.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5157" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>At a Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (<a href="/wiki/DACA" class="mw-redirect" title="DACA">DACA</a>) rally in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, protesters displayed a variety of <a href="/wiki/Sign" title="Sign">signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banner" title="Banner">banners</a> advocating for the protection and expansion of the DACA program.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals</a> (DACA) is a policy established on June 15, 2012, by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a>. The policy provides temporary relief from deportation and work authorization to certain young undocumented immigrants who meet specific criteria. DACA does not offer a pathway to permanent legal status. Instead, it grants temporary protection that requires renewal every two years. To be eligible, applicants must have arrived in the United States before the age of 16, be currently under the age of 31, and have continuously resided in the US since June 15, 2007. They must also be enrolled in school, have graduated from <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a>, or have been honorably discharged from the <a href="/wiki/US_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="US Armed Forces">US Armed Forces</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a>. Upon its implementation, DACA initially benefited approximately 832,881 individuals. The policy has been associated with various socioeconomic improvements among its recipients. According to a 2019 survey, DACA recipients experienced an 86 percent increase in their average hourly wage. This rise in wages has contributed to enhanced financial independence and increased consumer spending, which in turn has had positive economic effects. Recipients also reported improved job conditions and expanded educational opportunities, reflecting the broader impact of the policy on their quality of life. Overall, DACA has been a significant, though temporary, measure aimed at addressing the status of undocumented young immigrants and has had notable effects on their economic and educational outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-389">[385]</a> DACA's future has faced legal challenges, including a 2020 Supreme Court ruling that blocked the Trump administration's attempt to end it and a 2021 decision declaring DACA unlawful, though it did not immediately affect current recipients. The Biden administration has since reaffirmed its support and proposed regulatory changes to secure the program's future. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Hispanicity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="424" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Portal:Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans portal</a></li></ul> Places of settlement in United States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_Hispanic-_or_Latino-majority_in_the_2010_census" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. communities with Hispanic- or Latino-majority in the 2010 census">List of U.S. communities with Hispanic- or Latino-majority in the 2010 census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Hispanic_and_Latino_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic and Latino populations">List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic and Latino populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_by_Spanish-speaking_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities by Spanish-speaking population">List of U.S. cities by Spanish-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Jersey" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey">Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Massachusetts" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Massachusetts">Hispanics and Latinos in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hispanics and Latinos in Washington, D.C.">Hispanics and Latinos in Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_California" title="Hispanics and Latinos in California">Hispanics and Latinos in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Arizona" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Arizona">Hispanics and Latinos in Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Mexico" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Mexico">Hispanics and Latinos in New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Texas" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Texas">Hispanics and Latinos in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Nevada" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Nevada">Hispanics and Latinos in Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Florida" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Florida">Hispanics and Latinos in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_York" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New York">Hispanics and Latinos in New York</a></li></ul> Diaspora: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Australians" title="Hispanic and Latin American Australians">Hispanic and Latin American Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians" title="Latin American Canadians">Hispanic and Latin American Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Latin American migration to the United Kingdom">Latin Americans in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_diaspora" title="Latin American diaspora">Latino diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Asian" title="Latin American Asian">Latin American Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_from_Latin_America_to_Europe" title="Migration from Latin America to Europe">Latin Americans in Europe</a></li></ul> Individuals: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans">List of Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in the American Civil War">Hispanics and Latinos in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans_in_World_War_II" title="Hispanic Americans in World War II">Hispanic and Latino Americans in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_the_United_States_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Air Force">Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Coast Guard">Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Marine Corps">Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Navy">Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Admirals_in_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic and Latino Admirals in the United States Navy">Hispanic and Latino Admirals in the United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_the_United_States_Naval_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Naval Academy">Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Naval Academy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Other Hispanic and Latino Americans topics: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_Muslims" title="Hispanic and Latino American Muslims">Hispanic and Latino American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_Jews" title="List of Latin American Jews">List of Latin American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_Hispanic_Health" title="National Alliance for Hispanic Health">National Alliance for Hispanic Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Portugal–United States relations">Portugal–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">Spain–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._place_names_of_Spanish_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. place names of Spanish origin">List of U.S. place names of Spanish origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_National_Survey,_2006" title="Latino National Survey, 2006">Latino National Survey, 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_literature" title="Latino literature">Latino literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicano movement">Chicano movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila_Party" title="Tequila Party">Tequila Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_statehood_movement" title="Puerto Rico statehood movement">Puerto Rico statehood movement</a></li></ul> General: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the United States census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_racial_and_ethnic_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States">Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">History of immigration to the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Includes Asian Americans. </li> <li id="cite_note-census-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_94-2">c</a> The 1970, 1980, and 1990 US censuses did not allow for the selection of multiple races. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> As a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court Justice</a>, Sotomayor was nominated by <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, not elected. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">election</a> of California senator <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> as vice president, Padilla was appointed senator by California Governor <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> to fill the seat vacancy. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CensusACS2020-1">^ <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html">"Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. 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(September 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/23/who-is-hispanic/">"Who is Hispanic?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929011446/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/23/who-is-hispanic/">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Who+is+Hispanic%3F&rft.date=2021-09-23&rft.aulast=Krogstad&rft.aufirst=Jens+M.&rft.au=Passel%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Mark+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2021%2F09%2F23%2Fwho-is-hispanic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FragaGarcia2010-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FragaGarcia2010_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFragaGarcia2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fraga" title="Luis Fraga">Fraga, Luis</a> & Garcia, John A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XaNluPNVEQcC&pg=PA145">Latino Lives in America: Making It Home</a>. Temple University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0050-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0050-5"><bdi>978-1-4399-0050-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latino+Lives+in+America%3A+Making+It+Home&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4399-0050-5&rft.aulast=Fraga&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Garcia%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXaNluPNVEQcC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher1996-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher1996_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1996" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Nancy L. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-27487-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-27487-3"><bdi>978-1-118-27487-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Latin+America%3A+1970+to+the+Present&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-27487-3&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Villars%2C+Rina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2oShLUAPTYQC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Federal_Highway_Administration-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Federal_Highway_Administration_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/guidance/superseded/49cfr26.cfm">"49 CFR Part 26"</a>. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <q>'Hispanic Americans,' which includes persons of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> or <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a> culture or origin, regardless of race.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.atitle=49+CFR+Part+26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fhep%2Fguidance%2Fsuperseded%2F49cfr26.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBA_8005-8"><a href="#cite_ref-SBA_8005_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925005103/http://www.sbaonline.sba.gov/sops/8005/sop8005-3.pdf">"US Small Business Administration 8(a) Program Standard Operating Procedure"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved April 28, 2008. <q>There was a Hispanic presence on the continent for more than 200 years before 13 colonies on the eastern coast declared their independence from England. ... 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Journal of Marriage and Family. 30 (3): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F349908">10.2307/349908</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2445">0022-2445</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/349908">349908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marriage+and+Family&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Marriage+Roles+Accompanying+the+Acculturation+of+the+Mexican-American+Wife&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=404-412&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=0022-2445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F349908%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F349908&rft.aulast=Tharp&rft.aufirst=Roland+G.&rft.au=Meadow%2C+Arnold&rft.au=Lennhoff%2C+Susan+G.&rft.au=Satterfield%2C+Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F349908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLTribune2018-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLTribune2018_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLTribune2018_223-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojórquez2022" class="citation news cs1">Bojórquez, Kim (June 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/2022/06/01/more-latinos-are/">"More Latinos are identifying as LGBTQ. Here's how some in Utah have found acceptance and community"</a>. The Salt Lake Tribune. <q>The poll found 11% of U.S. Latino adults said they identified as LGBTQ, nearly twice the rate of 6.2% of non-Hispanic white adults and 6.6% of Black adults who said they were queer. The percentage of queer Latino adults was even higher among Gen Zers — the cohort born between 1997 and 2012 — where more than 1 in 5 said they were LGBTQ, the report found.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=More+Latinos+are+identifying+as+LGBTQ.+Here%27s+how+some+in+Utah+have+found+acceptance+and+community&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft.aulast=Boj%C3%B3rquez&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F06%2F01%2Fmore-latinos-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupemba2022" class="citation news cs1">Kupemba, Danai Nesta (June 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/06/12/lgbtq-population-us-hispanic-black-white/">"More young, Hispanic Americans identify as LGBTQ+ than ever before"</a>. PinkNews. <q>New data has confirmed that young Hispanic Americans are driving an increase in the LGBTQ+ population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=More+young%2C+Hispanic+Americans+identify+as+LGBTQ%2B+than+ever+before&rft.date=2022-06-12&rft.aulast=Kupemba&rft.aufirst=Danai+Nesta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepinknews.com%2F2022%2F06%2F12%2Flgbtq-population-us-hispanic-black-white%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolanKuhnerDy2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nolan, Ian T.; Kuhner, Christopher J.; Dy, Geolani W. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6626314">"Demographic and temporal trends in transgender identities and gender confirming surgery"</a>. Translational Andrology and Urology. 8 (3). AME Publishing Company: 184–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21037%2Ftau.2019.04.09">10.21037/tau.2019.04.09</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2223-4683">2223-4683</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6626314">6626314</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31380225">31380225</a>. <q>Studies evaluating racial and ethnic demographic trends suggest that non-white groups are overrepresented in TGNB populations. Flores et al. estimate transgender prevalence among non-Hispanic whites at approximately 480 per 100,000, lower than the 770 per 100,000 for non-Hispanic blacks, 840 per 100,000 for "Hispanic/Latino" and 640 per 100,000 for "other non-Hispanic" categories.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Translational+Andrology+and+Urology&rft.atitle=Demographic+and+temporal+trends+in+transgender+identities+and+gender+confirming+surgery&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=184-190&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6626314%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2223-4683&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31380225&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21037%2Ftau.2019.04.09&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Ian+T.&rft.au=Kuhner%2C+Christopher+J.&rft.au=Dy%2C+Geolani+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6626314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlores2016" class="citation book cs1">Flores, Andrew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Race-Ethnicity-Trans-Adults-US-Oct-2016.pdf">Race And Ethnicity Of Adults Who Identify As Transgender In The United States</a> (PDF). Los Angeles, California: The Williams Institute (UCLA). p. 3. <q>Based on these estimates, we find that adults who identify as transgender are less likely to be White and more likely to be African-American or Black and Hispanic or Latino than the U.S. general population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+And+Ethnicity+Of+Adults+Who+Identify+As+Transgender+In+The+United+States&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=The+Williams+Institute+%28UCLA%29&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Flores&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwilliamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FRace-Ethnicity-Trans-Adults-US-Oct-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGattamortaQuidley-Rodriguez2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gattamorta, Karina; Quidley-Rodriguez, Narciso (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797510">"Coming Out Experiences of Hispanic Sexual Minority Young Adults in South Florida"</a>. Journal of Homosexuality. 65 (6): 741–765. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00918369.2017.1364111">10.1080/00918369.2017.1364111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-8369">0091-8369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797510">5797510</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28771094">28771094</a>. <q>Machismo, a socially constructed set of behaviors that reinforces male gender roles in Hispanic culture, may impact identity development and behavior (Arciniega, Anderson, Tovar-Blank, & Tracey, 2008; Basham, 1976; De La Cancela, 1986). Hirai, Winkel, and Popan (2014) reported that higher levels of machismo was positively correlated with prejudice toward lesbians and gay men. In addition, machismo has been correlated with internalized homophobia (Estrada, Rigali-Oiler, Arciniega, & Tracey, 2011), and this, in turn, has been linked to mental health issues and suicidal ideation (Cochran, Sullivan, & Mays, 2003; Hatzenbuehler, McLaughlin, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008; Newcomb & Mustanski, 2010; Williamson, 2000).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=Coming+Out+Experiences+of+Hispanic+Sexual+Minority+Young+Adults+in+South+Florida&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=741-765&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5797510%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0091-8369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28771094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00918369.2017.1364111&rft.aulast=Gattamorta&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft.au=Quidley-Rodriguez%2C+Narciso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5797510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranco2022" class="citation web cs1">Franco, Marina (March 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2022/03/24/latinos-lgbtq-acceptance">"Poll: Latinos are highly accepting of members of LGBTQ community"</a>. Axios.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Latinos+are+highly+accepting+of+members+of+LGBTQ+community&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2022%2F03%2F24%2Flatinos-lgbtq-acceptance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/9587776?story_id=9587776">"Where black and brown collide: The struggle for political dominance"</a>. The Economist. 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The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Obama%27s+Pursuit+of+Latinos%2C+Race+Plays+Role&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft.aulast=Nagourney&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Steinhauer%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F01%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F15hispanic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroder2005" class="citation news cs1">Broder, John M. (April 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/national/24mayor.html">"A Black-Latino Coalition Emerges in Los Angeles"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Black-Latino+Coalition+Emerges+in+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2005-04-24&rft.aulast=Broder&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F04%2F24%2Fnational%2F24mayor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2007" class="citation news cs1">Preston, Julia (December 13, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/13/us/13race.html">"Survey Points to Tensions Among Chief Minorities"</a>. 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Retrieved August 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+History&rft.atitle=The+Zoot+Suit+Riots&rft.date=2003-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fmexican_voices%2Fvoices_display.cfm%3Fid%3D104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRessner2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Ressner, Jeffrey (May 29, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616064019/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198895,00.html">"How Immigration is Rousing the Zealots"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198895,00.html">the original</a> on June 16, 2006. Retrieved March 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Immigration+is+Rousing+the+Zealots&rft.date=2006-05-29&rft.aulast=Ressner&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1198895%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2007" class="citation web cs1">Goodman, Amy (December 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2007/12/5/fbi_statistics_show_anti_latino_hate">"FBI Statistics Show Anti-Latino Hate Crimes on the Rise"</a>. Democracy Now!.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=FBI+Statistics+Show+Anti-Latino+Hate+Crimes+on+the+Rise&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2007%2F12%2F5%2Ffbi_statistics_show_anti_latino_hate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2009/data/table_01.html">"Table 1: Hate Crime Statistics, 2009"</a>. U.S. Department of Justice/Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved March 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Justice%2FFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.atitle=Table+1%3A+Hate+Crime+Statistics%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.fbi.gov%2Fucr%2Fhc2009%2Fdata%2Ftable_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuaysonDaswani2013" class="citation book cs1">Quayson, Ato & Daswani, Girish (2013). A Companion to Diaspora and Transnationalism. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Diaspora+and+Transnationalism&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Quayson&rft.aufirst=Ato&rft.au=Daswani%2C+Girish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/legislation/immigration-and-nationality-act">"Immigration and Nationality Act | USCIS"</a>. www.uscis.gov. July 10, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uscis.gov&rft.atitle=Immigration+and+Nationality+Act+%7C+USCIS&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscis.gov%2Flaws-and-policy%2Flegislation%2Fimmigration-and-nationality-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-congress.gov-387">^ <a href="#cite_ref-congress.gov_387-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress.gov_387-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/99th-congress/senate-bill/1200">"S.1200 - Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986"</a>. congress.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=congress.gov&rft.atitle=S.1200+-+Immigration+Reform+and+Control+Act+of+1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F99th-congress%2Fsenate-bill%2F1200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996-388">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996_388-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996_388-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/ovw/docs/welfare_reform_law.pdf">"The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Illegal+Immigration+Reform+and+Immigrant+Responsibility+Act+of+1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Farchive%2Fovw%2Fdocs%2Fwelfare_reform_law.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca-overview">"Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): An Overview"</a>. American Immigration Council. February 5, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Immigration+Council&rft.atitle=Deferred+Action+for+Childhood+Arrivals+%28DACA%29%3A+An+Overview&rft.date=2021-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanimmigrationcouncil.org%2Fresearch%2Fdeferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section may need cleanup. Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section. (August 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys_and_historiography">Surveys and historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: Surveys and historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bean, Frank D. & Marta Tienda. The Hispanic Population of the United States (1987), statistical analysis of demography and social structure</li> <li>David E. Bernstein, Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America. (2022). (especially chapter 2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez2022" class="citation book cs1">Gómez, Laura E. (September 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rehZEAAAQBAJ">Inventing Latinos</a>. The New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62097-761-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62097-761-3"><bdi>978-1-62097-761-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1140710454">1140710454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Latinos&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1140710454&rft.isbn=978-1-62097-761-3&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Laura+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrehZEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJr.2019" class="citation book cs1">Jr., Robert Eli Sanchez (August 26, 2019). Sanchez, Robert Eli (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Re2oDwAAQBAJ">Latin American and Latinx Philosophy</a>. New York London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315100401">10.4324/9781315100401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138295865" title="Special:BookSources/9781138295865"><bdi>9781138295865</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112422733">1112422733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+American+and+Latinx+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York+London&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112422733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315100401&rft.isbn=9781138295865&rft.aulast=Jr.&rft.aufirst=Robert+Eli+Sanchez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRe2oDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Geraldo Cadava. The Hispanic Republican, The Shaping of an American Political Identity, from Nixon to Trump. (2021).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-hispanic-republican-geraldo-cadava?variant=32253818896418">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_A._De_La_Torre" title="Miguel A. De La Torre">Miguel A. De La Torre</a>. Encyclopedia on Hispanic American Religious Culture (2 vol. ABC-CLIO Publishers, 2009).</li> <li>De Leon, Arnoldo, & Richard Griswold Del Castillo. North to Aztlan: A History of Mexican Americans in the United States (2006)</li> <li>Garcia, Maria Cristina. "Hispanics in the United States". Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, edited by Jay Kinsbruner & Erick D. Langer, (2nd ed.) vol. 3, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008), pp. 696–728. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3078902799/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=a2e039b8">online</a></li> <li>Garcia, Richard A. "Changing Chicano Historiography", Reviews in American History 34.4 (2006) 521–528 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30031515">online</a></li> <li>Gomez-Quiñones, Juan. Mexican American Labor, 1790–1990. (1994).</li> <li>Gutiérrez, David G. (ed.) The Columbia History of Latinos in the United States Since 1960 (2004) 512pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0231118090">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Gutiérrez, David G. "Migration, Emergent Ethnicity, and the 'Third Space'": The Shifting Politics of Nationalism in Greater Mexico" Journal of American History 1999 86(2): 481–517. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2567042">in JSTOR</a> covers 1800 to the 1980s</li> <li>Leonard, David J. Latino History and Culture: An Encyclopedia (Sharpe Reference 2009)</li> <li>Oboler, Suzanne & Deena J. González, (eds.) The Oxford Encyclopedia Of Latinos & Latinas In The United States (4 vol. 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004JZWVEU/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz2018" class="citation book cs1">Ortiz, Paul (2018). An African American and Latinx History of the United States. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807005934" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807005934"><bdi>978-0807005934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+African+American+and+Latinx+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0807005934&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rochín, Refugio I. & Denis N. Valdés, (eds.) Voices of a New Chicana/o History. (2000). 307 pp.</li> <li>Ruiz, Vicki L. "Nuestra América: Latino History as United States History", Journal of American History, 93 (2006), 655–72. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4486408">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Ruiz, Vicki L. From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America (1998)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1965">Pre-1965</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=103" title="Edit section: Pre-1965">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bogardus, Emory S. The Mexican in the United States (1934), sociological</li> <li>Gamio, Manuel. The Life Story of the Mexican Immigrant (1931)</li> <li>Gamio, Manuel. Mexican Immigration to the United States (1939)</li> <li>García, Mario T. Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology and Identity, 1930–1960 (1989)</li> <li>García, Mario T. Desert Immigrants. The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880–1920 (1982) 348 pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.live.com/results.aspx?q=&mkt=en-us&scope=books&FORM=LIVSOP#q=%20Gamio%2C%20Manuel&filter=all&start=1&t=ivCkjgDxC9P4PBRhjHBcHQ&sq=%20Gamio%2C%20Manuel">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Gomez-Quinones, Juan. Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600–1940 (1994)</li> <li>Grebler, Leo, Joan Moore, & Ralph Guzmán. The Mexican American People: The Nation's Second Largest Minority (1970), emphasis on census data and statistics</li> <li>Rivas-Rodríguez, Maggie (ed.) Mexican Americans and World War II (2005)</li> <li>Sanchez, George J. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900–1945 (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195096487">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_politics,_post-1965">Culture and politics, post-1965</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=104" title="Edit section: Culture and politics, post-1965">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Abrajano, Marisa A. & R. Michael Alvarez, (eds.) New Faces, New Voices: The Hispanic Electorate in America (Princeton University Press; 2010) 219 pages. Documents the generational and other diversity of the Hispanic electorate and challenges myths about voter behavior.</li> <li>Aranda, José, Jr. When We Arrive: A New Literary History of Mexican America. U. of Arizona Press, 2003. 256 pp.</li> <li>Arreola, Daniel D. (ed.) Hispanic Spaces, Latino Places: Community and Cultural Diversity in Contemporary America. 2004. 334 pp.</li> <li>Badillo, David A. Latinos and the New Immigrant Church. 2006. 275 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801883873">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Berg, Charles Ramírez. Latino Images in Film: Stereotypes, Subversion, and Resistance, 2002. 314 pp.</li> <li>Branton, Regina. "Latino Attitudes toward Various Areas of Public Policy: The Importance of Acculturation", Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 2, 293–303 (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/60/2/293">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091109111936/http://prq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/60/2/293">Archived</a> November 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Cepeda, Raquel. Bird of Paradise: How I Became Latina Atria Books. 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-3586-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-3586-7">978-1-4516-3586-7</a>. A personal exploration of <a href="/wiki/Dominican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican American">Dominican American</a> identity via family interviews, travel and genetic genealogy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528150618/http://djalirancher.com/books/bird-of-paradise-how-i-became-latina/">Synopsis and Excerpt</a></li> <li>DeGenova, Nicholas & Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. Latino Crossings: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and the Politics of Race and Citizenship. 2003. 257 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_P._Dolan" title="Jay P. Dolan">Dolan, Jay P.</a>, and Gilberto M. Hinojosa, eds. Mexican Americans and the Catholic Church, 1900-1965 (Volume 1, "Notre Dame History of Hispanic Catholics in the U.S." series), (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_P._Dolan" title="Jay P. Dolan">Dolan, Jay P.</a>, and Jaime R. Vidal, eds. Puerto Rican and Cuban Catholics in the U.S., 1900-1965 (Volume 2, "Notre Dame History of Hispanic Catholics in the U.S." series), (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_P._Dolan" title="Jay P. Dolan">Dolan, Jay P.</a>, and Allan Figueroa, eds. Hispanic Catholic Culture in the U.S.: Issues and Concerns (Volume 3, "Notre Dame History of Hispanic Catholics in the U.S." series), (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994).</li> <li>Fregoso, Rosa Linda. The Bronze Screen: Chicana and Chicano Film Culture. (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0816621365">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>García, Mario T. Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology and Identity, 1930–1960 (1989)</li> <li>García, María Cristina. Seeking Refuge: Central American Migration to Mexico, The United States, and Canada. (2006) 290pp</li> <li>Gomez-Quinones, Juan. Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940–1990 (1990)</li> <li>Gutiérrez, David G. Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity in the Southwest, 1910–1986 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520202198">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Hammerback, John C., Richard J. Jensen, & Jose Angel Gutierrez. A War of Words: Chicano Protest in the 1960s and 1970s 1985.</li> <li>Herrera-Sobek, Maria. Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions (3 vol., 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/031334339X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Kanellos, Nicolás, (ed.) The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Latino Literature (3 vol. 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0313339708/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThananopavarn2018" class="citation book cs1">Thananopavarn, Susan (March 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0xODwAAQBAJ">LatinAsian Cartographies: History, Writing, and the National Imaginary</a>. Latinidad: Transnational Cultures in the United States. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813589848" title="Special:BookSources/9780813589848"><bdi>9780813589848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LatinAsian+Cartographies%3A+History%2C+Writing%2C+and+the+National+Imaginary&rft.series=Latinidad%3A+Transnational+Cultures+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.isbn=9780813589848&rft.aulast=Thananopavarn&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE0xODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kenski, Kate & Tisinger, Russell. "Hispanic Voters in the 2000 and 2004 Presidential General Elections". Presidential Studies Quarterly 2006 36(2): 189–202. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0360-4918">0360-4918</a></li> <li>López-Calvo, Ignacio. Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction: The Cultural Production of Social Anxiety. University of Arizona Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8165-2926-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8165-2926-4">0-8165-2926-4</a></li> <li>Martinez, Juan Francisco. Sea La Luz: The Making of Mexican Protestantism in the American Southwest, 1829–1900 (2006)</li> <li>Matovina, Timothy. Guadalupe and Her Faithful: Latino Catholics in San Antonio, from Colonial Origins to the Present. 2005. 232 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/080188229X">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Meier, Matt S., & Margo Gutierrez, (eds.) Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0313304254">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Nuno, S. A. "Latino Mobilization and Vote Choice in the 2000 Presidential Election" American Politics Research, (2007); 35(2): 273–293. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/2/273">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102125638/http://apr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/2/273">Archived</a> January 2, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Saldívar-Hull, Sonia. Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520207335">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Wegner, Kyle David, "Children of Aztlán: Mexican American Popular Culture and the Post-Chicano Aesthetic" (PhD dissertation State University of New York, Buffalo, 2006). Order No. DA3213898.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=105" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Elizabeth Martínez">Martinez, Elizabeth</a>. 500 Years of Chicana Women's History/500 anos de la mujer Chicana, Rutgers University Press (Bilingual Edition) 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_and_local">Regional and local</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=106" title="Edit section: Regional and local">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Overmyer-Velazquez, Mark. Latino America: A State-by-State Encyclopedia (2 vol. 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0313341168/">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California">California</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=107" title="Edit section: California">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120102074700/http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/HHBindex.htm">Hubert Howe Bancroft. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft</a></li> <li>Bedolla, Lisa García. Fluid Borders: Latino Power, Identity, and Politics in Los Angeles. 2005. 279 pp.</li> <li>Burt, Kenneth C. The Search for a Civic Voice: California Latino Politics (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1930053509">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Camarillo, Albert. Chicanos in a Changing Society: From Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California, 1848–1930 (1979)</li> <li>Camarillo, Albert M., "Cities of Color: The New Racial Frontier in California's Minority-Majority Cities", Pacific Historical Review, 76 (February 2007), 1–28; looks at cities of Compton, East Palo Alto, and Seaside</li> <li>Daniel, Cletus E. Bitter Harvest: A History of California Farmworkers, 1870–1941 1981.</li> <li>García, Matt. A World of Its Own: Race, Labor, and Citrus in the Making of Greater Los Angeles, 1900–1970 (2001),</li> <li>Hayes-Bautista, David E. La Nueva California: Latinos in the Golden State. U. of California Press, 2004. 263 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520241460">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Hughes, Charles. "The Decline of the Californios: The Case of San Diego, 1846–1856" The Journal of San Diego History Summer 1975, Volume 21, Number 3 online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/75summer/decline.htm">[1]</a></li> <li>McWilliams, Carey. North from Mexico. (1949), farm workers in California</li> <li>Pitt, Leonard. The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish speaking Californians, 1846–1890 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01637-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01637-8">0-520-01637-8</a>)</li> <li>Sánchez, George J. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900–1945 (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195096487">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Valle, Victor M. & Torres, Rodolfo D. Latino Metropolis. 2000. 249 pp. on Los Angeles</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Texas_and_Southwest">Texas and Southwest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=108" title="Edit section: Texas and Southwest">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Alonzo, Armando C. Tejano Legacy: Rancheros and Settlers in South Texas, 1734–1900 (1998)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120102074700/http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/HHBindex.htm">Bancroft, Hubert Howe The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415073050/http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/15/album1.html">Vol. 15: History of the North Mexican States and Texas, Volume 1: 1531 – 1800</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415073401/http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/16/album1.html">Vol. 16: History of the North Mexican States and Texas, Volume 2: 1801 – 1889</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527195314/http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/17/album1.html">Vol. 17: History of Arizona and New Mexico (1530–1888) (1889)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackwelder, Julia Kirk. Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0890968640">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Buitron Jr., Richard A. The Quest for Tejano Identity in San Antonio, Texas, 1913–2000 (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0415949505">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Chávez, John R. The Lost Land: The Chicano Image of the Southwest (Albuquerque, 1984)</li> <li>Chávez-García, Miroslava. Negotiating Conquest: Gender and Power in California, 1770s to 1880s (2004).</li> <li>De León, Arnoldo. They Called Them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821–1900 (Austin, 1983)</li> <li>De León, Arnoldo. Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History, 2nd ed. (1999)</li> <li>Deutsch, Sarah No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on the Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880–1940 1987</li> <li>Dysart, Jane. "Mexican Women in San Antonio, 1830–1860: The Assimilation Process" Western Historical Quarterly 7 (October 1976): 365–375. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/968057">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Echeverría, Darius V., "Aztlán Arizona: Abuses, Awareness, Animosity, and Activism amid Mexican-Americans, 1968–1978" PhD dissertation (Temple University, 2006). Order No. DA3211867.</li> <li>Fregoso, Rosa Linda. Mexicana Encounters: The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands (2003)</li> <li>Garcia, Ignacio M. Viva Kennedy: Mexican Americans in Search of Camelot, Texas A&M University Press, 2000. 227pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0890969175/Excerpts">and online search from Amazon.com</a>.</li> <li>García, Richard A. <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Mexican_American_Middle_Class:_San_Antonio,_1929%E2%80%931941" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of the Mexican American Middle Class: San Antonio, 1929–1941">Rise of the Mexican American Middle Class: San Antonio, 1929–1941</a> (1991)</li> <li>Garcia, Richard A. "Changing Chicano Historiography", Reviews in American History 34.4 (2006) 521–528 in <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Getz, Lynne Marie. Schools of Their Own: The Education of Hispanos in New Mexico, 1850–1940 (1997)</li> <li>Gómez-Quiñones, Juan. Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600–1940 (1994)</li> <li>Gonzales-Berry, Erlinda, David R. Maciel, editors, The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico, 314 pages (2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-2199-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-2199-2">0-8263-2199-2</a></li> <li>González, Nancie L. The Spanish-Americans of New Mexico: A Heritage of Pride (1969)</li> <li>Guglielmo, Thomas A. "Fighting for Caucasian Rights: Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and the Transnational Struggle for Civil Rights in World War II Texas", Journal of American History, 92 (March 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070325083030/http://www4.army.mil/otf/speech.php?story_id_key=9575">in History Cooperative</a></li> <li>Gutiérrez, Ramón A. When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846 (1991)</li> <li>Márquez, Benjamin. LULAC: The Evolution of a Mexican American Political Organization (1993)</li> <li>Matovina, Timothy M. <a href="/wiki/Tejano_Religion_and_Ethnicity,_San_Antonio,_1821%E2%80%931860" title="Tejano Religion and Ethnicity, San Antonio, 1821–1860">Tejano Religion and Ethnicity, San Antonio, 1821–1860</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Montejano" title="David Montejano">Montejano, David</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anglos_and_Mexicans_in_the_Making_of_Texas,_1836%E2%80%931986" title="Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986">Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986</a> (1987)</li> <li>Muñoz, Laura K., "Desert Dreams: Mexican American Education in Arizona, 1870–1930" (PhD dissertation Arizona State University, 2006). Order No. DA3210182.</li> <li>Quintanilla, Linda J., "Chicana Activists of Austin and Houston, Texas: A Historical Analysis" (University of Houston, 2005). Order No. DA3195964.</li> <li>Sánchez, George I. Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans (1940; reprint 1996) on New Mexico</li> <li>Taylor, Paul S. Mexican Labor in the United States. 2 vols. 1930–1932, on Texas</li> <li>Stewart, Kenneth L., & Arnoldo De León. Not Room Enough: Mexicans, Anglos, and Socioeconomic Change in Texas, 1850–1900 (1993)</li> <li>de la Teja, Jesús F. <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_de_B%C3%A9xar:_A_Community_on_New_Spain%27s_Northern_Frontier" title="San Antonio de Béxar: A Community on New Spain's Northern Frontier">San Antonio de Béxar: A Community on New Spain's Northern Frontier</a> (1995).</li> <li>Tijerina, Andrés. Tejanos and Texas under the Mexican Flag, 1821–1836 (1994),</li> <li>Tijerina, Andrés. Tejano Empire: Life on the South Texas Ranchos (1998).</li> <li>Timmons, W. H. El Paso: A Borderlands History (1990).</li> <li>Trevino, Roberto R. <a href="/wiki/The_Church_in_the_Barrio:_Mexican_American_Ethno-Catholicism_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston">The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston</a>. (2006). 308pp.</li> <li>Weber, David J. The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (1982)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=109" title="Edit section: Other regions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2004" class="citation book cs1">West, Lorane A. (2004). Color: Latino Voices in the Pacific Northwest. Washington State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87422-274-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87422-274-6"><bdi>978-0-87422-274-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color%3A+Latino+Voices+in+the+Pacific+Northwest&rft.pub=Washington+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87422-274-6&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Lorane+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanic+and+Latino+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bullock, Charles S., & M. V. Hood, "A Mile‐Wide Gap: The Evolution of Hispanic Political Emergence in the Deep South". Social Science Quarterly 87.5 (2006): 1117–1135. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/50056086/j.1540-6237.2006.00419.x20161102-6575-1ckeysq.pdf">Online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>García, María Cristina. Havana, USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959–1994 (1996); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520211170">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Korrol, Virginia Sánchez. From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917–1948 (1994)</li> <li>Fernandez, Lilia. Brown in the Windy City: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Postwar Chicago (University of Chicago Press, 2012)</li> <li>Millard, Ann V. & Chapa, Jorge. Apple Pie and Enchiladas: Latino Newcomers in the Rural Midwest. 2004. 276 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0292705689">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Murphy, Arthur D., Colleen Blanchard, & Jennifer A. Hill, (eds.) Latino Workers in the Contemporary South. 2001. 224 pp.</li> <li>Padilla, Felix M. Puerto Rican Chicago. (1987). 277 pp.</li> <li>Sãnchez Korrol, Virginia E. From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City. (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2g5004p1/?&query=&brand=ucpress">complete text online free in California</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520079000">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Vargas, Zaragosa. Proletarians of the North: A History of Mexican Industrial Workers in Detroit and the Midwest, 1917–1933 (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8t1nb5q5/?&query=&brand=ucpress">complete text online free in California</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520219627">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Whalen, Carmen Teresa, & Victor Vásquez-Hernández, (eds.) The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives (2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=110" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ellis, Richard, (ed.) New Mexico Past and Present: A Historical Reader. 1971.</li> <li>Weber, David J. Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans (1973), primary sources to 1912</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans&action=edit&section=111" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p20-535.pdf">2000 Census</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/congress/">Hispanic Americans in Congress</a> – <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/hispanics/">Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126130359/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/generation-next/demographic/latinamerica_04-26.html">Latino-Americans Become Unofficial Face of Politics Abroad</a> by Josh Miller, PBS, April 27, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2009/latino.in.america/">Latino in America</a> – <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_American_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_American_diaspora" title="Template:Latin American diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_American_diaspora" title="Template talk:Latin American diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_American_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin American diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_American_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_diaspora" title="Latin American diaspora">Latin American diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_diaspora" title="Brazilian diaspora">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Colombia" title="Emigration from Colombia">Colombians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_diaspora" title="Dominican diaspora">Dominicans (Dominican Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Ecuador" title="Emigration from Ecuador">Ecuadorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_diaspora" title="Honduran diaspora">Hondurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican diaspora">Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_diaspora" title="Nicaraguan diaspora">Nicaraguans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Uruguay" title="Emigration from Uruguay">Uruguayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_diaspora" title="Venezuelan diaspora">Venezuelans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By residence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Australians" title="Hispanic and Latin American Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Belizean" title="Hispanic and Latin American Belizean">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians" title="Latin American Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_migration_to_Finland" title="Latin American migration to Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Latin_America_in_the_2000s" title="Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_migration_to_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American migration to New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_panyols" title="Cocoa panyols">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Latin American migration to the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Template:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Template talk:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Index of articles related to Hispanic and Latino Americans">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_(ethnic_categories)" title="Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)">Hispanic and Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino_(demonym)" title="Latino (demonym)">Latino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Demographics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles of Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridanos" title="Floridanos">Floridanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Nuevomexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejanos" title="Tejanos">Tejano</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">Nuyorican</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South American<a href="#cite_note-D-390">[a]</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Christianity among Hispanic and Latino Americans">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_Muslims" title="Hispanic and Latino American Muslims">Muslims</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Arizona" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_California" title="Hispanics and Latinos in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_San_Diego" title="Hispanics and Latinos in San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Colorado" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Florida" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Maryland" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Massachusetts" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Nevada" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Jersey" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Mexico" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_York" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New York">New York</a></li> <li>Oregon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Texas" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Houston">Houston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Utah" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hispanics and Latinos in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States">Stereotypes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_politics" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics">In politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">In the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_women_in_journalism" title="Hispanic and Latino American women in journalism">Women in journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-D-390"><a href="#cite_ref-D_390-0">^</a> The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category. </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hispanic_and_Latino_American_society" title="Category:Hispanic and Latino American society">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hispanic_and_Latino_American" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hispanic and Latino American">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American 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